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Nanoscale and Microscale
Thermophysical Engineering
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Joule Heating Effects In
Electrokinetically Driven Flow Through
Rectangular Microchannels: An Analytical
Approach
Arman Sadeghi
a
, Yaser Kazemi
b
& Mohammad Hassan Saidi
a
a
Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of
Mechanical Engineering , Sharif University of Technology , Tehran ,
Iran
b
Department of Chemical Engineering , Razi University ,
Kermanshah , Iran
Published online: 27 Jun 2013.
To cite this article: Arman Sadeghi , Yaser Kazemi & Mohammad Hassan Saidi (2013) Joule
Heating Effects In Electrokinetically Driven Flow Through Rectangular Microchannels: An
Analytical Approach, Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 17:3, 173-193, DOI:
10.1080/15567265.2013.776150
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567265.2013.776150
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Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 17: 173193, 2013
Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1556-7265 print / 1556-7273 online
DOI: 10.1080/15567265.2013.776150
JOULE HEATING EFFECTS IN ELECTROKINETICALLY
DRIVEN FLOW THROUGH RECTANGULAR
MICROCHANNELS: AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH
Arman Sadeghi
1
, Yaser Kazemi
2
, and Mohammad
Hassan Saidi
1
1
Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of Mechanical
Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
This is a theoretical study dealing with mixed electroosmotic and pressure-driven ow of a
Newtonian liquid in a rectangular microchannel. Both T and H1 thermal boundary condi-
tions are considered and the Debye-Hckel linearization is invoked. The governing equations
are made dimensionless assuming fully developed conditions and then analytically solved
using an innite series solution. The governing factors are found to be the dimensionless
Debye-Hckel parameter, velocity scale ratio, dimensionless Joule heating parameter, and
channel aspect ratio. The results indicate that the Nusselt number is an increasing function
of the channel aspect ratio, whereas the opposite is true for the velocity scale ratio. In addi-
tion, unless a sufciently high opposed pressure is present, a higher Joule heating rate is
generally accompanied by a lower Nusselt number. Moreover, increasing the dimensionless
Debye-Hckel parameter gives rise to a higher Nusselt number, unless a high value of the
channel aspect ratio with surface heating is considered.
KEY WORDS: electroosmotic ow, microchannel, Joule heating, convection
INTRODUCTION
When a surface is brought into contact with an electrolyte solution, its chemical state
may be signicantly altered. As an example, the surface groups may be ionized, leaving
a net surface charge. Due to the electroneutrality principle, the liquid takes on an oppo-
site charge in the electric double layer (EDL) near the surface. The electric double layer,
shown schematically in Figure 1, contains an immobile inner layer and an outer diffuse
layer [1]. If an electric eld is applied tangentially along the surface, a force will be exerted
on the ions within the mobile diffuse electric layer, resulting in their motion [2]. Due to
viscous drag, the liquid is drawn by the ions and therefore ows tangentially to the sur-
face. Such a uid ow, which was explored about two centuries ago [3], is referred to as
electroosmotic ow.
Manuscript received 22 February 2012; accepted 10 February 2013.
Address correspondence to Mohammad Hassan Saidi, Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC),
School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
saman@sharif.edu
173
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174 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
NOMENCLATURE
c
p
specic heat at constant pressure,
kJkg
1
K
1
D
h
hydraulic diameter of channel
_
= 4HW/ (H +W)
_
E electric eld, Vm
1
E
z
electric eld in the axial direction,
Vm
1
e proton charge, C
F body force vector, Nm
3
H half channel height, m
h heat transfer coefcient, Wm
2
K
1
k thermal conductivity, Wm
1
K
1
k
B
Boltzmann constant, JK
1
Nu Nusselt number
_
= hD
h
/k
_
n
0
ion density at neutral conditions, m
3
P perimeter, m
p pressure, Pa
q inward wall heat ux, Wm
2
S dimensionless Joule heating parameter
_
= E
2
z
H/q
av

0
_
s volumetric heat generation due to
Joule heating, Wm
3
T absolute temperature, K
t time, s
u velocity vector, ms
1
u
HS
Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity
_
= E
z
/
_
u
PD
pressure-driven velocity
_
= H
2
(p/z) /2
_
u
z
axial velocity, ms
1
W half channel width, m
x, y, z coordinates, m
Z valence number of ions in solution
Greek Symbols
channel aspect ratio
_
= W/H
_
velocity scale ratio
_
= u
PD
/u
HS
_
uid permittivity, CV
1
m
1
zeta potential, V
dimensionless temperature, Eq. (20)
K dimensionless Debye-Hckel parame-
ter
_
= H/
D
_

