B.tech Civil Pyuhkjroject1

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF TWO
STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report "ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND
ESTIMATION OF TWO STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING" is
the bonafide work of
.who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
. ..
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Civil Engineering Civil Engineering
Submitted for the viva-voce held at . on
Internal Examiner External Examiner
2
ABSTRACT
The Project reports on design of a new two Storeyed Residential
Building at . near m. This project mainly includes the
Analysis, Design and Estimation. The next site area of field is
687.82 Sq.m and the plinth area of the building is 958.53 Sq.m.
The analysis was done by Kani's Methods, using this method the
moment of each beam and column was calculated.
Limit state method of design is used for the design purpose. The
load condition is taken as per IS:875. Manual estimation was done and the
cost the building Rs. 3129.8 Per sq.m.
The plan, section, elevation and reinforcement details are drawn
using AUTO CAD.

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We record our sincere thanks and gratitude to our supervisor
.. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering,
. College of Engineering, .., who evinced keen interest and helped us
to a lot every now and then to complete and project.
We express our sincere thanks to Head of the Department of
Civil Engineering, for his valuable suggestions guidance throughout the course
of the study.
Further we express our sincere thanks to ..Principal, .
College of Engineering, for giving encouraging suggestions for the successful
completion of the project.
We express our sincere thanks to correspondent of our
college for his valuable suggestion garden throughout the ware about of this
study.
We express our sincere thanks to the . Lecturer of our
Department for his valuable suggestion garden throughout the ware of this
study.
We also thank all the faculty members of the Department of
Civil Engineering, . College of Engineering, for their constant support
and inspiration for the successful completion of this project .
4
CONTENTS
Page No
Abstract iii
List of Tables viii
List of figures ix
List of Symbols xi
I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. General 1
1.1.1 The Concept of Design 1
1.1.2 objectives 2
1.1.3. Components of RC Structures 2
1.1.3.1 Limit state design 3
1.1.4 Slabs 3
1.1.5 Beam 3
1.1.6 Columns 4
1.1.6.1. Short Column 4
1.1.6.2. Slender Column 5
1.1.7 Footing 5
1.1.7.1 Types of column base 5
1.1.8 Staircase 5
1.1.8.1 Classification of Stairs 6
1.1.9. Summary 6
1.2. Methodology 12
1.2.1 Analysis 12
1.2.2. Design 12
5
1.2.3. Estimation 12
1.2.4. Limit state design 12
1.2.5. Partial safety factor 12
1.3. Analysis 18
1.3.1. Introduction 18
1.3.2. Kanis Method 18
1.3.3. Primary Structure
2. Designs 85
2.1. Design of slab 85
2.1.1. Design Procedure for one way slab 86
2.1.2. Design Procedure for two way slab 88
2.1.3. Design of One Way Slab 90
2.1.4. Design of two way Slabs 95
2.2. Design of Beams 101
2.2.1.Types of Beams 101
2.2.2. Design procedure for beams 102
2.2.3. Design of singly Reinforced Beam 104
2.2.4.Design of doubly reinforced Beam 108
2.3. Design of curved Beam 103
2.4. Design of Plinth Beam 121
2.5. Design of lintels 125
2.6.Design of Lintel Cum Sunshade 126
2.7.Design of staircase With single beam 133
2.8. Design of column 139
6
2.8.1. Column 139
2.8.2. Types of columns 139
2.8.3. Design Procedure for Column 140
2.8.4. Load calculation of Column 142
2.8.5. Square Column with Biaxial Bending
(Intermediate Column) 144
2.8.6. Square Column with Biaxial Bending
(Corner Column) 149
2.9.Design of footing 154
2.9.1. Footing 154
2.9.2. Types of footing 154
2.9.3. Design Procedure 155
2.9.4. Design of footing 161
2.10 Estimation and costing 166
2.10.1. Abstract Estimation 175
3. CONCLUSION 176
4. REFERENCE 177
7
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page. no
1. Moment for each frame 83
2. Reinforcement Detail about all beams 119
3. Estimation and costing 166
4. Abstract Estimate 175
8
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Description Page.no
1.1.1. Site Plan 7
1.1.2 Ground floor plan 8
1.1.3 First floor plan 9
1.1.4. Cross section of AB 10
1.1.5. Elevation 11
1.2.1. Analysis of frame AA' 13
1.2.2. Analysis of frame BB' 13
1.2.3. Analysis of frame CC' 14
1.2.4. Analysis of frame DD' 14
1.2.5. Analysis of frame EE' 15
1.2.6. Analysis of frame FF' 15
1.2.7. Analysis of frame GG' 16
1.2.8. Analysis of frame HH' 16
1.2.9. Analysis of frame II' 17
1.2.10 Analysis of frame JJ' 17
1.3.1. Deformed shape of the member 18
1.3.2. Final end moment 19
1.3.3. Multistoreyed frame 21
1.3.4. Rotation end moment at A 22
1.3.5. Relative stiffness 24
2.1.3.1. Reinforcement Details for one way slab 94
2.1.4.1. Reinforcement Details for two way slab 100
2.2.3.1. Reinforcement Details for Singly reinforcement beam 107
9
2.2.4.1. Reinforcement Details for Doubly reinforcement beam 112
2.3.1 Reinforcement Details for curved beam 118
2.4.1 Reinforcement Details for Plinth beam 124
2.6.1 Reinforcement Details for Lintel cum beam 132
2.7.1.1. Reinforcement Details for Stair Case 138
2.8.5.1. Reinforcement Details for Column
(Intermediate Column)
148
2.8.6.1. Reinforcement Details for Column
(Corner Column)
153
2.9.4.1. Reinforcement Details for Footing 165
10
LIST OF SYMBOLS
M
x
- Moment in shorter direction
M
y
- Moment in shorter direction
d - Effective depth
D - Overall depth
A
st
- Area of Steel
P - Load
W
u
(or) P
u
- Design load
M
u
- Design moment
A
sc
- Area of concrete
F
y
- Characteristic strength of steel
F
ck
- Characteristic strength of concrete
B.M - Bending Moment
b - Breadth of Beam
D - Overall depth
V
us
- Strength of shear reinforcement
L - Clear span
L
e
- Effective span
N.A - Neutral Axis
MF - Modification factor
Q - Angle of repose of soil
M - Modular of rupture
c
- Permissible shear stress in concrete
v
- Nominal shear stress
11
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
12
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
The main motive of a Civil Engineer is to design a structure,
which is to be safe, serviceable and economical. Safety means that the
structure should not fail under loads unless exceeds by a given margin.
Serviceability means that structures must perform well throughout their service
life in both appearance and comfort to their clients. This requirement includes
cracking and deflection under working loads. Economy means that structures
must be designed in such a way as to minimize the quantities of materials used
in them. Although safety and serviceability are the basic requirements, the test
of an acceptable structural design is economy.

1.1.1 The Concept of Design
In the design of reinforced concrete structures, all critical sections
are checked for the effect of forces acting on them. Sizing of columns, beams
and spacing of frames will affect the economy as well as the stability of a
framed building. Framed structure mode of construction is more suitable for a
commercial type of construction. Basically in the framed structures the walls
are not the load carrying structures, so that the size of the walls can be
decreased. By decreasing the size of the walls the need for building material
would get reduced and the floor space of the building would also get
increased. With the reduction in the building material, a reduced amount of
13
load will be transmitted to the footing. The modern method of Design, which
is adopted recently, is the Limit State Design. Limit state method includes
consideration of structures at both working and ultimate load levels with a
view to satisfy the requirements of safety and serviceability. The aim of the
limit stage design is to ensure that a reinforced concrete section does not reach
any of the limit states to which it may be subjected. The usual approach is to
design for a limit state which is likely to govern it and them to check it for the
remaining limit states.
In this project "Analysis, Design and Estimation of a two storied
residential building" the structure is completely analyzed by Kanis method
and as per IS 456:2000 code.
1.1.2 Objectives
1. To analyse the soil condition of the site.
2. To analyse the frames in the building using Kanis method.
3. To design the structural components of the two storey building
4. To prepare the detailed drawing for the design carried out.
5. To analyse the construction cost of building.
1.1.3 Component of RC Structures
Reinforced cement concrete members can be designed by the
following methods.
1. Working stress method
2. Limit state method
14
1.1.3.1 Limit state design
Limit state method of design is based on elastic theory.
Partial safety factors are used in this method to determine the
design loads and design strength of materials from their
characteristics values.
The design aids to IS:456, published by the bureau of Indian
standards. The design of limit state method is very simple and
hence widely used in practice.
This method gives economical results when compared with the
conventional working stress method.
1.1.4 Slabs
Slabs are primary members of a structure, which support the imposed
load directly on them and transfer the same safety to the supporting
elements such as beams, walls, columns etc.
A slab is a thin flexural member used in floor and roof of a structure
to support the imposed loads.
The Slabs are classified as Solid Slab, Hollow slab and Ribbed slab
based on their construction.
1.1.5 Beam
A beam has to be generally designed for the actions such as bending
moments, shear forces and twisting moments developed by the
lateral loads.
15
The size of the beam is designed considering the maximum moment
in it and generally kept uniform throughout its length.
IS:456:2000 recommends that the minimum grade of concrete should
not be less than M
20
in RC works.
When there is a Reinforced concrete slab over a concrete beam, then
the beam and the slab can be constructed in such a way that they act
together.
The combined beam and slab are called as flanged beams. It may be
'I' or 'L' beams. Here both T-beams and L-beams are designed.
1.1.6 Column
Vertical members in compression are called as columns and struts.
The term column is reserved for members which transfer load to the
ground. Classification of column, depending upon slenderness ratio
is, Short Column and Slender column.
Columns are classified as axially loaded column, Eccentrically
loaded column & column subjected to axial load and moment
depending the action of load.
1.1.6.1 Short Column
IS:456:2000 classifies rectangular column as short when the ratio
of effective length (L
e
) to the least lateral dimension is less than 12. This ratio
is called slenderness ratio of the column.
16
1.1.6.2 Slender Column
The ratio of effective length (L
e
) to the least lateral dimension is
grater than 12 are called as slender column.
1.1.7 Footing
Foundation is the most important component of a structure.
It should be well planned and carefully designed to ensure the
safety and stability of the structure.
Foundation provided for RCC columns are called as column base.
1.1.7.1 Types of column base
1. Isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Strap footing
4. Solid raft foundation
5. Annular raft foundation
1.1.8 Staircase
A staircase is a flight of steps leading from one floor to another. It
is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between various floors of
the building. It should be suitably located in a building. In a domestic building
the stair should be centrally located to provide easy access to all rooms. In
public buildings stairs should be located near the entrance. In big building
there can be more than one stairs. Fire protection to stairs is important too.
17
Stairs are constructed using timber, bricks, stone, steel or reinforced cement
concrete.
1.1.8.1 Classification of Stairs
1. Single flight stairs
2. Quarter turn stairs
3. Dog legged stairs
4. Open well type stairs
5. Bifurcated stairs
6. Circular stairs
7. Spiral stairs
1.1.9. Summary
This project deals with the design of two storeyed building using
limit state method of one way and two way solids slabs are designed. Singly
and doubly reinforced beams and plinth beam, are designed as per
IS 456 / 2000. Columns with biaxial loaded column base of isolated column
footing are design. Single beam staircase designed with working stress
method.
18
Fig : 1.1.1. Site plan
19
Fig : 1.1.2. Ground Floor Plan
20
Fig : 1.1.3. First Floor Plan
21
22
Fig : 1.1.4. Cross Section at AB
23
Fig : 1.1.5. Elevation
24
1.2 Methodology
1.2.1. Analysis
Various methods are available for the analysis of a structure.
Kanis Method is adopted in this project.
1.2.2. Design
Various methods are available for the design of a structure. Limit
sate method is adopted in this project.
1.2.3. Estimation
Various methods are available for the estimation of a structure.
Centre line method is adopted in this project.
1.2.4. Limit state design
The acceptable limit for safety and serviceability requirement
before failure occur is called limit state. The aim of design is to achieve
acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for use. All
relevant limit state shall be considered in the design to ensure adequate degree
of safety and serviceability.
1.2.5. Partial safety factor
The value of load which has a 95% probability of a structure of
structural member for the limit state of collapse the following values of partial
safety factor is applied for limit state of collapse.
Y
m
= 1.5 for concrete
Y
m
= 15 for steel
25
Fig : 1.2.1. Analysis of Frame AA'
Fig : 1.2.2. Analysis of Frame BB'
26
Fig : 1.2.3. Analysis of Frame CC'
Fig : 1.2.4. Analysis of Frame DD'
27
Fig : 1.2.5. Analysis of Frame EE'
Fig : 1.2.6. Analysis of Frame FF'
28
Fig : 1.2.7. Analysis of Frame GG'
Fig : 1.2.8. Analysis of Frame HH'
29
Fig : 1.2.9. Analysis of Frame II'
Fig : Analysis of Frame JJ'
30
1.3 Analysis
1.3.1. Introduction
A multistoried frame is a complicated statically indeterminate
structure. The analysis by moment distribution method is very lengthy and
difficult. Hence Rotation Contribution Method (Kanis method) is adopted for
better and easier calculation.
1.3.2 Kanis Method
This is a method developed by Gasper Kanis of Germany. This
method is an excellent extension of the slope deflection method. Since this
new method has been recognized as a very useful method, it is proposed to
discuss this method in detail.
Let AB represent one of the spans of a framed or continuous
structure. Let the span carry a loading.

Fig : 1.3.1. Deformed shape of the member
Fig 1.3.1. shows the deformed shape of the member AB. Let the
ends A and B undergo rotations
a
and
b
respectively. Let us assume that
31
lateral displacements of the ends do not occur. Let M
ab
and M
ba
represent the
end moments for the span AB. Let us follow the following sign conventions
regarding end moments and rotations.
i) Clockwise end moments are positive.
ii) Clockwise rotations at ends are positive.
In this method the final end moments are split up in to certain
components. By an orderly successive approximation process these
components are computed.
The components to which the final end moments M
ab
and M
ba
can
be split up are shown in Fig.1.3.2.

Fig: 1.3.2. Final end moments
The moments are determined by going through the following
stages :
1. The ends A and B of the member are first regarded as fixed.
Corresponding to this condition the fixed end moments ab
M
and ba
M
at
B are determined.
32
2. Now maintaining the fixity of the end B, the end A is rotated through an
angle
a
by the application of a moment 2 M
'
ab
at A. For this condition a
moment of M
'
ab
is induced at the end B. The moment M
'
ab
is called the
rotation contribution of the end A.
3. In this stage, the end A is considered as fixed, and the end B is rotated
through an angle
b
by the application of a moment 2M
'
ba
at B. For this
condition a moment of M
'
ba
is induced at the end A. The moment M
'
ba
is
called the rotation contribution of the end B.
Thus, the final moments M
ab
and M
ba
can be expressed as follows.
M
ab
= ab
M
+ 2M
'
ab
+ ba
M
and
M
ba
=
ba
M
+ 2M
'
ba
+
ab
M
....................(i)
For the member AB, when we refer to the final moment M
ab
at A,
the end a may be referred to as the near end and the end B as the far end.
Similarly, when we refer to the final moment M
ba
at B, the end B
may be referred so as the near end and the end A as the far end.
Relation shown in eq. (i) above may be worded as follows:
Moment at the near end of a member = sum of
a) The fixed end moment at the near end due to the loading on the member.
b) Twice the rotation contribution of the near end,
c) The rotation contribution of the far end.
Figure 1.3.3. shows a multistoreyed frame. If no lateral joint displacements
occur for the members, the equations of the type obtained above are applicable
to all the members.
33
Fig 1.3.3. Multistoreyed frame
Consider the various members meeting at the joint A. The end
moments at A for the members meeting at A are therefore given by
M
ab
= ab
M
+ 2M
'
ab
+ M
'
ab
M
a-10
= 10 a
M
+ 2M
'
a-10
+ M
'
10-a
M
a-5
= 5 a
M
+ 2M
'
a-5
+ M
'
5-a
M
a-2
= 2 a
M
+ 2M
'
a-2
+ M
'
2-a
For the equilibrium of the joint A, the sum of all the end
moments at A must be equal to zero. i.e.
M
ab
= 0
M
ab
=
ab
M + 2M
'
ab
+ M
'
ba
= 0
....................(iii)
Where,
ab
M
= algebraic sum of the fixed end moments at A for all the
members meeting at A.
M
'
ab
= algebraic sum of the rotation contributions at A for all
the members meeting at A.
34
....................(ii)
M
'
ba
= algebraic sum of the rotation contributions at the far end
joints with respect to joint A.
For the frame shown in Fig.1.3.3.

