CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Introduction to the problem

When we talk about Tourism, we are referring to a rather complex phenomenon that involves a thousand aspects. The World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2005) defines tourism as the activities of a person travelling outside his or her usual environment for a specified period of time and whose name purpose of travel is other than exercise of an activity remunerated from the place visited World Tourism Organization (2005). We can say then that tourism is the activity that implies to visit another place different from the local environment for a period of time which can go from one day up to one year; after a year we should talk in terms of a temporary residence.

At present day tourism is a very important activity in most of the places around the world; the Mexican economy is based on tourism because it is the activity that contributes to employment and economic welfare, it helps to build social and political relationships with other countries, too. Tourism is a social factor because it allows developing relations between one culture and another, it allows people to be able to learn more about other cultures and their traditions. In addition tourism is an activity that can be done for different purposes such as recreation, relaxation or business.
1

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO: World Tourism, V 5. No. 2, 2007), France, Spain, United Kingdom, China, and Italy are among the 50 most visited countries in the world. In the European continent, France is the top destination chosen by international tourists. It may be due to the fact that people think that Europe has everything starting with natural areas, history, beautiful landscapes etc. Most of Mexican tourists, who decide to make a trip out of their continent, always think about visiting Paris: The Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral, Seine River, etc. Why do people always just have in mind Europe? Well an easy possible answer would be that most of them prefer trendy places or maybe they do not have enough information about other places that are similar or more historical than the famous Paris. However, they should consider that there can be other places which would offer the same beauty at more affordable costs. Many people do not want to visit a different country just because they do not know anything about the tourist attractions that the place has, and this is the case of Rabat which is a great option in Africa. People have not heard all the amazing things Rabat offers and the best way to experience country like this or any other, is to be in close contact with the inhabitants and native people, their culture and language, not only visiting it.

First of all, Africa is cheaper than Europe so people can save more money and enjoy as much as if they spent a lot of money in Europe and in Rabat people can enjoy nature and wildlife with all the comfort and beauty to their eyes and relaxation.
2

Africa is the less visited continent in the world, (WTO 1998 a: 29) just few people decide to go there. It is essential to know that African culture is very important and interesting too. We can find more beautiful and quiet places there than in Europe. Also Africa does not have much activity in the sector of tourism, but that could be because of the lack of promotion or the interest of the people to visit that country. One of the countries to visit in the African continent is Morocco there tourists would be able to be in contact with native old people who can teach lots of things about their country.

Morocco, whose capital is Rabat, is an enchanted area. It has nice and sophisticated hotels and places to eat; it also has lots of places full of things to see and do and places full of natural beauty. That kind of beauty is very uncommon and you cannot find it easily and everywhere as in Paris. Rabat is located in the African continent, in the Atlantic Ocean, near the Bou Regreg river. That means that Rabat has a lot of water around it, and that gives the country a special and fantastic touch for the tourist.

Rabat is a very historical country which has many monuments and important museums and it is a clean modern city. It is important to mention as well that Rabat is not only an historical country, but also multicultural. People can learn about the culture and the customs of one part of the African continent, and enjoy places that are incredible for all the family. Rabat is an excellent option for the tourist who wants both amazing landscapes and experience new dazzling cultures. It is easy to
3

find anywhere food from all over the world such as the Italian, French, Chinese etc, but it is more difficult to find food from African countries. People have to think better before traveling, because in this way they can experience new emotions. When tourists prefer to chose Rabat as a major destination instead of Paris, they can realize they can enjoy themselves more in Rabat, because in this city they are able to be in close contact with very different cultures, languages, customs, etc. and the best thing without spending much money. Thinking of a different continent means thinking in very different contexts. When people visit a tourist destination and they like it, they will recommend it to their friends, acquaintances or well-known people. If this happens, it is easier for this place to be promoted in a faster way, making it more attractive and popular destination by the time, as Rabat could be.

If Rabat is not promoted people will not be able to discover and visit so many calm and relaxing areas. Additionally to this contrast to other main tourist centers within Morocco, Rabat gives very low rates. We do not know if people just visit those places because they do not have enough information about other places or continents that they can visit. Ignorance makes people make decisions that do not allow them to experiment something new, near other people and culture that could be more interesting than that of Europe.

The Moroccans are well known by their hospitality and will do all they can to make you feel at home. If people feel that they really would like to have a change and experience something new, this visit will help them to get incredible
4

experiences and also its memorie will live on. This could be the unique experience they will have and that will help them to look at the world from a different angle for a long time but to look the African continent in different angle too as we do.

