Use of CD-ROMs and Internet Resources by The Students a.M.U., Aligarh of Information Technology

Chatper-1
INTRODUCTION
The roots of the Internet Lie in a project called the ARPANET, which was sponsored by the United States Department of Defence, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The department of defence was interested in building a network that could maintain itself under adverse conditions. The project was started in 1968 and soon evolved into a more general goal of developing techniques to build a large-scale network. ARPANET continued for years and was gradually phased out after having been officially declared completed. By then, the technology to connect computers reliably and economically had been developed and today the ARPANETs spiritual descendents from the global backbone of what we call, INTERNET, is simply defined as network of networks. It consists of a large number of linked computer networks forming a global network. This is largely open and free, allowing
Use of CD-ROMs and Internet resources by the students A.M.U., Aligarh of information technology Page 1
users to communicate with each other for work and recreational purposes, and for corporate and personal reasons. Because the Internet is so vast and is without regulation or hierarchy, the network is a treasure-trove of information from many sources. Resources are available in all subjects; mailing is possible for all participants; documents can be forwarded and delivered across the world and directories and journals abound. The development such as the World Wide Web (WWW) combines friendliness of user interface with enormously powerful information retrieval capability. Electronic mail is one of the most important services offered through the Internet, with each person having a personal mail address, enabling them to link up to another user anywhere in the world and communicates within seconds. In other words, it is easier to view the internet in two related but distinct parts; they are the communications networks, which is the immense web of interconnected local and wide area networks, telephone lines, cables, fiber-optics and satellite links which provide the medium for the transfer of information around the Internet, and the computing sites which actually hold and process the data which are available to be transmitted across the network.
INTERNET WORKS
The internet is based on the concept of a client-server relationship between computers, also called a client/server architecture. In a client/server architecture, some computers act as servers, or information providers, while other computers act as clients, or information receivers. The client/server architecture is not one-toone that is, a single client computer may access many different servers, and a single server may be accessed by a number of different client computers. Prior to the mid-1990s, servers were usually very powerful computers such as mainframe or
supercomputers, with extremely high processing speeds and large amounts of memory. Personal computers and workstations, however, are now capable of acting as Internet servers due to advances in computing technology. A client computer is any computer that receives information from a server and is often a personal computer. To access information on the internet, a must first log on, or connect, to the client computers host network. A host network is a network that the client computer is part of, and is usually a local area network (LAN). One of the strengths of the Internet is that it is
structured around the concept of hypertext. The term hypertext is used to describe an interlinked system of documents in which a user may jump from one document to another in a nonlinear, associative way. The ability to jump from one document to the next is made possible through the use of hyperlinks- portion of the hypertext document that are linked to other related documents on the documents on the Internet. By clicking on the hyperlink, the user is immediately connected to the document specified by the link. Multimedia files on the Internet are called hypermedia documents.
1. Accessing the internet

Access to the internet falls into two broad categories: dedicated access and dial-up access with dedicated access, the computer is directly connected to the Internet via a router, or the computer is part of a network linked to the Internet. With dial-up access, a computer connects to the Internet with a temporary connection, generally over a telephone line using a modem-a device that converts the electrical signals from a computer into signals that can be transmitted over traditional telephone lines. A modem is needed because computers are digital, meaning that their signals are made up of discrete units, while most telephone lines are analog, meaning that they carry
signals that are continuous instead of discrete. Once a signals has traveled over the telephone line, a second modem is required at the other end of the line to reconvert the transmitted signals from analog to digital. A great many companies called, Internet Service Provider (ISP), provide dialup access to the Internet for a modest fee. Examples of ISPs are America Online (AOL), the Microsoft Network (MSN), and CompuServe.
2. Packaging Information
All data transmitted over the Internet is divided up into small units of information called packets, each of which is labeled with a unique number indicating its place in the data streamthe flow of data arrive at their destination, they are reassembled using the using labels given them. If part of the network over which the packets are sent is malfunctioning, or down, special automatic feature of the Internets routing equipment re-route the packets so that they travel over functioning portions of the network. Other features make sure that ail the data packets arrive intact, automatically requesting that missing or incomplete packets be re-sent from the source.
This system, called packet-switching, uses a series of protocols, or rules, known as TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol).
3. Network Addressing
To be part of the Internet a computer must have a unique Internet Protocol (IP) network address so that messages can he correctly routed to and from the machine over the Internet. Internet addresses are called URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). Some URLs are a string of number, but because long strings of numbers are difficult for people to remember, other addressing conventions are also used. An example of this convention http://encarta.msn.com/downloads/pryearbk.asp. the is: http
indicates the protocol-in this instance the hypertext transfer protocol-used to access the particular location on the Internet. The name after the colon and double slash (Encarta.msn.com) indicates the hostname, which is the name of a specific computer system connected to the Internet. The remaining names after the hostname indicate various files to which the specific URL points. In the example URL, the file pryearbk will have a similar URL, the only difference being the name of the
file, or files, at the end of the address. Special name servers map IP number of the source and the destination are provided for all packets.
Transmission schemes
Before the introduction of the World Wide Web, various standards and types of software existed for transmitting data over the Internet. Many of these are still in use, with Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Gopher among the most popular. Telnet allows an Internet user to connect to a distant computer and use that computer as if he or she were using it directly. FTP is a method of moving files from one computer to another over the Internet, even if each computer has a different operating system or storage format, Gopher is an improvement on FTP, making it easier to list and retrieve files remotely. While these transmission protocols and software are still in use, the WWW is much easier to use and is used much more often than earlier transmission protocols.
Bandwidth
The amount of data that a computer network can transmit is called the bandwidth of the network and is usually measured in Kilobits per second (Kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps). A bit- the smallest unit of information that computers can process- can have one of two values, either 0 or 1. A Kilobit is one thousand bits, while a Megabit is one million bits. The transportation of information between routers generally uses communication lines dedicated to this function, with capacities currently ranging from 54 Kbps up to as much as several hundred Mbps. The speed at which information can be transmitted across the Internet depends on the lowest information transporting capacity along the route and the number of people using that route at any given time. A narrow bandwidth somewhere along the route acts a bottleneck to data transport, and the more people using the line, the less information each of them can transport at any one time. To go for Internet, basically following requirement are needed. A computer with right software. The use of a telephone line or cable with a suitable socket.
A modem to connect the computer to the telephone line. An account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Any of the PC models available today e.g., Intel Celron, Intel PII, Intel PIII, Intel PIV, AMD K6, CYRIX MII , etc., can be used. The CPU of 350 MHz and above gives a good performance. At least 64-Mb RAM has good navigation on the net. The AGP card should have at least 4Mb RAM. This helps in watching graphics/moves on the Internet effectively. As far as the software part is concerned, there are two sets of software that are needed. The first is the basic Internet access software, which is system software to set up and control the connection to your computers operating system to Internet. Internet access software must be successfully installed and running before you can use the second sort software, Internet application software, such as Web Browsers, email or newsreader. Internet access software has two keys components: A dialer to instruct the modem to dial the right phone number, and to identify your machine to the access providers system for access to the network.
TCP/IP network software to allow programmer properly over the Internet once a connection has been set up. A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone lines. Computer information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.
There are two types of modems(a) Acoustic Coupler Modem: These modems do not require a direct connection to the computer. Instead the telephone headset is inserted in to the modems rubber cups. (b) Direct Connect Modem: A direct connect modem
makes a direct connection between the computer and the telephone line. Direct connect modems are again of two types(a) External direct connect modems: External direct modems are externally connected to the computer and usually have a separate power supply. The external modem is also sometimes referred to as intelligent
modem because of its ability to automatically dial, redial and disconnect. (b) Internal direct connect modems: An internal direct
connect modem is a printed circuit board which is plugged into one of the slots provided in the computer motherboard. Direct connect modems are superior to acoustic couplers for almost every telecommuting application. They are usually easier it use, less expensive and more reliable. Internet Service Provider is a company that provides access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider gives you a software package, username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a modem, you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide Web and USENET and send receive email. In addition to serving individuals, ISP also serve large companies, providing a direct connection from the companys networks to the Internet. ISPs themselves are
connected to one another through Network Access Points (NAPs). Famous ISPs in India are- VSNL (Videsh Sancher Nigam Ltd.), Mantra and satyam. Dial-up Networking (DUN) is Microsofts dialer software, responsible for making, connection to remote systems. The DUN software consist of a number of components, which together handle your end of an Internet connection. The other speed lines are: ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) is the only higher-speed system. ISDN works over ordinary
telephone cable, and call charges are the same, but the start-up costs can be high. ADSL is a new system that will offer several times the speed of basic ISDN, but still be capable of using existing telephone exchange lines, so minimizing the cost. Cable Modem is an extra-cost option on some Cable TV systems. It promises high speed and low call costs, but is available only in certain cabled cities.
Getting on-line For getting on-line, following steps are proceeded(i) The first job is to install a network protocol-the software that allows a computer to communicate with other on Internet. This is done through the Network Icon in the control panel. The steps to be followed are - Open the control panel and run the Network Properties. - Click the Add Button. - At the next panel, select Protocol and Click ADD. - Select Microsoft then TCP/IP and click OK. Once, this has been installed, the computer-will be restarted. (ii) The second step is the making of the connection. This needs the following steps- Open the Start Menu and select ProgramsAccessories-Dial-Up Networking or My Computer and double-click Dial-up-Networking.
- When the Dial-up Networking folder opens, click Make new Connection. This runs a Wizard to collect the name and phone number for the provider, and creates icons for the new connection. - Click on your new connection to start it up. The connect dialog box will open. - Type in your new user name and password. - It the set-up is confirmed, then you click on explorer or navigator and can access the Internet.
Internet Service
There are available a number of services on Internet but following two are most wide by used and appreciated ones1. E-mail: The first killer application on the Internet was email. This was the most immediately visible benefits of connecting early computer networks together. It allowed academic researchers to exchange electronic messages and distribute information almost instantly, even when they were in establishments many miles apart and used different local systems. The advantages of e-mail were not lost on business users, particularly those already familiar with computers and email fuelled the spread of the Internet to general office use. 2. The World Wide Web: The other killer application, and the one that really launched the internet onto the public stage, is the World Wide Web. The Web provides a framework for organizing and presenting almost any kind of written, graphical or audio-visual information from anywhere in the world.
Besides the Internet can also: - Transfer computer files and software
electronically from anywhere in the transfer computer files and software electronically from anywhere in the world. Carry electronic discussion services.
- Provide access to information services. - Carry digital sound and images. - Provide remote control of distant computers.
Impact of the Internet Libraries

While the internet revolution is leading to big changes for librarians all over the world, It is still in its infant stage in the Indian libraries. Through, there are a very few technocrats who have just jumped on the bandwagon to make everything computerized and networked yet a large number of librarians have not kept pace with someone else to do for them. It should be realized that Internet will help libraries in following areas; (a) By designing clearly organized, easily accessible and well published web sites, the librarians can extend the traditional librarianship to the use of information technology and series a leadership role in both fields. (b) The libraries can initiate Bulletin Board Service which
gives complete information regarding services, products, and various events organized by them. (c) Ready reference service can be provided with greater speed and in much shorter time. (d) Books and journals can be ordered online, technical
processing of the documents too can be done without much efforts.

