Microwave Manual

Microwave Engineering
Laboratory Manual
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Miss/Mr. __________________________ of 7th semester Enrollment no. ____________________ has satisfactorily completed her/his laboratory work in the Microwave Engineering Subject as per G.T.U. Guidelines. Date Of submission: _______________
_____________ Head of Department
_____________ Faculty
Government Engineering College, Rajkot
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INDEX
Sr. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Name Of Experiment
To study Waveguide Tees and Bends. To study directional coupler, circulator and isolator To study Attenuator, Dielectric Cell, Sectoral horn and Matched Termination To study the Smith Chart and its applications To illustrate and study the use of VSWR meter. To understand function of Gunn oscillator. To illustrate the Magic Tee with S-parameters using MATLAB To illustrate the that rectangular waveguide is use widely. To illustrate the Rectangular Waveguide TE mode using MATLAB To illustrate the Rectangular Waveguide TM mode using MATLAB
Page No.
Sign
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Experiment No. 1 Aim: To study Waveguide Tees and Bends

1. H-Plane Tee :
An H-type T-junction is illustrated in the beside figure. It is called an H-type T-junction because the long axis of the B arm is parallel to the plane of the magnetic lines of force in the waveguide. The Efield is fed into arm A and in-phase outputs are obtained from the B and C arms. The reverse is also true. H plane tee is so called because the axis of the side arm is parallel to the planes of the main transmission line. As all three arms of the H plane tee lie in the magnetic field, the magnetic field divides itself into the arms. Therefore this is also called a CURRENT JUNCTION. WORKING H-plane Tee have scattering matrix as shown below, = = =
+ = + = +
Case 1: Input is given at port 3 and no inputs at port 1 and 2, 3 0, 1 = 2 = 0. = ; = ; =
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Let 3 (corresponding to ) be the power input at port 3. Then this power divides equally between ports 1 and 2 in phase i.e. 1 = 2 (power outputs at the respective ports corresponding to 1 and 2 . But3 = 1 + 2 = 21 = 22 The amount of power coming out of port 1 or port 2 is due to input at port 3 = 10 log10 1 1 1 = 10 log10 = 10 log10 3 21 2
= 10 log10 2 = 10 0.3010 = 3 Hence the power coming out of the port 1 or port 2 is 3 dB down with respect to input power at port 3; hence the H-plane Tee is called as 3-dB splitter. Case 2: Input is given at port 1 and port 2, and no input at port 3, 3 = 0, = = . = = ; = = ; = +
Input at port 3 is the addition of the two inputs at port 1 and port 2 and these are added in phase. HOW IT IS DEFFER THAN E-PLANE:
There is only one difference between E & H plane is that output s from E plane tee is out of phase, i.e., means the two output at port1 and port2 will have a phase shift of 180` , as shown in fig.
E-type T- junction
Replacement circuit diagram
E plane tee called voltage junction, while H plane tee called current junction. ADVANTAGES: o Simple construction and easy to use. o Output is in phase, no any phase shift. o Output is added of two inputs. DISADVANTAGES: o The output is 3dB down with respect to input wave.
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APPLICATIONS: o It is used as an adder o As a 3dB splitter o As a current junction.
CONCLUSION: After studied H plane tee we concluded that H plane tee is current junction and output from the ports is added output and it is 3 db down output.
2. E-Plane Tee
As shown in figure above is an E-plane Tee junction, as it is an intersection of three waveguides in the form of alphabet T. Port 1 and 2 are collinear arms while port 3 is the E arm, which is along the broader dimensions of waveguides. The T junction is used for power division or power combining. WORKING = We know that, = = = + + ,
+ =
Case 1: Input is given at port 3 and no inputs at port 1 and 2, 3 0, 1 = 2 = 0. = , = , =
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Case 2: Input is given at port 1 and port 2, and no input at port 3, 3 = 0, = = . = + , = + , =
Case 3: Input is given at port 1 and no input at port 2 and port 3, 1 0, = = . = , = , =
Similarly we have all combinations of input and output. ADVANTAGES: o Simple construction and easy to use. o Output is out of phase. o Output is added of two inputs. DISADVANTAGES: o The output is 3dB down with respect to input wave. APPLICATIONS: o It is used as ansubtractor. o As a 3dB splitter o As a current junction.
CONCLUSION: After studied E plane tee we concluded that E plane tee is Voltage junction and output from the ports is in out of phase and it is 3 db down output.
3. Magic Tee :
A magic tee is a combination of E-plane and H-plane Tee. Magic tee, combines the power dividing properties of both H-plane and E-plane tee, and has the advantages of being completely matched at all the ports. If two signals of same magnitude and phase are fed into port 1 and port 2, then output will be zero at port 3 and additive at port 4. If signal is fed from port 4 (H-arm) then signals divides equally in magnitude and phase between port 1 and 2 and no signal appears at port 3 (E-arm). If signal is fed into port 3, then signal divides equally in magnitude, but opposite in phase at port 1 and 2, and no signal comes out from port 4, i.e. output at port 4 is zero.
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WORKING = = = = + =
Case 1: Input is given at port 3 and no inputs at port 1, 2 and 4, 3 0, 1 = 2 = 4 = 0. = , = , = =
This is the property of H-plane Tee.
Case 2: Input is given at port 4 and no inputs at port 1, 2 and 3, 4 0, 1 = 2 = 3 = 0. = , = , = =
This is the property of E-plane Tee.
Case 3: Input is given at port 1 and no inputs at port 4, 2 and 3, 1 0, 4 = 2 = 3 = 0. = , = , =