Thus, the main problem seems to be the lack of information and promotion of such an ideal place to visit and a rising question is whether it is possible to find out why people chose one given destination such as Paris instead of one like Rabat. Is it possible than once people are given the proper information and guidance about a city like Rabat they would change their mind and prefer it over other places?

1.2 General objective

To give an account of the reasons people have when choosing a tourist destination.

To know the general idea that people have about Africa. If they have a negative idea, make them realize the benefits of knowing the continent and its tourist richness.

1.3 Specific Objectives

To find out why people prefer going to Paris than going to any other country.
5

To provide the Foreign Languages students with proper information so that they can consider the African continent as a place to visit.

To create this thesis which will gather the most important information about Rabat, as well as describing the most interesting points about it.

1.4 Hypothesis Providing Mexican tourists with information about Rabat would make them realize that Rabat is a worthy tourist destination; as a consequence, they would probably prefer to visit Rabat instead of Paris.

1.5 Importance

With this research and with the evaluation of the answers, the decision of the Mexican tourist should be easier to make, and as a result of their decision African economy could improve and become more acquainted with the world. Also, Mexican tourists could save more money and enjoy at the same time, by making the decision of traveling to Rabat instead of Paris. They can change the statistics of tourist visit in Rabat, and help others to change their mind and visit uncommon places, and not so commercial ones.

1.6 Limitations
6

The present research will be only made according to the needs observed in Mexican Tourist by making an interview at the UMAD from San Andres Cholula. Therefore this investigation will be valid only for this group that I had described before and in the places that have already been mentioned. The places that will be covered on this research are only the city of Rabat in the African continent and the city of Paris in the European continent; however people should consider that there are plenty of other places in the same situation as Rabat.

1.7 Organization of the research

This thesis work has been organized in five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction and here the problem, objectives and the research hypothesis have been presented. In chapter two there is the Theoretical background where there exists a review on the pertinent literature. Chapter three includes the methodology of the research; here there are the steps of how the information was obtained and how it was processed. Chapter four was devoted to the results of the research and Chapter five includes the conclusion of all the research and some suggestions, having in mind the pertinent list of references that were used in all the investigation.

CHAPTER TWO
7

The lack of information for Mexican tourist created the necessity to write this thesis research providing proper information about Rabat as a primary tourist destination. The reason for this is because the information is not that easily available for the Mexican tourist. The literature reviewed in this chapter deals with tourism in Mexico. In addition, most of the time, the Mexican tourist visits the most attractive places without taking into consideration other options or places to visit. For this reason, we felt compelled to make tourists aware of Rabat as a worthy place to visit.

2.1 Definition of tourism

The usual meaning for tourism comes from Latin. Las races del turismo son dos; tour yturn, ambas derivadas del latn tornus (torno) como sustantivo (redondear, tornear y en latn girar). Y tornare como verbo (de las que se aprecia por raz comn la idea de giro, de viaje circular y de vuelta al punto de partida). (Fernndez Fuster, Luis, Teora y Tcnica del Turismo, and Teora General de Turismo. (2a Edicin) Manuel Ramrez Blanco. Ed. Diana. Octubre, 1992, p. 29). In other words it can be said that the roots in tourism are two: tour and turn which come from Latin tornus, and both having the meaning of going around in a trip. Even though some other authors say that the origins of the word tourism can be found in the Bible when Moses, whilst wandering in search of the Promised Land, sent twelve spies to recognize the land of Canaan, which he had been attempting to conquer. Traveling thus was mandatory (Fernandez
8

Cano, 1984 p.3-10). On the other hand, tourism, as ancient as the man himself, began at a point when man evolved and became sedentary. In that time, traveling on foot was a must for the human wanting to survive, as stated in testimonies found in ancient cultures like the Egyptian, Chinese, Greek and Roman, among others (Francis, D K.1997). It can be concluded that through the centuries, traveling has not been considered an obligation any longer but a pleasure, destination and entertainment. Therefore, to know exactly the meaning of tourism it is necessary to know its etymological root since it is an old activity that, by our time, has gone through different changes depending on the languages where this term is used.

