Name of the Experiment: STUDY OF TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF RL CIRCUIT

Course No. EEE 102 Experiment No. 8 Group No. 2

Mursalin Habib Roll No. 9906114 Department: Electrical and Electronics Engineering Level 1 Term 1 Session 1999-2000 Partners Roll No. 9906112 9906113 9906115 9906116

Date of Performance: Date of Submission:

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Objective:

To study Transient Response of RL circuit with step input is the objective of this experiment. In this experiment we applied a square wave input to an RL circuit and observed the wave shapes and determine the time constant.

Theory:
The transient response is the temporary response that results from a switching operation and disappears with time. The steady state response is that which exists after a long time following any switching operation. Let us consider an RL circuit shown in figure.

Storage Phase: When the switch is connected to position 1, applying KVL we can write, di V = Ri + L ................1 dt If the inductor is initially relaxed, the solution of equation 1 is, V t i = (1 e )..............2 R Therefore the voltage across the resistor and inductor are given by

V R = V (1 e

)............3
t

V L = V V R = Ve ......4 Where = L / R and is called the time constant of the RL circuit. Equation 2,3 & 4 are plotted below:

It is seen from the curves that the voltage across the inductor falls from V to zero voltage exponentially. The current is zero at the start i.e. when the switch is just thrown to position 1, then it increase exponentially and finally reach to V/R amps when the inductor voltage becomes zero.

Decay Phase: When the switch is connected to position 2 applying KVL we can write di 0 = Ri + L ...........5 dt The solution of equation 5 is, V t i = e .............6 R Therefore the voltage across the resistor and inductor are given by

V R = Ve

...........7

VC = Ve .........8 Equation 6,7 & 8 are plotted below:

It is seen from the curves that the voltage across the inductor rises from V to zero volts exponentially .The current is maximum at the start i.e. when the switch is just thrown to position 2, then it decrease exponentially and finally ceases to zero when the inductor voltage becomes zero.

Apparatus:
Resistance 470 Inductance 2.7 mH Oscilloscope & Chords Signal Generator & Chords Wires Bread Board

Experimental Setup:

Procedure:
The circuit was setup as shown in figure 1. 14 kHz square wave was applied from generator The wave shapes were observed at Ch-1 and Ch-2 in dual mode and were drawn. Ch-1 & Ch-2 were disconnected & were reconnected as shown in figure 2. The wave shapes at Ch-1 & Ch-2 (INV.) in dual mode were observed & were drawn.

Question & Answer:

1. Define inductor and inductance. Write the features of an inductor. What does inductance measure? Inductors are coils of various dimensions designed to introduce specified amount of inductance. The ability of a coil to oppose change in current is a measure of the inductance of the coil. It is symbolize by the letter L &, is measured in henry (H).

Features: If the current is constant the voltage across the inductors (ideal) is zero. Thus the inductor behaves as a short circuit in the presence of a constant or DC current. Current cannot change instantaneously in an inductor; that is the current cannot change by a finite amount in zero time .For and indicator the equation of voltage current relationship. di V =L dt It falls we that this change would require an infinite voltage and infinite voltages are not possible. Inductance is a consequence of a conductor linking a magnetic field. Inductance measures the ability of a coil to oppose change in current.

2. Deduce voltage-current relationship for an inductor .Why the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously. The voltage current relation ship for an indicator is, di V =L dt

We know that capacitor stores charge. Like capacitors inductors store voltage of presents any change of the current in the circuit. Again if we look at the voltage current relationship equation well see that it is impossible to change that current instantaneously, because if we put O for dt. That is if dt=0 Then v = Which is not possible. This is why the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously.