, =
When power is fed to port 1, nothing comes out of port 2 even though they are collinear ports (Magic!!). Hence ports 1 and 2 are called as isolated ports. Similarly an input at port 2 cannot come out at port 1.Similarly E and H-ports are isolated ports. Case 4: Equal input is given at port 3 and 4; no inputs at port 1 and 2, 3 = 4 ; 1 = 2 = 0. , = = = This is called as an additive property. Case 5: Equal input is given at port 1 and 2; no inputs at port 3 and 4, 1 = 2 ; 3 = 4 = 0. = = = , = =
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Equal inputs at ports 1 and 2 results in an output port 3 (additive port)and no output at port 1, 2 and 4. This is similar to case 4. Applications: o As an isolator o As an matching device o As a phase shifter o As a T/R switch in trans receiver Advantages: o No internal power transmission between port A &port C & also between port B & port D. o It is most widely used in hybrid circuit.
Disadvantages: o Due to waveguide dimensions only TE10 mode is supported, all other modes are not supported. Conclusion: We conclude that it is very much useful for power doublers, as a impedance matching device & also useful as an isolator.
4. H-Plane Bend :
Waveguide is normally rigid, except for flexible waveguide, and therefore it is often necessary to direct the waveguide in a particular direction. Using waveguide bends it is possible to arrange the waveguide into the positions required. When using waveguide bends it is necessary to ensure the bending is accomplished in the correct manner otherwise the electric and magnetic fields will be unduly distorted and the signal will not propagate in the manner required causing loss and reflections. Accordingly waveguide bend sections are manufactured specifically to allow the waveguide direction to be altered without unduly destroying the field patterns and introducing loss.
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WORKING
Types of waveguide bend: There are several ways in which waveguide bends can be accomplished. They may be used according to the applications and the requirements. o Waveguide E bend o Waveguide sharp E bend o Waveguide H bend o Waveguide sharp H bend Each type of bend is achieved in a way that enables the signal to propagate correctly and with the minimum of disruption to the fields and hence to the overall signal.Ideally the waveguide should be bent very gradually, but this is normally not viable and therefore specific waveguide bends are used.Most proprietary waveguide bends are common angles - 90 waveguide bends are the most common by far. A rectangular waveguide bend in which the longitudinal axis of the waveguide remains in a plane parallel to the plane of the magnetic field vector throughout the bend. Also known as H bend.This type of waveguide bends changes the direction of the H field components and leaves the direction of the E field unchanged. The waveguide is therefore called an H-bend. This form of waveguide bend is very similar to the E bend, except that it distorts the H or magnetic field. It creates the bend around the thinner side of the waveguide.As with the E bend, this form of waveguide bend must also have a radius greater than 2 wavelengths to prevent undue reflections and disturbance of the field. Sharp 90` bends create total reflection resulting in infinite SWR. Therefore bends have to be gradual. Sharp H Bend:
At lower frequencies a bend may have to be very long and in such cases, a corner would be preferred. A mitered 90 bend is a corner, as shown in fig. In order to minimize the reflection the mean length L must be an odd number of quarter wavelengths, so that reflected wave from both ends of the waveguide are completely cancelled. ADVANTAGES: o Low insertion loss o Precision flanges o Low VSWR DISADVANTAGES: o Sometimes there may be present reflection due to unsuitable radius. o And as it is rectangular waveguide so TEM mode can not be propagate. APPLICATION : o It used to change the direction of wave in required direction with less reflection loss.
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CONCLUSION:
After studied H BEND we conclude that waveguide bend sections are manufactured specifically to allow the waveguide direction to be altered without unduly destroying the field patterns and introducing loss.
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Experiment No. 2
Aim:To study directional coupler, circulator and isolator
1. Directional Coupler :
Directional Coupler 20 dB Definition
Directinal coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and reflected wave separately. It consists of two waveguide : 1) Main waveguide 2) Auxillary waveguide And both are electromagnetically coupled to each other. The Main and Auxilary waveguide both have 2 ports named port1 &port 2 of Main waveguide and port3 & port4 of Auxiliary waveguide. Here General Directional coupler is shown.
Figure no. 1 Directional coupler.
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Where, Pi = Incident power Pr = Received power
Pc = Coupled power (forward power) Pb = Back power (reverse power )
Working:
Let assume that we give input signal from port 1 so, output is received from port 2 and some amount of power is also coupled to port 4. As here port 3 is terminated from the terminated device so no power availableat port 3. For directional coupler there are main two parameters for measuring performance. its
Coupling factor, C: it is defined as the ratio of the incident power Pi to the forward power Pr measured in dB. Typical value of coupling factor is 20 db. Generallydirectional coupler 20 db here 20 db shows its coupling factor. Directivity, D: the directivity of a D.C. is defined as the ratio of forward power P f to the back power Pb , expressed in dB. = 10 log10 Coupling factor is a measure of how much of the incident power is being sampled while directivity is the measure of how well the directional coupler distinguishes between the forward and reverse travelling powers. Typical value of directivity is 60 db. = 10 log10
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Isolation, I: it is defined to describe the directive properties of a directional coupler. It is defined as the ratio of incident power P i to the back power Pb. = 10 log10 Isolation in dB is equal to the coupling factor plus directivity. Why It Is Called Directional?
As we seen in working if input is given to port 1 so output is received from port 2 & coupled to port 4.So, it couple the signal in one direction. Now, one another thing is also possible. If we give input to port 2 so output received at port 1 and some power is coupled to port 3. So, power is coupled in another direction. There are also possible for input at port 3 and port 4.
Advantages:
o Easy to fabricate o It is useful to measure different microwave powers.
Disadvantages:
o There are only one disadvantage that there are generate some coupling insertion loss.
Applications:
o o o o o It can be design to measure incident &reflected power. Two types : Unidirectional: measures only incident power. Bidirectional: measures both incident & reflected powers It can be used to measure Standing wave ratio(swr).
2. Circulator :
A circulator is a ferrite device with usually three ports. They are non-reciprocal. That is, energy into port 1 predominantly exits port 2,energy into port 2 exits port 3 and energy into port 3 exits port 1. In a reciprocal device the same fraction of energy that flows from port 1 to port 2 would occur to energy flowing the opposite direction, from port 2 to port 1.
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The selection of ports is arbitrary and circulators can be made to circulate either clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW). In addition to the ferrite substrate a magnet is required to make a circulator. Circulators come in waveguide, coax and drop -in Microstrip varieties. Microstrip circulators are often used in transmission and receiver modules to duplex the antenna to the power amplifier. Waveguide always provides the best loss and power handling. A circulator is sometimes called a duplexer meaning that duplexes two signals into one channel. What are the circulators good for? They make a great antenna interface for a transmitter-receiver system. Energy can be made to flow from transmitter (port 1) to antenna (port 2) during transmit and from antenna (port 2) to the receiver(port 3). Circulators have low else critical losses and can be made to handle huge powers in kW. They usually operate over no more than octave bandwidth, and are purely an RF component (they dont work at DC). To sum up, we can say that a circulator is a device that transports radio frequency or microwaves from one port to another. They typically have # ports and send the signal in one direction. They are made of magnets and ferrite materials with magnetic properties. Typically, they have to be manufactured and properly tuned by hand which makes it expensive. The magnets create a magnetic field that prevents the radio or microwave signals from moving in any direction other than along with the magnetic field to the next port. it
