Honors Atomic Theory WS Name:____________________________________________ Date:____________________ Per:__________________ Please do this on a separate sheet of paper, and write out the

questions (or print this off of blackboard with space under each one). Dalton/Thomson 1. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true. a) Most materials occur in nature as pure substances.

b) A given compound usually contains the same relative number of atoms of its various elements.

c)

Atoms are made up of tiny particles called molecules.

d) According to Dalton, the atoms of a given element are identical to the atoms of other related elements.

e)

According to Dalton, atoms may divide into smaller particles during some chemical reaction processes.

f)

Daltons atomic theory was immediately accepted by scientists worldwide.

2.

Suppose that a beam passing between a pair of charged plates had some sulfur-32 ions with one extra electron and some sulfur-32 with two extra electrons. If all the ions had the same velocity, which particles would be deflected more? Explain your reasoning.

3.

Which would bent more by a magnet, a beam of sodium ions or a beam of potassium ions. Assume that all the ions have identical velocities and charges. Explain your reasoning.

4.

Two beams of ions, germanium-74, and selenium-74, pass between a pair of charged plates. The ions have the same charge, but the velocity of the germanium ions is twice as large as the velocity of the selenium ions. Identify which beam will be deflected more and explain your reasoning.

5.

Two beams of ions, one containing calcium-40 ions with a 1+ charge and the other containing argon-40 ions witha 1- charge, both travel at the same velocity. Explain how these two beams would be deflected if they passed through an electronic field.

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Rutherford 6. In Rutherfords experiment, explain why some alpha particles were deflected through very large angles.

7.

Describe the problem with Rutherfords model of the atom.

8. a)

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true. Rutherfords bombardment experiments with metal foil suggested that the alpha particles were being deflected by coming near a large, negatively charged atomic nucleus.

b) The proton and electron have similar masses but opposite electrical charges.

c)

Some atoms also contain neutrons, which are slightly heavier than protons but carry no charge.

Isotopes 9. How many protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of the following atoms? How many electrons are present? 60 7 + 24 a) 12 e) 27 Co i) 3 Li Mg
34 16 33 16

b)

O
10 4

f)

S
27 13

j)

24 12

Mg 2 +

c)

45 21

Sc

g)

Be
Ar

k)

Al 3 +

d)

52 24

Cr

h)

40 18

l)

31 15

P 3

Electrons in Atoms 10. Descibe the difference between the frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of a wave.

10. List seven colors of the visible light spectrum in increasing energy per photon.

11. How are frequency and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave related?

12. Green light has a wavelength of 5.0 x 102 nm. What is the energy in joules of one photon of green light? x 10-19 J) Page 2 of 9

(4.0

13. Violet light has a wavelength of about 410 nm. What is its frequency? Calculate the energy of one photon of violet light. (7.3 x 1014 Hz, 4.8 x 10-19 J)

14. The most prominent line in the line spectrum of aluminum is found at 396.15 nm. What is the frequency of this line? What is the energy of one photon with this wavelength? (7.5729 x 1014 Hz, 5.0178 x 10-19 J)

15. An energy of 3.30 x 10-19 J/atom is required to cause a cesium atom on a metal surface to lose an electron. Calculate the longest possible wavelength of light that can ionize a cesium atom. (602 nm)

16. You are an engineer designing a switch that works by the photoelectric effect. The metal you wish to use in your device requires 6.7 x 10-19 J/atom to remove an electron. Will the switch work if the light falling on the metal has a wavelength of 540 nm or greater? Why or why not? (no, make sure you explain why)

17. The most prominent line in the spectrum of mercury is found at 253.652 nm. Other lines are located at 365.015 nm, 404.656 nm, and 1013.975 nm. a) Which of these lines represents the most energetic light?

b) What is the frequency of the most prominent line? What is the energy of one photon with this wavelength? (1.18190 x 1015 -19 Hz, 7.83139 x 10 J)

18. The most prominent line in the spectrum of neon is found at 865.438 nm. Other lines are located at 837.761 nm, 878.062 nm, 878.375 nm, and 1885.387 nm. a) Which of these lines represents the most energetic light?

b) What is the frequency of the most prominent line? What is the energy of one photon with this wavelength? (3.46645 x 1014 -19 Hz, 2.29687 x 10 J)

19. What does it mean to describe something as being quantized?

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20. The text gives examples of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by molecules. What happens to a molecule when it absorbs radiation? 21. An atom that possesses excess energy is said to be in a/an _________________ state.

22. A beam of red light has (higher/lower) energy photons than blue light.

23. The energy of an emitted photon corresponds to the difference in energy between the excited state of the emitting atom and its _______________ state.

24. What does it mean to say that the energy levels of hydrogen are quantized? What experimental evidence exists for this?

25. What is meant by the ground state of an atom?

Bohr/Wave Mechanical Model 27. According to Bohr, what sorts of motions do electrons have in an atom, and what happens when energy is applied to the atom?

28.

In the line spectrum of atomic hydrogen there is also a group of lines known as the Brackett series. These lines are produced when electrons, excited to high energy levels, make transitions to the n = 4 level. Determine (a) the longest wavelength in this series and (b) the wavelength that corresponds to the transition from ni = 6 to nf = 4. (4044 nm, 2621 nm)

29.

A hydrogen atom (Z = 1) is in the third excited state. It makes a transition to a different state, and a photon of light is either absorbed or emitted. Determine the quantum number nf of the final state and the energy of the photon when the photon is (a) emitted with the shortest possible wavelength, (b) emitted with the longest possible wavelength, and (c) absorbed with the longest possible wavelength. (2.04 x 1018 J, 1.06 x 10-19J, -4.91 x 10-20 J)

30.