3. Define time constant for an RL circuit. What is the significance of time constant? How time constant can be determined? The expression
i (t ) = I 0 e
( R L )t

t 0 + and
t, t 0+
R

v(t ) = I 0 Re

( R ) L

Include a term of the form e L t. The coefficient of t namely, R/L determines the rate at which the current or voltage approaches zero. The reciprocal of this ratio is the time constant of the circuit, L = time cons tan t = R Using the time constant concept we write the expression for current, voltage, power energy as
i (t ) = I 0 e
t

,t 0
t

v(t ) = I 0 Re p = I0 e
2 2t

, t 0+

, t 0+

2t 1 2 LI 0 (1 e ), t 0 2 The time constant is an important parameter for first order circuit so mentioning, several of its characteristic is worthwhile. First it is convenient to think of the time elapsed after switching in terms of integral multiples of .Thus one of constant after the inductors has began to release its energy to the resistor , the current has been reduced to e-1 or approximately 0.37 of its initial value .

w=

t e-t/

Values of e-t/ for t equal to integral multiple of 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.68x 1.35x 4.98x 1.83x 6.78x 2.48x 9.12x 3.35x 1.23x 4.54x 10-1 10-1 10-2 10-2 10-3 10-3 10-4 10-4 10-4 10-5

When the elapsed time exceeds the time constant the current is less than 1% of initial value . Thus we sometimes say that time constant after switching has occurred the current and voltage s have ,for most practical purposes reached their final value . For single time constant circuits ( first order circuit ) & with 1% accuracy the phase a long time implies that five or more time constant have elapsed . Thus the existence of current in RL circuit is a momentary event and therefore is also referred to as the transient response of the circuit .The response that exists a long time after the switching has taken place is called the steady response . The phrase a longtime then also means the time it takes the circuit to reach its steady state value . Any first order circuit is characterized in part by the value of its time constant .If we have no method for calculating the time constant of such a circuit, we can determine its value from a plot of circuits natural response. Thats because another important characteristic of the time constant is that it gives the time required for the current to reach its final value of if the current continues to change at its interval rate. To illustrate we evaluate di/dt at 0+ and assume that the current continues to a change at this rate, I di + R (0 ) = I 0 = 0 ..........1 dt L Now, if I starts as I0 and decreases at a constant rate of I0/ amperes per second, the expression for i becomes I i = I 0 0 t..........2

Equation 2 indicates that i. would reach its final value of zero in second.

Fig shows how this graphics interpretation is useful in estimating the time constant off a circuit from a plot of its natural response. Such a plot could be generated on the oscilloscope measuring output current. Drawing the tangent to the natural response plot at t=0 and reading the value at which the tangent intersects the time axis gives the value of .

4. Describe the storage and decay phase of an RL circuit both qualitatively and quantitatively. Storage Phase: When the switch is connected to position 1 , applying KVL we can write , di V = Ri + L ...............1 dt

If the inductors are initially released , the solution of equation 1 is V t i = (1 e )..............2 R Therefore the voltage across the resistor and inductor are given by
V R = V (1 e
t

)............3
t

V L = V V R = Ve ......4 when = L/R and is called the time constant of the RL circuit. Equation 2,3 and 4 plotted below :

It is seen from the curves that the voltage across the inductor falls from V to zero volts exponentially. The current is zero at the start i.e. when the switches is just thrown to position 1 , then it increases exponentially and finally reach to V/R amps when the inductors voltage becomes zero . Decay Phase: When the switch is connected to position 2, applying KVL we can write di 0 = Ri + L ...........5 dt The solution of equation 5 is

V t e .............6 R Therefore the voltage across the resistor and inductors are given , i=
V R = Ve
t

...........7

VC = Ve .........8 Equation 6 , 7 & 8 are plotted below

It is seen in the curves that the voltage across the inductor rises from V to zero voltage exponentially. The current is maximum at the start i.e. when the switch is just thrown to position 2, then it decreases exponentially and finally ceases to zero when the inductors voltage becomes zero.

Discussion:
This was our last experiment in L1 T1 of EEE 102. In this experiment we used oscilloscope & signal generator for the second time . At this time we did not faced that much problem using these apparatus .We did the job very skillfully but not quickly enough. It yields a good graph & the observation experiment was successfully in all sense.