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Application: 1. Isolator: When one port of circulator is terminated in a matched load,it can be used as an isolator,since a signal can travel in only one direction between remaining ports.An isolator is used to shield equipment on its input side from the effects of condition on its output side. 2. Duplexer: To route signal from transmitter to receiver from antenna without allowing signals to pass directly from transmitter to receiver. A circulator is sometimes called a " duplexer", meaning that is duplexes two signals into one channel (e.g. transmit and receive into an antenna). This is not to be confused with the term "diplexer" which is refers to a filter arrangement where two frequency bands are separated into two channels from a single three-terminal device. A lot of people mix up these terms. You can remember the correct definitions because "filter" and "diplexer" both have an "i" in them, and "circulator" and "duplexer" both have a "u". 3. Reflection amplifier. Advantages: o Low electrical losses. o Can handle high power(in kW) o Are purely RF component(they dont work at DC)
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Disadvantage: o Expensive. o Complex
3. ISOLATOR:
An isolator is a two-port device that transmits microwave or radio frequency power in one direction only. Use: to shield equipment on its input side, from the effects of conditions on its output side; for example, to prevent a microwave source being detuned by a mismatched load. A microwave isolator including a driving circuit and a receiving circuit, wherein the driving circuit receives an input signal from a first isolated circuit and generates a corresponding radio frequency (RF) signal and the receiving circuit detects and decodes the corresponding RF signal and provides a corresponding output signal to a second isolated circuit. The driving circuit contains an oscillator for generating the corresponding RF signal based on the input signal from the first isolated circuit, a transmitting antenna for transmitting the corresponding RF signal, and a microwave switch interposed between the oscillation means and the transmitting antenna for switching the RF signal to the antenna.
Government Engineering College, Rajkot Page 16
The receiving circuit contains a receiving antenna to receive the corresponding RF signal and means for detecting and decoding the received corresponding RF signal and providing the corresponding output signal to the second isolated circuit. By terminating one port, a circulator becomes an isolator, which has the property that energy flows on one direction only. This is an extremely useful device for "isolating" components in a chain, so that bad VSWRs don't contribute to gain ripple, or lead to instabilities (unwanted oscillations). An isolator is a non-reciprocal , passive network.
CW and CCW isolators Isolation (dB): This is a measure of signal levels at the adjacent ports of the RF circulator. It is measured in decibel (dB). Microwave Isolators (concept-1) Microwave Isolator is a passive, non-reciprocal device with three or more ports used to transmit microwave energy in a specific direction. This Microwave Isolator is used to prevent reflected microwave energy from the magnetron preventing excessive magnetron heating or molding. Microwave Isolator is a circulator with an absorbing load, attaching to the port used to transmit the reflected energy that is generated from the magnetron and is transmitted to the load port and absorbed. This Telecommunication Equipment is widely used in telecommunication, test equipment, electronic warfare, radar and avionic systems. This broadcasting equipment is available in various frequency ranges and multi-junction topographies requiring diverse applications. They are configured with diverse features for various applications like drop-in or coaxial connectorized packaging, for pc board or cable installation in pcs/pcn and cellular based stations, and for point to point microwave radio telecommunication links. Microwave Isolator (concept-2)
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Perhaps one of the most important applications of ferrites in microwave circuits is the microwave isolator. (Ferrites:Chemistry a compound, as NaFeO 2 , formed when ferricoxide is combined with a more basic metallic oxide.Metallurgy: the pure iron constituent of ferrous metals, asdistingui shed from the iron carbides.) A typical microwave isolator is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a circular waveguide carrying the TE11 mode with transitions for converting the circular mode to rectangular waveguide modes at both ends. In the central region a pencil-shaped ferrite material is introduced. To minimize reflections, the ferrite pencil is tapered gradually at both ends. A permanent magnet is placed outside of the waveguide to provide a longitudinal static magnetic field through the ferrite pencil. The ferrite causes the plane of polarization of the TE11 mode to rotate by an amount determined by the size of the ferrite pencil, its length, and the strength of the magnetic field. The direction of rotation of the plane of polarization is determined by the direction of the static magnetic field. The principle of operation of this device can be explained with the help of Fig. 1(b) and (c). The electromagnetic waves at the rectangular TE10 mode enter from the left side and are transformed into the circular TE11 mode by a gradual transition. The plane of polarization of this circular mode is the same as that of the rectangular TE10 mode. In passing through the ferrite, the plane of polarization is rotated clockwise by 45. The circular mode with the rotated plane of polarization is then converted back into the rectangular mode. The rectangular waveguide at the right is physically oriented in such a way that the plane of polarization of the incoming waves from the left coincides with that of the usual TE10 mode in this guide. Thus the electromagnetic waves propagate through this device from left to right and suffer only a small attenuation in the ferrite material. The propagation of waves in the reverse direction, however, is prevented by the device. Consider, for instance, electromagnetic waves at the rectangular TE10 mode entering the system from the right. After coming through the transition, the mode is converted to the circular TE11 mode when the plane of polarization remains the same as that of the incoming TE10 mode. The ferrite rotates the plane of polarization by 45, as before, in the clockwise direction. After rotation, the plane of polarization becomes such that the wave can no longer propagate into the rectangular waveguide at the left.
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A resistive attenuation card can now be placed parallel to the wide dimension of the waveguide at the left to absorb the energy of the waves coming from the right to the left. Thus, under ideal conditions, no propagation from the right to left is possible. Isolators can be used to improve the frequency stability of microwave generators, such as klystrons and magnetrons, where the reflection from the load affects the generating frequency.
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In such cases the isolator is placed between the microwave generator and the load so that the energy is transmitted from the generator to the load with a very small attenuation. On the other hand, the energy of the reflected waves resulting from the load mismatch is highly absorbed by the isolator. This prevents the frequency instability of the generator.
Function :
In power systems an isolator is a switch which is used to completely open a circuit which has been rendered dead by means of opening a circuit breaker for maintenance of equipment. It can be visually seen that an isolator is open and hence service men are assured that it is safe to work on the isolated equipment. The equipment to be worked on is further earthed mostly on either side so that electrical energy that could be in the equipment is completely discharged to earth further enhancing safety of the service men. An isolator is also used for sectionalizing power lines during fault location. An isolator, unlike an auto disconnector, is not used to break load or close a loaded circuit. An auto disconnector opens and closes a circuit with limited load. Isolators are used at homes to isolate appliances with circuit breakers that are out of sight of the service men in charge of repairing the appliances. These isolators are therefore installed near the appliances such as air conditioners.
Application :
o Amplifying and measuring low level signals in the presence of high common-mode voltages. o Breaking ground loops or eliminating source ground connections. The isolation device provides full floating input, eliminating the need for connections to source ground, and allowing two-wire hook-up to the signal sources. o Providing an interface between medical patient monitoring equipment and the transducer or device that may be in physical contact with the patients. Such applications require high isolation voltage levels and very low leakage currents. o Providing isolation protection to electronic instruments or equipment. Large common mode voltages occasionally cause hazardous electronic faults. The low leakage currents and high isolation voltage capability of isolation devices help protect instruments against damage caused by such faults. o Coaxial SMA Isolators and Circulators provide matching & minimize signal reflections. Using a sma isolator will insure a good match for the devices connecting to it. A coaxial circulator allows the third port to be used, where as a coaxial isolator has a built in termination on the third port.