(e)E-mail services can be used for delivering information to the users and communicating with the fellow information professionals. (f) E-SDI services can be used for delivering information professionals. (g) Access to various databases and OPAC of other libraries located in remote areas can be provided.
Role of Internet in Discharge Library Function

Internet is playing an important role in discharging the functions of libraries. It is changing the ways of organizing, managing and disseminating the information. Today all sorts of library services from membership registration to document delivery can be offered through the Internet. Some of the important library services that can be offered through the Internet are as follows: 1. Acquisition of Documents: Internet has made simple and speedy purchase of information sources/documents like books, journals and electronic publications. A number of commercial databases are available for librarians to exploit viz, the CAB abstract, Agricold, Medline, Agris, Biological Abstract, Compendex, etc. of dialog and BRS Information Technology. The library and information professionals can easily browse through the current publications available on various web sites in their area of interest, confirm the prices, etc. and place the orders online. Any discrepancy in the invoices or bills, edition of books, printing, etc., can be clarified within minutes through e-mail and much of the paper work is reduced. It is expected that in near future, the Internet will become the mechanism for distribution of three
fourth of the specialized journals and also the major medium for transfer of research information. The librarians will thus need to change their attitude towards collection development, as the technology
advances in future; it will encourage access to document rather than ownership. In future, virtual libraries may replace traditional libraries which mean there would be purchase of access to information rather than the source. 2. Technical Processing: Preparing standard catalogue without much effort has become possible due to Internet and the World Wide Web. Librarians can check- the catalogues of other libraries like that of Library of Congress and confirm the information required for a record which can be easily ascertained from the original document. The library professionals can also access Internet resources for verification and downloading the bibliographical information from other institutions. OPACs via Internet have become a popular source of bibliographic information. Libraries can make use of other institutions by OPACs to get information they need to organize knowledge. Databases of bibliographic utilities will become more
comprehensive source of information than has been so far

possible by their present catalogues. With advance information retrieval facilities, the libraries in future will have added value by using catalogue of journal articles. 3. Circulation: The Internet has made the circulation of in-house document much easier. After the technical processing, the new books documents can be placed in the OPAC on the day of acquisition itself and readers with Internet connection at home or at university can browse and reserve the books sitting right at their offices or at home, within seconds after arrival of the book in the library. Further libraries subscribing to electronic journals need not necessarily provide access to it in the library. Since each subscription is provided, with a user ID, the reader by enquiring the user ID from the circulation section can access the journals from their departments or offices without taking pain of visiting the library. Through Internet, the libraries can also provide
bibliographical databases via OPACs from libraries of other institutions worldwide. The OPACs may be searched from a terminal within the originating library or from a terminal located at a remote place.
4. Reference and Information Service: Internet for reference work in the library is gaining popularity. Reference librarians may use a multitude of information sources to answer the question they are asked, which are called ready reference collection. The Internet can be successfully utilized for providing short-range and longrange reference service because various primary and secondary sources of information are available online from many sites. Several sites like http:/kiz.at.ymas.edu.irre.html provide
alphabetical listing of a full text resources data suitable for ready reference. The URL http://www.refdesk.cm, expose the librarian to an excellent virtual library for reference source known as My virtual Reference Desk. Similarly India World
http://www.india.com, is a comprehensive reference service on the net. The IFLA World Directory of National Union Catalogue is now available on IFLANET, at
http://www.ifla.org/vl/2/due, this is a complete listing of all known current national union catalogues, including
monographs, serials and general union and a hot link is also included for direct access for the catalogue which are available on the Internet.
5. Communication: Internet has become the primary mode of communication which carries more than the combined total of the postal services of all countries in the world. It is an important means of communication which provides a cheap and efficient means of transfer. Libraries can use this facility extensively to communicate with the publishers, book sellers and vendors of the other library products and services with scholars librarians and users across the globe. The most popular means of communication on the Internet is e-mail. Like the regular mail, there are also mailing lists to user groups of people. These mailing lists often called List serves, can serve a valuable resource for the librarians. A more public electronic forum for discussion on the Internet is called the Usenet News. Usenet provides large numbers of news groups or conference that have open participation which can be used by the library users and library professionals. 6. Resource Sharing and the Internet: Librarians can have access to the catalogue of various libraries attached to the universities and college in the world and accordingly place a request for their users. The increase in the cost of documents for many disciplines in recent years has meant that the libraries have been able to
provide less and less access to research literature through their in-house collection. Also with the financial constraints, the librarians and information professionals are seeking alternative means of providing access to the journals. The problem of print journals and the concomitant development of computers and communication technologies have lead to the development of electronic alternatives to print journals, i.e., in various forms of electronic journals. Recently, a number of publishers have agreed to offer their journals electronically to libraries through First Search Electronic Collection Online. This enables the libraries to subscribe a large collection of academic journals from many publishers from a single www interface that support cross journal searching and extensive browsing. 7. Inter-Library Loan (ILL): The traditional inter-library loan operations are quite time consuming and labor intensive. With the advent of new technology, the electronic documents and various inter-library management tools such as software like Ariel and Avis have facilitated the libraries to share their resources effectively and efficiently.
Ariel software opens the window on Internet documents transmission. The Ariel workstation developed by Research Libraries Groups lets users send and receive crisp clear copies of document over the Internet with speed and ease of fax. Avis is another Canadian product developed at the University of Waterloo and refined with the cooperation of inter-library loan practitioners in libraries across Canada and USA. It is PC based software designed to manage all aspect of inter-library loan process. The inter-library loan office can network multiple Avis workstation on local area network. It offers the following benefits:
(a)
Single comprehensive solution for the management of all ILL activities.
(b)
Effective management of the paper work and record keeping acquired in borrowing and lending an item.
(c) (d)
Status tracking of request at all stages of the ILL process. Integrated of bibliographic and location information from CD-ROM catalogue and online union catalogue.
(e)
Transparent electronic transmission of requests and messages through the Internet.
Thus with the help of these software, inter-library loan over the Internet has become of great assistance in the inter-library loan lending and borrowing. Retrieval has become easier and transaction much quicker as the request can be sent through e-mails.
SEARCH ENGINES
Search engines are mechanism which aid users to search the entire Internet for relevant, information. They are based on allowing users to enter keywords that are matched against a database. Unlike subject directories, which use human indexers to build their indexes, search engines use software programs which create automatically their own databases containing lists of web pages. Search engines are composed of three different parts: (i) a program called a spider (or robot or crawler), (ii) a database with an index and (iii) search software. Spiders wander through the web, crawling from site to site, following links between pages. Different search engines use different types of spiders, where as some visit every possible site, others are based on more selective principles and visit only the most popular sites. The time, the second type generates a smaller number of pages with perhaps more relevant information. Every page found by spider is stored in a database and an index of its contents is built by extracting automatically using some principles which inverted files use. The index is therefore, a list of every word, except stop words, with a pointer to its location on the database.
Again, different search engines will follow different principles. For example some will index every web page, while other search engines index only the titles and top level phrases of a website. The third element of the search queries keyed in by the user with the index, finds matches and ranks them in order of relevance. The criteria for judging relevance will vary according to the search engine. Some of the popular Search Engines are: ASKJEEVES: (http://www.aj.com)Jeeves is bright,
friendly and works fast to answer your questions. This suggests more than one place to look for your answer, but doesnt overload you with useless sites that arent relevant. The service-part human, part machine-is an effective mix. ALTAVISTA: (http://www.altavista.com)This search
engine is well established and huge. You get more search results back from Alta Vista than most other search engines. You can need to conduct a comprehensive search, Alta Vista should always be among your choice of search engines.
HOTBOT: (http:www.hotbot.com)- A firm favorite with many veteran Internet users. HOTBOT gives good results and has designed its Web site so that it is simple and easy-to-use. If you are unsure about this search engine business, follow the step-by-step guide to search engines with HOTBOT on Internet Advisors Web site
www.netadvisor.co.uk. LOOKSMART: (http://www.looksmart.com)A fairly
recent addition to the search engine fold Look Smart has become one of favorite search sites. It has created a particularly effective directory of sites, which logically categorizes all types of site and makes it easy progress to the Web site you want. REDIFF: (http://www.rediff.com)- Rediff has created a famous brand unique to the Indian Net scenario. Its one of the first places that new Indian sites submit to it can give you results that other search sites dont. it is a clever all-rounder. LYCOS: (http://www.lycos.com)- Lycos has done a good job extending its brand and function by building search engines that search especially for say MP3 or pictures. It
has also recently launched a TV advertising campaign, which raised its profile.
CD ROM TECHNOLOGY
The combination of computers and lasers has led to a compaction of information into miniature level. This has led to new applications of laser in information technology such as optical computing holography, neural net working, optical interconnection, laser printers, laser scanners, and optical storage. The first product in evolutionary optical storage based information technology is CD-ROM. It is permanent optical based storage device that is conjunction with an associated drive becomes a powerful peripheral for the personal computer. The CD-ROM puts multi megabyte permanently stored data bases at user-front end of a PC. Its only drawback is that the end-user cannot put his own information on it. The formidable features of CD-ROM was overcome by the innovations of read/write techniques of an optical disk. But again the bottle-neck was that the user could write information only once. This technology came to be known as write once read many
(WORM). Information once recorded on WORM cannot be erased nor recorded. In the same eighties a magneto optical technology emerged. This technology breakthrough paved its way to the development of erasable optical Disk. With EODs user has the options of erasing and recording information a millions times. CD-ROM and WORM have been a general purpose storage media CD-ROM has established itself in the industry and international standards have been developed. Standards for WORM and yet to be established. Another technology that has emerged is floptical, based on magneto-optics for low end applications with a storage capacity of 20 MB. This is-cost-effective direct replacement of floppy disks. International standards are yet to be confirmed. Once confirmed, floptical is expected to make a sizable dent in the information industry.
Advantage
(a) Large storage capacity. (b) Less susceptible to head crashes than magnetic discs.
(c) Removability adds mobility, flexibility and security features. (d) Non contact head eliminates wear and tear.
(e)Optical recording reduces damage from dust and dirt. (f) Archival life greater than 10 years. (g) Accidental erasures attributes to magnetic fields eliminated. (h) Random access unlike magnetic tapes possible.
(i) Because of large storage capacity interactive recording of images, texts, audio and video possible.
CD-ROM IN DIGITAL LIBRARIES

