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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Introduction The compressibility of a fluid is, basically, a measure of the change in density that will be produced in the fluid by a specific change in pressure and temperature. In general, gases are highly compressible and liquids have a very low compressibility.
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Application ; Aircraft design Gas and steam turbines Reciprocating engines Natural gas transmission lines Combustion chambers Compressibility effect ; Supersonic the flow velocity is relatively high compared to the speed of sound in the gas. Subsonic
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Fundamental assumptions 1. The gas is continuous. 2. The gas is perfect (obeys the perfect gas law) 3. Gravitational effects on the flow field are negligible. 4. Magnetic and electrical effects are negligible. 5. The effects of viscosity are negligible. Applied principles 1. Conservation of mass (continuity equation) 2. Conservation of momentum (Newtons law) 3. Conservation of energy (first law of thermodynamics) 4. Equation of state
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
P : Pressure
= RT
: Density
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Conservation of momentum :
Net force on gas in control volume in direction considered
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Conservation of energy :
Rate of increase in internal energy and kinetic energy of gas in control volume Rate enthalpy and kinetic energy leave control volume Rate enthalpy and kinetic energy enter control volume
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Definition : A control volume is a volume in space (geometric entity, independent of mass) through which fluid may flow Enthalpy H, is the sum of internal energy U and the product of pressure P and volume V appears.
H = U + PV
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Introduction
Many of the compressible flows that occur in engineering practice can be adequately modeled as a flow through a duct or streamtube whose cross-sectional area is changing relatively slowly in the flow direction.
A duct is a solid walled channel, whereas a streamtube is defined by considering a closed curve drawn in a fluid flow.
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Quasi-one-dimensional flow is flows in which the flow area is changing but in which the flow at any section can be treated as one-dimensional.
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
CONTINUITY EQUATION
The continuity equation is obtained by applying the principle of conservation of mass to flow through a control volume.
There is no mass transfer across the control volume. The only mass transfer occurs through the ends of the control volume.
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Mass enters through the left hand face of the control volume be equal to the rate at which mass leaves through the right hand face of the control volume.
&1 = m &2 m
We know that
& = VA m
We considered ;
1V1 A1 = 2V2 A2
For the differentially short control volume indicated,
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
VA = ( + d )(V + dV )( A + dA)
Neglecting higher order terms, we found ;
VA
then gives ;
dV dA + + =0 V A
This equation relates the fractional changes in density, velocity and area over a short length of the control volume.
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
The only forces acting on the control volume are the pressure forces and the frictional force exerted on the surface of the control volume.
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Note : dx is too small, dPdA have been neglected. Mean pressure on the curved surface can be taken as the average of the pressures acting on the two end surfaces. dF is the frictional force.
Rearranging above equation, we found the net force on the control volume in the x-direction is ;
AdP dF
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Since the rate at which momentum crosses any section of the duct is equal to
VA[(V + dV ) V ] = VAdV
Ad dF = VAdV
Frictional force is assumed to be negligible. The Eulers equation for steady flow through a duct becomes;
dP
= VdV
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
V2 dP + =C 2
(For compressible)
V2 P + =C 2
(For incompressible)
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
For flow through the type of control volume considered as before, we found ;
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
h = c pT
V2 (V + dV ) 2 c pT + + dq = c p (T + dT ) + 2 2
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
c p dT + VdV = dq
This equation indicates that in compressible flows, changes in velocity will, in general, induce changes in temperature and that heat addition can cause velocity changes as well as temperature changes. If the flow is adiabatic i.e., if there is no heat transfer to of from the flow, it gives ;
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
c p dT + VdV = 0
This equation shows that in adiabatic flow, an increase in velocity is always accompanied by a decrease in temperature.
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
EQUATION OF STATE
P P2 1 = 1T1 2T2
When applied between the inlet and the exit of a differentially short control volume, this equation becomes ;
P P + dP = T ( + d )(T + dT )
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
P P (1 + = T T
dP P
)(1 d )(1 dT ) T
dP d dT =0 P T
This equation shows how the changes in pressure, density and temperature are interrelated in compressible flow.
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
ENTROPY CONSIDERATIONS
In studying compressible flows, another variable, the entropy, s, has to be introduced. The entropy basically places limitations on which flow processes are physically possible and which are physically excluded. The entropy change between any two points in the flow is given by ;
s2 s1 = c p ln
[ ] R ln[ ]
T2 T1 P2 P1
(1)
Since
s2 s1 = ln cp
( )( )
T2 T1 P2 P1
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
T2 P2 = T1 P 1
T2 P2 1 = T1 P 1 2
it follows that in isentropic flow :
P2 2 = P 1 1
is a constant.
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
ds = c p
dT T
R dP P
(2)
ds dT 1 dP = cp T P
lastly, it is noted that in an isentropic flow, equation (2) gives;
RT c p dT = dP P
using the perfect gas law ;
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
c p dT =
dP
(3)
but the energy equation for isentropic flow, i.e., for flow with no heat transfer, it gives ;
c p dT + VdV = 0
which using equation (3) gives ;
dP
+ VdV = 0
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