Calculate the wavelength and frequency of light emitted when an electron changes from n = 3 to n = 1 in the H atom. (102.4 nm, 2.93 x 1015 Hz)

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31.

Calculate the wavelength and frequency of light emitted when an electron changes from n = 4 to n = 3 in the H atom. (1872 nm, 1.60 x 1014 Hz)

27. Why was Bohrs theory for the hydrogen atom initially accepted, and why was it ultimately discarded?

28. Discuss briefly the difference between an orbit (as described by Bohr for hydrogen) and an orbital (as described by the more modern wave mechanical picture of the atom).

29. Explain why we cannot exactly specify the location of an electron in an atom but can only discuss where an electron is most likely to be at any given time.

30. What do the principle energy levels of an atom represent. How are these principle energy levels like the orbits postulated by Bohr, and how do they differ from those orbits?

31. What overall shape do the 2p orbitals have? How are the individual 2p orbitals alike? How do they differ?

32. If an electron moves from the 1s orbital to the 2s orbital, its energy (increases/decreases).

33. Into how many sub-levels is the fourth principle energy level of a hydrogen atom divided? What designations are given to these sub-levels?

34. What is meant by the Pauli exclusion principle? How many electrons are in an orbital according to this principle? Why?

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35. The number of sub-levels in a principle energy level (increase/decreases) as n increases.

36. The shape of an orbital provides only a ________________ map for the electron residing in the orbital; it does not indicate the details of the electrons movement. 37. Which of the following orbital designations is/are not correct? a) 1d b) 2d c) 3d d) 4d Quantum Numbers 43. Quantum numbers: a) When n = 4, what are the possible values of l? e) 3f f) 4f

b) When l is 2, what are the possible values of ml?

c)

For a 4s orbital, what are the possible values of n, l, and ml?

d) For a 4f orbital, what are the possible values of n, l, and ml?

44.

Quantum numbers: a) When n = 4, l = 2, and ml = -1, to what orbital type does this refer? (Give the orbital label, such as 1s.)

b) How many orbitals occur in the n = 5 electron shell? How many subshells? What are the letter labels of the subshells?

c)

How many orbitals occur in the f subshell? What are the values of ml?

45.

A possible excited state of the H atom has the electron in a 4p orbital. List all possible sets of quantum numbers n, l,ml, and ms for this electron.

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46.

A possible excited state for the H atom has an electron in a 5d orbital. List all possible sets of quantum numbers n, l, ml and ms for this electron.

47.

How many subshells occur in the electron shell with the principal quantum number n = 4?

48.

How many subshells occur in the electron shell with the principal quantum number n = 5?

49.

Explain briefly why each of the following is not a possible set of quantum numbers for an electron in an atom. a) n = 2, l = 2, ml = 0

b) n = 3, l = 0, ml = -2 c) 50. n = 6, l = 0, ml = 1

Which of the following represent valid sets of quantum numbers? For a set that is invalid, explain briefly why it is not correct. a) n = 3, l = 3, ml = 0, ms = + c) n = 6, l = 5, ml = -1, ms = -

b) n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +

d) n = 4, l = 3, ml = -4, ms = -

51.

What is the maximum number of orbitals that can be identified by each of the following sets of quantum numbers? When none is the correct answer, explain your reasoning. a) n = 3, l = 0, ml = +1 c) n = 7, l = 5

b) n = 5, l = 1

d) n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2

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52.

What is the maximum number of orbitals that can be identified by each of the following sets of quantum numbers? When none is the correct answer, explain your reasoning. a) n = 4, l = 3 c) n=5

b) n = 2, l = 2

d) n = 3, l =1, ml =-1

53.

State which of the following orbitals cannot exist according to the quantum theory: 2s, 2d, 3p, 3f, 4f, and 5s. Briefly explain your answers.

54.

Write a complete set of quantum numbers (n, l, and ml) that quantum theory allows for each of the following orbitals: (a) 2p, (b) 3d, and (c) 4f

55.

Write a complete set of quantum numbers (n, l, ml and ms) for each of the following orbitals: (a) 5f, (b) 4d, and (c) 2s.

56.

A particular orbital has n = 4 and l = 2. This orbital must be: (a) 3p, (b) 4p, (c) 5d, or (d) 4d.

57.

A given orbital has a magnetic quantum number of ml = -1. This could not be a (an) a) f orbital b) d orbital c) p orbital d) s orbital

Periodic Trends 59. Explain why the atoms of the elements at the bottom of a given group (vertical column) of the periodic table are larger than the atoms of the elements at the top of the same group. Page 8 of 9

59. Though all of the elements of a given period (horizontal row) of the periodic table have their valence electrons in the same types of orbitals, the sizes of the atoms decrease from left to right within a period. Explain why.

60. In each of the following sets of elements, indicate which element shows the most active chemical behavior. Explain why. a) Li, K, Cs b) Mg, Sr, Ra c) S, Se, Te 62. In each of the following sets of elements, indicate which element would be expected to have the lowest ionization energy. a) Li, K, Cs b) Li, C, F c) F, Cl, I d) Rb, Sr, In

62. In each of the following sets of elements, indicate which element has the largest atomic size. Explain why. a) Li, Rb, Cs b) B, Ga, Tl c) F, Cl, I

64.

In each of the following sets of elements, indicate which element has the smallest atomic size. a) Na, K, Rb b) Na, Si, S c) N, P, As d) N, O, F

65.

Which has the larger radius, Na+ or Ne? Explain your answer.

65.

Which of the following would you predict to be larger? Explain why. a) Na or Na+ c) Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ b) F or F d) H, H+, H-

66.

Define electronegativity. In problems 63 & 64, indicate which element has the highest electronegativity.

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