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Experiment No: 3 Aim: To study Attenuator, Dielectric Cell, Sectorial horn and Matched Termination
1. ATTENUATOR : Theory:
An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the amplitude or power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform. An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1. Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider networks. Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher frequencies precisely matched low VSWRresistance networks are used. Fixed attenuators in circuits are used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve impedance matching. In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adaptors are used to lower the amplitude of the signal a known amount to enable measurements, or to protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage it. Attenuators are also used to 'match' impedances by lowering apparent SWR. Attenuator of the power dissipation on mass and surface area of resistance material as well as possible additional coding fins. Attenuator is design by two type: 1. Active design a. Narrowband active variable attenuator b. Broadband active variable attenuator 2. Passive design a. Pi attenuator b. Tee attnuator c. Bridge T attenuator
Specifications:
Attenuation value Attenuation precision Return loss
1~ 25 dB 5dB0.3dB, 10dB1dB, 10dB10 PC55dB APC60dB
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Operation wavelength Polarization loss Operation temperature Storage temperature Temperature(Unencapsulation) Break in attenuator Tolerance 3db 0.8dB 6db 0.8dB 10db 0.1dB
1310nm and 1550nm(SM) 0.1dB -40~ +75 -40~ +85 95 RH Apply Telecordia standard(GR-910-CORE)
Returnloss 60dB 60dB 60dB
wavelength 1310nm to 1550nm
3db,6 db,10db attenuator photos:
SC / UPC 3db, 6db, 10db fiber optic attenuator Low additional loss, OEM service
Features
o o o o o High return loss Simple structure Max operation power(1W) Low wavelength relativity Low polarization related loss
Attenuator characteristics
o Attenuation expressed in decibels of relative power. A 3dB pad reduces power to one half, 6dB to one fourth, 10dB to one tenth, 20dB to one hundredth, 30dB to one
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o o o o o
thousandth and so on. For voltage you double the dBs so for example 6dB is half in voltage. Frequency bandwidth, for example DC-18 GHz Power dissipation depends on mass and surface area of resistance material as well as possible additional cooling fins. SWR is the standing wave ratio for input and output port. Accuracy Repeatability
Applications :
o o o o o o Fiber optical distributing frame Fiber optical network system High speed fiber optical transmission system CATV system Long distance DWDM system Optical add-drop multiplexers(OADM)
Advantage:
o o o o It is used to reduce power level to avoid overload Reduce to amplitude Improve mismatch loss error Minimum loss pads.
Disadvantage:
o Dynamic range is reduce.
2. Dielectric Cell :
Dielectric cells are basic measuring components for solid and liquid dielectric constant measurement respectively. A dielectric waveguide employs a solid dielectric rod rather than a hollow pipe. An optical fiber is a dielectric guide to work at optical frequencies. Transmission lines such as Microstrip, coplanar wave guide, strip line or coaxial may also be considered to be waveguide. The electromagnetic waves in (metal pipe) wave guide may be imagined as travelling down the guide in a zigzag path, being repeatedly reflected between opposite walls of the guide. For the particular case of rectangular waveguide, it is possible to base an exact analysis on this view.
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Propagation in dielectric waveguide may be viewed in the same way with the waves confined to the dielectric by total internal reflection at its surface. Some structures such as Nonradioactive dielectric waveguide and the Goubauline, use both metal walls and dielectric surface to confine the wave. Laboratory Setup for measuring Dielectric Constant of a Solid Dielectric Cell: 1. Set up the microwave bench as shown in fig.
2. Using slotted waveguide section find the two consecutiveminima ( ) Calculate = 2 = 2
3. Locate a reference minima D. 4. Insert Dielectric cell inside movable short as shown in fig: (Do not switch off power supply & do not change any other settings on microwave bench)
5. The minimum will shift .Let Dr be the new minimum position. 6. Measure the legth of Dielectric samples using screw guage provided on the movable short
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7. Evaluate the following expression for v.
8. Now solve the expression for X
where There is infinite number of solutions for X.Find the value of X between 0 and 1.5
3. Sectorial Horn
Theory :
It is called as sectoral horn because it provide radiation in sector of square zone from mid point. Function :
Its function is to provide optimum coverage from in point to multipoint base station applications. About :
There are two types of sectoral horns according to flaring direction. If flaring is done in the direction of electric field vector then it is termed as sectoral E-plane antenna. If flaring is done in the direction of magnetic field vector then it is termed as sectoral H -plane antenna.
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Working :
It is manufactured from Brass or Aluminum. Here, the area to be served is divided up into equal squares and a base station situated so as to illuminate the four squares around it from the corner of each square. This arrangement gives the 4:1 ratio of revenue generating cells. According to the beamwidth of radiation pattern, two types of sectoal horn antennas are possible. (1) 64 degree (2) 90 degree 64 degree sector antenna is used in Britain &Europe and it is best suited antenna which provides high level of illumination efficiency for a variety of conditions.90 degree sector antenna is favored in USA & Canada. One possible argument in favor of the 90 degree antenna is that the difference in free space loss between the opposite and adjacent corners is less compared to 64 degree & can be neglected. But coverage pattern of 90 degree produces more signal westage and so it has lower illumination efficiency. In 64 degree sector horn, if we measure all parameters, if has considerably higher efficiency factor than 90 degree horn & of course it is a simple and suitable compared to 90 degree because in 90 degree, to get high efficiency we have to use beam shaping techniques. Application : o Used in broadcast type coverage of base station of transmitter system. o It is used in LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Services) o Also used in MVDS (Microwave Video Distribution Services) Advantages : o o o o o o o Simple in design. Better illumination effidiency. Can be located anywhere. Low cost. High performance. Greater spectrum efficiency. Manufacturing of 64 degree is easy.
Disadvantages : o Path and atmospheric losses is high. o Attenuation due to rain is high.
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4. Matched Termination
Matched Termination is a transmission line termination which does not reflect any energy. Matched terminations are used to terminate the waveguide transmission line operating at low average power. The loads are carefully designed to absorb all the applied power and VSWR of matched termination is low. These are used in the measurement of reflection coefficient and where the matched load is required. Reflection coefficient:
A transmission line may have at its end an impedance, ZL, which is not equal to the characteristic impedance of the line Z0. Thus, a wave on the line faces the dilemma of obeying two different Ohms laws. To achieve this, a reflected wave is formed. Giving positive suffices to the incident waves and negative suffices to the reflected waves, the Ohms law relationships become
V+ I+
= Zo ; =
V_
I _
= Zo = ZL
VL
V+ +V + +
whereVL and IL are the voltage and current in the terminating impedance ZL. A reflection coefficient, or is defined as the ratio of the reflected wave to the incident wave.
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= So ZL = &
V +
I +
+ (1 + ) (1 + ) = + (1 ) (1 + )
ZL Zo ZL+Zo
As Z0 for lossless lines is real and ZL may be complex, , in general, will also be complex. One of the main parts of microwave impedance measurement is to measure the value of and hence ZL. A new geometry of a matched termination using lossy dielectric materials for an overloaded cylindrical waveguide is explored in this present work. The matched termination is designed based on attenuating the microwave using lossy dielectric materials or resistive materials by numerical simulation. The geometry is optimized such that it can be used for a cylindrical waveguide operating on fundamental and other higher order modes. The matched termination is fabricated and tested for its characteristics and the results are validated against simulated values. Matched Terminations:
Matched terminations are used in coaxial lines, strip lines and waveguides to absorb the incident power without appreciable reflection and radiation. A tapered lossy dielectric is placed at end of a short line as shown in following figure to form a matched termination. The length of the tapered section is kept about one to two guide wavelengths at the lowest frequency of operation for effective absorption of power. To increase the frequency of operation for effective absorption of power. To increase the power dissipation, aquatic-coated sand is used as lossy material. High power (>1W) terminations use outer cooling fins (fans) for heat dissipation. Practical VSWR of these loads is in the range of 1.021.05 over a frequency bandwidth of the order of 20-30% of the centre frequency. A matched load is a single port device having its ideal parameters: Zin=Zo=50ohm or 75ohm
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= 0 = 11 VSWR=1.0 The load is located at the centre smith chart as the reference point.
(Dissipative loads)
Application:
o Waveguide terminations are useful in satellite & radar & telecom applications.SMA termination, type n termination, SMP termination, GPO termination , 2.92mm termination, 2.4mm termination, TNC termination, Mini-SMP termination, BNC termination, these parts may be referred to as a microwave terminator, RF terminator, load, or dummy load.
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Experiment No: 4 Aim: To study the Smith Chart and its applications
About SMITH CHART:
To avoid the tedious method to solve the transmission line problem Phillip H. Smith devised a simple graphic tool ,named after him as the SMITH CHART ,where the normalised impedance or admittance or reflection coefficient is plotted to read the magnitude in the radial direction and phase in the angular direction directly . The chart is constructed from the equation for input and load impedance normalized with respect to the characteristic impedance of the line in the following manner : Normalised input impedance =
0 0
= 1 2
1+ 2
Normalized load impedance =
= 1
1+
= r + jx
Where r and x are the real and imaginary parts of the nornalised load impedance. The characteristics of the SMITH CHART are described below; 1. The upper half of the circle represents inductive reactance jx and lower part represents capacitive reactance ix. 2. Since admittance is the reciprocal of the impedance, the smith chart can also be used for normalized admittance where the resistance scale reads the conductance and the inductive reactance scale capacitive reactance and vice- versa. 3. A point of maximum voltage , line impedance ( )max = S and at minimum voltage , 0 ( )min =1/S.
0
4. The center O of the chart (S=1) represents matched ,extreme right of the horizontal radius represents an open circuit (S=, =, =1) and extreme left represents short 0 circuit (S=, =0, =-1 )
0
5. The distance along the line are normalized with respect to wavelength and are measured toward the generator and also toward the load along the priority or unit circle. 6. Circle passing through O (S=1) is called the unit VSWR circle.
Page 30
APPLICATION OF THE SMITH CHART :
To determine the input impedance of the lossless transmission line of length l and terminated by a load Z L. The graphical solution involves the following steps usin g the Smith Chart as follows. 1. Locate the normalized load impedance on the Smith Chart at say A. 2. Join the center point O(1,0) and A. Extend OA up to the periphery to cut it at B. 3. A rotation towards the generator by l/ from the load point A gives a point C on the circle which corresponds to input point of the line. 4. In movement along the line the corresponding rotation on the Smith Chart ,reflection coefficient and VSWR both remains constant in lossless line. 5. A circular arc is drawn with O as a center that passes through A and intersect the line OC at D. 6. The point of intersection D gives the required normalized input impedance of the line.
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EXAMPLE: A transmission line of length 100m and characteristic impedance of 100 ohm is terminated by a load ZL=100-j200ohm.using the Smith Chart determine the line impedance and admittance at 25m from the load end at a frequency of 10 MHz. Solution: Given f=10MHz , Z0=100 ohm , Z L=100-j200 ohm , l=100m , d=25 m. = c/f =300/10=30 m d/= 25/30 =8.33 Normalized load impedance Z L/Z0= (100-j200)/100 = 1-j2
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The normalized load impedance is located at A on the smith Chart with origin O as the centre , a circle is drawn with radius OA. From the load point A, a normalized distance d/=0.833 is moved along the circumference towards the generator to reach the point B.
The normalized impedance at B is the 0.45+j1.2 .Therefore ,line impedance at 25 m distance from the load is Zin= (0.45+j1.2)100=45+j120 ohm. Draw a line from point B through O to cut the circle at point C . The point C gives normalized admittance 0.27-j0.73 of the line at a distance 25 m from the load .Therefore ,admittance at 25 m distance from the load is Yin = (0.27 j0.73)/100 = 0.0027-j0.0073 mho
Page 33
Experiment No: 5 Aim: To illustrate and study the use of VSWR meter.
APPARTUS: 1. Voltage standing wave Ratio meter
INTRODUCTION:
The voltage standing wave ratio meter is a highly sensitive fixed frequency electronic meter, calibrated to indicate directly both output voltage & voltage standing wave ratio when used with square law detector such as crystal diodes &barrettes. On front panel, the input selector switch adapts the input circuit of the equipment to a crystal diode, a barrette or a high impedance signal source. For a barrette, the correct bias current I an automatically supplied through the input jack, the current value being selected by a selector switch for either of two different barrette resistances is common use. The instrument responds to single frequencies 0f 1000 c/s. The SW indicator is designed & calibrated to measure a signal obtained from square law devices such as crystal diodes & barrette. The indicating meter is calibrated to indicate SWR directly in VSWR & decibels. The range to range accuracy is within (+1) decibels. The maximum sensitivity of VSWR meter when set for crystal or bolo operation is (.1v) for full scale meter deflection, the noise level is less than 0.03v as referred to a signal obtained to the input jack. Sensitivity is varied by the range (db) switch on the front panel. Gain control provides further adjustment of the sensitivity over an approximately 8.5 db on the meter scale. The meter selector switch selects an expanded meter scale when desired & -5db position shifts the meter reading up scale by 5db. The internal impedance as seen at the input jack is either 200(ohms) or 200(kilo ohms) as selected by the input selected by the input selector switch. When set to BOLO a dc bias of approximately 8.75mA or 4.5mA is automatically applied to a 200(ohm) barrette connected to the input jack depending upon the position of the selector switch. The BOLO current block on the front panel permits the bias current supplied to the external barrette to be monitored by an external meter. The frequency of V.S.W.R Meter model 1019 VSWR is 1000cycles/sec +2% with a bandwidth of approximately 40 cycles at half power points. The selectivity of the tuned amplifier is determined by a single plug in the filter having an effective Q between 25 to 30 .
Page 34
Technical Specification :
Frequency Sensitivity Noise level Amplifier Q Calibration Power Range Input Impedence and bias current source. : 1000 CPS+2% : 0.1 Volt at 200 level for full scale deflection. : less than 0.03V. : 3o bandwidth of 40 Cycles. : Square law meter reads VSWR directly and SWR in dbs. : 230 volts +10%;56-60 cps ;45 volts. : Input attenuator provides 60 db attenuation in 10 db steps. :BOLO bias provided for 8.75 mA batter or 4.5 mA for low current better ,crystal detector , 200K for use with high impedance signal
PANEL DESCRIPTION : Refer figure 1 for the front panel controls and terminals. The function are as follows: 1. METER SELECTOR :There are three scales on the VSWR meter. Normal Scale :It can be used when VSWR is between 1 and 4. For VSWR between 3 and 10 the bottom of normal SWR scale can be used. Expanded Scale : It is graduated from 1 to 1.3 and hence can be used whenever the VSWR is less than 1.3 for an accurate reading. DB Scale : It is bottom along with an expanded db( between 0 to 2 db) for measuring VSWR directly in DBs. 2. INPUT SELECTOR : This switch is provided for different inputs. BOLO bias provided for 8.75 mA barrater ,or 4.5 mA for low current barrater . Crystal 200 for crystal detector . 200 K for use with high impedance signal source. 3. BOLO CURRENT : This permits the bias current supplied to external barretter to be monitored by an external meter. 4. OUTPUT : Output is taken from this. 5. INPUT : Output of microwave work bench is used as input here.
Page 35
6. GAIN :This gain control is to adjust the reading to a desired value by fine or coarse adjusting knobs. 7. RANGE db : Sensitivity is varied by the range(db) switch on the front panel. 8. POWER ON/OFF SWITCH : It is the mains power on/off switch with fuse.
Page 36
Experiment No : 6 Aim: To understand function of Gunn oscillator.