D
Debye length, m
dynamic viscosity, kgm
1
s
1
density, kgm
3

e
net electric charge density, Cm
3
electrical resistivity, m

0
electrical resistivity at neutral condi-
tions, m
stress tensor, Pa
electrostatic potential, V
externally imposed electrostatic poten-
tial, V
EDL potential, V
Subscripts and Superscript
av average
T T type boundary condition
w wall
dimensionless variable
For a given liquid, the maximum electroosmotic velocity is dependent upon the elec-
tric eld strength and the electrical potential at the shear surface between the double layers,
termed the zeta potential. The typical zeta potentials are of the order of millivolts and,
therefore, a typical electroosmotic velocity ranges from several micrometers per second to
millimeters per second [4]. Such a ow velocity does not meet the requirements of most
macroscale applications. Accordingly, despite a long history, no signicant progress was
made on electroosmosis until the development of lab-on-chip devices in the last decade
of the 20th century. Lab-on-chip devices are microscale laboratories on a microchip that
can perform medical diagnoses. The main advantages of these devices are ease of use,
speed of analysis, and low sample consumption. Electroosmosis is the main mechanism for
ow generation in lab-on-chip devices. Electroosmotic micropumps have many advantages
over other types of micropumps. For example, though the head produced by conventional
pumps should increase with decreasing channel diameter to overcome the extra pressure
drop, the maximum electroosmotic velocity is not dependent upon the channel diameter.
Furthermore, the electroosmotic pumps are bidirectional, can generate constant and pulse
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 175
Figure 1 Schematic of the physical problem along with the coordinate system. EDLs are the regions between the
dashed lines and the channel walls.
free ows with ow rates well suited to lab-on-chip devices, and can be readily integrated
with them [5]. In addition, these pumps have no moving parts and have a much simpler
design and easier fabrication.
Electrokinetic ow in ultrane capillary slits was rstly analyzed by Burgreen and
Nakache [6]. Rice and Whitehead [7] investigated fully developed electroosmotic ow
in a narrow cylindrical capillary for low zeta potentials using Debye-Hckel lineariza-
tion. Levine et al. [8] extended Rice and Whiteheads work to high zeta potentials by
means of an approximation method. More recently, Kang et al. [9] analytically investigated
electroosmotic ow through an annulus considering a situation where the two cylindrical
walls carry high zeta potentials. Analytical solutions for fully developed electroosmotic
ow in rectangular and semicircular microchannels were presented by Yang [10] and Wang
et al. [11], respectively.
The thermal features of electroosmosis are characterized by the Joule heating effect,
a phenomenon that arises from the applied electric eld and uid electrical resistivity. The
temperature rise due to Joule heating can be detrimental for the samples being considered
in a lab-on-chip [12]. Therefore, studying the thermal aspects of electroosmosis is vital in
design and active control of bio-microdevices.
Unlike hydrodynamic features, the study of thermal features of electroosmosis is
recent. Pioneering studies in this area were performed by Maynes and coworkers [1315].
Their investigations dealt with thermally fully developed electroosmotic ow at small [13]
and high [14] zeta potentials as well as viscous heating effects on the thermal transport char-
acteristics [15]. They then extended their works to the thermally developing electroosmotic
heat transfer in circular and rectangular microchannels [16, 17]. Some other related works
were reported on thermal transport in combined electroosmotic and pressure-driven ow
[1823]. Such a combined ow may be either pressure-assisted ow or pressure-opposed
ow. The former usually arises when a pressure-driven pumping mechanism is added to the
system in order to reduce the Joule heating effects, whereas the latter may be a consequence
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176 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
of the system boundary conditions. Chakraborty [18] obtained analytical solutions of the
Nusselt number for thermally fully developed ow in microtubes under a combined action
of electroosmotic forces and imposed pressure gradients. The thermal transport character-
istics of the fully developed mixed pressure and electroosmotically driven ow in parallel
plate microchannels subject to uniform wall heat ux were investigated by Chen [19].
Sadeghi and coworkers [20, 21] presented analytical expressions of temperature distribu-
tion and Nusselt number for combined electroosmotic and pressure-driven ow in parallel
plate and circular microchannels by taking into account the effects of viscous dissipation.
In addition, this research group has studied thermally developing mixed ow as well as
mixed ow with temperature-dependent properties in a slit microchannel [22, 23].
In most lab-on-chip systems, the cross section of microchannels made by modern
micromachining technology is close to a rectangular shape [24, 25]. However, in studying
the heat transfer features of electroosmosis, the rectangle geometry has received much less
attention compared to circular and parallel plate microchannels. To the best of the authors
knowledge, the only research work dealing with the Joule heating effects in electroosmotic
ow through rectangular microchannels was carried out by Iverson et al. [17]. This article
assumes a vanishing Debye length that limits its validity to the high values of the chan-
nel heighttoDebye length ratio. Furthermore, the pressure gradient effects on the heat
transfer features of the electroosmotic ow in rectangular microchannels have not yet been
explored. The aim of the present work is to examine the Joule heating effects on the ther-
mal features of the fully developed mixed electroosmotic and pressure-driven ow in a
rectangular microchannel. The Debye-Hckel linearization is adopted in the analysis and
a uniform distribution of Joule heating through the channel cross section is assumed. The
classical boundary condition of H1 type is considered, which refers to constant wall heat
ux in the axial direction but a constant wall temperature in the peripheral direction at
any cross section. Surprisingly, the analysis presented here can also cover the other classi-
cal boundary condition of constant temperature, T, as is a special case of H1 boundary
condition in the presence of internal heating. After nondimensionalization of the gov-
erning equations, analytical solutions in the form of innite series are presented for the
dimensionless distributions of the electrical potential, velocity, and temperature as well as
the Nusselt number. In the following, a complete parametric study is performed and the
effects of different ow parameters on the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics are
explored.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Problem Denition
The fully developed combined electroosmotic and pressure-driven ow of a
Newtonian liquid with constant physical properties in a rectangular microchannel, as shown
schematically in Figure 1, is considered. It is assumed that the channel walls are subject to
a constant zeta potential that is low enough to allow Debye-Hckel linearization. It is also
assumed that the liquid contains an ideal solution of fully dissociated symmetric salt and
the EDLs formed on the channel walls do not overlap. In addition, in calculating the charge
density, it is assumed that the temperature variation over the channel cross section is negli-
gible compared to the absolute temperature; therefore, the charge density eld is calculated
on the basis of the average temperature. The thermal boundary condition is assumed to be
the constant wall heat ux of the rst kind, H1.
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 177
Electrical Potential Distribution
The electrostatic potential, , at any point in the channel will be described by super-
position of the externally applied potential, , along the channel axis, and the double
layer potential, . Using the coordinate system shown in Figure 1, at the fully developed
conditions = (x, y), so
(x, y, z) = (z) +(x, y) (1)
The electrostatic potential is related to the local net charge density,
e
, at a certain point in
the solution by the Poisson equation:

2
=

, (2)
where is the permittivity constant of the solution. In general, the Nernst-Planck equa-
tions should be used to relate the electric charge density to the electrostatic potential.
However, at the fully developed conditions, the spatial distribution of the electric charge
density is described by the Boltzmann equation, despite the fact that it assumes thermody-
namic equilibrium [26]. This is due to the fact that, at the fully developed conditions, the
velocity vector and the ion concentration gradient are perpendicular to each other. Using
the Boltzmann distribution, the electric charge density for an ideal symmetric electrolyte of
valence Z is given by [1]

e
= 2n
0
eZsinh
_
eZ
k
B
T
_
, (3)
where n
0
is the ion density at neutral conditions, e is the proton charge, k
B
is the Boltzmann
constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Yang et al. [27] have shown that the effect of
temperature on the potential distribution is negligible, using extensive numerical simula-
tions. Therefore, the potential eld and the charge density may be calculated on the basis
of the average temperature, T
av
. For a constant voltage gradient in the z-direction, Eq. (2)
becomes

x
2
+

2

y
2
=
2n
0
eZ

sinh
_
eZ
k
B
T
av
_
(4)
and in the dimensionless form

*
x
2
+

2

*
y
2
= K
2
sinh

, (5)
where

= eZ/k
B
T
av
, x

= x/H, y

= y/H, and K = H/
D
is the dimensionless
Debye-Hckel parameter with
D
=
_
2n
0
e
2
Z
2
/k
B
T
av
_
1/2
as the Debye length, a measure
of the extent of EDL. The boundary conditions for the dimensionless electrical potential
equation are

*
x

=0
= 0,

=
=

=0
= 0,

=1
=

, (6)
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178 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
where = W/H and

= eZ/k
B
T
av
is the dimensionless zeta potential. For low poten-
tials, namely

1, sinh

on the right-hand side of Eq. (5) may be approximated by

. This approximation, which is known as Debye-Hckel linearization, allows an analyti-

cal treatment of the electrical potential equation. The formulation of the electrical potential
distribution begins by separating the function

(x

, y

) into two functions

1
(x

, y

) and

2
(y

); that is,

_
x

, y

_
=
*
1
_
x

, y

_
+
*
2
_
y

_
. (7)
Accordingly, the dimensionless electrical potential equation in linearized form and the
relevant boundary conditions may be written as

*
1
x
2
+

2

*
1
y
2
= K
2

1
(8)

*
1
x

=0
= 0,

=
=

2
,

1
y

=0
= 0,

=1
= 0, (9)
and
d
2

2
dy
2
= K
2

2
(10)
d

2
dy

=0
= 0,

=1
=

. (11)
The solution of Eq. (10) subject to the boundary conditions (11) is obtained as

*
2
=

cosh (Ky

)
coshK
. (12)
Having the solution of

2
, we can now attack the governing equations of

1
. The following
functional form is considered for
*
1
:

*
1
=

n=0
a
n
cosh
_

n
x

_
cos
_

n
y

_
, (13)
which satises the specied boundary conditions at x

= 0 and y

= 0, and Eq. (8) provided

2
n
= K
2
+
2
n
. Using the boundary condition at y

= 1, one obtains
n
= (2n +1) /2.
Applying the specied boundary condition at x

= after substituting for

2
from Eq. (12)
provides us with the following relationship

n=0
a
n
cosh (
n
) cos
_

n
y

_
=
*

cosh (Ky

)
coshK
. (14)
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (14) by cos
_

j
y

_
, integrating over y

from 0 to 1, and nally

following the application of the orthogonality condition, a
n
is obtained as
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 179
a
n
=
2

