RESULT

Table 1: Data to verify Superposition Quantity Vout V1 V2 IR1 IR2 IR3 Calculation 4.62 V 10 V 15 V 1.462 mA 0.462 mA 1.933 mA Simulation 4.61 V 10 V 15 V 1.46 mA -0.47 mA 1.93 mA Lab Session 4.68 V 9.81 V 15.04 V 1.46 mA -0.48 mA 1.93 mA

Table 2: Data to verify Superposition Quantity Vout IR1 IR2 IR3 Calculation 1.15 V 0.885mA 0.115 mA 0.769 mA Simulation 1.152 V 0.885 mA 0.116 mA 0.768 mA Lab Session 1.130 V 0.88 mA 0.11 mA 0.76 mA

Table 3: Data to verify Superposition Quantity Vout IR1 IR2 IR3 Calculation 5.77 V V 0.577 mA 0.577 mA 1.154 mA Simulation 5.762 V -0.576 mA 0.582 mA -1.158 mA Lab Session 5.76 V 0.59 mA 0.58 mA -1.16 mA

DISCUSSION Discussion / Analysis for Simulation Part

Task 1: This part must do the simulation on the circuit, use the multisim software get the result. Use the two current sources is a 10 V and 15 V. The result obtain as stated above in circuit. If the value is negative result its mean the measurement in a wrong polarities. If want to positive result, change the polarities of measurement connection. It doesnt matter and not affects the value of result because considered the value is positive. Task 2: For task 2 sessions, still use the same techniques but little different compare the task 1. This is because, this part use only one current source it is V1 10 V. When remove the other current source V2 15 V, the result is same as an actual source. To get the value of voltage, connection of the multimeter (probe) must be parallel with the load rather than current that must be series with load. Task 3: The next step, V2 as a voltage source the result is quite similar like the previous session. The different of the result is around 0.01. It is because of the different between 2 sources are not too big. (V1=10v, V2=15v).

Discussion / Analysis for Practical Part

Before lab session, we already did some calculation/simulation which is to compare with measurement result. Task 1: By referring to the circuit given in the lab sheet, we managed to construct the circuit on the breadboard. Before connecting the circuit with 10V and 15V, we show our circuit to the lab staff. This is because to avoid any connection error that will make us unable to get accurate result. We have been provided with multimeter to measuring the current flow and voltage. The Digital Multimeter makes us easy to measure the current and voltage value. After permission was given by the lab staff, we started to connect the circuit to the voltage supply. Voltage supply range is 0 15V. So by using multimeter, positive probe connect on the Vout port while negative probe was connect to the ground port. We were set one supply to 10V and the other one to 15V. Resistor R1 is connected to V1, which is 10V supply. While, resistor R5 is connected to V2, which is -15V. Resistor R2 and R4 must connect to the ground. Referring to the lab sheet, we just need to measure Current or Voltage that are needed by the Table 1. First, we set the multimeter to Voltage measuring. To find the value of Vout, we tap the probe between R2. The value is 4.68V.This value is bit higher than the value we got from simulation. Next, we measured the V1 which we have to tap the multimeter probe between the V1 supply. The value is 9.81V because using analog voltage generator, we can only set to the nearest voltage to the 10V. While V2, the measured value was 15.04V. After that, we have to measure the current for IR1, IR2, and IR3. To measure IR1, we have disconnected resistor R1 from the R2 and R3. So we connect the multimeter positive probe at the end of R1 while negative probe connect series with R2 and R3.The value for IR1 is 1.46mA, which is this value is same with simulation. Then, to measure IR2, we disconnected resistor R2 from the ground. By connecting the end of R2 to the positive probe and negative probe to ground, we get the value of the current flow at R2, that is -0.48mA. Only 0.01mA different from the simulation value. Lastly, we measure IR3. The value we got is 1.93mA which is same with the simulation and calculation value.

