ENGLESKI JEZIK PRAVNE STRUKE IV

Conict of Laws (Unit 28)

A case situation

TERRITORY A A CASE involving more than one territory WHICH/WHOSE law should apply?

TERRITORY B

TERRITORY: state, province, canton Read the following definition and underline the key words Conflict of laws means discordance between the laws of one country and another, as applied to the same subject-matter, Rules of law have been developed to deal with conflict of laws, rules for determining which countrys courts are the appropriate forum for the dispute, and which countrys law is appropriate law for the resolution of the dispute. J. E. Penner: The Law Students Dictionary, Oxford, 2008

CONFLICT OF LAWS (PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW)

A) in common law system - a branch of international law that regulates all lawsuits involving a "foreign" law element B) in civil law system - a law branch of internal legal system dealing with 1) the determination of which state law is applicable to situations crossing out the borders of one particular state and involving a "foreign" element 2) the international civil procedure and international commercial arbitration (collisions of jurisdiction, conflict of jurisdictions).

PUBLIC INT. LAW - rights between several nations or

PRIVATE INT. LAW

SUPRANATIONAL LAW - the law of supranational organizations (EU law)

- conicts between private persons, natural or juridical, having - nations and the citizens or relationship to more than subjects of other nations one nation

Territorial diversity of legal systems

PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW - the law which comprises the rights and duties of the citizens of different states towards each other - also called Conflict of Laws BECAUSE this law governs disputes in recpect of PRIVATE LAW claims regarding contracts, torts, property, the validity of marriages, etc. Case example A who has a French nationality and residence in Germany B who has American nationality, domicile in Arizona, and residence in Austria C a Swiss national, owns property in Switzerland a) A corresponds with B over the internet. They agree the joint purchase of land in Switzerland, currently owned but C, but they never physically meet. b) They execute initial contract documents by using fax machines, followed by a postal exchange of hard copies. c) A pays his share of the deposit but, before the transaction is completed, B admits that although he has capacity to buy land under his lex domicilii and the law of his residence, he is too young to own land under Swiss law.

Matrimonial cases
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS - the place of marriage the territory where divorce was filed - the parties nationalities and residence do not match - there is property in a foreign jurisdiction - parties have changes residence several times during the marriage

Important expressions
- conflict of laws private international law discordance between the laws the resolution of the dispute judicial jurisdiction recognition of foreign judgements territorial diversity of legal systems international / interstate / intercantonal the choice of law foreign element (in a case) sukob zakona - mpp nepodudarnost zakona rjeavanje spora sudska nadlenost priznavanje stranih presuda teritorijalna raznolikost pr. sustava meunarodni/meudravni/... izbor zakona/meunarodnog prava strani element (u odreenom sluaju)

Types of English Civil Law (Unit 29)

CIVIL LAW - a legal system prevalent in continental Europe that is based on written codes - (in this sense contrasts with the common-law system used in England and most of the United States) - an area of law governing disputes between individuals - (as opposed to criminal law)

CIVIL LAW (as a branch of law) - SUBCATEGORIES IN CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS - an area of private law regulating relations between individuals Basic branches: Law of property Law of obligations (Contract law) Law of sucession New branches: Law of securites Commercial law Copy-right law Insurance law IN COMMON LAW SYSTEM - an area of law concerned with a) relations between private individuals b) non-criminal relations between governments and private individuals or other entities Subcategories: Law of contract Law of torts Law of property Law of succession Family law Revenue law; Patents and copyright; Trade unions; Administrative law Parties in a civil lawsuit

plaintiff (claimant)
the party bringing a civil action (ling a claim) the injured party

defendant
the party against whom an action is brought (a claim led)

THE LAW OF CONTRACT CONTRACT = a legally binding agreement made between two or more persons, by which rights are acquired by one or more to acts or forbearances on the part of the other or others

Subcategories of the law of contract: 1. shipping contracts, 2. hire purchase, 3. sale of goods etc. THE LAW OF TORTS TORT = a less serious civil wrong committed by one citizen against another

serious enough to merit the award of compensation to the injured party not serious enough to amount to the breaking of the the criminal law