Few years back CD-ROM had been looked as a transient technology in the hope that web technology would ultimately take over CDROMs. However rise in number of commercial and technical CDROM titles shows that it has a big future. CD-ROM collection in the libraries are getting thicker day by day. Concept of paperless library is now equated with CD-ROM library. Its role in digital library will become more prominent with the spread of DVDs in coming years. CD-ROM titles can be mainly categorized in to three: 1. Multimedia presentations: Audio and Video CDs are produced in millions and becoming the most popular products of entertainments. 2. Indexing and abstracting services. E.g., Tree-CD by
Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau (CAB), AGIS by FAO, etc. 3. Full Text CDs: Through more and more digital libraries are created and made available through Internet, CD-ROM full text publishing is also flourishing. CD-ROMs are ideal for publishing reference works. Encyclopedia Britannica is now available in three CDs. Full texts of research reports and scientific papers on topics of academic interest are now a days collected and
published in CDs. e.g. Solid Waste Management by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA. Now a days any thing that is electronic/digital are put in CD, calling them electronic Publishing. Standards are yet to be evolved for electronic publishing, especially for CD-ROM publishing. Indexing and Abstracting services in CD are published with excellent search engines. WinSpirs, a retrieval package developed by Silver Platter is considered to be one of the finest search engines. It is used to produce important abstracting databases in CDs, such as CAB Abstract, AGRICOLA, AGRIS, etc.
CD-ROM Technology and Its Use

Online services allow the libraries to provides access to the required information without building up a comprehensive document collection. Compact Discs-read only Memory, better known as CDROM comes as a boon to the databases searcher, CD-ROM, an optical storage media enables to search about 550 Megabytes of information equivalent to 2,00,000 A4 size printed pages of full text or five hundred 1.2 MB floppy disc can be searched, can be download auto floppy or printed out just like in like in outline systems. CD-ROMs are primarily designed to designed to store digital data which need an accurate addressing of data blocks, high level of error detection and correction. To achieve this, a standard called. Yellow Book Standard has been developed jointly by Philips and Sony. While physical specifications are specifications are standardized in the yellow book, the computer and information industries have cooperated and developed a standard file format for CD-ROMs. CDROM is collection of files, each with its own unique name.
Size of Compact Disc

1. A 120mm (4.72 diameter), 1.2mm thick polycarbonate plastic disk coated with reflective aluminums (so that the pits and lands can be read by a laser diode). 2. Storing: Standard made of CD-ROM stores upto 74 minutes of audio (depending on whether the spiral track with the bits goes right to the 2mm margin from the edge of the CD-ROM. Data storage: Data are stored on CD-ROM starting at the centre (actually 23mm from the very centre), and spiraling out-around and around up to 20,625 times, with only 1.6 u.m between spirals (the spiral is over 6km long). In contrast, a standard magnetic hard disc stores data in concentric rings, called tracks. Record of bits: The bits are recorded as pits, which are each: 1. 0.5 u.m x 0.833 to 3054mm. 2. wave length deep, so even if light does reflect off the bottom of pit, the reflected light produces destructive interference, so very little light will reflected light produces destructive interference, so very little light will reflect back.
Construction CD-ROM
1. It is a clear plastic disc formed by pressing it against a master. That side is them coated with aluminum (the shiny stuff). The aluminum is them covered with lacquer, which is then printed with the CD-ROM label. 2. The CD-ROM is read through the clear side and scratches or dust could effect this. 3. The label side through is very close to the aluminum, so a scratch could remove some of the aluminum, also likely running the CD-ROM.
MAGNETIC TAPE
Magnetic tape provides a cost effective means of storing large amount of data where random access is not required e.g. data backup, for archival purposes, for submission of CD-ROM data to replication libraries. Subsequent data recovery simply involves reading the tape contents back to the functioning hard disc. Read-Only Digital Storage Medium (DSM): CD-ROM supports upto about 660 Mbytes data storage capacity in standard form. If offers numerous features unrivalled by current magnetic media, including vast storage capacity, compactness of design, reliability and durability.
MULTIMEDIA
CD-ROM provides a practical and affordable medium through which reasonably sophisticated multimedia can be distributed. With diverse elements such as motion video and audio all mixed together, multimedia can be an awkward and space consuming blend to digitize and store on DSM. With a single frame of video consuming around 1000 Kbytes, the problem of data storage capacity can be appreciated. CD-ROM Devices: Through little appears to separate drives on surface, deeper analysis reveals many subtle differences that govern overall performance. Buffer size helps improve of operation by permitting the drive to search for and read data without waiting for the computer to accept all outgoing data. The buffer is simply an area of RAM (Random Access Memory) which acts as a temporary store between drive and computer. Buffer sizes of 64 Kbytes are common.
Advantages
According to Saviers the important features of CD-ROM medium are: a large storage capacity; useable in a computer-based information delivery system; a read only medium and mass-produced economically. Besides these, some other merits of this medium are:1. It has exceptionally high storage capacity. 2. It is a mode for fast and random access of information. 3. It has very low publishing cost. 4. It has high data integrity (text, images and sound can be mixed on the same disc). 5. It is long lasting or is more durable. 6. It has high archival life. 7. It is more reliable. 8. More effective standardization dealing with volume and film structure, is possible. 9. It has high data protect ability (estimated life of over ten years). 10. 11. 12. It is an effective way of information presentation. It has more resistance to damage. It is easy to use.
Disadvantages
(a) It is expensive as the initial cost of an individual CD-ROM workstation is considerably higher than one for online or microform accesses, primilarly because of the cost of the CDROM drive. (b) Not all CD-ROM product can be used with all available CD-
ROM drives. (c) The slow speed and large data capacity of optical disks require special software to provide performance competitive with magnetic media. (d) Networking CD-ROM drives can be complicated or time
consuming job, if there in no existing LAN to build on. (e)Access to CD-ROM is slower. (f) It is able to serve satisfactorily only upto 10 users, through this network. (g) It is expensive. (h) To access the CD-ROM, CD-ROM device drivers are
required by individual systems.
Utility of CD-ROM in libraries

The use of CD-ROM is best suited for libraries mainly because of the following reasons: (a) Space saver- As compared to the space covered by multivolumed documents, the CD-ROMs require much less space and has high storage capacity. (b) Saves high cost building- Especially in urban areas, it is
very expensive to construct building for library purpose. CDROM eliminates this problem as it is a space saver, thus utilizing the available space. (c) Search formulation- The use of CD-ROM facilitates the users to search for information themselves, which is more satisfying. (d) Least maintenance costCD-ROM require least
maintenance cost, as compared to other hard copies. (e)Instant availability of information- It helps in providing information immediately without wastage of time and labour.
Application of CD-ROMs in Libraries and Information Science

CD-ROM technology has proved itself to be a boon for libraries in providing, library services, instantly to the users. As, in this technology, it is easier to search for information and as, it acquires less space and has large storing capacity, it is more suited for Indian conditions. Its application in providing various types of services to the users, is increasing, as a matter of fact of its gaining popularity. Some of the areas of library and information services, where application of CD-ROMs is prevalent are: 1. Tools for library automation- A number of commercial cataloguing tools are available in the market on CD-ROM, which are useful both for retrospective and new cataloguing tools, available in the market. 2. Library catalogues- Some of the bigger libraries like Library of Congress, British Library, OCLC etc. have started distributing their catalogues on CD-ROMs. 3. Reference tools- Reference sources are also being published on CD-ROM including encyclopedias, dictionaries, directories, mapping services, technical reference manuals, year books etc.
Lately product stargazed at the domestic market place are appearing, including Microsofts Book shelf and Groliers Encyclopedia. 4. Books and serials acquisition tools- Bibliographic databases are now available on CD-ROM for retrospective cataloguing in libraries or for bibliographic checking and book ordering functions and serial selection tools as with RR Bowkers Booksin-print Plus, Whitakers British books in prints, etc. 5. Databases- There are two types of databases that are available on CD-ROM, they are full text data bases and indexing and abstracting publications. The full text data bases as computer library published by computer press which covers 120 publications and includes about 43,000 articles on CD-ROM. A number of online databases in Science and Technology, Engineering, Computing, Earth Sciences, Health and safety, Medicine, Agriculture, Education, Library Science etc.on CDROM e.g BIOSIS, Books In print, Chemistry Citation Index, Food Analyst, LISA, MEDLINE, NATIS, INSPEC, etc.
NETWORKING OF CD-ROM DRIVES