ab
M =
ab
M +
10 a
M +
5 a
M +
2 a
M
M
'
ab
= M
'
ab
+ M
'
a-10
+ M
'
a-5
+ M
'
a-2

M
'
ba
= M
'
ba
+ M
'
10-a
+ M
'
5-a
+ M
'
2-a
From eq. (iii), we have, M
'
ab
=
{ } ba
ab
M M
'
2
1
+
,
_

....................(i)
But know for the member AB, with the end B fixed, the moment
required at A so as to rotate the joint A by
a
is given by
Fig : 1.3.4. Rotational end moment at A
2M
'
ab
=
ab
ab
l
El 4

a
= 4EK
ab
a

M
'
ab
= 2EK
ab
a
Where, K
ab
=
ab
ab
l
l
and E = Young's modulus
Now consider the members meeting at the joint A. The end
rotation at A of each member meeting at A equals
a
. Assuming that the
young's moduli to be the same for all the members, we have,
35
M
'
ab
= 2E
a
K
ab

ab
ab
M
M
'
'
=
ab
ab
K
K
M
'
ab
=
'
ab
ab
K
K

ab M
'
..................(v)
From equations (iv) and (v), we get,
M
'
ab
=
'
ab
ab
K
K
2
1

{ } ba
ab
M M
'
+
The ratio
'
ab
ab
K
K
2
1
is called the rotation factor for the member AB at the
joint A. Let U
ab
be the rotation factor at the joint A for the member AB.
M'
ab
= U
ab

{ } ba
ab
M M
'
+
................... (vi)
Now consider equation (vi). The summation ab
M
can be
computed. This is therefore a known quantity. If trial values be assumed for
the far end rotation contributions the approximate value of the near end
rotation contribution can be computed from equation (vi).
By successive application of equation (vi) to the various joints the
rotation contributions can be determined.
For instance as a first approximation assuming that the rotation
contributions of the far ends of the members meeting at A to be zero, the
rotation contribution at A for the member AB is given by
M'
ab
= U
ab
ab
M
By a similar approximation the rotation contributions at other
joints are also determined. With the approximate values of the rotation
contributions computed, it is possible to again determine a more correct value
of the rotation contribution at A for the member AB using the equation.
M'
ab
= U
ab

{ } ba
ab
M M
'
+
36
The process mentioned above is repeated so that more and more
accurate values of the rotation contributions are obtained. After attaining the
desired extent of accuracy in the values of the rotation contributions the final
moments can be easily computed from the relations like.
M
ab
= ab
M
+2M
'
ab
+M
'
ba
Some important points to be remembered
a) If an end of a member is fixed the rotation at the end being zero, the
rotation contribution at the end is also zero.
b) If an end of a number is hinged or pinned, it will be convenient to
consider the end as fixed and to take the relative stiffness as
.
4
3
l
l
Fig : 1.3.5. Relative Stiffness
37
Load Calculation on Analysis of frame
Roof
Live load =
73 . 4
6 . 5 2
+
73 . 4
8 . 1
= 2.75 kN/m
Parapet = 2.25 kN/m
D.L (Roof. beam) = 3.75 + 2.58
= 6.34 kN/m
Floor terrazo = 0.89 kN/m
Plastering = 0.3 kN/m
Finishing = 0.47 kN/m
Total load W = 13 kN/m
Factored load W
u
= 1.5 x 13
= 19.5 kN/m
I Floor
Live load = 2.75 kN/m
Dead load
(Roof, beam) = 6.34 kN/m
Brick wall (230mm)
of 3m height = 13 kN/m
Stone Floor = 0.71 kN/m
Plastering = 0.3 kN/m
Finishing = 0.9 kN/m
Total load W = 24 kN/m
Factored load W
u
= 1.5 x 24
= 36 kN/m
38
Frame @ AA'
Fixed End Moment

BD
M
=
12
2
wl

=
12
) 88 . 4 ( 36
2
= -71.44 kN.m
DB = 71.44 kN.m
CF
M
=
12
) 1 . 6 ( 5 . 19
2
= -60.46 kN.m
FC
M
= 60.46 kN.m
DG
M
=
12
) 1 . 6 ( 36
2
= -111.63 kN.m
GD
M
= 111.63 kN.m
GI
M
=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 36
2
= -47.04 kN.m
IG
M
= 47.04 kN.m
39
Joint Member R.S T.R.S D.F R.F
B
BA I/3
0.538 I
0.62 -0.31
BD I/4.88 0.38 -0.19
C
CD I/3
0.49I
0.68 -0.34
CF I/6.10 0.32 -0.16
D
DC I/3
1.03 I
0.32 -0.16
DB I/4.88 0.20 -0.1
DG I/6.1 0.16 -0.08
DE I/3 0.32 -0.16
F
FC I/6.1
0.49I
0.32 -0.16
FG I/3 0.68 -0.34
G
GF I/3
1.08 I
0.31 -0.155
GD I/6.1 0.15 -0.175
GI I/3.96 0.23 -0.115
GH I/3 0.31 -0.155
I
IG I/3.96
0.58 I
0.43 -0.215
IJ I/3 0.57 -0.285
40
41
C
F
-60.46
-
0
.
1
6
-0.34
-60.46
3.75
-
0
.
1
6
60.46
-0.34
8.99
11.16
11.19
11.23
11.24
-11.11
-10.39
-10.61
-10.64
-10.65
19.11
23.72
23.77
23.86
23.88
0.85
0.872
0.908
1.8
4.25
-0.16
-
0
.
1
-40.19 -
0
.
0
8
D
-111.63
111.63
2.13
0.9
0.45
0.43
0.42
-3.23
-2.57
-2.49
-2.48
-2.48
-5.13
-5.13
-5.15
-5.32
-6.68
-23.61
22.07
-22.55
-22.62
-22.63
4.25
1.8
0.908
0.872
0.85
-0.155
-
0
.
0
7
5
64.59
-0.155
-
0
.
1
1
5
0.16
-4.95
-3.95
-3.82
-3.80
-3.80
-47.04
B
-71.44
-0.31
-
0
.
1
9
-71.44 71.44
13.57
13.06
13.36
13.46
13.47
2.66
1.12
0.56
0.54
0.53
22.14
21.32
24.71
21.97
21.97
H
E
A
47.04
-0.285
-
0
.
1
2
I
-11.99
-12.28
-12.31
-12.32
-12.32
J
47.04
-9.04
-9.26
-9.29
-9.29
-9.29
-
0
.
2
1
5
-6.68
-5.32
-5.15
-5.13
-5.13
G
42
B
C
-60.46
60.46
11.24
11.24
-10.65
-48.63
-10.65
-10.65
11.24
50. 4
25.58
23.88
0.85
0.85
-111.63
111.63
0. 42
0. 42
-2 . 48

-113.27
-2. 48
-2. 48
0. 42
-113.27
0.85
0.85
1. 7
F
-22.63
-22.63
-5.13
50. 4
-32.87
-5.12
-5.12
-22.63
-47.04
G
47.04
-3.80
-3.80
-9.29
-48.63
-9.29
-9.29
-3.80
24.66
-5. 13
-5. 13
-10.26
I
-12. 34
-12. 34
-24.64
D
0. 53
0. 53
13 .47
85. 97
13.47
13.47
0.53
-43.97
21.97
21.97
43.94
-71.44
71.44
A
E
H J
43.94
0.85 -5.13
-12.32
43
B
C
-48.63
50.4
-113.27 107.09
F
- 63.93
G
24.66
I
D
-43.97
85.97
A
E
H J
- 50.4
48.63
43.94
25.58
1.7
-32.87
- 10.26
- 24.64
43.94 0.85 -5.13 -12.32
Frame @ BB
'
Fixed End Moment
M
BC
=
12
) 88 . 4 ( 36
2
= -71.44 kNm
M
CB
= 71.44 kN.m
M
EF
=
12
) 88 . 4 ( 5 . 19
2
= -38.69 kNm
M
FE
= 38.69 KN.M
M
FG
=
12
) 1 . 6 ( 5 . 19
2
= -60.46 KNM
M
GF
= 60.46 KNM
M
GH
=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 5 . 19
2
= -25.48 kNm
M
HG
= 25.48 kNm
M
IJ
=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 36
2
= -47.04 kNm
M
JI
= 47.04 KN.M
44
B
BA I/3
0.87 I
0.38 -0.14
BC I/4.88 0.24 -0.12
BE I/3 0.38 -0.14
C
CB I/4.88
0.87 I
0.24 -0.12
CD I/3 0.38 -0.19
CF I/6.10 0.38 -0.19
E
EB I/3
0.54 I
0.62 -0.31
EF I/4.88 0.38 -0.19
F
FE I/4.88
0.70 I
0.29 -0.145
FG I/6.1 0.23 -0.115
FC I/3 0.48 -0.24
G
GF I/6.1
0.75 I
0.22 -0.11
GH I/3.96 0.33 -0.165
GI I/3 0.45 -0.225
H
HG I/3.96
0.58 I
0.44 -0.22
HJ I/3 0.56 -0.28
I
IG I/3
0.92 I
0.36 -0.18
IJ I/3.96 0.28 -0.14
IK I/3 0.36 -0.18
J
JH I/3
0.92 I
0.36 -0.18
JI I/3.96 0.27 -0.135
JL I/3 0.37 -0.185
45
46
F
G
-21.78 -
0
.
1
1
5
-0.24
-60.46
60.46
-
0
.
1
1
34.98
-0.225
3.37
3.90
4.01
4.02
-4.22
-5.17
-5.45
-5.40
-16.89
-16.84
-16.53
-14.93
-0.19
-
0
.
1
2
-7.44 -
0
.
0
8
D
11.78
11.78
11.77
10.22
-8.63
-10.56
-11.16
-11.05
-14.93
-16.54
-16.84
-16.89
-0.18
-47.04
-0.18
0
.
1
4
0.19
7.79
9.15
9.16
9.16
-47.04 47.04
-7.80
-7.25
-7.38
-7.30
47.04
-
0
.
1
3
5
-0.185
I
-10.69
-9.94
-10.12
-10.01
B
-71.44
-0.19
-
0
.
1
2
0
-71.44 71.44
7.13
8.84
9.09
9.13
-9.43
-10.47
-10.64
-10.67
11.29
14.01
14.4
14.46
L K
D
A
-
0
.
1
4
5
-
0
.
1
6
5
-6.33
-7.75
-8.18
-8.14
-1.93
-1.15
-1.64
-1.03
-25.48 25.48
0
.
2
2
25.28
-0.28
-2.45
-1.47
-2.08
-1.31
-9.74
-9.85
-9.67
-10.40
J
-0.18
10.22
11.77
11.78
11.78
I
C
-0.19
14.46
14.40
14.01
11.29
12.00
7.17
6.12
5.96
7.35
4.39
3.75
3.65
4.25
4.93
5.06
5.07
-38.69
-0.31
-
0
.
1
9
-38.69
38.69
E
7.05
8.15
8.36
8.40
47
B
F
-60.46
60.46
4.02
4.02
-5.40
-57.82
-5.40
-5.40
4.02
53.68
-25.38
8.40
-16.89
-16.89
-16.89
-16.89

-33.78
11.78
11.78
23.56
-8.17
-8.17
-1.03
-42.85
12.5
-11.05
11.78
11.78
-47.04
G
47.04
9.16
9.16
-7.30
-36.02
-7.30
-7.30
-9.16
41.60
J
-10.01
-10.01
-20.02
C
-10.67
-10.67
9.13
59.23
9.13
9.13
-10.67
-63.85
14.46
14.46
28.92
-71.44
71.44
A
D
K L
14.64
-16.89
11.78
-10.01
G
-25.48
25.48
H
8.40
-16.89
-16.89
I
- 1.03
- 1.03
-8.17
-15.25
- 1.31
- 1.31
-9.74
-12.36
-11.05
11.78
11.78
10.32
-20.79
- 1.31
- 9.74
-9.74
38.69
-38.69
E
3.65
3.65
5.07
-26.32
5.07
5.07
3.65
52.48
5.96
5.96
14.46
26.38
34.88
5.96
14.46
14.46
48
B
F
-57.82
53.65
36.02
I
41.60
J
C
-63.85
59.23
A
D
K L
14.64
-16.89
11.78
-10.01
G
-42.85
15.25
H
52.48
-26.32
E
26.38
-0.09
-10.32
-12.36
34.88
28.92 -33.78 -2356
-25.38
12.51
-20.79
-20.02
Frame @ CC
'
Fixed End Moment
CD
M
=
12
2
wl

=
12
) 27 . 4 ( 5 . 19
2
= -29.62 kN.m
DC
M
= 29.62 kN.m
DG
M
=
12
) 1 . 6 ( 5 . 19
2
= -60.46 kN.m
GD
M
= 60.46 kN.m

BE
M
=
12
) 27 . 4 ( 36
2
= -54.69 kN.m

EB
M
= 54.69 kN.m

EH
M
=
12
) 1 . 6 ( 36
2
= -111.63 kN.m

HE
M
= 111.63 kN.m
49
B
BA I/3
0.9 I
0.37 -0.185
BE I/4.27 0.26 -0.130
BC I/3 0.37 -0.185
C
CB I/3
0.56 I
0.59 -0.295
CD I/4.27 0.41 -0.205
D
DC I/4.27
0.73 I
0.32 -0.16
DG I/6.10 0.22 -0.11
DE I/3 0.46 -0.23
E
ED I/3
1.06 I
0.31 -0.15
EB I/4.27 0.22 -0.11
EH I/6.10 0.15 -0.08
EF I/3 0.31 -0.15
G
GD I/6.10
0.497 I
0.33 -0.165
GH I/3 0.67 -0.335
H
HG I/3
0.83 I
0.40 -0.2
HE I/6.10 0.20 -0.1
HI I/3 0.40 -0.2
50
51
D
G
-30.84 -
0
.
1
1
-0.23
-60.46 60.46
-
0
.
1
6
5
60.46
-0.335
2.95
3.43
2.95
2.87
2.86
-10.46
-7.44
-7.13
-7.09
-7.09
8.31
8.31
8.27
8.01
6.55
-0.15
-
0
.
1
2
-56.94 -
0
.
0
8
D
-20.33
-20.33
-20.31
-20.15
-18.77
6.55
8.01
8.27
8.31
8.31
-18.77
-20.15
-20.31
-20.33
-20.33
-0.2
111.63
-0.2
0
.
1
0.15
B
-54.69
-0.185
-
0
.
1
3
0
-54.69 54.69
7.10
5.73
5.68
5.68
5.65
4.80
5.87
6.06
6.09
6.10
10.11
8.16
8.09
8.09
8.05
K F
A
-
0
.
1
6
H
C
-0.185
8.05
8.09
8.09
8.16
10.11
5.75
5.06
4.87
5.10
5.13
3.99
3.51
3.39
3.53
3.56
4.29
4.99
4.30
4.18
4.16
-29.62
-0.295
-
0
.