2.1.1 Tourism Tourism is an old activity that has changed through the time. Something worth mentioning is the words relationship to leisure as seen in classic Greece. The Greek were quite focused on leisure and free time in order to attend the Olympic Games of the VIII century. The people from that century attended sport competitions that were celebrated in Olympia every four years. Since that time, tourism has become a popular global and important activity. However, tourism in that time was very difficult to accomplish because those trips were of great length, uncomfortable, risky and very expensive. As background information, it can be stated that Thomas Cook, who carried out the first group trip by train in 1841, started his own business running rail excursions for pleasure. Its possible to say that tourism was born at the end of the XVIII century and at the beginning of the
9

XIX in England as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution and it was called GRAND TOUR (2008, www.AIEST.com URL). In those days, students and businessmen traveled to Europe in order to study in France, Rome, Florence and other cultural centers (Robert W.1999, p. 53). In conclusion, since man has always traveled since his appearance in the world, it can be stated that tourism has various approaches to its study depending on the language where it is used as it has already been mentioned. 2.1.2 Definition of tourist A tourist is someone who travels just for recreation, leisure or business and upon completion of this activity he returns home. In addition to this definition, tourists are people who travel to and stay in places outside their native country (not only) for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not for more than one consecutive year (Fernandez, 1967). But it is important to know that this activity is not remunerated for the visitor. In the same way, we can take into consideration another definition: A partir del significado de las races latinas puede definirse, etimolgicamente al turista como la persona que viaja temporalmente y regresa a su lugar de origen o residencia permanente (Ramrez Blanco Manuel, Apuntes del curso de introduccin al estudio del turismo, Mxico 1966, p. 30). As a result, tourist can be defined as someone who performs a temporal journey especially for pleasure. 2.1.3. Tourism Shifting

10

Tourism can be classified in different ways depending on the shifting and the motivations of the tourist. The movement in tourism is based on the tourists trip categorization. However we have Krapf who was the first man that studied the movements that drive a man to travel (la Torre Oscar, 1985). In other words, this activity takes an important role in the shifting of modern tourism because from it, leisure trips and excursion trips emerge; those are not necessarily focused on studying but in traveling inside and outside their usual environment. In conclusion, tourism generally applies to humans because its the first participant that decides which place to visit. As a result, both the National and International tourism

appeared as tourist movements.

2.1.3.1 National Tourism

National Tourism is considered when the inhabitants of one country travel into the same country from a days time up to little less than a year. However national tourism is a person residing in a country who travels to a place within the country but outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding six months (World Tourism Organization, 2008 URL). In addition this activity took great importance after the XIX century through means of transportation like the train, airplane, and automobile. After that, the mass tourism began to increase; these tourist are more easily identifiable because during their trips tourists do different activities from the ones usually carried out in their hometown, but this normally happens in a short period of time during the spring or summer break and at
11

Christmas. Something to be mentioned is the existence of the Local tourism. This activity goes hand to hand with the concept of national tourism. Se llama localidad turstica, al sitio que por sus sitios atractivos particulares, por sus medios de comunicacin y por su equipamiento, es objeto de demanda turstica (la Torre Oscar.El turismo, fenmeno Social fondo de Cultura Econmica, Mxico 1985, p. 66). In other worlds Local Tourism is the place that, due to its particular attractive settings, media and facilities, generates tourist demand. So it can be concluded that this is the place that should have all the particular attractiveness that a tourist place imply. This situation takes place in the locations that offer the traveler all the aforementioned services with the main objective of providing a top quality service, which will generate growth in that location. For this reason it is important to plan the development of one locality but there are different places where they can go to enjoy, and all depends on the locality that they will visit.

2.1.3.2 International Tourism International Tourism exists when people cross the limits of their own country, just to go to another one. However International Tourism involves the person who travels to a country other than that in which he/she has his /her usual residence and which is outside his /her usual environment for a period not exceeding one year (World Tourism Organization, 2008 URL). Nevertheless foreign tourists may be admitted to another country under tourist visas (if required) for purposes of leisure, recreation, holiday, visits to friends or relatives, health, medical treatment, or religious pilgrimage. Something to be mentioned is
12

that after the Second World War mass tourism started in 1975 growing up to 20 million movements. In the same way those movements were recognized as International Tourism (Robert W., 1999). So to be considered an international Tourism participant must spend at least one day in the receiving country and their duration of stay must not surpass 12 months. In addition, this activity implies to know other people, take part in a cultural exchange which includes social and educative values. As a result the economics of the country visited grows up and with the help of the foreign currency to the receiving nation. In addition International Tourism is nowadays a modern phenomenon in the world.