K
2
(1)
n

2
n
cosh (
n
)
. (15)
Combining Eqs. (7), (12), (13), and (15), the following expression is obtained for the
dimensionless potential distribution:

*
=
*
cosh (Ky

)
coshK
+2

K
2

n=0
(1)
n
cosh (
n
x

) cos (
n
y

2
n
cosh (
n
)
(16)
Velocity Distribution
The momentum exchange through the ow eld is governed by the Cauchy equation

Du
Dt
= p + +F (17)
in which denotes the density, p represents the pressure, is the stress tensor, and u and
F are the velocity and the body force vectors, respectively. Here, the body force is given by

e
E with E = representing the electric eld. Under fully developed conditions, the
effects of the transverse velocity components are negligible compared to the axial velocity
component. This, accompanied by the continuity equationthat is, u = 0results in
a velocity vector of u =
_
0, 0, u
z
(x, y)
_
. Therefore, bearing in mind that Du/Dt = 0 for a
steady, fully developed ow, the momentum equation in the axial direction is written as

2
u
z
x
2
+

2
u
z
y
2
_
=
p
z

e
E
z
, (18)
where is the dynamic viscosity and E
z
= d/dz is the externally applied electric
eld. Substituting
e
from Eq. (3) and performing the Debye-Hckel linearization, the
dimensionless form of the momentum equation (18) may be written as

2
u

x
2
+

2
u

y
2
= 2
K
2

, (19)
where u

= u
z
/u
HS
with u
HS
= E
z
/ denoting the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski
electroosmotic velocity, which is the maximum possible electroosmotic velocity, and =
u
PD
/u
HS
is the velocity scale ratio where u
PD
= H
2
(p/z) /2 stands for the pressure-
driven velocity scale. The boundary conditions for the dimensionless momentum equation
are
u

=0
= 0, u

=
= 0,
u

=0
= 0, u

=1
= 0. (20)
Although it is possible to directly solve Eq. (19), it is more convenient to substitute the term
K
2

from the linearized form of Eq. (5) to reach the following form of the dimensionless
momentum equation:

2
u

+
x
2
+

2
u

+
y
2
= 2, (21)
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180 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
where
u

+
= u

+

*

*
(22)
Considering Eqs. (6) and (20), the relevant boundary conditions for Eq. (21) is obtained as
u

+
x

=0
= 0, u

=
= 1,
u

+
y

=0
= 0, u

=1
= 1. (23)
Similar to the dimensionless electrical potential distribution, the function u

+
(x

, y

) is
separated into two functions, one depending on both x

and y

and the other only depend-

ing on y

. The inhomogeneities of Eq. (21) and the specied boundary condition at

y

= 1 are then transferred into the latter. Then, it is possible to assume a basis func-
tion of the form cosh (
n
x

) cos (
n
y

) for the former. After constructing the solution of

u

+
, the dimensionless velocity distribution may be obtained using Eq. (22). The resultant
expression for u

is as follows:
u

= 1 +
_
1 y
2
_

*
4

n=0
(1)
n
cosh (
n
x

) cos (
n
y

3
n
cosh (
n
)
. (24)
The dimensionless average velocity over the channel cross section is also obtained as
u

av
=
1

_
1
0
_

0
u

dx

dy

= 1 +
2
3

tanh K
K

n=0
_
2K
2
tanh (
n
)

2
n

3
n
+
4 tanh (
n
)

5
n
_
.
(25)
Temperature Distribution and Nusselt Number
The conservation of energy including the effect of Joule heating provides
c
p
DT
Dt
= (kT) +s, (26)
where c
p
and k are the specic heat at constant pressure and the thermal conductivity,
respectively, and s = E
2
z
/ is the rate of volumetric heat generation due to Joule heating,
where is the liquid electrical resistivity given by [8]
=

0
cosh

(27)
in which
0
is the electrical resistivity of the neutral liquid. The hyperbolic term in the
above equation accounts for the fact that the resistivity within EDL is lower than that of the
neutral liquid, due to an excess of ions close to the surface. For low zeta potentials, which
is the case in this study, cosh

1 and the Joule heating term may be considered as the

constant value of s = E
2
z
/
0
[14]. For a steady, fully developed ow, DT/Dt = u
z
(T/z);
therefore, the energy equation (26) becomes
c
p
u
z
T
z
= k
_