CIVIL LIABILITY

NOT PUNISHABLE BY THE STATE Offender tortfeasor Action taken by the injured party SUBCATEGORIES OF TORTS 1. Negligence 2. Nuisance 3. Defamation 4. Intentional torts 5. Statutory torts 6. Economic torts 7. Competition law NEGLIGENCE - an unreasonable breach of duty by one person to another - the failure to take reasonable care to avoid foreseeable injury to others Example: the modern law of negligence started with a decomposed snail contained in a drink consumed in a public bar; the manufacturer was sued by the consumer for her consequent illness NUISANCE - unreasonable interference with a persons use or enjoyment of property Example: Jones v Powell 1629 - A brewery made stinking fumes waft to neighbors property, damaging his documents. Because he was a landowner, the neighbor sued in nuisance for this damage DEFAMATION - tarnishing the reputation of someone (making factual assertion for which you cannot provide evidence of its truth)
LIBEL defaming somebody through print or broadcasting SLANDER spoken defamation

 INTENTIONAL TORTS - any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual AGAINST THE PERSON assault battery false imprisonment intentional infliction emotional distress fraud OTHER TORTS STATUTORY TORTS - created by the legislature, not the courts (consumer protection - Product Liability Directive of the EU) ECONOMIC TORTS - protect people from interference with their trade or business (eg. trade libel;) COMPETETION LAW (ANTI-TRUST LAW) - an important method for regulating the conduct of business (the abuse of market power by monopolists, or the substantial lessening of competition through merger, acquisition, or concentration of enterprises) PROPERTY TORTS trespass to land trespass to chattles conversion

REMEDIES

COMPENSA TION

SELF-HELP
(reasonable force to expel a trespasser)

INJUNCT ION
injunction - a command by a court

ESSENTIAL EXPRESSIONS a tort a plaintiff/claimant a defendant to bring a civil action a wrong negligence nuisance false imprisonment assault and battery trespass to land trespass to chattels defamation slander libel a remedy an injunction

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

pravno obvezujui ugovor neinjenje dodjela naknade/odtete; dodijeliti/dosuditi odtetu graanska odgovornost oteena strana krenje ugovora osoba koja neovlateno ulazi na tue imanje; poinitelj graanskog delikta pravina obveza tuiti za nanesenu tetu zbog nemara Smatrati pravno odgovornim

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Contract Law (Unit 30)

General requirements for contract formation: - possessing legal capacity - the object of the contract must be acceptable by the law - in some cases a particular form is required (e.g. sales contracts) Key elements of contract formation:

OFFER + ACCEPTANCE + CONSIDERATION

*enforceable contract = legally valid and binding (the courts can force the parties to abide by it )

= ENFORCEABLE CONTRACT

Agreements becoming contracts: agreement + intention to be legally bound (legal consequences) = contract COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS - presumed to be contracts FAMILY AND SOCIAL AGREEMENTS - has to be proved that it was intended to be legally bound

 Consideration Common law jurisdictions

both parties to a contract must bring something to the bargain

money

anything of value for the parties Eg. II Party C clerical work (consid.) Party D food and (consid.)

Eg. I Party A a farm (consid.) Party B a million dollars shelter (consid.)

Different forms of a contract CONTRACT

EXPRESS ! !! !! !! !

IMPLIED 3 elements are implied (parking fees) !

written !

oral!

Setting aside the contract Three different ways in which contracts can be set aside: 1. VOID (a contract never came into existance) 2. VOIDABLE (one or both parties may declare a contract ineffective at their wish) 3. UNENFORCEABLE (lacks some particular type of evidence necessary for the enforcement)

 Voidable contracts

- mistake - misrepresentation - duress - incapacity - undue inuence

Remedies for breach of contract

AWARD OF !! MONEY ! ! DAMAGES ! !

! ! !