2
0
5
-29.62
29.62
C
-111.63 111.63
3.49
4.27
4.41
4.43
4.43
-9.38
-10.07
-10.15
-10.16
-10.16
-21.24
-15.11
-14.49
-14.41
-14.40
6.17
7.18
6.18
6.01
6.01
52
5.13
5.13
8.05
18.31
B
60.46
2.86
2.86
-7.09
-61.83
- 4. 43
4. 43
-10. 16

-111.83
12.5
-10.16
-10.16
4.43
95.74
J
-20. 33
-20. 33
-40.66
6. 10
6. 10
5. 65
59.23
5. 65
5. 65
6. 10
-37.31
8.31
8.31
16.62
-54.69
A
F
I
- 14.40
- 14.40
-20.33
-49. 13
-29.62
21.23
5.13
8.05
8.05
E
B H
D
G
C
54.69
3. 56
3. 56
4. 16
-18.34
4. 16
4. 16
3. 56
41. 5
29.62
- 60.46
8.31
6.01
6.01
53.68
-7.09
-7.09
2.86
49.14
-55.06
-14.40
-20.33
-20.33
- 111.63
111.63
6.01
8.31
8.31
8.05
8.05
16.10
8.05 8.31 -20.33
53
B
D
-61.83
22.63
E
95.74
H
-37.31
72.54
A D I
49.14
G
-18.34
E
41.5
-111.83
-55.06
16.62 -40.66
21.23
16.1
8.05 8.31 -20.33
Frame @ DD
'
Fixed End Moment
AB
M
=
12
2
wl

=
12
) 73 . 4 ( 5 . 19
2
= -36.35 kN.m

BA
M
= 36.35 kN.m
BC
M
=
12
) 52 . 1 ( 5 . 19
2
= -3.75 kN.m
CB
M
= 3.75 kN.m

DE
M
=
12
) 73 . 4 ( 36
2
= -67.12 kN.m

ED
M
= 67.12 kN.m

EF
M
=
12
) 52 . 1 ( 36
2
= -6.93 kN.m

FE
M
= 6.93 kN.m
54
FG
M
=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 36
2
= -47.04 kN.m
GF
M
= 47.04 kN.m
A
AB 0.211 I
0.544 I
0.39 -0.195
AD 0.333 I 0.61 -0.305
B
BA 0.211 I
1.202 I
0.17 -0.085
BC 0.658 I 0.55 -0.275
BE 0.333 I 0.28 -0.14
C
CB 0.658 I
0.991 I
0.66 -0.33
CF 0.333 I 0.34 -0.17
D
DA 0.333 I
0.877 I
0.38 -0.19
DH 0.333 I 0.38 -0.19
DE 0.211 I 0.24 -0.12
E
EB 0.333 I
1.535 I
0.22 -0.11
ED 0.211 I 0.14 -0.07
EF 0.658 I 0.42 -0.21
EI 0.333 I 0.22 -0.11
F
FC 0.333 I
1.576 I
0.21 -0.105
FE 0.658 I 0.42 -0.21
FJ 0.333 I 0.21 -0.105
FG 0.252 I 0.16 -0.08
G
GF 0.252 I
0.585 I
0.43 -0.215
GK 0.333 I 0.57 -0.285
55
56
B
C
32.6
-
0
.
2
7
5
-0.14
-3.75
3.75
-
0
.
3
3
3.75
-0.17
-10.91
-9.32
-8.21
-7.82
-7.8
2.36
0.043
-0.83
-0.95
-1.0
-5.56
-4.74
-4.18
-3.98
-3.9
-8.62
-8.61
-8.53
-8.12
-6.75
-0.11
-
0
.
0
7
60.19 -
0
.
2
1
E
-6.93 6.93
-12.88
-15.50
-16.29
-16.43
-16.45
10.87
13.98
14.29
14.34
14.35
7.17
7.17
7.15
6.99
5.44
1.22
0.022
-0.43
-0.49
-0.5
-6.75
-8.12
-8.53
-8.61
-8.62
5.44
6.99
7.15
7.17
7.17
-0.105
-
0
.
2
1
-40.11
-0.105
0
.
0
8
0.11
4.14
5.33
5.45
5.46
5.46
-47.04 47.04
-11.00
-11.26
-11.28
-11.28
-11.28
47.04
-
0
2
1
5
-0.285
G
-14.59
-14.93
-14.96
-14.96
-14.96
D
-67.12
-0.19
-
0
.
1
2 -67.12 67.12
6.72
7.50
7.68
7.75
7.74
-4.29
-5.17
-5.43
-5.48
-5.48
10.64
11.88
12.15
12.27
12.26
K J
I
H
A
-36.35
-0.305
11.09
8.87
8.34
8.15
8.10
7.09
5.67
5.33
5.21
5.27
-3.37
-2.86
-2.54
-2.42
-2.4
-
0
.
0
8
8
12.26
12.27
12.15
11.88
10.64
-0.19
-
0
.
1
9
5
-36.35 36.35
F
12.26
-8.62 7.17
-14.96
57
-21.14
E
-67.12
-36.35
A
-6.93
8.1
12.26
12.26
12.26
12.26
24.52
-0.5
-0.5
7.17
6.17
-47.04
F
6.93
36.35
-3.75
3.75
-1. 0
-1. 0
-7. 8
-6.05
-7. 8
-7. 3
-1. 0
-20.35
-2.4
-2.4
5.2
36.75
5. 2
5. 2
-2 .4
-28.35
8. 1
8. 1
12.26
28.46
32.62
67.12
7. 74
7. 74
-5.48
-57.12
-5.48
-5.48
7.74
63 .9
-16.45
-16.45
14.35
- 25.48
14.35
14.35
-16.45
19.18
-8. 62
-8. 62
-17.24
47.04
5.46
5.46
-11.28
25.48
-11.28
-11. 28
5.46
29.94
-14.96
-14.96
-29.92
H I J K
B
C
-3.90
-8.62
-8.62
-3.9
-3.9
-8.6
-16.40
G
7.17
7.17
-17.24
12.26
-8.62 7.17
-14.96
58
-57.12
-28.35
A
-25.48
24.52
-47.4
E
19.18
36.75
-20.35
-6.05
63.9
29.94
12.26 -8.62 7.17
-14.96
B
C
-16.4
32.62
D
E
6.17
13.84
G
14.34
-17.24
28.46
H I J
K
-29.92
Frame @ EE
'
Fixed End Moment
AB
M
=
12
2
wl

=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 5 . 19
2
= -25.48 kN.m

BA
M
= 25.48 kN.m
CD
M
=
12
) 98 . 1 ( 36
2
= -11.76 kN.m
DC
M
= 11.76 kN.m

DE
M
=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 36
2
= -47.04 kN.m

ED
M
= 47.04 kN.m

EF
M
=
12
) 27 . 4 ( 36
2
= -54.69 kN.m

FE
M
= 54.69 kN.m
59
C
CD 0.505 I
0.838 I
0.60 -0.3
CG 0.333 I 0.40 -0.2
D
DE 0.253 I
1.406 I
0.18 -0.09
DH 0.333 I 0.24 -0.12
DC 0.505 I 0.34 -0.17
DA 0.333 I 0.24 -0.12
A
AB 0.253 I
0.586 I
0.43 -0.215
AD 0.333 I 0.57 -0.285
B
BA 0.253 I
0.586 I
0.43 -0.215
BE 0.333 I 0.57 -0.285
E
EF 0.234 I
1.153 I
0.20 -0.1
ED 0.253 I 0.22 -0.11
EI 0.333 I 0.29 -0.145
EB 0.333 I 0.29 -0.145
F
FE 0.234 I
0.567 I
0.40 -0.2
FI 0.333 I 0.60 -0.3
60
61
A
B
-25.48
-
0
.
2
1
5
-0.285
-25.48
25.48
-
0
.
2
1
5
25.48
-0.285
4.66
6.25
6.47
6.58
6.59
-6.48
-7.24
-7.69
-7.74
-7.75
6.17
8.28
8.58
8.73
8.75
-0.12
-
0
.
1
7
-35.28 -
0
.
0
9
D
-47.04
47.04
2.86
2.17
1.96
1.92
1.90
1.47
2.89
3.01
3.02
3.02
3.98
3.98
3.96
3.81
1.94
-8.59
-9.59
-10.19
-10.26
-10.27
3.81
2.89
2.62
2.55
2.53
1.94
3.81
3.96
3.98
3.98
-0.145
-
0
.
1
1
-7.65
-0.145
0
.
1
0.12
1.34
2.63
2.73
2.75
2.75
-54.69
54.69
-11.21
-11.46
-11.48
-11.49
-11.49
54.69
-
0
2
-0.3
F
-16.81
-17.19
-17.23
-17.23
-17.23
C
-11.76
-0.2
-
0
.
3
-11.76 11.76
3.528
1.91
2.3
2.4
2.4
5.39
4.09
3.71
3.62
3.59
2.352
1.27
1.53
1.61
1.62
J I
H
G
-0.19
2.53
2.55
2.62
2.89
3.81
E
62
B
A
-25.48
25.48
6.59
6.59
-7. 75
-20.05
-7.75
-7.75
6.59
16.57
13.81
8.75
2.53
2.53
-47.04 47.04
1. 90
1. 90
3. 02
-40.22
3.02
3.02
1.90
54.98
2.53
2.53
5.06
B
-10.27
-10.27
3.98
-16.56
-5.12
-5.12
-22.63
-54.69
E
54.69
2. 75
2. 75
-11.49
-60.68
-11.49
-11.49
2.75
34.46
3.98
3.98
7.96
F
-17.23
-17.23
-34.46
D
3. 59
3. 59
2. 4
21.34
2.4
2.4
3.59
-3.37
1.62
1.62
3.24
-11.76
11.76
G
H
I J
1.62
2.53 -3.98 -17.23
8.75
8.75
2.53
20.03
13.81
-2.31
-10.27
3.98
3.98
63
C
A
-20.05
16.57
-40.22 54.98
B
-60.68
E
34.46
F
D
-3.37
21.34
G
H
I J
1.62
2.53 -3.98 -17.23
13.81 2.31
7.96
3.24 5.06
-34.46
20.03 -16.57
Frame @ FF
'
Fixed End Moment
CD
M
=
12
2
wl

=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 5 . 19
2
= --25.48 kN.m
DC
M
= 25.48 kN.m

BE
M
=
12
) 96 . 3 ( 36
2
= -47.04 kN.m

BB
M
= 47.04 kN.m
EG
M
=
12
) 27 . 4 ( 36
2
= -54.69 kN.m
GE
M
= 54.69 kN.m

64
Joint Member R.S (I/l) T.R.S D.F R.F
B
BA I/3
0.92 I
0.36 -0.18
BC I/3 0.36 -0.18
BE I/3.96 0.28 -0.14
C
CB I/3
0.58 I
0.57 -0.285
CD I/3.96 0.43 -0.215
D
DC I/3.96
0.58 I
0.43 -0.215
DE D/3 0.57 -0.285
E
ED I/3
1.15 I
0.29 -0.145
EB I/3.96 0.22 -0.11
EG I/4.27 0.20 -0.10
EF I/3 0.29 -0.145
G
GE I/4.27
0.56 I
0.41 -0.205
GH I/3 0.59 -0.295
65
D
-
0
.
1
6
60.46
-0.34
-8.30
-9.13
-9.17
-9.84
-9.86
1.36
3.13
3.44
3.48
3.49
-0.145
-
0
.
1
1
-7.69
-0.145
0
.
1
0
0.94
2.16
2.37
2.40
2.40
-47.04
-11.40
-11.65
-11.69
-11.70
-11.70
54.69
-
0
2
0
5
-0.295
G
-16.41
-16.77
-16.83
-16.84
-16.84
B
-47.04
-0.18
-
0
.
1
4 -47.04
6.58
5.76
5.28
5.19
5.17
8.46
7.40
6.79
6.68
6.65
H
F
A
C
-25.48
-0.285
6.65
6.68
6.79
7.40
8.46
3.65
5.32
5.49
5.61
5.64
4.85
6.93
7.29
7.44
7.48
-0.18
-
0
.
2
1
5
-25.48 25.48
-6.26
-6.89
-7.33
-7.42
-7.43
47.04
1.03
2.38
2.61
2.64
2.64
E
3.49
3.48
3.44
-3.13
1.36
B
C
-25.48
25.48
7. 48
7. 48
6. 65
21.61
5. 64
5. 64
-7. 43
-21.63 -16.23
2. 64
2. 64
5. 17
57.49
3.49
3.49
6.98
-54.69
54.69
2. 40
2. 40
-11 70
-61.59
-16.84
-16.84
-33.68
G
5. 17
5. 17
2. 64
-34.06
6.65
6.65
13.3
-47.04 47.04
A F
H
6.65
3.49 -16.84
-7.43
-7.43
5.64
16.26
E
-11.70
-11.70
2.40
33.69
20.78
7.48
6.65
6.65
-9.86
-9.86
3.47
-9.86
3.47
3.47
-2.88
B
C
-21.63
16.26
-61.59 33.69
G
-34.06 57.49
A F
H
6.65
3.49 -16.84
E
-16.23
-2.58
D
33.68
6.98
21.61
-20.78
13.3
Frame @ GG
'
Fixed End Moment
CD
M
=
12
2
wl

=
( )
12
98 . 1 5 . 19
2
= -6.37 kN.m
DC
M
= 6.37 kN
.m

BE
M
=
( )
12
98 . 1 36
2
= -11.76 kN.m

EB
M
= 11.76 kN.m
B
BA I/3
1.17 I
0.28 -0.14
BE I/1.98 0.44 -0.22
BC I/3 0.28 -0.14
C
CB I/3
0.84 I
0.4 -0.2
CD I/1.98 0.6 -0.3
-6.37
-
0
.
3
-0.2
-6.37
1.91
1.47
1.46
1.27
0.98
0.97
C
D
E
1.51
1.51
1.46
-11.76
-0.14
-
0
.
2
2
-0.14
B
-11.76
2.3
2.37
2.37
1.46
1.51
1.51
A
@ C
Sum of F.E.M. @ C = -6.37
Rotation Contributions of far ends,
@ B = 0
@ D = 0
-6.37
M'
CD
= U
cd
[ ] cd
c
M M
'
+
= -0.3 [-6.37 + 0]
= 1.91 kNm
M'
CB
= U
cb
[ ] cb
c
M M
'
+

= -0.2 [-6.37 + 0]
= 1.27 kNm
@ B
Sum of F.E.M. @ B = -11.76
@ C = 1.27
@ A = 0.00
@ E = 0.00
-16.37
M'
BE
= -10.47 x -0.22
= 2.3 kNm
M'
BC
= -10.47 x -0.14
= 1.46 kNm
M'
BA
= -10.47 x -0.14
= 1.46 kNm
47.04
-11.00
-11.26
-11.28
-11.28
-11.28
47.04
-
0
2
1
5
-0.285
I
-14.59
-14.93
-14.96
-14.96
-14.96
J
47.04
-11.00
-11.26
-11.28
-11.28
-11.28
47.04
-
0
2
1
5
-0.285
I
-14.59
-14.93
-14.96
-14.96
-14.96
J
@ C
-6.37
1.48
0.00
-4.91
-4.91 x -0.3 = 1.47
-4.91 x -0.2 = 1.46 kNm
@ B
-11.76
0.98
0.00
0.00
-10.78
-10.78 x -0.22 = 2.37
-10.78 x -0.14 = 1.51
-10.78 x -0.14 = 1.51
@ B
-6.37
1.51
0.00
-4.86
-4.86 x -0.3 = 1.45
-4.86 x -0.2 = 0.97
@ B
-11.76
0.97
-10.79
-10.79 x -0.22 = 2.37
-10.79 x -0.14 = 1.51
-10.79 x -0.14 = 1.51
47.04
-11.00
-11.26
-11.28
-11.28
-11.28
47.04
-
0
2
1
5
-0.285
I
-14.59
-14.93
-14.96
-14.96
-14.96
J
47.04
-11.00
-11.26
-11.28
-11.28
-11.28
47.04
-
0
2
1
5
-0.285
I
-14.59
-14.93
-14.96
-14.96
-14.96
J
C
D
E
B
-
3.
4
5
A
-6.37
1. 46
1 .46
0. 00
-3.45
6.37
0.00
0.00
1.46
7.83
0.00
0.97
0.97
1.51
3.45
3.99
0.97
1.51
1.51
0.00
-11.76 11.76
2. 37
2. 37
0. 00
-7.02
0. 00
0. 00
2. 37
14.13
0. 00
1. 51
1.51
0. 00
3.02
1.51
1.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
-3.45
7.83
D
- 7.83
3.45
3.99 -7.02 14.13
- 14.13
7.02
G
E
H
- 3.99
- 1.51
1.51
B
3.02 - 3.02
A F I
Frame @ HH
'
Fixed End Moment
BC
M
=
12
2
wl
=
( )
12
52 . 1 5 . 19
2
= -3.75 kN.m
CB
M
= 3.75 kN.m
CE
M
=
( )
12
96 . 3 5 . 19
2
= -25.48 kN.m
EC
M
= 25.48 kN.m

B
BA I/3
0.99 I
0.34 -0.17
BC I/1.52 0.66 -0.33
C
CB I/1.52
1.24 I
0.53 -0.265
CD I/3 0.217 -0.135
CE I/3.96 0.2 -0.1
E
EC I/3.96
0.58 I
0.43 -0.215
EF I/3 0.57 -0.285
C B
-3.75
-
0
.
3
3
-0.17
-3.75 3.75
1.24
-0.55
-1.23
-1.3
-1.3
5.43
7.47
7.69
7.72
7.72
-
0
.
2
6
5
-21.73
-
0
.
1
-0.135
-25.48 25.48
2.049
2.82
2.90
2.91
2.91
-5.92
-6.08
-6.10
-6.1
-6.1
E
25.48
-
0
.
2
1
5
-0.285
-7.85
-8.06
-8.08
-8.09
-8.09
2. 766
3.81
3.92
3.93
3.93
0.64
-0.28
-0.63
-0.67
-0.67
A D F
@ B
Sum of F.E.M = -3.75
@ C = 0.00
@ A = 0.00
-3.75
-3.75 x -0.33 = 1.24
-3.75 x -0.17 = 0.64
@ C
Sum of F.E.M = -21.73
1.24
0.00
0.00
-20.49
-20.49 x -0.265 = 5.43
-20.49 x -0.1 = 2.049
-20.4 x -0.135 = 2.766
@ E
Sum of F.E.M =