Installation of CD-ROM in libraries and information centre, proves to be expensive as it was distributed on a single workstation configuration. It is now possible to possible to network CD-ROMs, which were previously available only for use on a single personal computer, to be networked across an information service or organization. This enables multi access to single CD-ROM. This led to the introduction of multi-users and multi-disks CD-ROM systems, which are more useful and economical to the organizations where the same data is required by a number of users.
REFERENCE
1. B.T. SAMPATH KUMAR, G.T. KUMAR, (2010) Perception and usage of e-resources and the internet by Indian academics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Vol.28, 137-15p. 2. ROKNUZZAMAN, M (2006), A survey of Internet access in a large University in Bangladesh International Journal of Education and Development using information and
communication Technology, 2 (3), 86-105. 3. HARIDASANs AND KHANM (2008). Impact and use of eresource by social scientists in National Science
Documentations Centre (NASSDOC), India. The Electronic Library, 27 (1), P. 117-133. 4. KUMAR, R., And KAUR, A. (2006). Internet use by teachers and students in engineering colleges of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states of India. An analysis Electronic Journals of Academics and special Librarianships. 5. SEVUKAN R AND SIVARAMANP (2008). Use of Internet services in Pondicherry University Library: An Evaluative Study, Indian Journal of Information Science and services, 2(1) P. 2-11.
6. RAJEEV KUMAR and KARV (Amrit Pal). Use of Internet by teachers and students in Shaheed Bharat singh College of Engineering and technology: A case study study Journals of Library and information science. 29; 2004; 81-94.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The establishment of school in Aligarh in the year 1875 marks one of the most important events in the educational and social history of modern India. Lord Lytton laid stone of the Mohammad an Anglo Oriental College on January 8, 1877. In 1920, the act of Indian Legislative Council elevated the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College to the status of a Central University and it became the principal Muslim institution in India. AMU is perhaps the only University in the country, which has high schools in its domain. It has many as five high schools including one for the visually handicapped, and two senior secondary schools for boys and girls. With more than 30000, students about 1400 teachers and some 6000 non-teaching staff on its rolls, it has 12 faculties comprising a wide spectrum of academic disciplines (95departments, 5institutiton and 13centres) and 18 halls of residence with 73 hostels. The university offers 325 courses. The University has a campus spread over 467.6 hectares of land. It attracts students from all over the world, especially Africa, West Asia and South East Asia. The language taught here includes English, Urdu, Hindi, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil, Bengali, Malayalam, Marathi,
Punjabi, Kashmiri, French, Turkish, German and Russian. The medium of instruction is primarily English. CENTRAL LIBRARY- Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh.
Maulana Azad Library is regarded as second largest University Library of Asia with more than 15 lakh books/documents. The central library is its main constituent parts. It is one of the most modern academic library. The foundation stone of the library was established as Madarsatual U 100m. In 1877, the Madarsa became Mohammad an Anglo- Oriental College. Lord Lytton, the viceroy of India, laid the
foundation stone, and the library was named after him as Lytton Library. Eminent scholars like Gardner Brown, Arnold, Relligh, Horowitz, Storey and auchtelpone functioned as honoray librarians in addition to their teaching responsibilities. In 1960, it was named as Maulana Azad Library when the first Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, inaugurated its present building. The seven storied building is surrounded by 4.75 acres of land in the form of beautiful building of the University and one of the few very attractive libraries in the century. The library has about 9, 00,000 books. The collection consists of books, periodicals, pamphlets, manuscripts, paintings and photographs. M.A. Library performs the functions of a national library so far as their collections of oriental manuscripts, paintings and photographs. M.A. Library performs the functions of a national Library so far as their collections of oriental manuscripts are concerned. It is because of these rich collections of immense research value that this library is reckoned among major libraries of the world. The oldest manuscript owned by library is more than fourteen hundred years old. It is a fragment of the Holy Quran transcribed by Hazrat Ali, the fourth caliph of Islam and is written on parchment in Kufiscript. Another rare collection is the
Halnama of Beyazid Ansari, no copy of which is available anywhere else in the world. The Library has a sizeable collection of early printed books in various languages. The most outstanding among them is the Latin translation of the celebrated Arabic work on optics, opticam prafatis, by Ibn-al-Haitham (965-1039) published in 1572. There are several farmans (decress) of the Mughal kings like Babur, Akbar, Shahjahan, Shah Alamgir, Aurangazeb etc. Another prized possession of the library is a shirt on which the whole Quran is inscribed in Khafiscript. This shirt is belived to have been worn by a warrior of Mughal army. Among the large collection of Mughal paintings is the painting of red blossom, which is magnum opus of Mansoor Naqqash, the celebrated court artist of emperor Jahangir, some valuable Sanskrit works translated in to Persian have also been preserved in the library. Other possessions worth mentioning are the Ayurved in Telugu and the Bhasas in Malayalam script written on palm leaves. Abul Faiz Faizi, an eminent scholar of Akbars court translated several Sanskrit works into Persian, such as Maha Puran, Bhagvat Gita, Mahabharat and Lilawati, these are also available. More than 5,000
students, teacher and other members of the University daily visit the library and utilize its services. The present grand seven storied building of MA Library surrounded by acres of land was inaugurated by Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India in 1960 and was named as Maulana Azad Library, after the name of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the great Educationist, Statesman & the first Education Minister of independent India. The Oriental Division of Maulana Azad Library comprising of about 2 lakh printed books and periodicals including 10,000 items belonging to rare category in Urdu/Persian/Arabic/Hindi & Sanskrit forms the most significant part of the collection. Donations received from great bibliophiles and literary persons are designed as special collections by the names of their donors. The Urdu collection with more than 1-lakh books on almost all aspects of Indian Life and culture forms the largest part of oriental division. A substantial number of rare and out of print publications of 19th century belong to the Scientific Society of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Fort William College (Kolkata), Delhi College, and Agra College and from the Royal Printing Presses of the court of Delhi and Oudh.
The library provides the whole university campus wide access to online journals through a well-equipped Computer Lab. Digital Resources Centre. The library has started Data mining in a recently developed Information Centre, where free e-resources from the web are tapped for the benefit of University community. A list of such resources is given under the link E-Resources.
Library ServicesDuring the last couple of years, library services are the university has been substantially updated and modernized. Development in the library services with the advent of latest ICT application include-campus wide access to online catalogue, Digital resource centre with 2-lakh e-books/encyclopedias and many language learning softwares online journals. The Library Service Provided by M.A. Library is as followers Circulation section Services Division- Reading Room Facility Text Books are available in reading room only. Acquisition sections Periodical sections Computer section Technical section Oriental Division Manuscripts Division
Reference service
Chapter-2
Review of Literature
The review of literature is an essential part in the conduction of any study. For this several studies has been made by the number of authors in India and abroad. An attempt is being made to review the available literature on resources sharing & networking. The literature on the resource sharing & networking for the purpose of review are as under. 1. Patil and Parameshwar (2009) in paper titled Use of Electronic Resource by the Faculty Members and Research Scholars in Gulbarga University, Gulbarga: A Survey disclosed the use of electronic resources by the faculty members and research scholars in Gulbarha University. Questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. 45 Study revealed the need to train users in using the electronic resources. 2. Sami and Iffat (2009) in paper use of Electronic Information services in Research Libraries dicussed the use of electronic
information services in research libraries and attempted to reveal the impact of users background and awareness about services on the use of electronic information services. 3. Joteen singh et al. (2009) executed a study under title Use of Internet Based e-Resources at Manipur University: A Survey to examine the use of electronic information focusing on the internet services by post graduates students, research scholars, teachers and non-teaching staff members. Users were using the Internet mainly to download the information from web based resources and web sites. Lack of power supply and the low speed Internet access were general problems faced by users in accessing information from web based resources. 4. Bansode and pujar (2008) conducted a study to ascertain the Use of the internet by research scholar in science, social sciences and Humanities under title Users of Internet by Research Scholars at shivaji University, kohlapur. Users were using the Internet mainly for Communication purpose that is email as compared to information Retrieval. There was need to give training on the use of the Internet so that research use appropriate tools and techniques to obtain Information.
5. Lakan (2008) carried out a study named Availability and Utilization of Electronic Information Databases by Staff of University. Results revealed that power outrages, slow internet service and insufficient computers were the factors affecting the provision and use of electronic information resources. 6. Anasi (2006) examined the pattern of the Internet use by undergraduates students of university in study titled, Internet Use Pattern of Undergraduate students at the University of Lagos, nigeris. The level of the internet use was found low among students under study as they were lacking the search strategies to locate Information. Along with the
recommendations for provision of adequate computer laboratory and proper power back up system Author also recommended the integration of the internet and computer literacy into compulsory general studies programmed of the University. 7. Rajeev Kumar and Amritpal kaur (2006) Internet Use by Teachers and Students in Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh States of India: An Analysis examined the Internet can replace libraries? Survey revealed
that 77.5% users felt that the Internet cannot replace library services, whereas 22.5% responded otherwise, because they find it easy to locate information on the Internet than in library. 8. Rajiv Kumar Amritpal Kaur (2005) under title Internet and its Use in the Engineering Colleges of Punjab, India: A Case Study. It aimed to examine the pattern of use of the Internet by the Teachers and Students of Engineering colleges of Punjab. Authors examined the users experience and frequency of the Internet use, time spent, location of use, purpose, resources and services being used, problems faced by users, benefits of the Internet over conventional documents and its impact on the academic sufficiency of respondents, etc. Slow access speed of the Internet, difficulty in finding relevant information and privacy were the main problems faced by the users. 9. Haruna (2004) In a study titled Utilization of Information Resources and Services the Kogi State Public Library, Lokoja, Nigeria assessed the extent of utilization of resources and services by users of a public library. Survey revealed that majority of users used library to study using library books followed purposes using own books. About 40.9% users were
partially satisfied with library material and were using it because they did not have any other alternatives. 10. Agaba et al. (2004) examined the utilization of electronic
information resources by the academic staff of Makerera University in Uganda under title Utilization of Electronic Information resources by academic staff at Makerere university. Author examined the users awareness, type of resources provided and utilization of resources. It was found that majority of the staff was aware about the availability of electronic information resources but did not utilize them. 11. Ganesan. P, Panpian.N.M(2004) made a study under the
tittle evaluating web resources, services and user attitude towards web based information services at university of Hyderabad library-A study since the information available on the web is huge, it is necessary to develop skills to evaluate books, journals and other resources. It is the LIS professionals job to evaluate this article discusses about the web resources and what are all the techniques to be followed to identify the relevant information and what kind of web services a library can provide to the user and based on the user feedback, how to improve the existing service.
12.
Ojedokun (2002) In a study named Internet Access and
Usage by Students of the University of Botswana investigated the Internet access, usage and problems faced in its use by the students of the university. Findings of the study revealed that though a considerable numbers of users were aware about the benefit of the Internet, but lacked necessary searching skills for effective use of the Internet. Because of this factor users accessed the Internet for entertainment, sports and news etc. 13. Stephen penfield (2001)- Managing electronic library
services: current issues in UK higher education institutes. The main objectives of the study; Managing the development and delivery of electronic library services is one of the major current challenges for university library and information services. This article provides a brief overview of some of the key issues facing information professionals working in higher education institutions (HEIs). In doing so, it also picks up some of the real world lessons which have emerged from the eLib (Electronic Libraries) programme now that it has come to a close. These lessons have been highlighted in a number of recent reports coming out of eLib, including the formal eLib programme evaluation.
14.
Chandran, D (2000) in his study discuss the use of
Internet resources and services in S.V. University (Tirupathi) environment. The main objectives of the study were:- (i) to ascertain the nature of the respondents who are using the Internet, its resources and services. (ii) To assess the knowledge of the respondents about the networks. (iii) To identify the resources through which respondents about Internet. (iv) To find out the avenues through which the respondents learn about internet. (v) To find out the avenues through which the respondents get access to internet. (vi) To ascertain the respondentss feedback about the internet. The questionnaire method was used to collect the data. The major findings are (a) It is found that most of the users are between the age group of 20-25 years, and majority of them constitute the student of B.Tech and M.C.A (b) it is found that most of users aware of the networks VSNL and ERNT (c) it is found that most of the user access E_mail services (d) It is found that majority of the users access the internet services at computer center. 15. Lazinger et al. (1998) in study titled Internet Use by
faculty Members in Various Disciplines: A Comparative Case