2.1.4. Temporary Tourism Stay

The tourism stay depends on the necessities that each tourist has. The causes for tourism are many, but the motivations are classified in 4 main ideas that are fundamental and those are: recreation, rest, culture and health, but they are also classified in other types because it depends on the necessities and wishes of the tourist. First of all, we can say that tourism could be of short or long stay when it is based on the average of time of permanence that a tourist has. Other sorts of tourism are the excursion and the autonomous ones. On one hand we have the excursion tourism which implies a full itinerary, which offers a package or a global offer, and can be gotten by the tourist agent. Those can be characteristics and categories of transportation to be used during the organised excursion, any meal plan if applicable, pricing (including taxes and any additional charges), the method
13

of payment, a minimum number of persons required for the excursion, the date by which the traveller should be informed in the event of cancellation, and finally details of insurance coverage. On the other hand, is the autonomous tourism which is practiced by the tourist based on an itinerary that the tourist makes by himself. It means hes taking his own necessities and wishes for doing so; comparing both, the tourist shall choose the best option according to his needs. Equally important are the free and focused tourism. This type of tourism exists when the tourist freely decides when, how long, and where hes going to. Also included are the time of stay, the transportation service, the places to visit, the activities and other wishes (World Tourism Organization, 2005). In a word, the tourist shall determine the needs and characteristics of the trip.

2.1.5 Tourist services

A lot of people like to have a great experience when they are taking holidays. Traveling also involves getting a good service, attention and of course, good prices. Servicio turstico se entiende como toda actividad realizada por una persona fsica o moral, pblica o privada, tendiente a satisfacer necesidades especficas directamente planteadas por el desplazamiento turstico. (Instituto Mexicano de Investigaciones Tursticas, and Teora General de Turismo. (2a Edicin) Manuel Ramrez blanco. Ed. Diana. Octubre, 1992, p.66). In other words tourist services means all activities realized for the visitor in order to satisfy all their needs that imply the tourist shifting. It is essential to provide all the services
14

needed by the tourist when travelling. Actually, tourism is recognized for the services that are being offered. According to Ramirez (1992) these services cover needs related to accommodation, meal, clothing and the pleasure of the tourist. For this reason, it is important to consider all the following aspects in order to provide the lodging services that shall include innovation services, sport, and recreational or green areas such as gardens. As a result, there exists a classification about lodging services; those can be of the type of hotel or extrahotel (Ramrez, (1992). In this case it is important to take into consideration the lodging before a trip. As a conclusion, it can be said any related services for accommodations must be provided at the hotel or housing structures that offer a place for the tourist to spend the night.

2.1.5.1 Types of Hotels

Due to the enormous increase in tourism worldwide during the last decades of the XX century it is a basic need for everyone who travels to find an accommodation. A hotel is a site that provides paid lodging on for a short period. The root of the word hotel is derived from French that means a place offering accommodation (Robert W., 1999). Hence, hotels also generally make other services available such as offering a meal, parking, food, beverages, entertainment, a swimming pool, banquets, convention, and meeting facilities. The provision of a basic accommodation consists of a room with a bed, a small table, a cupboard, and a bathroom. In other words the services rendered by
15

hotels are generally more complete than those offered by motels and other lodging places. In contrast, we have Motels, including all services normally

included in the price of lodging. Those are typically located along the highways or thoroughfares and cater specifically to the needs of people traveling by cars. Another one is the Motor-hotels commonly known as motels, it is more recent creation and it is located in urban important centers mainly. It is almost similar to a hotel about its construction, different in the space for special parking and its related services. Another one is the Resident-hotels, it has a special direction to the tourist who wants to stay in a foreign place for long time; these places are expensive and luxurious places with suites that are not rented per day (Ramirez, 1992, p. 70). In general the types of accommodation can be according to the necessities of the tourists needs.

2.1.5.2

Other Accommodations

Unlike the hotel, those places not have the same luxuries, and the work team is reduced. The service given to the tourist is minimum because it does not offer the restaurant service, a swimming pool, snack bar, meeting rooms etc. (Ramirez, 1992, p. 72). For this reason, those following places are classified in apartments or particular houses because this sort of places included are all other services provided by such sites in connection with the provision of lodging, such as bathroom, living room, kitchen, dining room, two or four rooms. Those are rented for families at least a week or a month or for the vacation season. Another
16

one is the guests houses or inns. Most of those housing provide only lodging with a limited number of rooms; although some may include food serving services, but it can be rented with or without meals and also the option of laundry. Those are very usual for students and can also be rented per days, months or years. Another one is the Tourist fields that mean free space in which you are in close contact with nature, designed for Trailers and recreational vehicles parks or camping-sites. Such services include provision of site only or an option that includes water, electricity, gas, and a little building as cafeteria, laundry, bathroom, and yard. Another one is the Youth hostels service is provided by school dormitories, residence halls or youth hostels. These special places are distinguished for young people that can be accepted by certain rules or requirements although the accommodation is limited to a maximum of three days and the prices are really cheap and sometimes they include food. Finally are the Shelters and cabins. Those are used by people who like sports and those are localized in fishing and hunting areas and also are using then for a short period of time by a group of tourists or for visitors that like ecological areas. Its constructions are rustic and are cheaper than the options afore mentioned (Ramirez, 1992, p. 72). It can be concluded that those places are designed for all kind of people that like different experiences.