2.48
@ C = 2.049
@ F = 0.000
27.529
27.53 x -0.215 = -5.92
27.53 x -0.285 = -7.85
@ B
-3.75
@ A = 0.00
@ C = 5.43
1.68
1.68 x -0.33 = -0.55
1.68 x -0.17 = -0.28
@ C
-21.73
@ B = -0.55
@ E = -5.92
@ D = 0.00
-28.20
-28.2 x -0.265 = 7.47
-28.2 x -0.135 = 3.81
-28.2 x -0.1 = 2.82
@ E
2548
@ C = 2.82
@ F = 0.00
28.30
28.3 x -0.215 = -6.08
28.3 x -2.85 = -8.06
@ B
-3.75
@ C = 7.47
@ A = 0.00
3.72
3.72 x -0.33 = -1.23
3.72 x -0.17 = -0.63
@ C
-21.73
@ B = -1.23
@ D = 0.00
@ E = -6.08
-29.04
-29.04 x -0.265 = 7.69
-29.04 x -0.135 = 3.92
-29.04 x -0.1 = 2.9
@ E
25.48
@ C = 2.90
@ F = 0.00
28.38
28.38 x -0.215 = -6.10
28.38 x -0.285 = -8.08
@ B
-3.75
@ C = 7.69
@ A = 0.00
3.94
3.94 x -0.17 = -0.67
3.94 x -0.33 = -1.3
@ C
Sum of F.E.M = -21.73
@ B = -1.3
@ E = -6.10
@ D = 0.00
-29.13
-29.13 x -0.265 = 7.72
-29.13 x -0.135 = 3.93
--29.13 x -0.1 = 2.913
@ E
Sum of F.E.M = 25.48
2.91
0.00
28.39
28.39 x -0.215 = -6.1
28.39 x -0.285 = -8.09
@ B
-3.75
7.72
0.00
3.97
3.97 x -0.17 = -0.67
3.97 x -0.33 = -1.3
@ C
-21.73
-1.3
-6.1
-29.13
-29.13 x -0.265 = 7.72
-29.13 x -0.135 = 3.93
-29.13 x -0.1 = 2.913
@ E
25.48
2.91
0.00
28.39
28.39 x -0.215 = -6.10
28.39 x -0.285 = -8.09
H
- 1.51
A
B
-0.67
-0.67
-1.34
-3.75
3.75 C
-1.33
-1.37
7.72
1.37
7.72
7.72
-1.3
17.89
3.93
3.93
0
0
0
3.93
3.93
0.0
7.86
-6.1
-6.1
2.91
16.11
-8.09
-8.09
0.00
16.18
-8.09
-8.09
0
0
0
0.67
-0.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
D F
H
- 1.51
A
B
-3.75
3.75 C
-1.33
-1.37
7.72
1.37
7.72
7.72
-1.3
17.89
3.93
3.93
0
0
0
3.93
3.93
0.0
7.86
-6.1
-6.1
2.91
16.11
-8.09
-8.09
0.00
16.18
-8.09
-8.09
0
0
0
0.67
-0.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
D F
-25.76
-6.1
2.91
2.91
-25.48
25.48
E
A
B
-1.34
C
1.37
17.89
3.93
-25.76
16.18
-8.09 -0.67
D F
16.11
7.86
Frame @ II
'
Fixed End Moment
BD
M
=
12
2
wl

=
( )
12
61 . 0 36
2
= -1.116 kN.m

DB
M
= 1.116 kN.m
CF
M
=
( )
12
27 . 4 5 . 19
2
= -29.62 kN.m
FC
M
= 29.62 kN.m
DG
M
=
( )
12
27 . 4 36
2
= -54.69 kN.m
GD
M
= 54.69 kN.m
B
BA I/3
1.97 I
0.17 -0.085
BD I/0.61 0.83 -0.415
C
CD I/3
0.56 I
0.59 -0.295
CF I/4.27 0.41 -0.205
D
DB I/0.61
2.54 I
0.64 -0.32
DC I/3 0.13 -0.065
DG I/4.27 0.1 -0.05
DE I/3 0.13 -0.065
F
FC I/4.27
0.56 I
0.41 -0.205
FG I/3 0.59 -0.295
G
GF I/3
0.9 I
0.37 -0.185
GD I/4.27 0.26 -0.13
GH I/3 0.37 -0.185
C
F
-29.62
-
0
.
2
0
5
-0.295
-29.62 29.62
-
0
.
2
0
5
29.62
-0.295
5.36
6.93
6.65
6.61
6.61
-7.17
-5.70
-5.58
-5.57
-5.57 2.91
2.92
2.88
2.94
3.45
-0.065
-
0
.
3
2
-53.57 -
0
.
0
5
D
-54.69
54.69
2.653
2.26
2.21
2.24
2.24
-6.11
-6.33
-6.35
-6.35
-6.36
-9.05
-9.03
-9.01
-8.70
-10.31
-8.21
-8.04
-802
-8.02
3.45
2.94
2.88
2.92
2.91
-8.70
-9.01
-903
-9.04
-9.05
-0.185
-
0
.
1
3
54.69
-0.185
0
.
1
0.065
B
-1.116
-0.085
-
0
.
4
1
5
-1.116 1.116
0.46
-6.58
-5.56
-5.52
-5.50
16.99
14.52
14.19
14.38
14.36
0.094
-1.34
-1.13
-1.11
-1.12
H
E
A
-0.19
7.72
9.98
9.56
9.52
9.52
G
-1.12
2.91
-9.05
F
29.62
-29.62
D
- 7.83
54.69
-54.69 1.116
E
H
H
G
-5.57
-5.57
6.61
25.09
6.61
6.61
-5.57
-21.97
9.52
9.52
2.91
21.95
15.34
9.52
2.91
2.91
-26.12
-8.02
-9.05
-9.05
-6.36
-6.36
2.24
44.21
-9.05
-9.05
-18.1
2.24
-2.24
-6.36
-56.57
D
14.36
14.36
5.50
35.30
-5.50
-5.50
14.36
2.244
-1.116
-1.12
-1.12
2.244
2.91
-2.91
-5.82
E A
-8.02
-8.09
-9.05
-25.09
F
25.09
-21.97
C
21.95
44.21
-56.57 35.33
B
H
G
D
2.244
E A
-25.09
-26.12
-18.1
-5.82
-2.24
-9.05 2.91
-1.12
Frame @ JJ
'
Fixed End Moment
CD
M
=
12
2
wl

=
( )
12
73 . 4 5 . 19
2
= -36.35 kN.m
DC
M
= 36.35 kN.m

BE
M
=
( )
12
73 . 4 36
2
= -67.12 kN.m

EB
M
= 67.12 kN.m
76
B
BA I/3
1.29 I
0.43 -0.215
BE I/9.46 0.14 -0.07
BC I/3 0.43 -0.215
C
CB I/3
2.27 I
0.76 -0.38
CD I/9.46 0.24 -0.12
77
-36.35
-
0
.
1
2
-0.38
-36.35
4.36
2.99
2.87
2.87 13.81
9.46
9.11
9.08
C
D
E
12.47
12.39
11.46
-67.12
-0.215
-
0
.
0
7
-0.215
B
-67.12
3.73
4.04
4.06
4.06
11.46
12.39
12.47
12.47
A
78
C
D
E
B
-
3.
4
5
A
-36.35
2.87
2.87
0. 00
-30.61
0.00
9.08
9.08
12.47
30.63
34.02
9.08
12.47
12.47
0.00
0. 00
12.47
12.47
0. 00
24.94
12.41
12.47
0.00
0.00
0.00
-67.12
4.06
4.06
-59.00
79
C
B
-
3.
4
5
A
-30.61
-59.00 59.00
-30.61
-30.63
-34.02
-30.63
34.02
-24.94
24.94
12.47
- 12.47
D
E
@ C
Sum of F.E.M. @ C = -36.35
@ B = 0
@ D = 0
-
36.35
M'
CD
= U
cd
[ ] cd
c
M M
'
+
= -0.12 [-36.35 + 0]
= 4.36 kNm
M'
CB
= U
cb
[ ] cb
c
M M
'
+

= -0.38 [-36.35 + 0]
= 13.81 kNm
@ B
Sum of F.E.M. @ B = -67.12
@ C = 13.31
@ A = 0.00
@ E = 0.00
-53.31
-53.31 x U
BE
= (-0.07)
M'
BE
= 3.73 kNm
M'
BC
= --53.31 x -0.215
= 11.46 kNm
M'
BA
= -53.31 x -0.215
= 11.46 kNm
80
@ C
-36.35
11.46
0.00
-24.89
-24.89 x -0.12 = 2.99
-24.89 x -0.38 = 9.46
@ B
-67.12
9.46
0.00
0.00
-57.66
-57.66 x -0.07 = 4.04
-57.66 x -0.215 = 12.39
-57.66 x -0.215 = 12.39
@ C
-36.35
12.39
0.00
-23.96
-23.96 x -0.12 = 2.87
-23.96 x -0.38 = 9.11
@ B
-67.12
9.11
-58.01
-58.01 x -0.07 = 4.06
-58.01 x 0.21 = 12.47
@ C
81
-36.35
12.47
-23.88
-23.88 x -0.12 = 2.87
-23.88 x -0.38 = 9.08
@ E
-67.12
9.08
-58.04
-58.04 x -0.07 = 4.06
-58.04 x -0215 = 12.48
82
Table: 1
Moment for each frame
Frame Member
Max. B.M
Design Moment
Positive
(wl
2
/8)
Joint Moment
Negative
AA
'
A
1
A
2
90.69 48.63 50.4 48.17 50.4
A
3
A
4
107.16 43.97 85.97 42.19 85.97
A
4
A
5
167.44 113.27 107.09 57.26 113.27
A
5
A
6
70.67 63.93 24.66 26.37 63.93
BB
'
B
1
B
2
58.04 26.32 52.48 18.64 52.48
B
2
B
3
90.69 57.82 53.68 34.94 57.82
B
3
B
4
38.22 42.85 15.25 9.17 42.85
B
4
B
5
107.16 63.85 59.23 45.62 63.85
B
5
B
6
107.16 63.85 59.23 45.62 63.85
B
7
B
8
70.56 36.02 41.60 31.75 41.60
CC
'
C
1
C
2
44.44 18.34 41.5 14.52 41.50
C
2
C
3
90.69 61.83 49.14 35.20 61.83
C
4
C
5
82.04 37.31 72.54 27.11 72.54
C
5
C
6
167.44 111.83 95.74 63.65 111.83
DD
'
D
1
D
2
54.53 28.35 36.75 21.98 36.75
D
2
D
3
5.63 20.35 6.05 -7.57 20.35
D
4
D
5
100.67 57.12 63.9 40.51 63.9
D
5
D
6
10.39 25.48 19.18 -11.94 25.48
D
6
D
7
70.56 47.4 29.94 31.89 47.4
83
EE
'
E
1
E
2
38.22 20.05 16.57 19.91 20.05
E
3
E
4
17.64 3.37 21.34 5.28 21.34
E
4
E
5
70.56 40.22 54.98 22.96 54.98
E
5
E
6
82.04 60.68 34.46 34.47 60.68
FF
'
F
1
F
2
38.22 21.63 16.26 19.27 21.63
F
3
F
4
70.56 34.06 57.49 24.78 57.49
F
4
F
5
82.04 61.59 33.69 34.4 61.59
GG
'
G
1
G
2
9.55 3.45 7.83 3.91 7.83
G
2
G
3
9.55 7.83 3.45 3.91 7.83
G
4
G
5
17.64 7.02 14.13 7.06 14.13
A
2
B
2
17.64 14.13 7.02 7.06 14.13
HH
'
H
1
H
2
5.63 1.37 17.89 -4.00 17.89
H
2
H
3
38.22 25.76 16.11 17.28 25.76
II
'
I
1
I
2
44.44 25.09 21.97 20.91 25.09
I
3
I
4
0.90 44.21 56.57 -49.49 56.57
I
4
I
5
82.04 35.33 22.44 63.25 63.25
JJ
'
J
1
J
2
54.53 30.61 30.61 6.69 30.61
J
3
J
4
100.67 59.00 59.00 -17.33 59.00
84
CHAPTER II
DESIGNS
85
CHAPTER - 2
DESIGN
2.1 Design of slab
Slabs
The most common type of structural element used to cover floors
and roofs of building are reinforced concrete slabs of different types. One-
way slabs are those supported on the two opposite sides so that the loads are
carried along one direction only. Two-way slabs are supported on all four
sides with such dimensions such that the loads are carried to the supports
along both directions.
If L
y
/ L
x
< 2, then the slab is designed as two way slab
If L
y
/ L
x
> 2, then the slab is designed as one way slab
Where,
L
y
= Longer span dimension of the slab
L
x
= Shorter span dimension of slab
Restrained slabs are referred to as slabs whose corners are prevented form
lifting. They may be supported on continuous or discontinuous edges.
1. Types of Slabs
i) One way slab
ii) Two way slab
86
i) If
2 >
pan shorters
span longer
the slab is designed as one way slab.
ii) If
2 <
Span Shorter
span Longer
the slab is designed as two way slab.
2.1.1. Design Procedure for one way slab
1. Find the cross sectional dimensional of the slab.
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No: 39, Clause 24.1
Over all depth D =
28
Span
Effective depth d = Overall depth - Effective cover
2. To find the effective span of slab.
Refer IS 456/2000 Page No.25, clause 22.2(b)
i) Clear span + Effective depth
ii) Centre to centre distance of support.
which ever is less.
3. Load Calculation
The imposed load is taken from as per IS 875 (Part 5)
Design load is calculated as per IS 456/2000, Page No. 33, Clause 19.9
4. Find ultimate moment
M
u
=
8
2
wl
5. Find the limiting moment of resistance
Refer IS 456/1978, Page No. 10, Table C
The value was taking depending upon the grade of steel.
6. Find the main Reinforcement
87
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No. 96, G.1.1 (b)
M
u
= 0.8 f
y
Ast d
,
_
bd f
Ast f
ck
y
1
7. Spacing of the bars
Refer IS 456/2000, Page. No. 40, clause 26.3.3 (b)
S
v
=
Ast
ast 1000
8. Distribution Bars
The minimum Reinforcement is provide as Per IS 456/2000,
Page.48, Clause 26.5.2.1 maximum reinforcement provide as per IS
456/2000, Page No. 48, clause 26.5.2.2
9. Check for shear stress
Refer Is 456/2000, Page No.72 Clause 40.1,
Nominal Shear stress
v
=
bd
V
u
10.Find the percentage of steel Pt =
bd
Ast
o Pr
100
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No. 73, Table - 19
The value of Design shear strength of concrete '
c
' is taken as based on
the percentage of steel and grade of concrete.
For the solid slabs, the design shear strength for concrete shall be '
c
k'
has the value taken from the table,
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No. 72, Clause 40.2.1.1
88
2.1.2. Design Procedure for two way slab
1. Find the cross sectional dimensional of the slab.
Refer IS 456/2000 page No: 39 clause 24.1
Over all depth D =
28
Span
Effective depth d = Overall depth - Effective cover
2. To find the effective span of slab.
Refer IS 456/2000 Page No.25, clause 22.2(b)
i) Clear span + Effective depth
ii) Centre to centre distance of support
which ever is less.
3. Load Calculation
The imposed load is taken from as per IS 875 (Part 5)
Design load is calculated as per IS 456/2000, Page No. 33,
Clause 19.9
4. Find ultimate moment
The maximum bending moments per unit width in a slab are given by
the following equation.
IS456/2000, Page No.90, Annex D.1.1
M
x
= x
wlx
2
M
y
=
wl
y
x
2
x
and y
are coefficient taken from the table. This table is refer

IS456/2000, Page No. 91, Table. 26.
The co-efficient are taken as based on the end condition of the slabs.
89
5. Main Reinforcement in shorter direction and longer direction
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No. 96, Annex G.1.1 (b)
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
Ast d
,
_
bd f
Ast f
ck
y
1
6. Spacing of bars
Refer IS 456/2000, Page. No. 40, clause 26.3.3 (b)
S
v
=
Ast
ast 1000
7. Check for reinforcement
Minimum and maximum reinforcement provided as per code
provisions Reference IS 456/2000, Page No. 48, clause 26.5.2.1 and
clause 26.5.2.2
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No.72 Clause 40.1,
Nominal Shear stress
v
=
bd
V
u
9. Find the percentage of steel Pt =
bd
Ast
o Pr
100
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No. 73, Table - 19
The value of Design shear strength of concrete c
is taken as based
on the percentage of steel and grade of concrete.
For the solid slabs, the design shear strength for concrete shall be k
c
has the value is taken from the table,

Refer IS 456/2000, Page No. 72, Clause 40.2.1.1
90
2.1.3. Design of One Way Slab
Size = 3.76x1.52m
l
x
= 1.52m
L.L = 3 kN/m
Floor finish = 1 kN/m
Depth of Slab
d = span/20 =
20
1520
= 76 100mm
Over all depth D = 120mm
Effective Span
i) Clear span + Effective depth = 1.52 + 0.1
= 1.62m
ii) c/c distance = 1.52 + 0.23 = 1.75mm
Effective. span l = 1.62m
Load Calculations
Self wt. of slab = 1x1x0.12x25
= 3 kN/m
2
Floor finish = 1 kN/m
2
L.L = 3 kN/m
2
Total load = 7 kN/m
2
Factored load = 1.5x7
= 10.5 kN/m
2
Ultimate Moment and shear
M
u
=
8
2
wl
91
=
8
62 . 1 5 . 10
2
= 3.44 kNm
Shear force V
u
=
2
wl
=
2
62 . 1 5 . 10
= 8.505 kN
Limiting moment of resistance
M
u
limit = 0.138 f
ck
. bd
2
= 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x (100)
2
= 27.6 x 10
6
kNm
M
u
< M
u
limit
The section is under reinforced.
Main reinforcement
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
d
,
_
bd f
Astf
ck
y
1
3.44x10
6
= 0.87 x 415 A
st
(100)
,
_
100 1000 20
415
1
Ast
3.44x10
6
= 36105 A
st
- 7.49 Ast
2
A
st
= 97.23 mm
2
Spacing =
Ast
ast 1000
=
600
) 10 (
4
1000
2
= 130mm
Provide 10mm # Bars @ 150mm c/c.
92
Distribution bar
=
100
12 . 0
x1000x120
= 144mm
2
Spacing =
Ast
ast 1000
=
120
10
4
1000
2

= 300mm
Provide 10mm # Bars @ 300mm c/c
Check for shear stress
v
=
bd
V
u

=
120 1000
10 505 . 8
3
= 0.0708 N/mm
2
% of tension reinforcement P
t
=
bd
Ast 100
=
120 1000
3
600
100
= 0.25
Table : 19
c

= 0.3 N/mm
2
k. c

= 1.2 x 0.36
= 0.432 > v
Hence safe the stress is with in permissible limit.