During this task, we have no problem to measure current and voltage value because we already have skills to measure by using multimeter. The only problem is we have to understand how to use the digital multimeter because that is our first time using the provided multimeter.

Task 2: In the superposition theorem, we have to consider 1 independent source at a time. So, in this task, we have to remove source V2 from the circuit. By referring to the figure 2 in the lab sheet, R5 have to connect to ground. So, only V1 (10V) is remaining in the circuit. This time, only Vout, IR1, IR2, and IR3 are need to measured. For Vout, multimeter probe was connected across the R2. The value we got was 1.130V. That value was difference from simulation and calculation value where the value was 1.150V. This is because our V1 supply is 9.81V and not exactly 10V. When we measuring the value of IR1, IR2, and IR3, the value was a bit same with simulation and calculation which are 0.88mA, 0.11mA, and 0.76mA. As we can see, the value of IR1 is higher compare to IR2 and IR3. This is because the value IR1 can get by adding IR2 and IR3. IR1 = IR2 + IR3 = 0.11m + 0.76m 0.87mA During this lab task, we may got negative value of current because depend by the way we connect the multimeter probe. If we forgot to change the setting of the multimeter from voltage to current (mA), we never got the measured current value at the multimeter. Sometime when we disconnected the resistor where we have to measure the current flow, we forgot to connect the resistor back. This will make the circuit to be an open circuit.

Task 3: For the task 3, the procedure is just same with Task 2. The only different were V1 is short circuit. So, R1 is connected to the ground. Now only V2 supply is remaining in the circuit. V2 supply value is 15V. We know the direction of the current will be different from the Task 2 because main current will be at I5. By using multimeter and set to Voltage, we measured Vout across R2 and the measured value is 5.76V. This is difference from simulation because the value of simulation is negative. This can be solve by inversing the multimeter probe. For IR1, IR2, and IR3, the measured value is 0.59mA, 0.58mA and 1.16mA. As we learned from the theory, IR1 value is sum of IR2 and IR3. IR1 = IR2 + IR3 = 0.59m + 0.58m = 1.17mA During this lab task, the problem was connection problem. We took about 10 minute to troubleshoot the circuit. We had to troubleshoot the circuit because the initial measured IR1 value was higher than the calculation value. So we found out that we left R4 disconnect from the ground.

Discussion / Analysis for Calculation Part

Task 1: In this task, we have to solve Task 2 and Task 3 first. Using Superposition Theorem, Task 2: After short circuit the V2 supply from the circuit, we have to simplify the circuit. R4 and R5 are in parallel. Then R4//R5 is series with R3, so we can add R3 with R4//R5 to be only one resistor value. After that, we simplify the circuit by find the value of R2//(R3+(R4//R5)) and assume as Rp. Now only two resistors are remain in the circuit. To calculate the current, we have to calculate the total resistor where we have to add R1 with Rp. By using Ohms Law, Total current is calculated by dividing V1 with Total resistor. In the circuit, I1 is equal to the Itotal. To calculate IR2 and IR3, we have to use Current Divider Rule theory. After knew the value of IR2, so we can calculate Vout. Task 3: To calculate task 3 circuit, we have to short circuit V1 supply. So only V2 will be remain in the circuit. First, we have to simplify the circuit where R1 is parallel to R2. Value of R1//R2 can be add to R3 because both are series. Then, the total resistance value of (R3+(R1//R2)) can be parallel to the R4. Lastly, total resistor is R5 plus with the R4//(R3+(R1//R2)). Total current can be calculate using Ohms Law, where I = V/R. So 15V divided by 1.857k. The total current value is 8.08mA. To calculate IR5 and IR2, we were using Current Divider Rule. The value of IR5 is 1.154mA while IR2 is 0.577mA. Current flow at the R1 can is IR5 IR2. For IR2 value, there is a little difference value between calculation and simulation/measurement. After calculate Vout, there are not much different in the value.