ORDER OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCES

Essential expressions to form/enforce/breach/enter into a contract a breach of contract consideration offer and acceptance an implied/express/legally binding contract valid; invalid a void/voidable/unenforceable contract mistake misrepresentation duress undue influence incapacity an order of specific performances ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

VERB to enforce

NOUN

ADJECTIVE

avoidance performance

a binding offer; requirements; legal capacity; a contract; a contract; requirements

to comply with ___________ to enter into ___________

to make ___________ to set ___________ aside

to full ___________ to possess ___________

Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Art. 253. Ponuda Ponuda je prijedlog za sklapanje ugovora uinjen odreenoj osobi koji sadri sve bitne sastojke ugovora. 2. Art. 262. Prihvat ponude Punuda je prihvaena kad ponuditelj primi izjavu ponuenika da prihvaa ponudu. 3. Art 269. inidba Objekt ugovorne obveze je inidba koja se moe sastojati u davanju, injenju, proputanju ili trpljenju.
ARBITRATION

A method of dispute resolution involving one ore more neutral third parties who are usually agreed to by the dispute parties and whose decision is binding. - to arbitrate - an arbitrator
Example: GRIEVANCE ARBITRATION a) Contractual law It involves the violation or interpretation of an existing contract. the ARBITRATOR issues a final decision regarding the meining of the contractual terms b) Labor law Arbitration of an employees grievance, usually relating to an alleged violation of the employees rights under a collective-barging agreement. (The arbitration procedure is set out in the collectivebargaining agreement.

Negligence (Unit 31)

failure to exercise the care toward others which a reasonable or prudent person would do in the circumstances, or taking action which such a reasonable person would not The central factor in negligence is determining what the standard of care imposed on the public should be a general rule: all persons have to conduct themselves in such a manner as not to create unreasonable risks of physical harm to others. Two types of negligence a) civil (minor personal injury and property damage) b) criminal (results in death where there was no intention of injury) Elements of negligence claim a) Duty of care (towards a plaintiff) b) Breach of duty (on the part of the defendant) c) Factual causation (between the breach and the harm) d) Damage (injury or harm as a consequence of the breach)

a) duty of care a person owes a duty of care to another when the reasonable person would foresee that the other will be exposed to the risk of injury Eg. a driver of a vehicle owes a duty to anyone within the area of risk when moving other road users, pedestrians, the owner of adjacent land and buildings b) breach of duty unreasonable running a risk and harming to the others or their property c) factual causation factual causation a defendant is held liable if the particular acts or omissions were the cause of the loss or damage sustained (US proximate cause) basic test of causation to ask but for, or without my breach of duty would you be harmed? if NO I am liable d) damage provable injury a precondition for successful negligence suits Damage may be: Physical (personal injury) Economic (pure nancial loss) Both (nancial loss of earnings consequent on a personal injury) Reputational (in a defamation case) Emotional distress
DAMAGES a sum of money awarded by the court for harm suffered by the claimant A hypothetical personal injury case:

Don speeds through an intersection agains a red light and hits a vehicle driven by Pat, who had the green light and the right of way. Pat was injured. A personal injury dispute based on negligence. What was the duty of care? How was the breach of duty caused? Describe the factual causation... What was the damage?
Essential expressions act or omission foreseeable harm/injury a reasonable/prudent person duty of care breach of duty factual causation/ proximate cause a damage = an injury damages= compensation to commit negligence ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

to award damages! ! to breach duty ! ! to cause harm! !

! ! !

! ! !

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Case law tort of negligence

Donoghue (or MAlister) v Stevenson - one of the most famous cases in British legal history The decision of the House of Lords founded the modern tort of negligence The case originated in Paisley, Renfrewshire under Scots law, but the House of Lords declared that the principles of their judgment also applied in English law. It is often referred to as the "Paisley snail" or the "snail in the bottle" case. Judgement delivered by Lord Atkin 26 May 1932 derived from the Christian principle og loving your neighbour in Luke 10 The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question: Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Explanation of the neighbour principle Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question... e.g. Consumption of products A manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in the preparation or putting up of products will result in an injury to the consumer's life or property, owes a duty to the consumer to take that reasonable care.
Read the text, p. 142 143 and answer the following questions.