93
Check for deflection control
%of reinforcement P
t
=
bd
Ast 100
=
120 1000
600 100
= 0.5%
A
st
(pro) S
v
=
Ast
As 1000
150 =
Ast
1000 10 4
2

A
st
(pro) = 523.5mm
2
K
t
= 1.1
K
c
= 1
K
f
= 1

,
_
d
l
max
= 1.1x1x1x20
= 22

,
_
d
l
actual
=
120
1620
= 13.5
= 22 > 13.5
Hence safe against deflection
94
95
Fig : 2.1.3.1. Reinforcement Details for one way slab
2.1.4. Design of two way Slabs
1. Master Bed Room (Two adjacent sides are discontinuous)
l
x
= 3.96 m
l
y
= 4.87 m
f
y
= 415 N/mm
2

f
ck
= 20 N/mm
2

x
y
l
l
=
96 . 3
87 . 4

= 1.23 < 2
It is designed as two way slab
Live load = 3 kN/m
2
Floor finish = 1.06 kN/m
2
Depth =
20
span

=
20
3960

= 158 mm
Over all depth = 120mm
Effective depth = 100mm
Effective Span
i) c/c distance = 3.96 + 0.23 = 4.19m
ii) Span + Effective depth = 3.96 + 0.1 = 4.06m
Effective span = 4.060m
Total service load = 7.00 kN/m
2
Design load = 1.5x7.00,
96
W
u
= 10.50 kN/m
2
Ultimate moment
M
ux
=
2
x u x
l
M
uy
=
2
x w y
l
x
= 1.2
0.060
1.3
0.065
x
= 0.060 +
) 2 . 1 3 . 1 (
) 060 . 0 065 . 0 (
(1.23 - 1.2)
x
= 0.0615
y
= 0.047
M
x
= 0.0615 x 10.5 x 4.06
2
= 10.64 kNm
M
y
= 0.047 x 10.5 x 4.06
2
= 8.13 kNm
Shear Force V
ux
=
2
x u
l w
=
2
060 . 4 505 . 10
= 21.31 kN
Check for depth
d =
b f
Mu
ck
138 . 0
=
1000 20 138 . 0
10 50 . 10
6

d = 65.74 mm < 100mm

Hence safe
97
Tension Reinforcement
Reinforcement of Shorter Span
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
d
,
_
bd f
Ast f
ck
y
1
10.64x10
6
= 0.87x415x100

,
_
100 1000 20
415
1
Ast
10.64x10
6
= 36105 A
st
- 7.49 Ast
2
A
st
= 310.86 mm
2
Spacing =
Ast
ast 1000
=
08 . 277
4
10
1000
2

x
= 252.5 mm
Provide 10 mm # Bars @ 200 mm c/c distance
(Ast
pro
= 392.69mm
2
)
Reinforcement at Longer Span
9.12x10
6
= 0.87x415xA
st
x 120

,
_
120 1000 20
415
1
Ast
9.12x10
6
= A
st
- 7.49Ast
2
A
st
= 209.35mm
2
Min A
st
=
100
12 . 0
x1000x150
= 180 mm
2
Spacing =
Ast
Ast 1000
Assume 10mm # bars.
Spacing =
35 . 209
4
1000
2

= 240 mm
Provide 10mm # bars @ 250mm c/c distance
98
Reinforcement in edge strip
A
st

min
=
150 1000
100
12 . 0

= 180mm
2
Provide 10mm # bars @ 300 c/c distance

v
=
bd
V
u
=
100 1000
10 34 . 21
3
= 0.18 N/mm
2
% of tension reinforcement P
t
=
bd
Ast 100
=
100 1000
69 . 392 100
= 0.39%
From table. 19 Page. 73, IS 456/2000
1.25
0.36
1.50
0.48
= 0.36 +
) 25 . 0 39 . 0 (
) 25 . 0 50 . 0 (
36 . 0 48 . 0
= 0.42
k
c
= 1.3x0.42
= 0.5555 N/mm
2
> 0.18
Check for deflection
P
t
= 0.225

,
_
d
l
basic = 28
99
f
s
= 0.58x415x
96 . 392
86 . 310
= 190.41
K
t
= 2.0
K
c
= 1
K
f
= 1

,
_
d
l
max
= 28x2x1x1
= 48

,
_
d
l
actual
=
100
3960
= 39 < 48 Hence safe
Check for crack control
1) Reinforcement provided in more than minimum % of steel.
=
100
12 . 0
x1000x120
= 144 mm
2
< 392.96
2) Spacing of main reinforcement >3d
= 3x120
= 360mm
3) Diameter of reinforcement should be less than d/8
=
8
920
= 15 mm
100
Fig : 2.1.4.1. Reinforcement Details for Two way slab
101
102
2.2. Design of Beams
Beams are defined as structural members subjected to transverse
load that caused bending moment and shear force along the length. The plane
of transverse loads is parallel to the plane of symmetry of the cross section of
the beam and it passes through the shear center so that the simple bending of
beams occurs. The bending moments and shear forces produced by the
transverse loads are called as internal forces.
2.2.1.Types of Beams
Depending upon the supports and end conditions, beams are
classified as below.
1. Simply supported beams
2. Over hanging beams
3. Cantilever beam
4. Fixed beam
The reinforced concrete beams, in which the steel reinforced is
placed only on tension side, are known as singly reinforced beams, the
tension developed due to bending moment is mainly resisted by steel
reinforcement and compression by concrete.
When a singly reinforced beams needs considerable depth to
exist large bending moment, then the beam is also reinforced in the
compression zone. The beams having reinforcement in compression and
tension zone is called as doubly reinforced beam.
103
2.2.2.Design procedure for beams
1. Find the cross sectional dimensions of the beam
Over all depth D =
20
Span
Effective depth = Overall depth - Effective cover
2. Effective span of the beam
i. Clear Span + effective span
ii. c/c distance between two supports
The effective span of the beam is taken from the above
conditions which ever is less than that is taken as effective span of the beam.
3. Find the moment of the sections
4. Refer IS: 456 / 2000, Page No: 96, Annex G. 1.1(5)
Limiting moment M
u
limit = 0.138 fck bd
2
If M
u
< M
u
limit the section is under reinforced since the beam is
designed as singly reinforced beam If M
u
> M
u
limit the section is over
reinforced. Since the beam is designed as Doubly reinforced beam.
5. Tension reinforcement
Refer IS : 456 / 2000, page No : 96, Annex G. 1.1(5)
M
u
= 0.87 fy Ast d 1
]
1
bd fck
Ast fy
1
Refer IS : 456 / 2000, Page No : 72, Clause 40.1
Nominal shear stress
bd
Vu
v

7. Find the percentage of steel Pt =
bd
Ast
pro
100
Refer IS : 456 / 2000, Page No : 73, table - 19
104
The value c
is taken as based on the percentage of steel and grade of

concrete.
If c
< v
, minimum shear reinforcement is to be provide.

Refer IS : 456 / 2000, Page No : 48, Clause 26.5.1.6

fy bs
A
v
st
87 . 0
4 . 0
If c
< v
, shear reinforcement is to be provide. in following method.

IS :456 / 2000 page no : 73, Clause 40.4
Strength of shear reinforcement V
us
[v
u
- c
bd]
for vertical stirrups V
us =
v
sv
s
d A fy 87 . 0
105
2.2.3. Design of singly Reinforced Beam
Frame DD'
Span = 4.73 m
Width = 230 mm
f
ck
= 20 N/mm
2
f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
Cross sectional dimensional
Effective depth d =
20
Span
=
20
4730
= 236.5 mm
Provide overall depth D = 450mm
Effective depth d = 400 mm
Moment taken form the analysis,
M
u
= 63.9 KNm
Check for depth
d =
b fck
M
u
138 . 0
=
230 20 138 . 0
10 9 . 63
6
x x
x
= 317.27 mm < 400 mm
Hence safe
Area of tension Reinforcement
M
u
= 0.87 fy A
st
d 1
]
1
bd fck
A fy
st
1
63.9 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
x 400
1
]
1
400 230 20
415
1
Ast
63.9 x 10
6
= 144420 A
st
- 32.57 A
st
2
106
A
st
= 498.50 mm
2
Provide 3 nos of 16mm # bars
A
stpro
= 3 x
4
10
2

= 603.18mm
2
v
=
bd
Vu
.
Ultimate load W
u
= 13.50
,
_
73 . 4
9 . 63
Shear load V
u
=
2
l w
u
= 31.95 KN
v
=
400 230
10 95 . 31
3
= 0.34 N/mm
2
Percentage of steel P
t
=
bd
Ast 100

=
400 230
18 . 603 100
= 0.65%
0.50 0.48
0.75 0.56
= 0.48 +
( ) 50 . 0 65 . 0
50 . 0 75 . 0
48 . 0 56 . 0

,
_
= 0.53 N/mm
2
C V
<
Since minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided
S
v
=
b
Asv fy
4 . 0
87 . 0
Assume 8 mm # 2 legged vertical stirrups
107
S
v
=
230 4 . 0
4
8
2 415 87 . 0
2

= 394. 52 mm
Provide 8mm # 2 legged vertical stirrups at 300 mm c/c distance.
Size of beam = 230 x 450 mm
M
u
= 36.75 KNm
M
u
= 0.87 fy A
st
d 1
]
1
bd fck
Ast fy
1
36.75 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
x 400
1
]
1
400 230 20
415
1
st
A
36.75 x 10
6
= 144420 A
st
- 32.57 Ast
2
A
st
= 271.03 mm
2
Provide 3 nos of 12mm # bars
Provide 8mm # 2 legged vertical stirrups at 300 mm c/c
108
109
Fig : 2.2.3.1. Reinforcement Details for singly reinforced beam
110
2.2.4.Design of doubly reinforced Beam
Frame AA'
L = 6.1 m
f
ck
= 20 N/mm
2
f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
Cross section dimension
Effective depth =
20
span
=
mm 305
20
6100

Breadth b = 230 mm
Moment taken from the Analysis
M
u
= 113.27 KN.m
Check for depth
d =
b fck
M
u
. . 138 . 0
=
230 20 138 . 0
10 27 . 113
6

= 422 mm < 450mm

Hence ok
Area of tension Steel
M
u
= 0.87 fy.A
st
d
,
_
d b f
f A
ck
y st
. .
.
1
113.27 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 A
st
(400)
,
_
400 230 20
415
1
x x
Ast
113.27x10
6
= 144420 A
st
- 32.57 A
st
2
A
st
= 1018.04 mm
2
Provide 4 nos of 20 mm # bars
111
A
st
(Pro) = 4 x
2
) 20 (
4
= 1256 mm
2
Check for shear
v
=
d b
Vu
.
Ultimate load, W
u
=
1 . 6
27 . 113
= 18.56 KN
Shear load V
u
=
2
l w
u
=
2
1 . 6 56 . 18
= 56.608 KN
v
=
400 230
10 608 . 56
3
= 0.615 N/mm
2
t
=
d b
Ast
.
100
=
400 230
1256 100
= 1.36 %
1.25 0.67
1.50 0.72
c
= 0.67 +
( ) 25 . 1 36 . 1
25 . 1 50 . 1
67 . 0 72 . 0

,
_
= 0.69 N/mm
2
v
< c
Since, minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided

S
V
=
b
fyAsv
4 . 0
87 . 0
112
Assume 8mm # 2 legged stirrups
S
v
=
( )
230 4 . 0
8
4
2 415 87 . 0
2
,
_

= 394.mm
300mm
Provide 8mm # 2 legged stirrups300 mm c/c distance
Frame AA' @ top
f
ck
= 20 N/mm
2
f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
Cross section dimension
Effective depth =
20
Span
=
mm 305
20
6100

Breadth b = 230 mm
Moment taken from the analysis
M
u
= 50.4 KN.m
Check for depth
d =
b fck
M
u
. 138 . 0
=
230 20 138 . 0
10 4 . 50
6

= 281.77 < 450 mm

Tension reinforcement
M
u
= 0.87 fy.A
st
.d
,
_
d b fck
fy Ast
. .
.
1
113
50.4x10
6
= 0.87 x 415 A
st
(400)
,
_
400 230 20
415
1
Ast
50.4x10
6
= 144420 A
st
- 32.57 Ast
2
A
st
= 381.86 mm
2
Provide 4 nos of 12mm # bars.
Provide 8mm # 2 legged stirrups of 300 mm
114
Fig : 2.2.4.1. Reinforcement Details for doubly reinforced Beam
115
116
2.3. Design of curved Beam
Thickness of slab = 120 mm
Radious R
0
= 2.43 m
L.L = 3 KN/ m
2
f
ck
= 415 N/mm
2
f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
Live load = 3 KN/m
Inner radious R = 1.97 m
Weight of slab = 0.12 x 25
= 3 KN/m
2
Total load = 3+3
= 6 KN/m
2
Total load from Slab per meter =
R
w R
s o
2
2
=
21 . 2 2
6 43 . 2
2
= 8.01 KN/m
Assume size of Beam = 230 x 450 mm
Self weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.45 x 25
= 2.58 KN/m
Total load = 8.01 + 2.58
= 10.59
Ultimate load W
u
= 10.59 x 1.5
= 15.88 KN
q =
2
2
6
5 . 3
b
h
=
2
2
23 . 0 6
4 . 0 5 . 3
117
= 1.76
C =

4
= 1.27
Critical moment at mid span
at
= 0 the mid Span

M
oc
= WR
2
( cos
-1)
WR
2
= 15.88 x 1.97
2

= 61.63 KN.m
M
oc
= 61.63 (1-27-1)
= 16.64 KNm
At
= 90
0
at the support
M
of
= WR
2
(cos
-1)
= - 61.63 KNm
M
of
= WR
2
(c sin
-1)
= 61.63 (1.27 - 1.57)
= -18.48 KNm
M = 61.63 KNm
T = 18.48 KNm
Design of section
Max. Bm M
c
= m + M1
M
t
=
1
]
1
+
7 . 1
/ 1 b D
u
= 18.48
1
1
1
1
]
1
+
7 . 1
23 . 0
45 . 0
1
= 32.14 KNm
M
e
= 61.63 + 32.14
= 93.77 KNm
118
= 1 KNm
Check for depth d =
230 20 138 . 0
77 . 93
6
x x
x
= 384.34 < 400 mm
Hence Safe
The areas of the bottom and top reinforcement
M
u
= 0.87 fy A
st
d
,
_
bd fck
Ast fy
1
16.64 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
x 400
,
_
400 230 20
415
1
Ast
16.64 x 10
6
= 144420 A
st
- 32.57 A
st
2
A
st
= 118 mm
2
Minimum A
st
= 0.12% cross sectional area
=
230 450
100
12 . 0
x x
= 124.2 mm
2
Provide 2 nos of 10 mm # bar at bottom
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
d
,
_
bd f
A f
ck
st y
1
93.77x10
6
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
x 400