2
T
x
2
+

2
T
y
2
+

2
T
z
2
_
+
E
2
z

0
. (28)
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 181
The dimensionless temperature, , is introduced in the following, which depends only on x
and y for fully developed ow:
(x, y) =
T T
w
(z)
q
av
H
k
, (29)
where T
w
is the wall temperature, which is assumed constant at a given cross section of the
channel, and q
av
is the average inward wall heat ux over the channel cross section; that is,
q
av
=
_
q
dP/P, where P is the channel perimeter. Differentiating Eq. (29) with respect to z
gives
T
z
=
dT
w
dz
=
dT
av
dz
. (30)
From an energy balance on a length of duct dz, the following expression is obtained for
dT
av
/dz:
dT
av
dz
=
q
av
(H +W) /HW +E
2
z
/
0
c
p
u
z,av
. (31)
Because T/z is constant, the axial conduction term in the energy equation vanishes.
Therefore, the energy equation in dimensionless form may be written as

x
2
+

2

y
2
=
u

av
(1 +1/ +S) S. (32)
where the dimensionless Joule heating parameter, S, is given as
S =
E
2
z
H
q
av

0
. (33)
The dimensionless energy equation is constrained by the following boundary conditions:

=0
= 0, |
x

=
= 0,

y

=0
= 0, |
y

=1
= 0. (34)
To start the solution of the dimensionless energy equation, rst, the dimensionless velocity
distribution should be substituted from Eq. (24). Then, the dimensionless potential distribu-
tion is substituted from the linearized form of Eq. (5). The other procedures are similar to
those explained for

and u

. Therefore, we omit the manipulations for brevity and only

present the nal form of the dimensionless temperature distribution, which is
= A
1
+A
2
y
2
A
3
y
4

(1 +1/ +S)
u

av
K
2

*
+

n=0
_
B
n
cosh (
n
x

)
cosh (
n
)
C
n
x

sinh (
n
x

)
cosh (
n
)
_
cos
_

n
y

_
. (35)
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182 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
The coefcients A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, B
n
, and C
n
are given in the Appendix. Once the temperature
distribution is obtained, the quantities of physical interest, including the average temper-
ature of the uid and the heat transfer rate can be obtained. The dimensionless average
temperature is given by

av
=
_
1
0
_

0
u

dx

dy

_
1
0
_

0
u

dx

dy

=
_
1
0
_

0
u

dx

dy

av
= (1 +) D
1
D
2
D
3

n=0
2K
2
(1)
n
E
n

2
n

n=0
4(1)
n
F
n

3
n
, (36)
where the coefcients D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, E
n
, and F
n
are given in the Appendix. The heat transfer
rate can be expressed in terms of the Nusselt number as
Nu =
hD
h
k
=
q
av
D
h
k (T
w
T
av
)
=
4
(1 +)
av
(37)
with D
h
= 4HW/ (H +W) representing the channel hydraulic diameter.
In lab-on-chip devices, a fraction of the energy generated by Joule heating is dis-
sipated through the walls and the rest is convected downstream. When all of the Joule
heating is dissipated through the walls, the axial variation in temperature vanishes; that is,
T/z = 0. In other words, the classical boundary condition of constant wall temperature,
T, has been recovered from the H1 condition because the peripheral variations in the wall
temperature are zero as well. Therefore, as mentioned previously, the T type boundary con-
dition is a special case of H1 type boundary condition for which the average wall heat ux
is a function of the total Joule heating as
q
av
=
HWE
2
z

0
(H +W)
. (38)
Accordingly, the dimensionless Joule heating parameter pertinent to the T type boundary
condition, S
T
, is obtained as
S
T
= (1 +1/) . (39)
METHOD VALIDATION
Before proceeding with the validation of the results, it should be pointed out that
all of the results presented hereafter were obtained by computing the rst 1,000 terms of
the series in the solutions. Table 1 compares the present Nusselt numbers for a case of no
internal heating against available literature data for two limiting cases. The second column
of the table provides the present Nusselt numbers for K and = 0. Under these
conditions, a slug ow velocity prole is recovered and the results may be compared with
those reported by Morini [28] for fully developed forced convection of slug ow in a rect-
angular duct. As observed in the table, the results are in complete agreement. The fourth
and fth columns of the table respectively provide the present Nusselt numbers and those
given by Shah and London [29] for purely pressure-driven ow; that is, . Again,
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 183
Table 1 Comparison between the present Nusselt numbers and available literature data
for no internal heating case
K and = 0
Present study Morini [28] Present study Shah-London [29]
1 7.113538 7.114 3.607951 3.60795
2 7.774028 7.774 4.123305 4.12330
3 8.544836 8.545 4.794799 4.79480
4 9.116388 9.116 5.331069 5.33106
5 9.535249 9.535 5.737696 5.73769
10 10.58444 10.584 6.784977 6.78495
20 11.23851 11.239 7.450948 7.45083
12.00000 12.000 8.235294 8.23529
complete agreement is observed between the results. It is also worth mentioning that the
present results for are in excellent agreement with those of our previous works
dealing with electroosmotic ow in slit microchannels [20, 22] at different values of the
dimensionless Joule heating parameter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It was shown that the dimensionless Debye-Hckel parameter, velocity scale ratio,
dimensionless Joule heating parameter, and channel aspect ratio are the main parameters
governing heat and uid ow in fully developed combined electroosmotic and pressure-
driven ow in rectangular microchannels. Here, their interactive effects on the proles of
velocity and temperature and nally on the Nusselt number are analyzed.
The dimensionless velocity distribution for = 2 and K = 10 at different values of
the velocity scale ratio is shown in Figure 2. The value of the dimensionless Debye-Hckel
parameter equal to 10 implies that EDLs are limited to small regions close to the walls
and a signicant portion of the channel cross section is outside the EDLs. Accordingly, the
electric body force is limited to the near-wall regions, leading to a nearly slug ow velocity
prole in the absence of the pressure gradient, as observed in the gure. The velocity prole
in the presence of a pressure gradient is the superposition of both purely electroosmotic and
Poiseuille ows. Therefore, the velocity distribution for pressure-assisted ow, represented
by = 1, shows both a maximum value at that centerline, which is related to Poiseuille
ow, and sharp gradients at the walls, which are inherited from electroosmotic ow. For
= 1, the velocity distribution attains its maximum value at a point close to the chan-
nel apex and reaches a local minimum at the centerline as a result of opposed pressure.
The velocity prole for = 1.5 reveals that, in the presence of a signicant opposed
pressure, reverse ow may occur near the centerline. Such a reverse ow usually occurs in
electroosmotic ow between two reservoirs in order to retain the mass conservation.
Figure 3 illustrates the dimensionless temperature distribution for a typical pressure-
opposed ow at different values of the dimensionless Joule heating parameter. For a better
understanding of the variations, the temperature distribution along the line y