1. Describe the problems of the links between law as a system of rules and every day life experience. 2. Explain the opposites: reasonableness negligence. 3. What does negligence rule mean from the perspective of judges and jurors? 4. Why and when was the notion reasonable man invented? 5. Who is the man on the Clapham omnibus? 6. How does a meticulously careful person behave? 7. Describe the behaviour of ordinary people. Can it be connected to certain standards? 8. What is meant by the sentence Wisdom consists in not exceeding the limit.? 9. Whose position should jurors use in their argumentation: the one of the reasonable man or the one of the impartial spectator? Explain. 10. Can the notion of reasonable man help in deciding cases after all? 11. What is the style of the text? 12. Which elements of the style do you recognise? 13. How do you evaluate the text structure?

The Listener was a weekly magazine established by the BBC under Lord Reith in January 1929. It ceased publication in 1991. It was developed as a medium of record for the reproduction of broadcast talks. It also previewed major literary and musical broadcasts, reviewed new books, and printed a selected list of the more intellectual broadcasts for the coming week.

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Unit 32)

(From the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia)
The main chapters of the Constitution

I The historical sources of the Constitution II Basic provisions III The protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms ! 1. General provisions ! 2. Personal and political freedoms and rights ! 3. Economic, social and cultural rights (Art 48 - 70) IV The structure of the state power (institutions and bodies) ! 1. The Croatian Parliament ! 2. The President of the Republic of Croatia ! 3. The Governement of the Republic of Croatia ! 4. The judicial power ! 5. State attorneyship V The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia VI Local and regional self-government VII International relations VIII European Union IX Changes of the Constitution X Concluding provision Croatian! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! English
________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

pravo vlasnitva! ! ! pravo nasljeivanja!! ! poduzetnika i trina sloboda! jednak pravni poloaj na tritu! socijalno blagostanje ! ! inozemni ulaga! ! ! slobodno iznoenje dobiti! ! vlasnika prava! ! ! podmirenje javnih trokova! naela jednakosti i pravednosti! povijesni i gospodarski znaaj! ovlatenici prava! ! ! pridonositi opem dobru stjecati pravo vlasnitva poticati gospodarski razvoj drava jami komu to ograniiti ili oduzeti vlasnitvo

sudjelovati u podmirenju javnih tr.! imati osobitu zatitu! ! ! odrediti zakonom! ! ! !

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Forms of Business Organization in the USA (33)

Read the text page 151 and complete the following table

FORM OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIO N sole proprietorships partnerships corporations

Owner(s) / Way of founding

Control over the business / prot

Resposibility / liability

Other features

Compare the US and Croatian B. Organizations

Sole proprietorship PARTNERSHIP (association of persons) a) general p. b) limited p. CORPORATION* (association of capital) a) C-corporation b) S-corporation

Trgovac pojedinac TRGOVAKO DRUTVO (drutva osoba) a) javno trgovako drutvo b) komanditno drutvo TRGOVAKO DRUTVO (drutva kapitala) a) dioniko drutvo d.d. (AG) b) d.o.o. (GmbH)

*Uniform Commercial Code (S-section / C-section) Zakon o trgovakim drutvima - ZTD Study the following collocations. Turn nominal phrases into verbal phrases. formation of a business to form a business possibilities of growth and expansion responsibility for the losses, debts, etc. association of two or more persons as co-owners voluntary agreement of partners to something equal profit sharing combination and utilization of labour, capital, etc. creation of a corporation transferability of shares professional management of a corporation

a) Which nouns collocate with the following verbs? b) Which of the 3 forms of business organization does each of them refer to? c) Write sentence examples. to enjoy... to incur... to share... to utilize... to carry on...
Find the words of opposite meaning antonyms.

a retail store! ! ! individual ownership ! full liability ! ! ! an articial person! !