,
_
400 230 20
415
1
st
A
93.77x10
6
= 144420 A
st
- 32.57A
st
2
A
st
= 790mm
2

Provide 4 nos of 16mm # bars.
A
st pro
= 804mm
2
119
Design for Shear
P
c
=
bd
A
st
100
=
400 230
804 100
= 0.87%
0.75 0.56
1.0 0.62
= 0.56 +
) 75 . 0 1 (
) 56 . 0 62 . 0 (
(0.87-0.75)
c
= 0.59 N/mm
2
Shear Capacity of the section V
e
= c
bd
= 0.59 x 230 x 400
= 54.28x10
3
N
Critical Shear force
V = w(R-d)
= 15.88 (1.9)
( ) 2 /
- 400
= 19.65x10
3
N
Tersional force at the section which should be converted in to
equivalent shear.
V
e
= V + 1.6
b
T
= (19.65x10
3
) + 1.6
,
_

30 . 2
10 48 . 18
6
= 19.77x10
6
N
Nominal Shear Stress,
v
=
bd
ve
120
=
3
3
10 230
10 77 . 19
= 0.24 N/mm
2
Minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided,

sv
sv
B
A
=
87 . 0
4 . 0
y
f
S
v
=
b
f
y
4 . 0
87 . 0
Assume 10mm # of two legged vertical stirups
A
sv
= 2
4
10
2

= 157.08mm
2
S
v
=
230 4 . 0
08 . 157 415 87 . 0

= 616.45mm
Provide 10mm # bars at 300mm c/c distance.
121
Fig : 2.3.1. Reinforcement Details for curved Beam
122
Table : 2
Reinforcement Detail about all beams
Frame Member
Tension Reinforcement Shear
Reinforcement
(2 legged vertical
stirrups)
Mid section
At end
section
AA
'
A
1
A
2
4-20 # 2-20 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
A
3
A
4
4-20 # 2-20 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
A
4
A
5
4-20 # 2-20 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
A
5
A
6
4-20 # 2-20 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
BB
'
B
1
B
2
2-16 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
B
2
B
3
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
B
3
B
4
2-16 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
B
5
B
6
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
B
7
B
8
2-16mm # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
CC
'
C
1
C
2
2-16mm # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
C
2
C
3
3-16mm # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
C
4
C
5
3-16mm # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
C
5
C
6
4-20mm # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
DD
'
D
1
D
2
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
D
2
D
3
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
D
4
D
5
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
D
5
D
6
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
D
6
D
7
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
123
EE
'
E
1
E
2
2-16 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
E
3
E
4
2-16 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
E
4
E
5
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
E
5
E
6
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
FF
'
F
1
F
2
2-16 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
F
3
F
4
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
F
4
F
5
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
GG
'
G
1
G
2
2-12 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
G
2
G
3
2-12 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
G
4
G
5
2-12 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
A
2
B
2
2-12 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
HH
'
H
1
H
2
2-12 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
H
2
H
3
3-12 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
II
'
I
1
I
2
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
I
3
I
4
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mm c/c
I
4
I
5
3-16 # 1-16 # 8# @ 300mmc/c
JJ
'
J
1
J
2
2-16 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
J
3
J
4
2-16 # - 8# @ 300mm c/c
124
2.4. Design of Plinth Beam
1. Span = 6.09m
Deed load = 15.18 KN/m
Effective depth =
20
6090
= 304.5mm
Overall depth D = 300 mm
Effective. depth d = 250mm
Effective span :-
i). c/c distance = 6.09 + 0.23 = 6.32m
ii) Span + Effective. depth = 6.09 + 0.25 = 6.34m
Effective. Span = 6.32 m
Load Calculations
Self weight of Beam = 0.23 x 0.3 x 25
= 1.725 KN
Dead Load = 15.18 KN/m
Total Load = 16.905 KN/m
Max .ultimate load = 25.35 KN/m
Max. ultimate moment =
8
2
Wl
=
8
32 . 6 35 . 25
2
x
= 126.60 KNm
M
u
limit = 0.138 f
ck
bd
2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x 400
2
= 101.56
M
u
> M
u
limit
Balanced Moment = 126.60 - 101.56
125
= 86.93 KNM = 25.04
f
sc
= 361
A
Sc
=
250
04 . 25
= 198.17 mm
2
Provide 6 nos
A
st2
=
fy
f A
sc sc
87 . 0
.
=
415 87 . 0
361 198
= 197.97
A
st1
=
fy
it x b fck
u
87 . 0
) lim ( 36 . 0
=
415 87 . 0
) 400 48 . 0 ( 230 20 36 . 0
x
= 880.63mm
2
Total A
st
= 1078 mm
2
Provide 6 nos of 16 mm # bars
Shear reinforcement
V
=
bd
V
u
V
u
=
2
Wul
=
2
32 . 6 35 . 25 x
= 80.106 KN
=
400 230
10 106 . 80
3
x
x
= 0.87 N/mm
2
P
t
=
bd
A
st
100
=
400 230
1206 100
=1.3
1.25 -> 0.67
126
1.5 -> 0.72
= 0.67 +
) 25 . 1 3 . 1 (
25 . 1 5 . 1
62 . 0 72 . 0

,
_
= 0.69 N/mm
2
V
us
= (80.106 x 10
3
- 0.69 x 230 x 400)
= 16.626 x 10
3
Spacing =
3
10 626 . 16
400 101 415 87 . 0

= 877 mm
Provide 8mm # 2 legged vertical stirrups at 300mm c/c
Deflection

actual
d
l
,
_
=
400
6090
= 15.22
Safe against deflection
127
128
Fig : 2.4.1. Reinforcement Details for Plinth Beam
2.5.Design of lintels
Lintels are horizontal structural elements provided over the
opening on walls (doors, window etc.,) to carry the masonry over them. When
they are very near to the roof level, they have to carry the loads transmitted
from the roof also.
They are designed, as small rectangular beams of width always
equal to the thickness of wall in which they are provided. Since lintels are of
minor structural importance, the minimum requirements of reinforcement
specified for beams need not be strictly complied with in lintels.
A minimum of 20mm nominal cover may be provide for the
main reinforcement bars of lintels. The lintels shall have a bearing of at least
150mm on walls at their ends.
129
2.6.Design of Lintel Cum Sunshade
step1. Design Constant and limiting depth of N.A
f
y
= 415 N/mm
2

f
ck
= 20 N/mm
2
for Fe 415 steel

d
x
u
max
= 0.479
R
u
= 0.36
f
ck
=
d
x
u
max
(1-0.416
d
x
u
max
)
= 0.36 x 20 x 0.479 (1-.416 x 0.479)
= 2.761
Design of sunshade
Live Load = 1 KN/m
Dead Load = 1 x 1 x 0.1 x 25 = 2.5 KN/m
Total = 3.5 KN/m
Factored load = 1.5 x 3.5 = 5.25 KN/m
M
u
=
2
2
l W
u
=
2
) 45 . 0 ( 25 . 5
2
= 0.531 kNm
V
u
= 5.25 x 0.45 = 2.36 KNm
d =
1000 761 . 2
10 531 . 0
6
= 13.86mm
d = 80 mm
D = 100 mm
130
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
.d
,
_
d b f
f A
ck
y t s
. .
.
1
0.538 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 A
st
(80)
,
_
80 1000 20
415
1
st
A
0.538 x 10
6
= 28884 A
st
- 7.491 A
st
2
A
st
= 18.71mm
2
A
st
(min) =
100
12 . 0
x 1000 x 100 = 120 mm
2
Spacing =
st
st
A
a 1000
=
120
) (
4
1000
2
d
= 418
Provide 8 mm # bars @ 250 mm c/c
A
st
(Pro.) = 201 .06 mm
2
Check for shear
V
=
bd
V
u
=
80 10
10 36 . 2
3
= 0.0029 N/mm
2
P
t
=
bd
A
st
100
=
80 1000
120 100
= 0.15 %
c
= 0.28 N/mm
2
K = 1.3
K.
c
= 0.195
K.
c
>
n
Hence safe
131
Check for development length
L
d
= 47
= 47 x 8
= 376 mm
x
u
=
b f
A f
ck
st y
. 36 . 0
87 . 0
=
1000 20 26 . 0
06 . 201 415 87 . 0

= 10.08mm
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
(d - 0.416 x
u
)
= 0.87 x 415 x 201.06 (80 - 0.416 x 10.08)
= 5.50 x 10
6
Nmm
Provided 90
0
bend and clear cover 35mm
L
0
=
2
s
L
- x
1
+ 3
=
2
300
- 35 + 3 x 8
= 139mm
1.3.
u
u
V
M
+ L
0
=
3
6
10 36 . 2
10 50 . 5 3 . 1

= 3029.66 > Ld
Hence Safe
Design of Lintel Beam
Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 1x 2.5 = 3 kN/m
B.w. Load = (1.8 x 0.23 x 0.5) 25
= 4.65 kN/m
Self wt. of lintel beam = 0.23 x 0.45 x 1
= 0.1035 kN/m
132
Dead load of sunshade = 1 x 1 x 0.1 x 25
= 2.5 kN/m
Finish Load = 1 x 1x 0.025 x 2
= 0.55 kN/m
Total load = 10.80 kN/m
Factored Load = 16.2 kN/m
M
u
=
8
2
l W
u

=
8
) 8 . 1 ( 2 . 16
2
= 6.56 kNm
d =
Fasd
M
u
=
230 761 . 2
10 56 . 6
6
= 101.63mm
d = 120mm
D = 150mm
Main Reinforcement
6.56 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 A
st
(120)
,
_
120 1000 20
415
1
st
A

= 43326 A
st
- 7.491Ast
2
A
st
= 155.59mm
2
Assume 10mm# bar, use
Check for deflection
P
t
=
bd
A
st
100

=
120 230
59 . 155 100

133
= 0.56%
Modification factor = 1.05
d =
05 . 1 20
L
= 85.714
= 85.714 < 120mm
Check for shear
V
ud
=
2
.L W
u
-
,
_
+ 261 . 0
2
30 . 0
u
W
=
2
) 8 . 1 ( 10 2 . 16
3
- (16.2x10
3
) x 0.411
= 7921.8 N
v
=
bd
V
uD
=
120 230
8 . 7921
= 0.028 N/mm
2
P
t
=
bd
A
st
100
=
120 230
57 . 155 100
= 0.56%
c
= 0.499 N/mm
2
Providing 8mm legged stirrups
S
v
=
b
f A
y sv.
175 . 2
=
230
415 5 . 100 175 . 2
= 394mm
Max
134
S
v
= lesser of 0.75 d
Hence provide 8mm # 2 legged stirrups @ 150mm c/c
Check for development length
x
u
=
b f
Ast f
ck
y
. 36 . 0
87 . 0
=
230 20 36 . 0
59 . 155 415 87 . 0

= 33.92mm
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
(d-0.416 u
x
)
= 0.87 x 415 x 155.59 (120-0.416x33.92)
= 5.9 x 10
6
Nmm
V
u
=
2
.L
u
=
2
8 . 1 2 . 16
= 14.58 kN
Use 10mm dia. bar,
Ld = 47
= 47 x 10
= 470mm
L
0
=
2
s
L
- x
1
=
2
300
-30
= 120mm
1.3
u
u
V
M
+L
0
=
3
6
10 58 . 14
10 94 . 5 3 . 1

+120
= 649.62mm > Ld
Hence ok.
135
Fig : 2.6.1. Reinforcement Details for Lintel Cum Sunshade
136
2.7.Design of staircase With single beam
1. Assume the rise and tread of the step; normally Rise of the steps is 150
to 250 mm. Tread is 250 to 350mm.
2. Design of step
i. Find the span of the cantilever slab
ii. Load calculation for the cantilever slab
iii. Find the moment of the slab using following formula BM =
2
wl
iv. Find the area of steel reinforcement.
Design of Beam
1. Find the effective length stair.
2. Find the slope of the beam
3. Find the load of the stair case
4. The moment of the stair is calculated by using the following formula

8
2
wl
M
5. Check for depth of beam

fckb
M
d
u
138 . 0
6. Find the area of steel reinforcement

1
1
]
1

bd fck
Ast fy
d Ast fy M
u
1 87 . 0
The maximum shear force occurs at eh support under the landing
and at a distance 'd' from support.
Nominal shear stress in the beam,
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No.12,
137
bd
Vu
v

If shear stress is less than allowable stress, minimum shear
reinforcement is to be provided.
Refer IS 456/2000, Page No.12,
fy bsv
Asv
87 . 0
4 . 0
2.7.1.Design of stair case with Single Beam

1. Width stair Case = 1.83 m
Width of landing = 1.25
Rise = 0.15 m
Tread = 0.3 m
no.of steps = 10 nos
Going length = 10 x 0.30
= 3m
Live load = 3 kN/m
f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
f
ck
= 20 N/mm
2
Width of beam = 300 mm
Cantilever span of step =
2
3 . 0 83 . 1
L
1
= 0.765 m
Local Calculation
Self Weight = 0.765 x 0.3 x 0.15 x 25
= 0.86 kN/m
Load on each step = 3 kN/m
total local = 3.86 kN
138
Ultimate local = 5.79 kN
Bending Moment =
2
Wl
=
2
705 . 0 79 . 5 x
= 2.21 kN/m
Moment of each steps
M =
765 . 0 3
2
765 . 0 86 . 0
x
x
+
= 2.62 Knm
d =
300 20 138 . 0
10 62 . 2
6

= 56.25 mm
Provide depth of slab = 80mm cover 15mm
To find A
st
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
d
) (
bd F
A fy
d
ck
st
2.62 x 10
6
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
65
,
_
65 300 20
415
1
Ast
2.62 x 10
6
= 23468.25 A
st
- 24.97 Ast
2
A
st
= 129.47 mm
2
Provide 3 nos of 8mm # bars in each step near the top surface. Also provide 8
mm # bar at 150 mm spacing in the landing in both the directions.
Design of beam
Effective span = going + landing lengths
= 3 + (2 x 1.25)
= 5.5. m
139
slope of the beam
tan
=
300
150

= 26
0
Local calculation
Depth = L/11 =
11
5500
= 500 mm
Weight of steps = 1.83 x 0.008 x 25
= 3.66 KN/m
Self weight =

20 cos
25 45 . 0 3 . 0
= 3.75 kN/m
F.F = 0.6 kN/m
Live local = 1.83 x 3
= 5.49 kN/m
Total load = 13.5 kN
Ultimate load = 20.25 kN
Bending moment =
8
2
wl
=
8
5 . 5 25 . 20
2
x
= 76.57 kNm
Check for depth d =
300 20 138 . 0
10 57 . 76
6
x x
x
= 304 mm < 400 mm
Hence safe
140
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
d
) 1 (
bd fck
A fy
st
76.57 x 10
3
= 0.87 x 415 x A
st
x 400
,
_
400 300 20
415
1
st
A
76.57 x 10
6
= 144420 A
st
- 24.97 A
st
2
A
st
= 590.47 mm
2
Provide 3 nos of 16 mm # bars at bottom
A
st
Pro = 603 mm
2
Provide 2 nos of 10 mm # bars hanger bars
Check for Shear
V = 20.25
,
_
65 . 0
2
5 . 5
= 42.525 KN
Nominal Shear Stress
V
=
bd
V
u
=
400 300
10 525 . 42
3
= 0.35 N/mm
2
P
t
=
bd
Ast 100
=
5 . 0
400 300
603 100
x
x
c
= 0.48 N/mm
2
Provide min shear reinforcement.
S
v
=
b
A fy
st
4 . 0
87 . 0
=
300 04
101 415 87 . 0
x
x x
= 303.88
Provide 8 mm # two legged vertical stirrups at 300 mm c/c
141
Fig : 2.7.1.1. Reinforcement Details for stair case
142
143
2.8. Design of column
2.8.1. Column
A column is defined as a structural member subjected to
compressive force in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. The columns
are used primarily to support compressive load. When the compression
members are over loaded then their failure may take place in direct
compression (crushing), excessive bending combined with twisting. Failure of
column depends upon slenderness ratio.
2.8.2. Types of column
1) Short column
2) Long column
When slenderness ratio (L
ex
/b) is less than 12, the compression
member (L
ex
/b) is said to be short column and if the slenderness ratio is
greater than 12, it is called as long column.
144
2.8.3. Design Procedure for Column
1. Code Requirement
IS 456/2000 specifies certain rules regarding the minimum
eccentricity of loads, the minimum and maximum permitted areas of steel
reinforcement, requirements of lateral reinforcement. Size and number of
reinforcing etc, for RS Columns.
2. Minimum Eccentricity