Semiconductor material used for Gunn diode is GaAs (Gallium Arsenide), InP(Indium Phosphide)& cadmium tellurider (CdTe). These materials have two closely spaced energy bends in the conduction band. o At low electric field most of electrons will be located in the lower energy band. o At high electric field most of electrons transferred to high energy band. o In high energy band effective mass of electron is larger ,hence electron mobility is less. Conductivity is directly proportional to mobility, hence conductivity is also less. o In lower energy band mass of electron is less. Mobility is higher. Conducting is higher. Looking at above points if we increase forward bias more no. of electron transfer to high energy band where conductivity is less, hence current f;ow is less thus we get negative resistance characteristics. There are two principal modes of operation that results into oscillations. 1. Transit- time mode. 2. Limited space charge (LSA) mode.
1. TRANSIT TIME MODE : o When applied voltage across Gunn diode exceeds threshold value , a dipole domain forms near the cathode end with most of voltage drop across. o High resistance part of the device. o Short section of input region is in the low energy high mobility state. Electrons leave cathode with high velocity. o At point which separates high mobility & low mobility states, electrons accumulate on the left side & depleted to right side by virtue of the different mobilities.
Page 37
o Enter dopole domain as shown in fig .sweeps towards anode, the device in high mobility state,& new dipole forms at cathode end. This mechanism is self repeating & represents an oscillation with period equal to transit time. o This mode has low efficiency & its frequency cannot be controlled by external circuit.
2. LSA MODE: o Operation of Gunn oscillator this mode produce several watts with higher efficiency around 20% .Power output is 1 W at 10 GHz & several milliwatts can be obtained at 100 GHz. o In LSA mode, Gunn device incorporate as port of resonant circuit as shown in fig. o Frequency of resonant circuit is adjusted so that it is several time greater than that of in transit time mode. o DC bias adjusted some what greater than threshold value. Resonator loading represented by resistance R which is adjusted 20% greater than negative resistance Rd. Resonant frequency of cavity is adjusted by tuning screw. o The Gunn device can be operated as a pulse oscillator by applying dc bias in the form of pulse train. o To remove heat generated within Gunn device heatsink is used. The practical set-up of Gunn-Oscillator is shown in figure:
Page 38
Experiment No : 7 Aim: To illustrate the Magic Tee with S-parameters using MATLAB
With reference to the S-parameters explained in EXP.1 , here the matlab implementation of that equation is given here. PROGRAM :
clc; close all; clear all; [a]=input('Transmitted Signal:'); % b(1)=(1/(2)^(1/2)).*(a(3)+a(4)); % b(2)=(1/(2)^(1/2)).*(a(3)-a(4)); % b(3)=(1/(2)^(1/2)).*(a(1)+a(2)); % b(4)=(1/(2)^(1/2)).*(a(1)-a(2)); % [B]=[b(1) b(2) b(3) b(4)]; [S]=(1/(2)^(1/2)).*[0 0 1 1; 0 0 1 -1;1 1 0 0; 1 -1 0 0]; [B]=S*a; if a(1)==0 && a(2)==0 && a(4)==0 && a(3)~=0 sprintf('Reflected output [%f %f %f %f].',B) display 'This is the property of H-Plane Tee' elseif a(1)==0 && a(2)==0 && a(3)==0 && a(4)~=0 sprintf('Reflected output [%f %f %f %f].',B) display 'This is the property of E-Plane Tee' elseif a(2)==0 && a(3)==0 && a(4)==0 && a(1)~=0 sprintf('Reflected output [%f %f %f %f].',B) display 'When power is fed to port 1, nothing comes out at port 2 even they are collinear ports(MAGIC!!!!)'; display 'Hence port 1 and 2 are ISOLATED PORTS'; elseif a(1)==0 && a(3)==0 && a(4)==0 && a(2)~=0 sprintf('b(1) = %d \t ',b(1)) sprintf('b(2) = %d \t ',b(2)) sprintf('b(3) = %d',b(3)) sprintf('b(4) = %d',b(4)) sprintf('b(4) = %f.*(%d + %d)',0.7071,a(1),a(2)) sprintf('Reflected output [%f %f %f %f].',B) display 'When power is fed to port 2, nothing comes out at port 1 even they are collinear ports(MAGIC!!!!)'; display 'Hence port 1 and 2 are ISOLATED PORTS'; elseif a(1)==0 && a(2)==0 && a(3)~=0 && a(4)~=0 display b(4)=0.7071.*(a(1)-a(2)); display 'Reflected Outputs';(B) display 'This is the property of ADDITIVE'
Page 39
elseif a(3)==0 && a(4)==0 && a(1)~=0 && a(2)~=0 display 'Reflected Outputs';(B) display 'This is the property of SUBTRACTIVE' elseif (a(3)==0 && a(4)==0 && a(1)==0 && a(2)==0) display 'Reflected Outputs';(B) display 'No output ' end end end end end end end if a(3)==1 && a(4)==1 && a(1)==1 && a(2)==1 errordlg('Input to Magic Tee is not Valid','File Error'); end
OUTPUT : Case :I Transmitted Signal:[1;0;0;0] ans = Reflected output [0.000000 0.000000 0.707107 0.707107]. When power is fed to port 1, nothing comes out at port 2 even they are collinear ports(MAGIC!!!!) Hence port 1 and 2 are ISOLATED PORTS Case : II Transmitted Signal:[0;1;0;0] ans = Reflected output [0.000000 0.000000 0.707107 -0.707107]. When power is fed to port 2, nothing comes out at port 1 even they are collinear ports(MAGIC!!!!) Hence port 1 and 2 are ISOLATED PORTS
Page 40