Study investigated the use of the Internet among various sectors of faculty members. Questionnaires were distributed to faculty members of all departments and professional schools of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The use of the Internet was found comparatively higher among faculty of sciences and agriculture than in humanities and social sciences. 16. Shaw (1998) examined the use of the Internet ant the
electronic environment by English academics in the study titled The Use of the Internet by English Academics. Authors proposed to know 54 the opinions of users from colleges of University of Wales and also revealed the pattern of using aforesaid sources, purpose of use, problems faced by users in using these sources. 17. Elka Tenner, et.al (1998)- Electronic and traditional
sources for a newly established branch library: product availability and preferences. The main objective of the study; libraries, the trend toward electronic publishing of journals holds out the promise of greater availability of these materials without regard to physical location either of the collection or the patron. The establishment of the policy sciences and economics library (PSEL), as a branch of the sterling C. Evans
library at texas A&M University, was an opportunity to test this hypothesis. In concert with faculty from the departments of political science, economics and the George bush school of government and public services, reference and collection development librarians developed a core collection for this facility. The librarians hoped to be able to rely primarily on electronic journals to satisfy initial faculty research needs. However, a review of journals requested by the faculty served at PSEL revealed that not enough of these titles were available electronically. Further, what was available electronically often did not include the full-text, cover-to-cover completeness necessary. Faculty preference remain for the print versions, citing problems with coverage, reliability and accessibility of electronic journals. 18. DAVIS, B (1995) made a study on changes and
challenges; the impact of network technology on library services. Internet and the Professional library; the spring 1995 conference of the Eastern New York chapter of the Association of college and research library, rensslaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York, 17 Mar 95. Review the likely future impact of the library networks in general, and the Internet in particular,
on computerized academic library services. (The author may be contacted by electronic mails davis @ geneseo.edu) (copies of this articles can be obtained from the Haworth Documents Delivery Services, Haworth Press, inc.,10 Alice street, Binghamton, New York, 13904-1580, USA. E-Mail: getin fo @ Haworth.com.).
REFERENCE
I. Patil, D.B.; and Parameshwar, S. (2009) Use of Electronic Resources by the Faculty Members and Research Scholars in Gulbarga University, Gulbarga: A Survey, SRELS Journals of Information Management, Vol. 46, No. 1, PP. 51-60. II. Sami, Lalitha K; and Iffat, Rabia (2009) Use of Electronic Information Services in Research Libraries. SRELS Journal of Information Management, Vol. 46, No. 1, PP. 43-50. III. Joteen Singh, R.K.; Devi, Th. Madhuri.; and raychaudhary, Arup (2009), Use of Internet Based E-Resources at Manipur University: A Survey, Annals of Library and Information Studies, vol. 56, No. 1, PP. 52-57. IV. Bansode, sadanand Y.; and Pujar, shamprasad m. (2008), Use of Internet b Research Scholars at Shivaji University, Kohlapur, Annals of Library and Information Studies, Vol. 55, No.2, PP. 123-126. V. Lakan, E.L. (2008), Availability and utilization of Electronic Information Databases by Staff of the Agricultural Complex, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Samara Journal of
Information Studies. Vol.8, No.1, PP. 44-53.

VI.
Anasi, S. (2006), Internet Use Pattern of Undergraduate Students at the University of Lagos, Nigeria, University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal, Vol. 8, no. 1&2, PP. 1-15.
VII.
Rajeev Kumar; and Amritpal kaur (2006), Internet Use by Teachers and Students in Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh states of India: An Analysis, Electronic journal of academic and Special Librarianship, Vol. 7, No. 1.
VIII.
Rajeev Kumar; and Amirtpal Kaur (2005), Internet Use by teachers and Students in Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh States of India: An Analysis, Electronic Journal of Academic and special Librarianship Vol. 7, No. 1.
IX.
Haruna, Ibrahim (2004), Utilization of Information Resources and services of the Kogi State Public Library, Lokoja, Nigeria, International Library Movement, Vol. 26, No. 1, PP. 19-26.
X.
Agaba, D.; Kigogo-bukenya, I.M.N.; and nyumba, J.B. (2004), Utilization of Electronic Information Resources by Academic Staff at Makerere University, University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, PP. 18-28.
XI.
GANESAN (P), PAMDIAN (N.M). Evaluation web resources, services and users attitude towards Web based information services at university of Hyderabad Library. A study 2nd international (ALIBER 11-13 Februrary 2004.
XII.
Ojedokun, Ayoku A. (2002), Internet Acess and Usage by Students of the University of Botswana, African journal of Library, Archives and information Science, Vol. 11, No. 2, PP. 97-108.
XIII.
Stephen P Penfield Managing electronic library services: current issuesin UK higher education institutes (Ariadne) 2001/Issue 29.
XIV.
Chandran, D. Use of Internet resources and services in S.V University (Triupathi) environment: CALIBRE 2000 16-18 Februrary, 2000.p 124-127.
XV.
Lazinger, Susan S.; Bar-Ilan, Judit; and Peritz, Bluma C. (1998), Internet Use by Faculty Members in various Disciplines: A Comparative Case study, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 48, No. 6, PP. 508-518.
XVI.
Shaw, Wendy (1998). The Use of the Internet by English Academics, Information Research, Vol. 4, No. 2.
XVII.
Elka tenner, & Suzanne D. Gyeszly Electronic and Traditional sources for a newly established branch library: product availability and user preferences (OCL systems & services: MCB UP) 1998/vol.14/Issue4/145-150p.
XVIII.
DAVIS (B). change and challenges: the impact of network technology on library services. Internet; Library technology; Network. Spring 1995.
Chapter-3
Research Methodology
Research
Research is combination of two words:Re =Again Search =Investigation So, the again investigation knowledge is called as research. Research is depth of knowledge and Research is systemizing efforts to gain new Knowledge. Research methodology is way to systematically solve the research problems. It may be understood 3S a science of studying new approach is done scientifically. In it, generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques get also the methodology.
Different Methods of Research:-1. Scientific Method 2. Historical Method 3. Descriptive Method 4. Logical Method 5. Experimental Method 6. Survey Method 7. Comparative Method 8. Observation Method 9. Statistical Method 10. Sampling Method This chapter deals with the methodology used in the study and has been discussed under the following head line -: Selection of the problem. Scope and limitation of the study. Objective of the study. Methodology of the study. Variables taken Tools and techniques administered Pilot survey Sample population
Data analysis
Selection of the problem

Web sources are becoming very important. These days as they are more up-to-date, and can be accented anywhere, crossing all geographical boundaries .such resources adds value in conduct r and d activities. Therefore the use of CD-ROMs and Internet resources by the Students A.M.U, Aligarh of Information Technology was selected to study the various web resources and analyses the utility and effectiveness in provision of information services.
Scope and limitation of the study

The scope of the study is confined to the users of the A.M.U. library, regarding the effective use of web resources.
Objective of the study

Web resources are significant part of the study material. a handsome amount is invested in the development of the web resources. But without conducting a study, there is no way of knowing weathered the users accept them or not, do they fin web resources easy to use, reliable and useful or are web resources effectively in use . The study offers a way to identify the acceptance of web resources in the library under study along with its advantages, performances, users
satisfaction and obstacles which come during the use of web resources. The study is designed to seek users opinion concerning the use of web resources among medical students. Following are the objectives of the study -: 1. The find out their reference of E-mail internet service provide by the library. 2. To identify different level of complicity. 3. To find out the problem faced by the users while using internet services. 4. To know the purpose of using internet. 5. To know the most frequently used search engine and website by the users. 6. To know about the view of the users regarding the internet training programme.
Hypotheses of the Study

With the help of available theoretical literature the major hypotheses formed to throw light on Use of CD-ROMs and Internet resources by the students A.M.U., Aligarh of Information Technology: A Case Study is as fallows. 1. To identify the satisfaction of the users through the internet. 2. Majority of users are not facing problems while using internet. 3. Google and yahoo are most used search engines for literature search. 4. Maximum number of users are using internet for their research purpose and career development.
Methodology:
Methodology has its important in scientific investigation because objectivity in any research investigation cannot be obtained unless it is carried out in a very systematic and planned manner .scientific investigation involve careful and proper adoption of research design ,use of standardized tools , and test, identifying adequate sample by using appropriate sampling techniques, sound procedures for collecting databank there after careful tabulation of the data and the
use of appropriate statistical technique for analysing the data . There are several survey technique available for user study such as questionnaires, observation, interview and documentary technique.
Tools used for study:

There are several technique available for collection of data such as :A. Questionnaire Method B. Interview Method C. Observation Method D. Sampling Method
Questionnaire Method:
Questionnaire refers to a list of questions units are the various factors or basis on which a questionnaire is divided. Questionnaire is an important technique used by a researcher for collection of primary data. A questionnaire is a list of question concerning the subject matter. The respondent on the other hand reads and fills them up and sends them back through mail courier or any other means. It is a superior method of data collection for social, financial, commercial, industrial, political and psychological researchers.
Definition of Questionnaire
Bogardus: A questionnaire is a list of question to a number of persons for them to answer. H.P.Young: In its simplest form a questionnaire consists of a scheduled of questions sent by mail to persons on a list in a survey sample. Type of Questionnaire:According to P.V. Young: A. Structured Questionnaire B. Unstructured Questionnaire According to Lundberg: A. Questionnaire of Facts B. Questionnaire of opinion and attitude Following are some of the major types of Questionnaire are:-
Open Questionnaire: This type of questionnaire does not carry

options but respondent is expected to give his own independent answers.
Closed Questionnaire: This is an important type of

questionnaire, in this the question are followed by a number of options from which the respondent is required to answer.
Pictorial Questionnaire: Is the one in which options are given

in the form of pictures. The respondent is required to tick he finds more appropriate as an answer. This type of questionnaire is used for illiterates.
Mixed Questionnaire::- This type of questionnaire consist of a

mixture of open and closed questions. These questions depend on the nature of the information to be collected. A mixed questionnaire serves as the most reliable sources of information. It is the most widely used questionnaire for research purposes.
Steps followed in questionnaire

1. Determining the scope of the Questionnaire. 2. Deciding the type of Questions to be asked. 3. Preparing the draft Questionnaire. 4. Protesting the Questionnaire with a sample population. 5. Revising the Questionnaire according to the suggestions received. 6. Distributing the Questionnaire. 7. Sending reminders to the population under study. 8. Receiving the Responses. 9. Analyzing and interpreting the data received.
10.
Writing the report.
Questionnaire is distributed personally to the respondents. Researcher is surveying the use of a particular library.
Observation Method
Observation method is normally employed in measuring, testing, and Characterizing human behavior by the way of the investigators own observation, without interviewing the respondent. In this method we observe the things, which are happening around us. In this method the investigator observes in relation to what is currently happening and is not related to either past or future intentions of users. This is totally gained by experience himself/herself. C.A. Mosar defines Observation implies the use of edge rather than that of ear and voice. P.V. Young defines Observation is a systematic and deliberate study through the eyes of the spontaneous occurrence at the time they occur.
Types of Observation:
According to Goode and Hatt:1. Simple Observation 2. Systematic Observation According to P.V. Young:1. General Observation 2. Uncontrolled Observation According to Right man and Cook:1. Structured Observation 2. Unstructured Observation
Interview Method
A research interview is a device of data generation in the researcher Interview provides the stimulus in the form of questions. The interview provides response in the shape of answers and reactions. Interview is a delicate and sensitive tool. It involves invasion of privacy and encroach mention the time of other people. The interview can projects its own bias and pre-disportion can color the results. There may be tendency to see what one wants to see. The interview method is direct and has greater flexibility. According to
Young Interview is a systematic method by which a person enters more or less imaginatively into the life of a comparative stranger. This method is unique because the collection of data is through direct verbal interaction between the individuals. In this method investigator ask some questions to the users and library staff relating to services and facilities provided by the library.
Variable Taken
In order to get meaningful conclusion the following variable are analyzed in detail-: 1. Post-graduate student 2. Research scholars 25 3. Faculty Members - 25 - 30
Pilot survey
The investigator conducted a pilot survey by administering questionnaire among 10 student of A.M.U. The pilot survey helped substantially in modifying the questionnaires which further helped in collection of data with more accuracy and completeness.
Sample population
The collection of data from the entire population of A.M.U student is enough to be covered in a single study. Therefore, total number of questionnaire distributed 100 including P.G. , Research scholars and Faculty Members A.M.U. Aligarh. Total number of 92 questionnaires was returned back .The investigator selected 80 questionnaires for the analysis, 12 questionnaires were not completely filled.
Data Analysis Method