All compression member should be designed for a minimum
eccentricity equal to the unsupported length of column/500 plus lateral
dimensions/30, subjected to a minimum of 20mm. where actual eccentricity is
larger it should be consider in the design when the eccentricity does not
exceed 0.05 times the lateral dimensions, the load may be anumed as axial.
3. Longitudinal Reinforcement
1. The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8%
not more than 6% of the gross area of the column.
2. The minimum of 4 bars have to be provided in square / rectangular
columns and 6 bars in a circular column.
3. The single of the longitudinal bars in a column shall not be less than
12mm.
4. The nominal concrete cover to longitudinal reinforcement bars shall
not be less than 40mm or the diameter of the bar whichever is
greater.
145
5. In columns of size 200mm or less where the diameter of the main
longitudinal bars do not exceed 12mm a nominal cover of 25mm
may be sufficient.
Transverse Reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement, in the form of lateral ties or circular
rings, is to be provided in RC columns to give effective lateral supports to the
longitudinal bars against buckling.
1. The diameter of the lateral ties / circular rings / helical
reinforcement shall not be less than.
a) the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and
b) 6mm
2. The pitch of the lateral ties / circular rings / helical reinforcement
shall not be more than the least of
a) The least lateral dimensions of the column.
b) 16 x diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars, and
300mm.
146
2.8.4. Load calculation of Column
Column Size = 0.23 x 0.23m
Column height = 3m
Concrete grade = M
20
Steel grade = Fe
415
Load Calculation of First Floor
Self weight of slab =
25 15 . 0 00 . 1
2
52 . 1
2
52 . 1
2
27 . 4
1
2
73 . 4
2
73 . 4
2
27 . 4

1
]
1
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
= 9.79 x 0.15 x 25
= 36.74 kN
Self weight of beam =
,
_
+ +
2
52 . 1
2
73 . 4
2
27 . 4
x 0.23 x 0.45 x 25
= 13.61 kN
Self weight of Brick masonry = 5.23 x 0.23 x 2.55 x 22
= 67.87 kN
Self weight of Column = 0.23 x 0.23 x 3 x 25
= 3.97 kN
Total imposed load = 122.19 kN
Total live load = 9.79 x 4
= 39.16 kN
F.F = 9.79 x 0.8
= 7.83 kN
Total load = 122.19 + 39.16 + 7.83
= 169.18 kN
Design load = 1.5 x 169.18
= 253.77 kN
Say 255 kN
147
Moment acting on
Top Column = 51.21 + 37.54
= 88.75
Load Calculation on Ground Floor
Self weight of slab =
25 15 . 0 1
2
96 . 3 27 . 4
2
96 . 3 27 . 4
2
96 . 3

1
]
1
,
_
+
+
,
_
=
( ) [ ] 115 . 4 115 . 4 98 . 1 +
x 0.15 x 25
= 45.99 kN
Self weight of beam =
,
_
+ +
2
96 . 3
2
27 . 4
2
96 . 3
x 0.23 x 0.45 x 25
= 15.77 kN
Self weight of Brick masonry = 6.095 x 0.23 x 2.55 x 22
= 78.64 kN
Self weight of Column = 0.23 x 0.23 x 3 x 25
= 3.97 kN
Total live load = 12.263 x 4
= 49.052 kN
F.F = 12.263 x 1
= 12.263 kN
Total load = 144.37 + 49.052 + 12.263
= 205.685 kN
Design load = 1.5 x 205.685
= 308.53 kN
Say 310 kN
Size of Column = 230 x 230
Total design load = 255 + 310
= 565 kN
148
2.8.5. Square Column with Biaxial Bending (Intermediate Column)
Design load 'P
u
' = 565 kN
Factored moment action parallel
to the larger dimension M
u
x = 33.78 kNm
Factored moment action Parallel to
the shorten dimension M
u
y = 14.34 kNm
Total moment = 33.78 + 14.34
= 481.kN
Moment due to minimum eccentricity are less than the value
given above, Reinforcement is distributed equally on four sides.
As a first trial assume the reinforcement percentage P = 1.2

ck
f
P
=
20
2 . 1
= 0.06
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about XX - axis.
Assume 16mm # bar with 40mm cover.
d
'
= 40 + 8
= 48 mm
= 4.8 cm

D
d
'
= 0.208
Chart for
D
d
'
= 0.208 will be used.

bD f
P
ck
u
=
2
3
10 23 23 20
10 565

= 0.534

2
bD f
M
ck
u
=
2
3
23 23 20
10 12 . 48

= 0.197
149
M
u
x
1
= 0.197 x 20 x 23 x 23
2
x
,
_
6
3
10
10
= 47.93 kNm
Uniaxial moment Capacity of Section about YY - axis.

D
d
'
= 0.208
Chart for
D
d
'
= 0.20

2
bD f
M
ck
u
= 0.197
M
u
y
1
= 87.35 kNm
Calculation of P
u
z
Referring to chart 63 form code SP16 : 1980
Corresponding to,
P = 1.2 , f
y
= 415 and f
ck
= 20

g
u
A
z P
= 12.5 N/mm
2
P
u
z = 12.5 A
g

= 12.5 x 23 x 23 x

,
_
3
3
10
10
= 661.25 kN

z P
P
u
u
=
25 . 661
565
= 0.854

1
x M
x M
u
u
=
93 . 47
78 . 33
= 0.70

150

1
y M
y M
u
u
=
93 . 47
32 . 14
= 0.298
Reffering to chart 64, the permissible value of
1
x M
x M
u
u
corresponding to the above values of
1
y M
y M
u
u
and
z P
P
u
u
is equal to 0.73.
A
s
=
100
23 23 2 . 1
= 6.35 cm
2
Provide 6 nos of 16mm # bar A
s
= 12.06 cm
2
P =
23 23
100 06 . 12
= 2.279
With this percentages, the section may be rechecked as follows

ck
f
P
=
20
279 . 2
= 0.113

2
bD f
M
ck
u
= 0.25
M
u
x
1
= 0.25 x 20 x 23 x 23
2
x
,
_
6
3
10
10
= 60.83 kNm

2
bD f
M
ck
u
= 0.32
M
u
y
1
= 0.32 x 20 x 23 x 23
2
x
,
_
6
3
10
10
= 71.86 kNm

g
u
A
z P
= 12 N/mm
2
151
P
u
z = 13 x 23 x 23 x

,
_
3
2
10
10
= 687.7 kN
z P
P
u
u
=
7 . 687
565
= 0.82

1
x M
x M
u
u
=
83 . 60
78 . 33
= 0.55

1
y M
y M
u
u
=
86 . 77
32 . 14
= 0.184
Corresponding to the above value of
1
y M
y M
u
u
and
z P
P
u
u
the
permissible value of
1
x M
x M
u
u
is 0.78.
Hence, the section is ok.
152
Fig : 2.8.5.1. Reinforcement Details for Column ( Intermediate Column)
153
2.8.6. Square Column with Biaxial Bending (Corner Column)
Size of column = 23 x 23 cm
Factored load 'P
u
' = 565 kN
M
u
x = 33.78 kNm
M
u
y = 14.34 kNm
Total moment = 34.02 + 21.23
= 55.25.kNm
Moment due to minimum eccentricity are less than the value
given above,
Reinforcement is distributed equally on four sides.
As a first trial assume the reinforcement percentage P = 1.2
ck
f
P
=
20
2 . 1
= 0.06
d
'
= 40 + 8
= 48 mm
= 4.8 cm
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about XX - axis.

D
d
'
=
23
8 . 4

= 0.208
Chart for
D
d
'
= 0.20 will be used.

bD f
P
ck
u
=
2
3
10 23 23 20
10 565

= 0.534

2
bD f
M
ck
u
=
2
3
23 23 20
10 25 . 55

= 0.227
154
M
u
x
1
= 0.227 x 20 x 23 x 23
2
x
,
_
6
3
10
10
= 55.23 kNm
Uniaxial moment Capacity of Section about YY - axis.

D
d
'
=
23
8 . 4
= 0.208
Chart for
D
d
'
= 0.2

2
bD f
M
ck
u
= 0.227
M
u
y
1
= 55.23 kNm
Calculation of P
u
z
Form code SP16 : 1980 Referring to chart 63
Corresponding to,
P = 1.2 , f
y
= 415 and f
ck
= 20

g
u
A
z P
= 12.5 N/mm
2
P
u
z = 12.5 A
g

= 12.5 x 23 x 23 x

,
_
3
2
10
10
= 661.25 kN

z P
P
u
u
=
25 . 661
565
= 0.854

1
x M
x M
u
u
=
23 . 55
02 . 34
= 0.615
155

1
y M
y M
u
u
=
23 . 55
23 . 21
= 0.384
Referring to chart 64, the permissible value of
1
x M
x M
u
u
corresponding to the above values of
1
y M
y M
u
u
and
z P
P
u
u
is equal to 0.64.
A
s
=
100
23 23 2 . 1
= 6.35 cm
2
Provide 6 nos of 16mm # bar A
s
= 12.06 cm
2
P =
23 23
100 06 . 12
= 2.279
With this percentages, the section may be rechecked as follows

ck
f
P
=
20
279 . 2
= 0.113

2
bD f
M
ck
u
= 0.34
M
u
x
1
= 0.34 x 20 x 23 x 23
2
x
,
_
6
3
10
10
= 8273 kNm

2
bD f
M
ck
u
= 0.36
M
u
y
1
= 0.36 x 20 x 23 x 23
2
x
,
_
6
3
10
10
= 87.60 kNm

g
u
A
z P
= 13.2 N/mm
2
156
P
u
z = 13.2 x 23 x 23 x

,
_
3
2
10
10
= 698.28 kN
z P
P
u
u
=
28 . 698
565
= 0.809

1
x M
x M
u
u
=
73 . 82
02 . 34
= 0.41

1
y M
y M
u
u
=
60 . 87
23 . 21
= 0.242
Corresponding to the above value of
1
y M
y M
u
u
and
z P
P
u
u
the
permissible value of
1
x M
x M
u
u
is 0.7
Hence, the section is ok.

157
Fig : 2.8.6.1. Reinforcement Details for Column ( Corner Column)
158
2.9.Design of footing
2.9.1. Footing
The portion of the structure above the plinth is called
superstructure and the portion of the structure below the plinth is called as
substructure. The footing or foundation is the part of substructure which
remains in contact with the soil or rock. The footing or foundation transmits
safely the load to soil stratum and distributes the load over large area of the
stratum so that the bearing pressure developed in the soil remains less than the
safe bearing capacity of the soil and is ensured that the any settlement which
may occur shall be nearly uniform as possible and the differential settlement
of the various parts of the structure shall be eliminated as nearly as possible.
2.9.2. Types of footing
1. Isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Spread footing
4. Raft footing
159
2.9.3. Design Procedure
The following steps may be followed in the design of isolated
base for RC columns carrying axial. The column load the safe bearing
capacity of soil and the grade of concrete and steel to be used will be given.
1. Determination of the size of base
The self weight of the base is assumed approximately as equal to
10% to 15% of the column load.
Total load on the soil is determined as Total load on the soil =
Column load + Self weight of base the area of base required is determined as:
Area required =
soil the of C B S
soil the on load Total
. .
The sides of the base are determined depending on the shape of
footing desired (square / rectangle).
Let the sides of the base be A and B (Rectangle)
2. Determination of net upward design pressure under the base
In the case of axially loaded columns, the net upward pressure
under the base will be approximately uniform. It is determined simply as:
Net upward design pressure, w =
footing of Area
load Column
=
B A
P
u
.
3. Determination of design bending moments
Let the sides of the column be 'a' and 'b'. The bending moments
will be maximum along the faces of the column due to the cantilever action of
the base slab in both directions. Therefore the design bending moments are
160
determined along the two faces (short and long - Refer fig. 10.2) of the
column as:

1
x
M
=
( )
2
8
b B
A

2
x
M
=
( )
2
8
a A
B

[In the case of square footing for square column, it is enough to
determine the bending moment in one direction only. If the net upward
pressure is calculated form the characteristic column load, the bending
moments may be multiplied by the partial safety factor to get the design
moments].
4. Effective width of cross section
a) In the case of footings of uniform thickness, the effective width is
taken as the width of footing itself, in the directions.
b) In the case of sloped footings, the trapezoidal cross section along the
face of column is assumed as an equivalent rectangular cross section of
effective width.
a
e
=
6
a A
a

+
for cross section X
1
X
1
, and
b
e
=
6
b B
b

+
for cross section X
2
X
2
5. Effective depth required
a) In the case of footing of uniform thickness, the effective depth of
footing required for flexure is determined as the greater of:
d
1
=
A Q
M
x
1
and d
2
=
B Q
M
x
2
161
b) In the case of footings of varying thickness, the effective depth required
for flexure is the greater of
d
1
=
e
x
a Q
M
1
and d
2
=
e
x
b Q
M
2
Where, Q = M.R. Coefficient for the balanced section of given
grades of concrete and steel (Refer Table: 4.2)
Considering the effect of shear, an increased effective depth
approximately equal to 1.5 to 2.0 times the requirement, is provided (smaller
values are provided when M15 grade concrete and Fe.415 or Fe.500 grade
steel are used and larger values are provided when M20 grade concrete and
mild steel are used). Assuming suitable cover to the bottom layer
reinforcement the total thickness (depth) of the base is determined. Let the
effective depth provided be 'd'. In the case of sloped footings an edge
thickness of not less than 150mm is provided.
6. Design of reinforcement
The area of tension reinforcement required for both the
directions are determined as in the case of beams/ slabs using the expressions.
0.87f
y
A
st1
1
]
1
e ck
st y
a f
A f
d
1
1 = M
x1

0.87f
y
A
st2
1
]
1
e ck
st y
b f
A f
d
2
1 = M
x2
The steel provided for the maximum bending moment (B.M
requiring more effective depth in step 5, say M
x1
) is provided at the bottom
and the steel provided for the other bending moment (say M
x2
), is provided
over that. Since the effective depth of the upper layer bars is less by one
162
diameter of bar than that of the lower layer bars, the lever arms is to be
determined based n the reduced effective depth, as done in the case of two
way slab.
Suitable size and number of bars (or spacing) are suggested for
both directions. The minimum area of steel reinforcement and the maximum
permitted spacing of reinforcement specified for slabs are to be satisfied while
designing the reinforcement.
7. Check for development length
The development length required for the tension bar is calculated
as:
L
d
=
bd
y
f
4
87 . 0
The actual length of bars from the face of column to the free
edge is determined and checked. If it is found insufficient, bends or hooks are
provided at their ends to increase the anchorage value.
8. Check for transverse shear
The transverse shear at distance 'd' from the face of column (in
the direction of the larger projection of base) is determined as
V
y
=
,
_
d
b B
A
2 2
.
The shearing area at this critical section is a rectangle (A
) d
in
the case of footings of uniform thickness and a trapezium over rectangle in
the case of sloped footings.
The nominal shear stress is determined as:
uy
=
YY along area Shearing
shear Transverse
163
The permissible shear stress and the maximum shear stress and
determined from Tables 19 and 20 of IS:456-2000.
If uy
< k c
and 0.5 max c
the section is safe against transverse

shear. Otherwise the depth of footing is to be increased.
9. Check for punching area
The punching shear at distance 'd/2' from the periphery of the
column is determined as:
V
z
=
[AxB - (a+d) (b+d)]

The shearing area along the critical section
= 2
( ) ( ) [ ] d b d a + + +
xd'
= (2a+2b+4d) d'

Where, d' = the effective depth of footing along the critical
section.
The nominal shear stress due to punching shear is determined as:
uz
=
punching in area Shearing
shear Punching
The permissible shear stress in punching is determined as:
k
s
cz
= 0.25 k
s
ck
f