! ! ! !

wholesale (veletrgovina) partnership (trgovako drutvo) limited liability (ograniena odgovornost) natural person (zika osoba)

Read the following denition of a company and compare it with the denition of a

corporation in your book, p. 151 A company* is a business association which has the character of a legal person, distinct from its ofcers and shareholders. This is signicant, as it allows the company to own property in its own name, continue perpetually despite changes in ownership, and insulate the owners against personal liability. However, in some instances, for example when the company is used to perpetrate fraud..., the court may lift the corporate veil and subject the shareholders to personal liability. * company = corporation in the USA
Make notes which will help you explain to an American business partner how Croatian

Commercial Code (ZTD) denes the term: Javno trgovako drutvo Pojam javnoga trgovakoga drutva lanak 68. (1) Javno trgovako drutvo je trgovako drutvo u koje se udruuju dvije ili vie osoba zbog trajnog obavljanja djelatnosti pod zajednikom tvrtkom, a svaki lan drutva odgovara vjerovnicima drutva neogranieno solidarno cijelom svojom imovinom. (2) lan drutva moe biti svaka zika ili pravna osoba.
Answer the following questions.

Which forms of business organizations are there in the USA? Which criteria are normally taken into consideration when people consider formation of a new business? (5 criteria) Which are the examples of businesses that function as sole proprietorships? What are the adventages and disadventages of sole proprietorship? What is the main precondition for establishing a partnership? 6. What kind of equality is the basis for the functioning of a partnership? 7. What is the way to create a corporation? 8. What is the position of corporations in the USA considering the size or volume of business being done?

9. What are the main attributes of a corporation? 10. Which Croatian forms of business organizations are you familiar with?

Judicial Control of Public Authorities (34)

The Judiciary vs. The Executive Courts vs. Public authorities

New Brunswick Parents Request Judicial Review of FSL (French Second Language programs) Changes (www.educationnb.org.) A millionaire businessman today won permission for a high court challenge over the governments refusal to hold a referendum on the EU reform treaty. (The Guardian, 2nd May 2008) A legal bid to challenge the power of the police to use surveillance against peaceful protesters has been launched at the High Court. (www.bbc.co.uk)
Public authorities

- governmental agencies or corporations that provide public services for the citizens Central government Local government The health service Schools and other educational institutions Police Other public bodies and ofcials
Judicial review

- process by which courts exercise judicial control of administrative action courts have the power to annul legislative or executive acts which are contrary to the provisions of the constitution - SUBJECT MATTER of every judicial review a decision made by some person or body - refusal to make a decision - an example of SEPARATION OF POWERS in a modern legal system
Types of Judicial Review

A) Judicial review of administrative acts (e.g. decisions to grant a subsidy or to withdraw a residence permit) - CARRIED OUT BY a) administrative courts (Germany, France, Croatia ) b) regular civil courts, special divisions of civil courts (UK, Netherlands)

B) Judicial review of legislation - review of constitutionality of legislation (USA) - in some jurisdictions review of primary legislation is not allowed (UK the doctrine of Souvereignity of Parliament; Netherlands ruling on the questions of constitutionality expressly forbidden)
Judicial review or appeal?

APPEAL the court can substitute the decision of an administrative body by its own JUDICIAL REVIEW concerned only with the legality of the decision or act under review (the courts simply quashes the decision and the administrative body can reconsider the matter)
Judicial review in the United States

Marbury v. Madison (1803); Supreme Court of the United States - no judicial review explicit in the United States Constitution; the doctrine has been inferred from that document - 5 of the 13 states had some form of "judicial review" or "judicial veto" in their state Constitutions at the time of 1787's Constitutional Convention - Article III of the United States Constitution Article on judicial power
Judicial review in English law

- a procedure in English administrative law - a person who feels that an exercise of such power by a government authority (e.g. a minister, the local council or a statutory tribunal), is unlawful may apply to the Administrative Court (a division of the High Court) for judicial review of the decision and have it set aside and possibly obtain damages (a court may also make mandatory orders or injunctions to compel the authority to do its duty or to stop it from acting illegally) - no judicial review of primary legislation (laws passed by Parliament)
Grounds for judicial review