The collected information through questionnaire are organized and tabulated by using statistical method. Statistical research method lays stress on fact, figures and nothing beyond that. Statistical method has their own characteristics one important characteristic is that this method does not study any individual but a group of individuals. Secondly it is a method which is quantitative rather than qualitative. Statistical method is mechanical process designed to facilitate the condensation and analysis of a large body of quantitative data.
Chapter-4
Data Analysis & Interpretation

Table 1- most frequently used place of Internet.
Options Post Graduate N=30 (a)University 10 (b)Home (c)Friends place (d)Cyber Caf (e)Other PLACE 2 6.6 0 0 0 0 1 3.3 2 8 0 0 15 2 % 33.3 50 6.6 Research Scholars N=25 15 7 2 % 56 28 8 Faculty members N=25 15 10 0 % 60 40 0
`Above
table show that the most frequently used place of internet as
university by PG students 10 (33.3%), Research scholars 14 (56%) and Faculty

members 15 (60%). Home by the PG students 15 (50%), research Scholars 7 (28%) and faculty members 10 (40%). Friend place by PG Student 2 (6.6%), Research scholars 2 (8%) and Faculty members no response. Cyber Caf by PG students (3.3%), Research (6.6%), Research Scholars and Faculty Members no response.
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (a)University (b)Home Friend place (d)Cyber Caf (e)Other Place
PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members
Figure-1
Table 2- Methods of learning Internet Skills Options Post Graduate Research Scholars Faculty Members N=30 (a)Trail and 15 errors (b)Guiding from friends (c)Guidance 6 from University (d)External course 1 3.3 0 0 1 4 20 4 16 3 12 8 26.6 9 30 2 8 % 50 N=25 12 % 48 N=25 19 % 76
Above table show that the methods of learning interest skills as Trail and errors by PG Students 15 (50%), Research Scholars 12 (48%) and Faculty Members 19 (76%). Guidance from friends by PG Students 8 (26.6%), Research Scholars 9 (30%) and Faculty Members 2 (8%). Guidance from University by PG
Students 6 (20%), Research Scholars 4 (16%) and Faculty Members 3 (12%). External course 1 (3.3%), Research Scholars no response and Faculty Members 1 (4%) response.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students
PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members
Figure-2
Table 3- Problems encounter which using Internet options Post Graduate N=30 (a)Slow access speed (b)Difficulty in finding 13 43.3 7 28 11 44 21 % 70 Research Scholars N=25 15 % 60 Faculty Members N=25 19 % 76
relevant information (c)It take 9 30 13 52 10 40
too long to download pages (d)Lost associated with

13.3
28
24
accessing Internet (e)Privacy Problems 7 23.3 3 12 5 20
Above table show that the problems encounter which using interested that slow access speed by PG Students 21 (70%), Research Scholars 15 (60%) and Faculty Member 19 (76%). Difficulty in finding relevant information by PG Students 13 (43.3%), Research Scholar 7 (28%) and Faculty Members 11 (44%). Lost associated Faculty Members 10 (40%). Privacy problems by PG Students 7 (23.3%), Research scholars 5 (20%) response.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Figure-3
Table 4- Exploring skills use of Internet. Options PG students N=30 (a)Basic Search (b)Advance 11 Search (c)Web Directory
Research Scholar % 30 N=25 11 % 44
Faculty Members N=25 7 % 28
36.6
32
13
52
23.3
16
(d)Query
10
12
Above table show that the exploring skills use of internet as basic search by PG Students 9 (30%), Research Scholars 11 (44%) and Faculty Members 7 (28%). Advance Search by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research Scholars 8 (32%) and Faculty Members13 (52%). Web directory by PG Students 7 (23.3%), Research Scholars 4 (16%) and Faculty Member 2 (8%). Query by PG Students 3 (10%), Research Scholars 2 (8%) and Faculty Members 3 (12%) response.
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members
Figure-4
Table 5- Criteria of judging relevancy of information. Options PG Students N=30 (a)Title 21 % 70 Research Scholars N=25 13 % 52 Faculty Members N=25 16 % 64
(b)Highlighted words
10
16
12
(c)Descriptions 3 (d)URLs 3
10 10
2 6
8 24
3 3
12 12
Above table show that the criteria of judging relevancy of information as title by PG Students 21 (70%), research scholars 13 (52%) and Faculty Members 16 (64%). Highlighted words 3 (10%), Research Scholars 4 (16%) and Faculty Members 16 (64%). Descriptions by PG Students 3 (10%), Research Scholars 2 (8%) and Faculty Members 3 (12%). URLs by PG Students 3 (10%), Research Scholars 6 (24%) and Faculty Members 3 (12%) response.
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
PG Students Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members
Figure-5
Table 6- Preference of time of access to internet at your campus. Options PG Students N=30 % Research Scholar N=25 % Faculty Members N=25 %
(a)Morning (b)Evening
9 3
30 10 46.6 13.3
3 5 11 6
12 20 44 24
5 8 10 2
20 32 40 8
(c)Afternoon 14 (d)Night 4
Above table show that the preference of time of access to internet at your campus as morning by PG Students 9 (30%), Research Scholars 3 (12%) and Faculty Members. Evening by PG Students 3 (10%), Research Scholars 5 (20%) and Faculty Members 8 (32%). Afternoon by PG Students 14 (46.6%), Research Scholars 11 (44%) and faculty Member 10 (40%). Night by PG Students 4 (13.3%), Research Scholars 6 (24%) and 2 (8%) response.
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 (a)Morning (b)Evening PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members
(c)Afternoon
(d)Night
Figure-6
Table 7- case of findings research articles which feature will use. Options PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Member
N=30 (a)Google (b)Google Scholars (c)Youtube 19 (d)Im feeling lucky 1 21 11
% 70 36.6
N=25 23 7
% 92 28
N=25 18 3
% 72 12
63.3 3.3
13 3
52 12
9 2
36 8
Above table show that the finds research article which feature will you use as Google by PG Students 21 (70%), Research Scholars 23 (92%) and faculty Members 18 (72%). Google scholars by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research Scholars 7 (28%) and Faculty Members 3 (12%). Youtube by PG Students 19n (63.3%), Research Scholars 13 (52%) and Faculty Members 9 (36%). Im feeling lucky by PG Students 1 (3.3%), Research Scholars 3 (12%) and Faculty Members 2 (8%) response.
250
200
150
Faculty Member Research Scholars
100
PG Students
50
0 (a)Google (b)Google scholars (c)Youtube (d)I'm feeling licky
Figure-7
Table 8- Purpose of use Internet services.
Options
PG Students N=30 % 53.3
Research Scholars N=25 11 % 44
(a)For career 16 Development (b)For seeking outside information (c)For research purpose (d)Any other 3 purpose 5 7
23.3
12
16.6
10
40
13
52
6.6
20
Above table show that the purpose do you use internet services as For career development by the PG Students 16 (53.3%), Research scholars 11 (44%) and Faculty Members 5 (20%). For seeking outside information by PG Students 7 (23.3), Research Scholars 3 (12%) and faculty Members 2 (8%). For research purpose by PG Students 5 (16.6%), Research scholars 10 (40%) and Faculty members 13 (52%). Any other purpose by PG Students 3 (6.6%), Research Scholars 1 (4%) and Faculty Members 5 (20%) response.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Figure-8
Table 9- Indicate services used through Internet.
Options
PG Students N=30 % 80 23.3 6.6 6.6 30 43.3
Research Scholar N=25 17 13 4 2 19 9 % 68 52 16 8 76 36
Faculty Members N=25 18 14 5 1 13 5 % 72 56 20 4 52 20
(a)E-mail
24
(b)E-journal 7 (c)Database 2 (d)CD-ROM 2 (e)E-books (f)Chat Mode 9 13
Above table show that the indicate service used by you through internet as Email by PG Students 24 (80%), Research Scholars 17 (68%) and Faculty Members 18 (72%). E-Journals by PG Students 7 (23.3%), Research Scholars 13 (52%) and Faculty Members 14 (56%). Database by PG Students 2 (6.6%), Research Scholars 4 (16%) and Faculty Members 5 (20%). CD-ROM by PG Students 2 (6.6%), Research Scholars 2 (8%) and faculty Members 1 (4%). EBooks by PG Students 9 (30%), Research Scholars 19 (76%) and Faculty Members 13 (52%). Chat Mode by PG Students 13 (43.3%), Research Scholars 9 (36%) and Faculty Members 5 (20%) response.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PG Students Research Scholars Faculty members
Figure-9
Table 10- Internet site is being used by us.

Options
PG Students N=30 % 33.3 53.3
Research Scholars N=25 9 14 % 36 56
Faculty Members N=25 13 11 % 52 44
(a)General (b)Subject related
10 16
(c)Recreational 2 (d)Others 2
6.6 6.6
1 1
4 4
0 1
0 4
Above table show that the internet site is being used by us as General by PG Students 10 (33.3%), Research Scholars 9 (36%) and Faculty Members 13 (52%). Subject related by PG Students 16 (53.3%), Research Scholars 14 (56%) and Faculty Members 11 (44%). Recreational by PG Students 2 (6.6%), Research scholars 1 (4%) and Faculty Members no response. Others by PD Students 2 (6.6%), Research Scholars 1 (4%) and Faculty Members 1 (4%) response.
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students
Figure-10
Table 11- Search option in a search engine use.

