Types of a road: A divided limited-access road with grade-separated interchanges.

. Also known as an expressway, freeway in North American English; motorway, expressway and dual carriageway in Britain; Autobahn in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and Autostrada inItaly, Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Albania, Belgium, Egypt, Lebanon and Israel. A broad landscaped highway thoroughfare, or a roadway in a park or a landscaped thoroughfare [1] connecting parks from which trucks and other heavy vehicles are excluded.
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A controlled-access highway is a highway designed exclusively for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. They are known by various terms worldwide, including Autobahn, autostrada, autopista, autoroute, freeway, motorway,otoyol, snelweg, thruway, and sometimes less precise terms such as expressway, highway, Interstate, or parkway. They may also be called limited-access highways, although this term can also refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. A controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with other roads, railways, or pedestrian paths, which are instead carried by overpasses and underpasses across the highway. Entrance and exit to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads (ramps), which allow for speed changes between the highway and arterial roads and collector roads. On the controlledaccess highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a central reservation containing a traffic barrier or just a strip of grass. Controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. The Long Island Motor Parkway, opened in 1908 as a private venture, was the world's first limited-access roadway. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1925. Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre (19 mi) autobahn controlledaccess highway without speed limits (then referred to as a dual highway) in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn (now A555). It then rapidly assembled a nationwide system of such roads in anticipation of their use in World War II. The first North American freeways (known as parkways) opened in the New York City area in the 1920s. Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature an extensive network of freeways or motorways. Many have a national-level system of route numbering. A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private roadway for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recuperate the cost of road construction and maintenance, which (on public roads) amounts to a form of taxation. Toll roads in some form have existed since antiquity, collecting their fees from passing travelers on foot, wagon or horseback; but their prominence increased with the rise of the automobile, and modern tollways asses their fees of motor vehicles exclusively. The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of axles, with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars.

It is collected at toll-collection points known as toll booths, houses, plazas, stations, bars or gates. Some

toll-collection points are unmanned and the user deposits money in a receptacle which measures the amount and allows passage or entry if sufficient. To cut cost and minimize time delay many tolls today are collected with some form of automatic or electronic toll collection utilizing some sort of electronic communication from a toll payer's transponder and the toll collection system. Toll booths are usually still required for the occasional users who have not obtained a transponder yet. The tolls are often prepaid or collected "automatically" from an affiliated credit card service. Some toll roads have "automated" toll enforcement systems that take photos of drivers and their license plates for people who do not pay the tollsthese non-payers typically get the toll bill along with a fine. One of the criticisms of toll roads is the additional time they take to stop and pay for the tolls and the additional cost of paying for all the toll booth operators up to about one-third of revenue in some cases. Automated toll paying systems help minimize the time lost for collecting tolls and the cost of toll collection operations. Others object to paying "twice" for the same road: in fuel taxes and with tolls. In addition to toll roads, toll bridges and toll tunnels are also used by public authorities for revenue generation to repay the long-term debt issued to finance the building and maintenance of the toll facility. Some tolls are collected to accumulate finances to build future capacity expansion and maintenance of roads, tunnels, bridges, etc. Some tolls are used as general tax fund for local governments and may have little or nothing to do with transportation facilities. These types of tolls are usually limited or prohibited by central government legislation. Also road congestion pricing schemes have been implemented in a limited number of urban areas as a transportation demand management tool in an attempt to reduce traffic [1] congestion and air pollution. 2+1 road is a specific category of three-lane road, consisting of two lanes in one direction and one lane in the other, alternating every few kilometres, and separated usually with a steel cable barrier. Traditional roads of at least 13 metres (43 ft) width can be converted to 2+1 roads and reach near-motorway safety levels at a much lower cost than an actual conversion to motorway or dual carriageway. Denmark and Sweden have been building 2+1 roads since the 1990s. A 2+2 road is a specific type of dual-carriageway being built in Ireland and in Sweden [3] in Finland, consisting of two lanes in each direction separated by a steel cable barrier.
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These roads do not have hard shoulders and therefore they cannot be designated as Motorway at some future date. Junctions are generally at-grade roundabouts and minor roads cross under or over the mainline without connecting. They are also known as "Type 2 dual-carriageways" by the Irish National Roads Authority. These roads look similar to expressways, except that expressways often have interchanges, large medians or concrete barriers between traffic. The United States has 80,000 km of roads that fit this [citation needed] description . In the United States, a farm-to-market road or ranch-to-market road (sometimes farm road or ranch road for short) is a state road or county road which traditionally served to connect rural or agricultural areas to market towns. These routes serve as a better quality road, usually a highway, which allows farmers andranchers to transport their products to market towns and/or distribution centers. Specifically, in the state of Texas, the terms Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road indicate roadways that are part of the state's system of secondary and connecting routes, built and maintained by

the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). This system was established in 1949 as a project to provide access to rural areas. The system consists primarily of paved, two-lane roads. Generally, roads found west of US 281 (or Interstate 35 in some locations) are designated Ranch to Market Roads, while those located east of US 281 are designated Farm to Market Roads, though there are exceptions to this naming system, such as RM 2588 in Henderson County in East Texas or FM 1215 in Reeves [1] County West Texas. Some segments are even expressways, including a segment ofFM 1764 (the Emmett F. Lowry Expressway between Interstate 45 and Texas City, Texas). Although these roads are signed with route markers that contain the words "FARM ROAD" or "RANCH ROAD", the proper name is "Farm to Market Road" and "Ranch to Market Road" (hence the abbreviation "F.M." and "R.M." on guide sign assemblies). The only road to explicitly use the nomenclature "Ranch [1] Road" isRanch Road 1, which runs near the former ranch home of former President Lyndon B. Johnson. As with other state-maintained highways in Texas, all Farm/Ranch to Market roads are paved. Speeds along Farm/Ranch to Market roads vary, but may be as high as 75 mph in rural areas, such as in Andrews and Pecos Counties (for example, along FM 1788, FM 1776, and FM 1053).