= 0.5 is also
given in Figure 4. At S = 1, due to surface heating, the wall temperature is a minimum
in the temperature eld. With the exception of a small region near the upper wall away
from the channel apex, as the Joule heating increases to |S| = 2, the temperature difference
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184 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
x
*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
u
*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
= 1
x
*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
u
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
= 0
x* 0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
u
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
= 1
x*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
u
*
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
= 1.5
Figure 2 Dimensionless velocity distribution for = 2 and K = 10 at different .
between the wall and the uid particles located near the channel walls is decreased. This is
because although the distribution of energy generated by Joule heating is uniform through-
out the channel cross section, the energy transferred by convection decreases near the wall
and equals zero at the wall. This, in turn, induces accumulation of energy at the wall, result-
ing in lower amounts of dimensionless temperature with a negative sign near the walls.
On the other hand, an opposite trend is observed away from the walls. In this region,
because of reverse ow, the net energy carried by the ow is negative, resulting in higher
temperature differences between the wall and the uid particles for higher Joule heating
rates. The near-wall region excluded above is located at the minimum distance from the
centerline and, therefore, follows the core ow variations due to high effects of heat con-
duction. For the surface cooling casethat is, a positive Sthe wall temperature is a local
maximum. As the Joule heating rate increases, the convected energy increases near the
walls, leading to higher amounts of dimensionless temperature with a negative sign. Again,
away from the walls, due to reverse ow, an opposite trend is observed.
The heat transfer rate is of interest in the present work and is studied using the Nusselt
number. The dependency of the purely electroosmotic ow Nusselt number on the chan-
nel aspect ratio, , at different Joule heating rates is shown in Figure 5. As observed, for
both T and H1 cases, Nu is an increasing function of , mainly because of increasing the
channel hydraulic diameter. The gure also reveals that an increase in the dimensionless
Joule heating parameter results in smaller Nusselt number values. This is because a higher
Joule heating rate gives rise to higher temperature differences between the wall and bulk
ow as a result of the energy accumulation at the wall. The trends of the results for the
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 185
x*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
S = 2
x*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
S = 1
x
*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y
*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
S = 1
x
*
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
S = 2
Figure 3 Dimensionless temperature distribution for = 2, K = 20, = 1.5 at different S.
x*

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
S = 2
S = 1
S = 1
S = 2
= 2
= 20
= 1.5
y* = 0.5
Figure 4 Dimensionless temperature distribution at y

= 0.5 for different S.

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186 A. SADEGHI ET AL.

N
u
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
H1
T
= 10
= 0
S = 2
S = 1
S = 1
S = 2
Figure 5 Nusselt number of purely electroosmotic ow versus at different S.