Case : III Transmitted Signal:[1;1;0;0] Reflected Outputs B= 0 0 1.4142 0 This is the property of SUBTRACTIVE Case : IV Transmitted Signal:[0;0;1;0] ans = Reflected output [0.707107 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]. This is the property of H-Plane Tee Case : V Transmitted Signal:[0;0;0;1] ans = Reflected output [0.707107 -0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]. This is the property of E-Plane Tee Case : VI Transmitted Signal:[0;0;1;1] b(4)=0.7071.*(a(1)-a(2)) Reflected Outputs B= 1.4142 0 0 0 This is the property of ADDITIVE
Page 41
Experiment No: 8 Aim:To illustrate the that rectangular waveguide is use widely.
The statement of the experiment can easily be proved by simply taking ration of circular to rectangular waveguide using matlab programming. PROGRAM : o TE wave is propagate: clc; close all; clear all; a=1; b=a/2; r=a/1.706; area_rect=a*b; area_cir=(pi*r*r); ratio=area_cir/area_rect Output : ratio = 2.1588 o TM wave is propagate : clc; close all; clear all; a=1; b=a/2; r=a/2.92; area_rect=a*b; area_cir=(pi*r*r); ratio=area_cir/area_rect Output : ratio = 0.7369 Hence , from this ratio it is clear that rectangular waveguide is widely used.
Page 42
Experiment No. 9 Aim:To represent the TE mode of Rectangular waveguide using MATLAB.
DEFINITION:
For Transverse Electric Mode of Rectangular waveguide, the six field components are represented as below,
= 0 = = cos = 2 2 2 2 cos
cos sin sin cos sin cos cos sin
= = =
PROGRAM:
clc; close all; clear all; m=input('Input M='); n=input('Input N='); a=10; b=5; l=20; x=0:0.1:a; y=0:0.05:b; z=0:0.2:l;
Page 43
Hoz=1; f=12e9; w=2*pi*f; t=1/f; g=i*2*pi*f/3e11; mu=4*3.14e-7; eb=8.854e-12; c=abs(1/(mu*eb)^(1/2)); h=((g^2)+(w^2)*mu*eb)^(1/2); Hz=abs(Hoz.*cos(((m.*pi)/a).*x).*cos(((n.*pi)/b).*y).*(exp(i*w*t-g.*z))); [Z]=meshgrid(Hz); [X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y); Hoy=(g./(h^2))*((n*pi)/b)*Hoz; Hy=abs(Hoy.*cos(((m.*pi)/a).*x).*sin(((n.*pi)/b).*y).*(exp(i*w*t-g.*z))); Hox=(g./(h^2))*((m*pi)/a)*Hoz; Hx=abs(Hox.*sin(((m.*pi)/a).*x).*cos(((n.*pi)/b).*y).*(exp(i*w*t-g.*z))); Ez=0; Eox=((i*w*mu)/(h^2))*(Hoz)*((n*pi)/b); Ex=abs(Eox.*cos(((m.*pi)/a).*x).*sin(((n.*pi)/b).*y).*(exp(i*w*t-g.*z))); Eoy=-((i*w*mu)/(h^2))*(Hoz)*((m*pi)/a); Ey=abs(Eoy.*sin(((m.*pi)/a).*x).*cos(((n.*pi)/b).*y).*(exp(i*w*t-g.*z))); EZ=zeros(101); [EX]=meshgrid(Ex); [EY]=meshgrid(Ey); [HX,HY]=meshgrid(Hx,Hy); [HZ]=meshgrid(Hz); [Z]=meshgrid(z); set(gcf,'Color',[1,1,1]) subplot(2,3,1);mesh(EX,Y,Z);title('EX Component in Y and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');;xlabel('Ex');ylabel( 'Y'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,2);mesh(X,EY,Z);title ('EY Component in X and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Ey'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,3);mesh(X,Y,EZ);title ('For TE mode Ez = 0; Ez Component in X and Ydirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Y'),zlabel('Ez');
Page 44
subplot(2,3,4);mesh(HX,Y,Z);title ('Hx Component in Y and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('Hx');ylabel(' Y'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,5);mesh(X,HY,Z);title ('Hy Component in X and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Hy'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,6);mesh(X,Y,HZ);title ('Hz Component in X and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Y'),zlabel('Hz');
OUTPUT:
For TE00 mode:
Page 45
For TE01 mode:
For TE10 mode:
Page 46
For TE11 mode:
Page 47
Experiment No:10 Aim: To illustrate the Rectangular Waveguide TM mode using MATLAB
DEFINITION :
= 0 = = 2 2 sin cos cos sin sin sin cos
= sin = =
PROGRAM:
2 2
cos sin
clc; close all; clear all; f=8e9; w=2*pi*f; t=1/f; L=3e11/f; B=2*pi/L; g=i*B; u=4*pi*1e-7; E=8.858e-12; H=(g*g)+(w*w*u*E);
a=10; b=5; m=input('enter the value of m:'); n=input('enter the value of n:'); X=0:0.1:10; Y=0:0.05:5; Z=0:0.2:20; A=-g/H; C=i*w*E/H; Ex=abs(A.*((m*pi)/a).*cos(((m*pi)/a).*X).*sin(((n*pi)/b)*Y).*(exp((i*w*t)-(g*Z)))); Ey=abs(A.*((n*pi)/b).*sin(((m*pi)/a).*X).*cos(((n*pi)/b)*Y).*(exp((i*w*t)-(g*Z)))); Ez=abs(sin(((m*pi)/a).*X).*sin(((n*pi)/b)*Y).*(exp((i*w*t)-(g*Z))));______ Hx=abs(C.*((n*pi)/b).*sin(((m*pi)/a).*X).*cos(((n*pi)/b)*Y).*(exp((i*w*t)-(g*Z)))); Hy=abs(-C.*((m*pi)/a).*cos(((m*pi)/a).*X).*sin(((n*pi)/b)*Y).*(exp((i*w*t)-(g*Z)))); [HX]=meshgrid(Hx); [HY]=meshgrid(Hy); [EX]=meshgrid(Ex); [EY]=meshgrid(Ey); [EZ]=meshgrid(Ez); HZ=zeros(101); [Z]=meshgrid(Z); set(gcf,'Color',[1,1,1]) subplot(2,3,1);mesh(EX);title('EX Component in Y and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');;xlabel('Ex');ylabel( 'Y'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,2);mesh(EY);title ('EY Component in X and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Ey'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,3);mesh(EZ);title ('EZ Component in X and Ydirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Y'),zlabel('Ez'); subplot(2,3,4);mesh(HX);title ('HX Component in Y and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('Hx');ylabel(' Y'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,5);mesh(HY);title ('HY Component in X and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Hy'),zlabel('Z'); subplot(2,3,6);mesh(HZ);title ('For TM mode HZ = 0;HZ Component in X and Zdirection','Color','b','FontName','Helvetica','FontSize',12,'FontWeight','demi');xlabel('X');ylabel(' Y'),zlabel('Hz');
OUTPUT : TM00 mode; TM10mode; TM 01mode:
TM11 mode:
Page 50