ULTRA VIRES (beyond power) the starting point of judicial review Administrative action is subject to judicial control under 3 heads: I. ILLEGALITY II. IRRATIONALITY III. PROCEDURAL IMPROPRIETY Match the grounds for judicial review with their denitions ILLEGALITY
Failure by the decision maker to observe procedural rules that are expressly laid down in the legislation PROCEDURAL ULTRA VIRES The decision-maker must understand correctly the law that regulates his decision-making power and give effect to it Acts done in excess of power invalid as being ULTRA VIRES Unreasonableness in the event of an unreasonable decision from the point of view of its logic or accepted moral standards

IRRATIONALITY

PROCEDURAL IMPROPRIETY

 Two ways to obtain a remedy

1. DIRECT CHALLENGE - the object of the proceedings is simply to impugn an administrative act 2. CHALLENGE IN COLLATERAL PROCEEDINGS - the validity of the administrative act arises incidentally (enforcement proceedings)
Essential expressions

to exercise judicial control!! ! ! ! ! to review, a review! ! ! ! ! ! ! to annul/quash/set aside/invalidate/ impugn a decision ! ultra vires = beyond power! ! ! ! ! to exceed power = to step outside the limits! ! ! acts done in excess! ! ! ! ! ! to abuse power! ! ! ! ! ! ! a challenge ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a remedy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

Read the text and nd English equivalents for the following legal expressions: sudska revizija/nadzor! ! ! ! ! ! ________________________ organ vlasti kri ovlasti! ! ! ! ! ! ________________________ bitna prirodna posljedica vrhovne vlasti parlamenta! ! ________________________ opravdanje za intervenciju suda! ! ! ! ! ________________________ pribaviti pravnu pomo / pravni lijek! ! ! ! ________________________ izravno osporavanje/pobijanje! ! ! ! ! ________________________ pobiti odluku upravnog tijela! ! ! ! ! ________________________ pravovaljanost upravnog akta! ! ! ! ! ________________________ krenje propisa/uredbe! ! ! ! ! ! ________________________ poiniti prekraj ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ________________________

Police Powers in Great Britain (35)

Working for the police icludes:

- meeting daily challenges - accepting responsibility - working as a team - gaining the respect of your community - and much more besides! THE MAIN GOAL: to reduce crime and the fear of crime.
Overview of the roles

Police ofcers - on the frontline of crime initiatives - exact role will depend on your force - choose to specialise after your training

CROATIA: - policijski slubenik - pozornik (npr. na kolodvoru) - policajac u zajednici (komunikacija)

Police community support ofcers - A police community support ofcer (PCSO) is the eyes and ears of the force on the street.

Special constables Specials, as they are commonly known, are an unpaid trained force of volunteers who support the police's work, especially in terms of public disorder.

The main police powers

English ARREST SEARCH ENTRY SEIZURE Uhienje

Croatian

Traganje za osobama i predmetima Ulazak u stan / prostor Oduzimanje predmeta

Read the text, p. 159 and nd the English equivalents for the following expressions.

1. statutarni prekraj 2. kazneno djelo neosnovanog pritvora 3. pobjei iz pritvora 4. izvriti uhienje / uhititi 5. opirati se uhienju 6. initi/imati obiljeja napada 7. ui u prostorije 8. uhienja na osnovu naloga 9. initi tetnu radnju/delikt ometanja posjeda 10. izbaciti prekritelja (koji bespravno stupa na tui posjed) 11. Privremeno oduzeti predmete 12. nezakonita radnja protupravnog zadravanja ili otuenja 13. dobiti odtetu
Read the text and ll in the table.

When is ARREST SEARCH ENTRY SEIZURE

lawful

unlawful

Match the questions with the paragraphs and answer them. a) Which are the main police powers? b) What should the use of force the police are entitled to be like? c) From which point of view is the law related to police powers important?