N
u
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
4
8
12
16
20
24
S = 2
S = 1
S = 1
S = 2
= 5
= 1
Figure 6 Nusselt number versus at two different values of S for pressure-opposed ow.
pressure-assisted ow are very similar to those of purely electroosmotic ow and there-
fore we only pay attention to those of the pressure-opposed ow, given by Figure 6, which
show a more complicated behavior. Generally speaking, at smaller values of , the Nusselt
number is a decreasing function of S, whereas the opposite is true at high values of this
parameter. The trends of the results at smaller aspect ratios were expected and the per-
tinent physical mechanism was explained in Figure 5. However, the unexpected trend at
higher aspect ratios requires further investigation. The main clue for this difference is the
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 187
variation in the velocity distribution with the channel aspect ratio. At smaller values of ,
the pressure effect is not strong enough to create a reverse ow. As increases, the dis-
tance between the two vertical walls is increased for a given channel height, resulting in
smaller surface effects at the channel center. This, in turn, prepares the way for a higher
effect of the opposed pressure and, accordingly, creates a reverse ow at higher aspect
ratios. As explained in Figures 3 and 4, this reverse ow leads to greater accumulation of

N
u
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
= 2
= 20
= 200
= 0
S = 2
(a)

N
u
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
2
4
6
8
10
12
= 2
= 20
= 200
= 0
S = 2
(b)
Figure 7 Nusselt number for purely electroosmotic ow versus at different K for (a) S = 2 and (b) S = 2.
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188 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
energy near the channel center compared to the wall for higher Joule heating rates. The
nal outcome thus will be to decrease the temperature difference between the wall and
the bulk ow and a higher Nusselt number for a higher Joule heating rate, as observed in
Figure 6.
Figure 7 depicts the Nusselt number of the purely electroosmotic ow versus at
different values of S and K. Whereas increasing K results in an increase in Nu for S = 2,

N
u
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
T
H1, S = 2
H1, S = 1
H1, S = 1
H1, S = 2
= 2
= 10
(a)
(b)

N
u
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
T
H1, S = 2
H1, S = 1
H1, S = 1
H1, S = 2
= 2
= 100
Figure 8 Nusselt number versus at different S for (a) K = 10 and (b) K = 100.
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 189
an opposite trend is observed for S = 2 at higher values of the channel aspect ratio.
By increasing K, the electric body force will be more concentrated near the wall, lead-
ing to higher velocities in the wall vicinity. Accordingly, the energy transferred by the ow
is increased near the wall, resulting in a lower wall temperature. This will decrease the
difference between the wall and the bulk ow for the surface cooling case and the nal
outcome thus will be to increase the Nusselt number, as observed in Figure 7b. For the sur-
face heating case, the temperature difference between the wall and uid particles increases
with increasing K. Nevertheless, it cannot be concluded that the dimensionless average
temperature increases because the mass ow rate of the particles with smaller || has also
increased due to an increase in the velocity near the wall. Thus, it is the combined effects
of the velocity and temperature variations that determine the changes in the dimensionless
average temperature. Accordingly, at a small where the velocity variations are dominant,
a higher Nusselt number is obtained for a higher K, whereas the opposite is true for higher
values of for which the temperature variations are dominant.
The dependency of the Nusselt number on the velocity scale ratio at different values
of S and K is shown in Figure 8. The gure indicates that Nu is a decreasing function of
. Although generally a higher S is accompanied by a lower Nu, the trend is reversed in
the presence of a sufciently high opposed pressure. Though this trend is generally true, it
may change when both and K are small. For this special case, as can be deduced from
Figure 6, the Nusselt number is a decreasing function of S irrespective of .
The presentation of the results is concluded by providing the Nusselt number val-
ues in Table 2. In this table, the Nusselt numbers of purely electroosmotic ow under T
type boundary conditions are given for wide ranges of and K. These tabulated data are
desirable due to the computational cost and complexity of the presented expressions for
Nusselt number. For case H1, due to the extra parameter S, it is not possible to present
these data.
Table 2 Nusselt number values for purely electroosmotic ow under T type boundary condition
K
2 5 10 20 50 100
1 5.2932 5.6832 6.1362 6.5297 6.8513 6.9770 7.1135
2 5.9822 6.4596 6.9164 7.2771 7.5556 7.6612 7.7740
3 6.7467 7.2362 7.6963 8.0557 8.3307 8.4344 8.5448
4 7.3125 7.8011 8.2643 8.6259 8.9020 9.0059 9.1164
5 7.7268 8.2126 8.6782 9.0422 9.3199 9.4243 9.5352
6 8.0391 8.5221 8.9895 9.3555 9.6347 9.7396 9.8511
7 8.2818 8.7622 9.2311 9.5988 9.8792 9.9846 10.0965
8 8.4754 8.9536 9.4237 9.7927 10.0742 10.1800 10.2923
9 8.6332 9.1095 9.5805 9.9508 10.2332 10.3392 10.4519
10 8.7642 9.2389 9.7107 10.0820 10.3651 10.4715 10.5844
12 8.9691 9.4412 9.9142 10.2870 10.5714 10.6782 10.7916
14 9.1218 9.5919 10.0659 10.4398 10.7251 10.8323 10.9461
16 9.2401 9.7086 10.1832 10.5580 10.8441 10.9515 11.0656
18 9.3343 9.8015 10.2767 10.6522 10.9389 11.0465 11.1609
20 9.4111 9.8772 10.3528 10.7290 11.0161 11.1240 11.2385
10.1647 10.6197 11.0997 11.4818 11.7738 11.8835 12.0000
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190 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
CONCLUSIONS
Combined electroosmotic and pressure-driven ow through rectangular
microchannels was theoretically investigated in this work. Hydrodynamic and thermally
fully developed ow was considered under both T and H1 boundary conditions. Analytical
series solutions were obtained based on the Debye-Hckel linearization. The governing
factors were found to be the dimensionless Debye-Hckel parameter, velocity scale ratio,
dimensionless Joule heating parameter, and channel aspect ratio. A detailed discussion of
the results was provided, which led to the following conclusions:
r
The Nusselt number is an increasing function of the channel aspect ratio, irrespective of
the other parameters.
r
An increase in the velocity scale ratio is accompanied by a decrease in the Nusselt
number.
r
Whereas increasing the dimensionless Debye-Hckel parameter results in an increase in
the Nusselt number for the surface cooling case, an opposite trend is observed for surface
heating at higher values of the channel aspect ratio.
r
Although generally a higher Joule heating rate is accompanied by a lower Nusselt
number, the trend is reversed in the presence of a sufciently high opposed
pressure.
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 191
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192 A. SADEGHI ET AL.
APPENDIX
The coefcients that appeared in the expression given for the dimensionless tem-
perature as well as those of the dimensionless average temperature are provided in this
Appendix. Equations (A1a) to (A1e) contain the coefcients of and Eqs. (A2a) to (A2e)
include those of
av
.
A
1
=
(1 +1/ +S)
u