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Microwave Engineering

_____________ Head of Department

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Experiment No. 1 Aim: To study Waveguide Tees and Bends

Case 1: Input is given at port 3 and no inputs at port 1 and 2, 3 0, 1 = 2 = 0. = ; = ; =

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Replacement circuit diagram

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

APPLICATIONS: o It is used as an adder o As a 3dB splitter o As a current junction.

Case 1: Input is given at port 3 and no inputs at port 1 and 2, 3 0, 1 = 2 = 0. = , = , =

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Case 2: Input is given at port 1 and port 2, and no input at port 3, 3 = 0, = = . = + , = + , =

Case 3: Input is given at port 1 and no input at port 2 and port 3, 1 0, = = . = , = , =

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Case 1: Input is given at port 3 and no inputs at port 1, 2 and 4, 3 0, 1 = 2 = 4 = 0. = , = , = =

This is the property of H-plane Tee.

Case 2: Input is given at port 4 and no inputs at port 1, 2 and 3, 4 0, 1 = 2 = 3 = 0. = , = , = =

This is the property of E-plane Tee.

Case 3: Input is given at port 1 and no inputs at port 4, 2 and 3, 1 0, 4 = 2 = 3 = 0. = , = , =

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Figure no. 1 Directional coupler.

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Where, Pi = Incident power Pr = Received power

Pc = Coupled power (forward power) Pb = Back power (reverse power )

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Disadvantage: o Expensive. o Complex

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

1~ 25 dB 5dB0.3dB, 10dB1dB, 10dB10 PC55dB APC60dB

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Returnloss 60dB 60dB 60dB

wavelength 1310nm to 1550nm

3db,6 db,10db attenuator photos:

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

2. Using slotted waveguide section find the two consecutiveminima ( ) Calculate = 2 = 2

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

7. Evaluate the following expression for v.

8. Now solve the expression for X

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Normalized load impedance =

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

APPLICATION OF THE SMITH CHART :

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Experiment No : 6 Aim: To understand function of Gunn oscillator.

Government Engineering College, Rajkot