The nominal shear stress in punching is to be less than the
corresponding permissible shear stress. Otherwise the thickness of footing is
to be increased.
10. Check for bearing stress
164
Base width of frustrum of pyramid are determined as: (a+4D)
and (b+4D) which are restricted to a maximum of A and B respectively:
Now, supporting area for bearing of footing,
A
1
= (a+4D) (b+4D) restricted to A x B
Loaded area at the column base,
A
2
= a x b
The value of
2
1
A
A
is determined; it is restricted to a maximum of
2. The permissible bearing stress on the footing is determined as:
p
=
area Loaded
load Column Design
=
b a
P
u
The actual bearing stress is to be less than the permissible bearing

stress. Otherwise, reinforcement shall be provided for developing the excess
force either by extending the longitudinal bars into the supporting member, or
by dowels.
11. Check for bearing capacity of soil
Being completed the design of the footing its actual self weight
is calculated and the actual pressure on the soil is checked. It should be less
than the S.B.C. of the soil.
12. Detailing
The cross section of the base is drawn and the dimensions,
reinforcement details etc. are marked.
2.9.4. Design of footing
Load
165
Size of column = 0.23 x 0.23m
Axial load = 255 + 310
= 565 kN
Assume self weight of footing = 10% = 100 kN
Total load on the soil = 665 kN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 140 kN/m
2

Area of footing required =
140
665
= 4.75m
2

Side of the square footing =
75 . 4
= 2.2m
Provide a square footing of size = 2.2 x 2.2m
Net Upward Pressure
Factored load = 565 x 1.5
= 847.5 kN
Net upward design pressure
at the base =
2 . 2 2 . 2
5 . 847
= 175.10 kN/m
2
Bending moment
Projection of footing from the
face of column =
2
27 . 0 2 . 2
= 0.985m
Bending Moment @ section, XX
M
x
= 175.10 x 2.2 x 0.985 x
= 189.72 kNm
166
= 189.72 x 10
6
Nmm
Depth of footing Required
b
e
= 230 + 1/6 (2200 - 230)
= 558.33 mm
= 550 mm
Effective. depth d =
b f
M
cd
u
. 138 . 0
=
550 20 138 . 0
10 72 . 189
6

= 353mm
Consider effect of shear provide a total depth of 550mm with an
effective depth of 500mm for the upper layer bars.
M
u
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
.d
,
_
bd f
f A
ck
y st
.
.
1
189.72x10
6
= 0.87 x 415 A
st
(500)
,
_
500 550 20
415
1
st
A
189.72x10
6
= 180525 A
st
- 13.62 Ast
2
A
st
= 1150.86mm
2
Provide 12nos of 12mm # bars.
A
st (Pro)
= 1357mm
2
t
=
bd
Ast 100
=
500 550
1357 100
= 0.9 %
c
= 0.42 N/mm
2
Check for transverse shear
167
V
y
= 175.10 x 2.2 (0.985 - 0.55)
= 167.57 kN
= 167570 N
Total depth of footing at
the middle sec. Y.Y = 100 +
985
100 550
x435
= 119.87mm
Effective depth of center = 119.87 - 75
= 44.87mm
Effective depth of edges = 100 - 75
= 25mm
Breath of section at top = 230 + (2x550)
= 1330mm
Effective area resisting the
transverse shear, = 2200 x 125 +
87 . 94
2
2200 1330

,
_
+
= 442445.5mm
2
Nominal shear stress, vy
=
55 . 442445
167570
= 0.37 N/mm
2
< 0.42 N/mm
2
( c
)
Hence ok.
Check for punching sear
Length of ZZZZ = 4 (230 + 2 x 410)
= 4200mm
Over all depth of section ZZZZ = 100 +
,
_

985
100 550
x 525
= 339.84mm
Effective depth = 338- 75
168
z z
z z
2200
2200
= 264.84mm
Punching shear, V
z
= 175.10 (2.2
2
- 1.05
2
)
= 654.43 kN
Nominal shear stress,
vz
=
84 . 264 4200
30 . 6544
= 0.58N/mm
2
Permissible shear stress,
cz
= 0.25 ck
f
= 0.25
20
= 1.118N/mm
2
vz
< cz
Hence ok.
169
Fig : 2.9.4.1. Reinforcement Details for Footing
170
Section
2.10. Estimation and costing
Table : 3
Estimation and costing
Sl.
No
Description No
Dimension
Remark
L
(m)
B
(m)
D
(m)
Qty.
1. Earth work
Excavation
a) Footing 17 2.20 2.20 2.00 164.56
b) Plinth Beam
i) Wall allround 1 22.68 0.23 0.40 2.086
c/w b/w
ii) M. Bed &
Drawing
1 1.80 0.23 0.40 0.165
iii) Kitchen &
Drawing
1 2.52 0.23 0.40 0.232
iv) M.Bed & Toilet 1 2.67 0.23 0.40 0.246
v) Toilet & Kitchen 1 2.07 0.23 0.40 0.191
vi) Drawing & Bed 1 2.06 0.23 0.40 0.189
vii) Drawing &
Study
1 1.76 0.23 0.40 0.162
viii) Toilet 1 6.10 0.45 0.45 1.235
169.066m
3
2. River Sand Filling
a) Footing 17 2.20 2.20 0.10 8.228
171
b) Plinth beam
i) Wall allround 1 50.26 0.23 0.05 0.578
8.806m
3
3. P.C.C. 1:4:8
a) Footing 17 2.20 2.20 0.15 12.342m
3
4 Random Rubble
Masnory
Wall allround 50.26 0.3 0.3 4.52
Toilet 6.17 0.3 0.3 0.55
5.07m
3
5 R.C.C. 1:2:4
a) Footing
i) at Rectangular
portion
17 2.2 2.2 0.1 8.228
ii) above
Rectangular portion
upto column
junction
17 2.4 46 0.55 22.870
iii) Column (Upto
plinth level)
17 0.23 0.23 1.35 1.215
iv) Upto I floor 17 0.23 0.23 3 2.698
v) Upto I to II floor 12 0.23 0.23 3 1.904
36.195m
3
6. Plinth Beam
i) Wall alround 17 50.26 0.23 0.30 58.467
ii) M.bed &
Drawing
3.96 0.23 0.30 0.273
172
iii) Kitchen &
Drawing
4.72 0.23 0.30 0.325
iv) M.bed & Toilet 4.87 0.23 0.30 0.336
v) Toilet & Kitchen 4.27 0.23 0.30 0.294
vi) Drawing & Bed 4.26 0.23 0.30 0.294
vii) Drawing &
Study
3.96 0.23 0.30 0.273
viii) Toilet 6.10 0.23 0.30 0.420
60.682m
3
7. Lintel @ I floor
i) Wall alround 17 50.26 0.23 0.15 29.47
ii) M.bed &
Drawing
3.96 0.23 0.15 0.136
iii) Kitchen &
Drawing
4.72 0.23 0.15 0.163
iv) M.bed & Toilet 4.87 0.23 0.15 0.168
v) Toilet & Kitchen 4.27 0.23 0.15 0.147
vi) Drawing & Bed 4.26 0.23 0.15 0.147
vii) Drawing &
Study
3.96 0.23 0.15 0.136
viii) Toilet 6.10 0.23 0.15 0.210
30.577m
3
8. Lintel @ IInd floor
i) Wall allround 1 49.06 0.23 0.15 1.673
ii) Drawing & Bed 1 3.96 0.23 0.15 0.137
iii) Bed & Drawing 1 4.72 0.23 0.15 0.163
173
5.53m
3
9. Sunshade
i) Wall allround I
floor
1 46.85 0.45 0.087 1.834
ii) Wall allround II
floor
1 43.59 0.45 0.087 1.706
10 Roof Slab @ I floor
with 1:1:3
i) Kitchen 1x1 4.73 5.18 0.12 2.940
ii) Toilet & Bath 1x1 4.23 1.52 0.12 0.772
iii) Master bed 1x1 5.32 4.42 0.12 2.827
iv) Drawing 1x1 6.10 10.67 0.12 7.810
v) Bed Room 1x1 4.42 4.72 0.12 2.503
vi) Study 1x1 4.19 4.19 0.12 2.107
vii) Toilet 1x1 1.75 3.13 0.12 0.657
19.63m
3
Deduction
Opening area 1x1 7.93 4.10 0.12 (-) 3.902
Stair Case 1x1 1.00 6.10 0.12 (-) 0.732
Stair Case 1x1 1.20 1.00 0.12 (-) 0.288
(-) 4.922m
3
11. Second Floor
Room 1x1 4.73 5.18 0.12 2.940
Hall 1x1 6.10 10.67 0.12 7.810
Bed 1x1 4.19 4.19 0.12 2.107
174
Toilet I 1x1 1.75 3.13 0.12 0.657
Toilet II 1x1 4.23 1.52 0.12 0.772
14.286m
3
12. Beam Ist Floor
Front Side Kitchen 1x2 4.27 0.23 0.45 0884
Rear Side Kitchen 1x2 4.72 0.23 0.45 0.977
Master bed room 1x2 4.87 0.23 0.45 1.008
Master bed room 1x2 3.96 0.23 0.45 0.820
Toilet 1x2 1.52 0.23 0.45 0.315
Drawing 1x2 6.10 0.23 0.45 1.263
Bed Front Side 1x2 3.96 0.23 0.45 0.820
Bed Read Side 1x2 4.26 0.23 0.45 0.882
Study & Bed 1x2 3.96 0.23 0.45 0.820
Game area 1x3 1.98 0.23 0.45 0.615
Curved Beam 1x1 3.11 0.20 0.45 0.322
8.726m
3
13. Stair Case
Beam 1x1 4.32 0.30 0.45 0.583
Beam 1x2 8.43 0.30 0.45 0.656
Beam 1x2 1.70 0.30 0.45 0.459
Steps 1x20 1.80 0.30 0.07 0.756
Waist Slab 1x1 6.56 1.00 0.15 0.984
3.438m
3
175
14. I Class
Brick work in
C.M. 1:4
Ist Floor
Front Side Kitchen 1x2 4.27 0.23 2.40 4.714
Rear Side 1x2 4.72 0.23 2.40 5.211
Master bed room 1x2 4.87 0.23 2.40 5.376
Master rear side 1x2 3.96 0.23 2.40 4.372
Toilet 1x2 1.52 0.23 2.40 1.678
Drawing 1x2 6.10 0.23 2.40 6.734
Bed front side 1x2 3.96 0.23 2.40 4.372
Bed rear side 1x2 4.26 0.23 2.40 4.703
Study & bed 1x2 3.96 0.23 2.40 4.372
Game area 1x2 1.98 0.23 2.40 3.278
Curved 1x2 3.11 0.23 2.40 1.717
46.527m
3
IInd Floor
Toilet 1x2 3.77 0.23 2.40 4.162
Toilet rear side 1x2 1.52 0.23 2.40 1.678
Bed room 1x2 4.87 0.23 2.40 5.376
Bed rear side 1x2 4.72 0.23 2.40 5.211
Bed room 1x2 3.96 0.23 2.40 8.744
Drawing 1x2 6.10 0.23 2.40 6.734
Drawing rear side 1x2 10.67 0.23 2.40 23.560
176
Toilet 1x2 1.52 0.23 2.40 1.678
Toilet rear side 1x2 2.67 0.23 2.40 2.947
60.09m
3
Parapet
B.W in Ist Floor 1 19.17 0.115 1.00 2.20
B.W. in IInd Floor 1 51.8 0.115 1.00 5.96
8.16m
3
Deduction
Door (D
1
) 1 1.2 0.23 2.10 0.579
Door (D
2
) 8 1.0 0.23 2.10 3.864
Door (D
3
) 5 0.9 0.23 2.10 2.174
Window (W
1
) 12 1.5 0.23 1.5 6.210
Arc Window (W
2
) 2 2.0 0.23 2.00 1.840
Ventilator 3 0.6 0.23 0.60 0.248
14.915m
3
15. Celling Plastering
C.M. 1:3
Ist Floor
Kitchen 4.27 4.72 - 20.15
M.Bed 4.87 3.96 - 19.28
Toilet 3.77 1.52 - 5.73
Study & bed 3.96 3.96 - 15.68
Bed 3.96 4.26 - 16.86
Toilet 1.52 2.67 - 4.06
177
Drawing (Front) 1 6.1 2.4 - 14.64
Drawing (Side) 2 6.07 1.0 - 12.11
108.51m
2
IInd Floor
Bed Room 1 4.27 4.72 - 20.15
Bed Room 1 3.96 3.96 - 15.68
Toilet 1 3.77 1.52 - 5.73
Toilet 1 1.52 2.67 - 4.06
Drawing 1 6.1 10.67 - 65.09
110.71m
2
Wall Plastering
Outer Wall allround 1 53.48 - 3.0 160.44
Kitchen 2 17.98 - 3.0 107.78
M.Bed 1 17.66 - 3.0 52.98
Toilet 2 10.52 - 3.0 63.48
Drawing 2 33.54 - 3.0 201.24
Bed 1 16.44 - 3.0 49.32
Study & Bed 2 15.84 - 3.0 95.04
Toilet 2 8.38 - 3.0 50.28
780.56m
2
Parapet Plastering
B.W in Ist Floor 1 19.17 - 2.115 40.54
B.W. in IInd Floor 1 51.8 - 2.115 109.55
150.09m
2
178
Deduction
Door (D
1
) 1x2 1.2 - 2.1 5.04
Door (D
2
) 1x8 1.0 - 2.10 16.80
Door (D
3
) 1x5 0.9 - 2.10 9.45
Window (W
1
) 1x12 1.5 - 1.5 27.00
Arc Window (W
2
) 1x2 2.0 - 2.0 8.00
Ventilator 1x3 0.6 - 0.6 1.08
67.37m
2
1. Earthwork excavation - 169.066 m
3
2. Qty. of River Sand - 8806 m
3
3. Qty. of P.C.C 1:4:8 - 12.342 m
3
4. Qty. of Randam Rubble Masnory - 5.07 m
3
5. Qty. of R.C.C. 1:2:4 - 174.848 m
3
6. B.W. in C.M. 1:4 - 99.86 m
3
7. Plastering - 1082.5 m
2

8. White washing - 108.5 m
2
179
2.10.1. Abstract Estimate
Table : 4
Abstract Estimate
S.
No.
Description Units Qty. Rate Amount
1. Earthwork excavation m
3
168.066 510.00 86223.66
2. River Sand m
3
8.806 245.00 2157.47
3. P.C.C 1:4:8 m
3
12.342 3535.00 43628.97
4. Randam Rubble Masnory m
3
5.07 2657.00 13470.99
5. R.C.C. 1:2:4 m
3
174.848 4090.00 715128.32
6. B.W. in C.M. 1:4 m
3
99.86 11570.00 1055520.80
7. Plastering m
2
1082.5 360.00 389700.00
8. White washing m
2
1082.5 55.00 59537.50
2755064.65
Total Cost = Rs.2755064.65
Add 5% contingencies = 5/100 x 2755064.65
= Rs. 137753.2325
Total amount = Rs. 2893817.88
Say Rs. 3000000/-
180
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
181
CHAPTER - 3
CONCLUSION
We have calculated the load acting on the each and every
elements of the building. We adopted the Kanis method. We came to know
that Kanis methods is using limit state method we designed all building
elements most suitable one for analyzing now we are capable of designing
any kind of building multistoried building and gives accurate value. In order
to calculate maximum Bending moment and shear force induced on the
column and beam.
Using limit state method we designed all the building elements.
We have done estimation for our building by using center line method. The
estimated cost for our building is Rs. 3000000/-.
Now we are capable of designing any kind of building.

182
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
1. Advance Reinforced Concrete Design, P.C. Varghese.
2. Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics, Gopal Ranjan and A.S.R. Rao
3. Code : IS : 456 - 2000
4. Code SP-16 For Design
5. Concrete Structure V.N. Vazirani M. Ratwasi
6. Construction of buildings, B.C. Punmia
7. Design and Analysis of Steel structures, V.N. Vazirani
8. Design of Concrete Structure Dr. Ramachenadra
9. Design of RC Structure S. Ramamurutham, R.Narayan
10.Design of reinforcement concrete structures.P. Dayaratnam
11.Foundation Engg, S.P. Brahma
12.Strength of material and theory of structures, B.C. Punmia

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ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF TWO

STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

are coefficient taken from the table. This table is refer

has the value is taken from the table,

Hence safe the stress is with in permissible limit.

d = 65.74 mm < 100mm

is taken as based on the percentage of steel and grade of

, minimum shear reinforcement is to be provide.

, shear reinforcement is to be provide. in following method.

Over all depth D = 450mm

= 422 mm < 450mm

Since, minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided

Over all depth D = 450mm

= 281.77 < 450 mm

= 0 the mid Span

6. Find the area of steel reinforcement

2.7.1.Design of stair case with Single Beam

and 0.5 max c

the section is safe against transverse

[AxB - (a+d) (b+d)]

The actual bearing stress is to be less than the permissible bearing

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