av
_
1/K
2
5/12 1/2
_
+S/2 (A1a)
A
2
=
(1 +1/ +S)
2u

av
(1 +) S/2 (A1b)
A
3
=
(1 +1/ +S)
12u

av
(A1c)
B
n
=
2S (1)
n+1

3
n
+
2 (1 +1/ +S) (1)
n
u

av

3
n
_
1 +

n
tanh (
n
) +
2

2
n
_
(A1d)
C
n
=
2 (1 +1/ +S) (1)
n
u

av

4
n
(A1e)
D
1
=
1
u

av
(A
1
+A
2
/3 A
3
/5)
(1 +1/ +S)
u
2
av
K
3
tanh K

2 (1 +1/ +S)
u
2
av

n=0
tanh (
n
)

2
n

3
n
+

n=0
(1)
n
u

av

2
n
_
B
n
tanh (
n
)
C
n
_

tanh (
n
)

n
__
(A2a)
D
2
=
1
u

av
(A
1
/3 +A
2
/5 A
3
/7) +
(1 +1/ +S)
u
2
av
K
5
_
2K
_
2 +K
2
_
tanh K
_

2 (1 +1/ +S)
u
2
av

n=0

2
n
2

4
n

3
n
tanh (
n
)
+

n=0
_

2
n
2
_
(1)
n
u

av

4
n
_
B
n
tanh (
n
) C
n
_

tanh (
n
)

n
__
(A2b)
D
3
=
A
1
u

av
K
tanh K
A
2
u

av
K
3
_
2K
_
2 +K
2
_
tanh K
_
+
A
3
u

av
K
5
_
4K
_
6 +K
2
_

_
24 +12K
2
+K
4
_
tanh K
_
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JOULE HEATING EFFECTS 193

(1 +1/ +S)
4u
2
av
K
3
cosh
2
K
[2K +sinh (2K)]
2 (1 +1/ +S)
u
2
av

n=0
tanh (
n
)

5
n
+

n=0
(1)
n
u

av

2
n
_
B
n
tanh (
n
) C
n
_

tanh (
n
)

n
__
(A2c)
E
n
=
(1)
n
tanh (
n
)
u

av

n
_
A
1
+A
2
_
1
2

2
n
_
A
3
_
1
12

2
n
+
24

4
n
_

(1 +1/ +S)
2
n
u

av
K
2

2
n
_

(1 +1/ +S) (1)

n
2
n
u
2
av

2
n
_
+sinh (2
n
) / (2
n
)
_
cosh
2
(
n
)
+
B
n
2u

av
K
2
_

n
tanh (
n
)
n
tanh (
n
)
_

C
n
4u

av
_
2
K
2
_

n
tanh (
n
) tanh (
n
)
n
_

tanh (
n
) +tanh (
n
)
(
n
+
n
)
2
+
tanh (
n
) tanh (
n
)
(
n

n
)
2
_
(A2d)
F
n
=
(1)
n
tanh (
n
)
u

av

2
n
_
A
1
+A
2
_
1
2

2
n
_
A
3
_
1
12

2
n
+
24

4
n
_

(1 +1/ +S)
2
n
u

av
K
2

2
n
_

(1 +1/ +S) (1)

n

n
u
2
av
K
2

2
n
_

n
tanh (
n
)
n
tanh (
n
)
_
+
1
8u

av
_
B
n
cosh
2
(
n
)
_
2 +
sinh (2
n
)

n
_
C
n
_

1 +tanh
2
(
n
)

tanh (
n
)

2
n
__
(A2e)
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