Options
PG Students N=30 % 73.3 43.3 56.6 6.6
Research Scholars N=25 19 15 11 2 % 76 60 44 8
Faculty Members N=25 21 11 14 1 % 84 44 56 4
(a)Google (b)Yahoo (c)Rediff (d)Alta Vista
22 13 17 2
Above tables show that the search option in a search engine do you use as Google by PG Students 22 (73.3%), Research Scholars 19 (76%) and Faculty Members 21 (84%). yahoo by PG Students 13 (43.3%) and Research Scholars 15 (60%) and Faculty Members 11 (44%). Rediff by PD Students 17 (56.6%), Research Scholars 11 (44%) and Faculty Members 14 (56%). Alta Vista by PG Student 2 (6.6%), research Scholars 2 (8%) and Faculty Members 1 (4%).
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% (a)Google (b)Yahoo (c)Rediff (d)Alta Vista Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students
Figure-11
Table 12- Rate the behavior of library staff using Internet.

Options
(a)Cooperative (b)Arrogant (c)Guiding
11
5 11
16.6 36.6 10
2 8 2
8 32 8
2 5 2
8 20 8
(d)Indifferent 3
Above table show that the rate of the behavior of library staff which using internet as Co-operation by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research Scholars 13 (52%) and faculty members 16 (64%). Arrogant by PG Students 5 (16.6%), Research Scholars 2 (8%) and Faculty Members 2 (8%). Guiding by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research Scholars 8 (32%) and Faculty Members 5 (20%). Indifferent by PG students 3 (10%), Research Scholars 2 (8%) and Faculty Members 2 (8%) response.
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PG Students faculty Members Research scholars PG Students Research scholars faculty Members
Figure-12
Table 13- Library is participating in network like.

Options
PG Students N=30 % 43.3 23.3 33.3
Research Scholars N=25 11 8 6 % 44 32 24
Faculty Members N=25 9 7 9 % 36 28 36
(a)DELNET
13
(b)INFLIBNET 7 (c)INDEST 10
Above table show that the library is participating in network like as DELNET by PG Students 13 (43.3%), Research Scholars 11 (44%) and Faculty Members 9 (36%). INFLIBNET by PG Students 7 (23.3%), Research Scholars 8 (32%) and Faculty Members 7 (28%). INDEST by PG Student 10 (33.3%), Research scholars 6 (24%) and Faculty Members 9 (36%) response.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Faculty Members 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% (a)DELNET (b)INFLIBNET (c)INDEST Category 4 Research Scholars PG Students
Figure-13
Table 14- Library services being provided in library.

Options
PG Students N=30 % 60
(a)Circulation Services (b)Reference Services
18
23.3
13
52
11
44
(c)Reprographic 16 Services (d)Translation Services (e)Information Retrieval (f)CAS/SDI Services 1 2 3
53.3
14
56
16
64
10
6.6
3.3
12
Above table show that the library service being provided in your library as Circulation Service by PG Students 18 (60%), Research Scholars 21 (84%) and Faculty Members 19 (76%). Reference Service by PG Student 7 (23.3%), Research Scholars 13 (52%) and faculty Members 11 (44%). Reprographic Service by PG Students 16 (53.3%), Research Service 14 (56%) and Faculty Members 16 (64%). Translation Service by PG Students 3 (10%), Research
Scholars 2 (8%) and Faculty Members 2 (8%). Information Service by PG Students 2 (6.6%), Research Scholars 1 (4%) and Faculty members 1 (4%). CAS/SDI Service by PG Student 1 (3.3%), Research Scholars 3 (12%) and Faculty Members 1 (4%) response.
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members
Figure-14
Table 15- Satisfied with library Services.
Options
Faculty members N=25 15 % 60
(a)Very Satisfied
14
(b)satisfied 10 (c)Not very 6 satisfied
33.3 20
8 3
32 12
8 2
32 8
Above table show that the you are satisfied with library services as very satisfied by PG Students 14 (46.6%), research Scholars 14 (56%) and Faculty Members 15 (60%). Satisfied by PG Students 10 (33.3%), Research Scholars 8 (32%) and Faculty Members 8 (32%). Not very satisfied by PG Students 6 (20%), Research Scholars 3 (12%) and Faculty Members 2 (8%) response.
60 50 40 PG Students 30 20 10 0 (a)Very Satisfied (b)Satisfied (c)Not very satisfied Research Scholars Faculty Members
Figure-15
Table 16- Often use the Internet/CD-ROM.

Options
PG Students N=30 % 36.6 26.6 36.6
Research Scholars N=25 14 7 4 % 56 28 16
Faculty Members N=25 10 8 7 % 40 32 28
(a)Daily
11
(b)Weekly 8 (c)Less than Weekly 11
Above table show that the often do you use the internet/CD-ROM as Daily by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research Scholars 14 (56%) and Faculty Members 10 (40%). Weekly by PG Students 8 (26.6%), Research Scholars 7 (28%) and Faculty Member 8 (32%). Less than weekly by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research scholars 4 (16%) and faculty Members 7 (28%) response.
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (a)Daily (b)Weekly (c)Less than weekly PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members
Figure-16
Table 17- Attend any Internet programme.

Options
PG Students N=30 % 30 70
Research Scholars N=25 8 17 % 32 68
(a)Yes (b)No
9 21
Above table show that the did you attend any internet programme as Yes by PG Students 9 (30%), Research Scholars 8 (32%) and faculty Members 5 (20%). No by PG Students 21 (70%), Research Scholars 17 (68%) and faculty Members 20 (80%) response.
250
200
150
Faculty Members Research Scholars
100
PG Students
50
0 (a)Yes (b)No
Figure-17
Table 18- Think online and CD-ROM Databases are essential.

Options
PG Students N=30 %
Research Scholars N=25 % 28 72
(a)Yes (b)No
11 19
36.6 7 63.3 18
Above table show that the do you think online and CD-ROM databases are essential as Yes by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research Scholars 7 (28%) and faculty Member 9 (36%0. No by PG Students 19 (63.3%), Research Scholars 18 (72%) and Faculty Members 16 (64%) response.
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 (a)Yes (b)No Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students
Figure-18
Table 19- Select the online/CD-ROM database which are using regularly.
Options
Faculty members N=25 7 % 28
(a)Springer 8 Link (b)ACM (c)DELNET (d)INDEST (e)UGCINFONET (f)ProQuest (g)Science Direct 2 6 5 11 13 12
16.6 36.6 43.3 40
3 14 12 9
12 56 48 36
5 16 15 11
20 64 60 44
20
12
20
6.6
12
Above table show that the online/CD-ROM databases which you are using regularly as springer link by PG Students 8 (26.6%), Research Scholars 5 (20%)
and Faculty Members 7 (28%). ACM by PG Students 5 (16.6%), Research Scholars 3 (12%) and Faculty Members 5 (20%). DELNET by PG Students 11 (36.6%), Research Scholars 14 (56%) and Faculty Members 16 (64%). INDEST by PG Students 13 (43.3%), Research Scholars 12 (48%) and Faculty Members 15 (60%). UGC-INFONET by PG Students 12 (40%), Research Scholars 9 (36%) and Faculty Member 11 (44%). Pro-Quest by PG Students 6 (20%), Research Scholars 3 (12%) and Faculty Members 5 (20%). Science direct by PG Students 2 (6.6%), Research Scholars 2 (8%) and faculty Member 3 (12%) response.
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PG Student Research Scholars Faculty Members Faculty Members PG Student
Figure-19
Chapter-5
CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

CONCLUSION
Now-a-days people are accessing information through Electronic devices and retrieving Electronic Resources. In this way Internet and CD-ROMs information plays an important role. Information accessing through these types of media is free or even economically low in some cases. Hence, they are rightly called powerful tools of information storage and retrieval devices because of their nature which consists of compatibility, transportability, capability and accessibility. According to the survey CD-ROMs are found to be very useful in libraries. The internet is revolutionizing the working processes in libraries and archival techniques. Through Internet one can get most up-to-date information by giving advanced retrieval techniques. It is how possible to retrieve information independently of time zones and geographical location for obtaining results. Information is coming in electronic form through internet and CD-ROM databases people are moving towards these resources rather than traditional print form. This survey also shows some important points regarding students acceptance and involvement in accessing Electronic Resources through CD-ROMs and Internet. According to this
majority of the users/students moving towards these resources. The e-mail system provides a communication facility to users for which it replaces the traditional postal mail and fax systems formerly used by institutions thus saving time.
FINDINGS
1. The highly number of percentage of PG Students (50%) are aware for Home and Research Scholars (56%) and Faculty
Members (60%) are aware for university as the most frequently used place of Internet. 2. The highly number of percentage of PG Students, Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for Trail and errors as the methods of learning internet skills. 3. The highly number of percentage of PG Students, Research Scholars and faculty Member are aware for Slow access speed as the problems uncounted which using internet. 4. The highly number of percentage of PG Students (36.6%) and Faculty Member (44%) are aware for Advance research and Research Scholars (52%) are aware for Basic search as the exploring skills use of internet. 5. The highly number of percentage of PG Students, Research Scholars and Faculty Member are aware for Title as the criteria of judging relevancy of information. 6. The highly number of percentage of PG Students, Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for Afternoon as the preference of time of access to internet in campus. 7. The highly number of percentage of PG Students, Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for Google as the findings research article which feature will use.
8. (53.3%) and Research Scholars (44%) are aware for career development and Faculty members (52%) are aware for research purpose as the purposes do use Internet. 9. The highly number of percentage of PG Students (80%) and Faculty Members (72%) are aware E-mail and Research Scholars are aware for E-books as the indicate service used by users through internet. 10. The highly number of percentage of PG Students (53.3%)
and Research Scholars (56%0 are aware for subject related and Faculty members (52%) are Ware for General as the internet site is being used by users. 11. The highly number of percentage of PG Students,
Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for Google as the Search option in a search engine used. 12. The highly number of percentage of PG Students,
Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for the rate the behavior of library staff which using internet 13. The highly number of percentage of PG Students,
Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for DELNET as the library participating in network.
14.
The highly number of percentage of PG Students,
Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for Circulation service as the library Services being provided in library. 15. The highly number of percentage of PG Students,
Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for Very Satisfied as the satisfied with Library Services. 16. The highly number of percentage of PG Students,
Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for Daily as the often use the Internet/CD-ROM. 17. The highly number of percentage of PG Students,
Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for No as the attend any internet programme by users. 18. The highly number of percentage of PG Students, Research Scholars and Faculty Members are aware for No as the think online and CD-ROM databases are essential. 19. The highly number of percentage of PG Students (43.4%)
are aware for INDEST and Research Scholars (56%) and Faculty Members (64%) are aware for DELNET as the Online/CD-ROM databases are using regularly.
SUGGESTIONS
In order to successfully carrying out the task of Internet/CD-ROMs every participating libraries have to take some initiatives to change there thinking in the modern era of information technology. These are the following suggestions which will help in successfully accomplishing the task of resource sharing: 1. Colleges has to provides awareness provide awareness programme to students for accessing Electronic Resources regularly. 2. The respondents suggested that lack of CD-ROMs in particular subject and limited computer terminals in the browsing center is the main reason for not using digital resources in the colleges/library. 3. Library staff should assist the users in using digital resources for searching required information. 4. Internet facility should be available round the clock and open on all days except may be national holiday. 5. The use of internet access has increased the possibility of virus attach some antivirus software should be installed on the server. 6. Connectivity should to be improved during working hour.
7. Internet facilities should be improved and up date PC may installed. CD-ROM, CD Writers must be installed for data collection. 8. Broadband facilities should be provided more number of journals to be made available online.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Adika, Gifty Internet use among faculty members of universities in Gahana. Library Review, 2003; 52,1; 29-37p. 2. Andrew Hammock, Andrew and Kleppinger, Eugene. Online! : Internet guide for students and writers. New York: St Martins griffin, 1997 3. Bates, M.E. The Internet: part of a professional searchers toolkit. Online, 21 (1) Jan/Feb, 1997. 4. Bradley, P and Smith, A. World Wide Web: how to design and construct home pages, London, Aslib, 1995. 5. Cole, C and Carter, S. Interview and online searching for undergraduates doing a social science assignment., Information Processing and Management, 32 (6) Nov, 1996. 6. Dawson, A. The Internet for library and information professionals, London, Library Association Publishing. 1997. 7. Don Busche, Don and Satterlee, Angela. Adventures on the Internet: a beginners guide Boyd & Fraser Pub. Co., 1996. 8. Dong, L T Su, LT. Search engines on the World Wide Web and information retrieval from the Internet: a review and evaluation. Online and CD ROM Review, 21 (2) Apr 97. 9. Estrada, Susan. Connecting to the Internet. An oReilly Buyers Guide. Sebastopol, CA: OReilly & Associates, 1993.
10.
Dong, Xiaoying. Searching information and evaluation of
internet. International information and Library Review, 2003; 35, 24; 163-87p. 11. Garlock, K. L. and Piontek, S. Building the service based
library Web step-by-step guide to design and option, Chicago/London, ALA. 1997. 12. Gopinath, M.A., CD-ROM Technology and its Impact on
Library and Information services, Lib. Sc. 31 (4) Dec. 1994. 13. Heidenreich, F. Know your search engine: a comparison of
6 popular Web search engines. Health Care on the Internet. 1 (2) 1997,1997. 14. Kahin, S. and Wright, C. Internexus: a partnership for
Internet instruction, in Kinder, R. (ed.) Libraries on the Internet: impact on reference se New York, Haworth Press, 1994. 15. Kennedy, S. D. The onslaught of Internet resources:
strategies for keeping up with information can be applied to the net. Information Today, 14th (3) Mar 97, p.52-3. 1991. 16. Kochmer, Jonathan. The Internet Passport. Northwest Nets Guide to Our World Online. 4th ed. Bellevue, WA: Northwest Net, 1993.
17.
Koutnik, C. The World Wide Web is here; is the end of
printed reference sources near? R_O, 36 (3) Spring, 1997. 18. Lunin, L.F., Perspectives on CD-ROM for Information
Storage and retrieval, JASS 39; 1, 1988. 19. Marine, April et al. Internet. Getting Started. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: PTR Prentice-Hall, 1992. 20. Morphet, John, P. Windows on Internet: the complete
tool chest on CD-ROM. John P. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995. 21. Noel, Jeffrey G. and Epstein, Joel. Social Support and
health among senior Internet users: results of an online survey. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 2003; 21, 3; 35-54p. 22. Philips, CD-ROM Optical information Storage and
Retrieval, Bhubneswar, SIS, 1997. 23. Raisch, M.J. The wide world of the World Wide Web. A
description of Web browsers ans search engines., 24 (1) Spring, 1996; 24. Raman Nair, R. Computer Application to Library and
Information Services. New Delhi, Ess Ess, 1992. 25. Rashid, Abudl., Application of CD-ROM Technology,
INICAE, 14 March 1995.
26.
Rietdyk, R.J. Creation and Distribution of CD-ROM
Databases for the Library Reference Desk, JASIS, 39; 1, 1988. 27. Still, I. (ed.) The Internet library: case studies of library
Internet management and use, Westport, Mecklermedia. 1994. 28. Sugumar, B, CD-ROM Cost Effective Mass Storage
Media, Electronics Seminar. 21; 10, 1989. 29. Tomaiuolo, N.G. and Packer, J.G. An analysis of Internet
search engines: assessment of over 200 search queries. Computers in Libraries, 16 (6) Jun, 1996. 30. Torok, A.G. Internet search engines: are users ready?
Towards a worldwide library. A ten-year forecast Proceedings of the-19th International Symposium 23-26-September 199 & Edited by Ahmed H. Heal and Joachim W. Weiss. Essen, Germany, Universitatsbibliothek Essen, 1997. 31. Vishwanathan, T. Connectivity and information
Technology. Key note address at IFLA Seminar, (Aalborg) Denmark, 1997. 32. Websters t Third New International Dicitionary.
Springfield G & c Merrian Compan.
Questionnaire
Dear Friends I am conducting a survey on use of CD-ROM and Internet resources by the students A.M.U, Aligarh of Information Technology by P.G. students, search scholars and faculty members for the fulfillment of award M.Lib (M.L.I.S.) Degree under the supervision of Dr. Javed Khan Dept. of Library and Information Science. I shall be grateful, for your cooperation to fill this questionnaire. Information that you provide will be kept confidential and used for the purpose of the research only. Thanking you, with regards,
Yours Sincerely Sarika Gautam.
Questionnaire for users
General Information:1.
Name: ..
2.
Gender: (a) (b) Male Female ( ( ) ) of the course:
3.
Name
.
4.
Time of library..
(a) University (b) Home (c) Friends Place (d) Cyber Caf (e) Other Place
5. Which most frequently used place of internet?
6. What methods of learning internet skills?
(a) Trail and error (b) Guidance from friends (c) Guidance from university (d) External courses.
7. What problems encountered which using internet?
(a) Slow access speed (b) Difficulty in findings relevant information

(c) It takes too long to download pages (d) Lost associated with accessing internet (e) Privacy problems.
8. What exploring skills use of internet?
(a) Basic search (b) Advance search (c) Web directory (d) Query
9. What criteria of judging relevancy of information?
(a) Title (b) Highlighted words (c) Descriptions (d) URLs

10. What preference of time of access to internet at your campus?
(a) Morning (b) Evening (c) Afternoon (d) Night

11. In case of findings research article which feature will you use?
(a) Google (b) Google scholars (c) Youtube (d) Im feeling lucky
12. For what purpose do you use Internet services?
(a) For career development. (b) For seeking outside information. (c) For research purpose. (d) Any other purpose.
13. Kindly indicate services used by you through internet.
(a) E-Mail. (b) E-Journals. (c) Database. (d) CD-ROM. (e) E-Books. (f) Chat mode.
14. Which internet site is being used by us?
(a) General (b) Subject related (c) Recreational (d) Others

15. Which search options in a search engine do you use?
(a) Google (b) Yahoo (c) Rediff (d) Alta Vista

16. How do you rate the behavior of library staff while using Internet?
(a) Co-operative (b) Arrogant

(c) Guiding (d) Indifferent

17. Does your library is participating in network like?
(a) DELNET (b) INFLIBNET (c) INDEST

18. Library services being provided in your library?
(a) Circulation Services (b) Reference Services (c) Reprographic Services (d) Translation Services (e) Information Retrieval (f) CAS/SDI Services
19. Do you satisfied with library services?
(a) Very satisfied (b) Satisfied (c) Not very satisfied

20. How often do you use the Internet/CD-ROM?
(a) Daily (b) Weekly (c) Less than weekly

21. Did you attend any internet programme?
(a) Yes (b) No

22. Do you think online and CD-ROM databases are essential?
(a) Yes (b) No

23. Select the online/CD-ROM databases which you are using regularly?
(a) Springer Link (b) ACM (c) DELNET (d) INDEST (e) UGC-INFONET (f) Pro Quest (g) Science Direct

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Chatper-1

1. Accessing the internet

Impact of the Internet Libraries

processing of the documents too can be done without much efforts.

Role of Internet in Discharge Library Function

comprehensive source of information than has been so far

Single comprehensive solution for the management of all ILL activities.

Transparent electronic transmission of requests and messages through the Internet.

www.netadvisor.co.uk. LOOKSMART: (http://www.looksmart.com)A fairly

CD-ROM IN DIGITAL LIBRARIES

CD-ROM Technology and Its Use

Size of Compact Disc

required by individual systems.

Utility of CD-ROM in libraries

Application of CD-ROMs in Libraries and Information Science

NETWORKING OF CD-ROM DRIVES

Ojedokun (2002) In a study named Internet Access and

Chandran, D (2000) in his study discuss the use of

faculty Members in Various Disciplines: A Comparative Case

Information Studies. Vol.8, No.1, PP. 44-53.

Selection of the problem

Scope and limitation of the study

Objective of the study

Hypotheses of the Study

Tools used for study:

Open Questionnaire: This type of questionnaire does not carry

Closed Questionnaire: This is an important type of

Pictorial Questionnaire: Is the one in which options are given

Mixed Questionnaire::- This type of questionnaire consist of a

Steps followed in questionnaire

Writing the report.

Data Analysis Method

Data Analysis & Interpretation

table show that the most frequently used place of internet as

university by PG students 10 (33.3%), Research scholars 14 (56%) and Faculty

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (a)University (b)Home Friend place (d)Cyber Caf (e)Other Place

PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members

Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students

PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members

relevant information (c)It take 9 30 13 52 10 40

too long to download pages (d)Lost associated with

accessing Internet (e)Privacy Problems 7 23.3 3 12 5 20

Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students

Research Scholar % 30 N=25 11 % 44

Faculty Members N=25 7 % 28

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 (a)Morning (b)Evening PG Students Research Scholars Faculty Members

N=30 (a)Google (b)Google Scholars (c)Youtube 19 (d)Im feeling lucky 1 21 11

Faculty Member Research Scholars

0 (a)Google (b)Google scholars (c)Youtube (d)I'm feeling licky

Table 8- Purpose of use Internet services.

PG Students N=30 % 53.3

Research Scholars N=25 11 % 44

Faculty Members N=25 5 % 20

Faculty Members Research Scholars PG Students

Table 9- Indicate services used through Internet.

PG Students N=30 % 80 23.3 6.6 6.6 30 43.3

Research Scholar N=25 17 13 4 2 19 9 % 68 52 16 8 76 36

Faculty Members N=25 18 14 5 1 13 5 % 72 56 20 4 52 20

(b)E-journal 7 (c)Database 2 (d)CD-ROM 2 (e)E-books (f)Chat Mode 9 13

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PG Students Research Scholars Faculty members

Table 10- Internet site is being used by us.

PG Students N=30 % 33.3 53.3