2.1.5.3

Meal services

The meal services are very essential in life for all of us because it satisfies
17

a big vital need. This service can be provided through different sites such as restaurants, cafeterias or vending machines. With time those places had changed considerable; so those changes have been made in quality, prices, and infrastructure. There are certain restaurants that can be considered the self service that is used when people serve themselves as; snack bars, buffets or fast food places. In addition, the restaurants can be classified according to the characteristics of the place.

According to Ramirez, (1992, p. 91) meal services referred to a simply to the service in which the food is served. However Robert W. (1999) say that due to the enormous demand from tourists has created the necessity to develop new concepts and trends that include ethnic restaurants, especially typical gastronomy, increasing in the inclusion of healthy food, local products, and regional plates as well as international plates. It can be concluded that some of them can be developed in such way that the service and satisfaction is guaranteed because it offers a special menu and a high quality services to the foreign and national visitor.

2.1.5.4

Tourist transportation

Another aspect that is important is the transportation, because all the time people need something in which they can move from one place, to another. La
18

transportacin turstica proporciona el servicio que facilita el desplazamiento turstico, al hacer posible el viaje de ida y vuelta, a la vez los traslados subsidiarios durante ese lapso. (Instituto Mexicano de Investigaciones

Tursticas, and Teora General de Turismo. (2a Edicin) Manuel Ramrez Blanco. Ed. Diana. Octubre, 1992, p. 101). In other words, the tourist transportation gives the services of transportation to the visitor, makes possible to go around in a trip during a period of time any motion means, by which. For this reason there are certain types of transportation such as Air transport; the IATA and OACI are the two main air associations that helped to develop more the use of this service.

Nowadays the aerial transportation is the fastest and easiest way to travel and the flights can be domestic or international. Another one is the ground transportation, basically this transportation is provided by cars, taxis, street cars, trains, buses or omnibuses. In addition, the transportation used by the tourist can be by private providers or by rental. This line of service is totally tourist and can be domestic and foreign visitors. Finally there is the nautical transport; the maritime transportation has been producing new luxurious ships. This sort of transportation is provide this service are ferry-boats, car-ferry, hydrofoil and hovercraft and those cross seas, oceans, lakes and rivers(Ramirez, 1992 p. 101 to 108). As a conclusion, transportation and tourism are basically joined. In addition, it is very important to consider transportation in trips because it is the means in which the tourist can move from one place to another.

19

Destinations

This next section deals with the actual available Information about the two destinations this research is focused on. In the first section Rabat was introduced as a destination that still unknown for most of the Mexican tourist. The information presented would make them realize that Rabat opens the door to new adventures and fascinating and colorful places. From North to South, east to west Rabat is alive with attractions and activities for visitors of all ages. In addition to visit Rabat is to venture into a present full of natural and cultural attractions, many of them unique in the world; the information of a glorious past whose vestiges remains as silent witnesses to the singular story of Rabat civilization. On the other hand, Paris was presented as a well recognized place for most of the Mexican tourist. This section deals with all the necessary data to learn everything about one of the most visited capitals of the world. In addition, the main objective of this thesis research is to give proper information about the two destinations.

2.2 Rabat

This place, worthy of visitation, is located in the African Continent and on the Atlantic Ocean. The city was found about the 10th century. The name was derived from Ribat al-Fath: it means the camp of victory (Howstaffworks, 2008,
20

URL). Something to be mentioned is that Rabat is a country of warm and friendly people who greet you with open arms and is a beautiful and hospitable place. Also the city is modern and even reserved by the Moroccan. Morocco has been influenced by some civilizations as the tribes Berber and Almohades for the 300 year. In addition, in the year 647, the conquests began with the Arabs and Islam awakening, but the dynasty of the conquered Berberes and the Almohades dominated all the Arabs (National Tourist Office of Morocco, 2008 URL). For this reason Rabat can be considered modern and reserved by Moroccan standards; and also the city has the greatest archeological treasures including many fascinating historic sites as well. As a conclusion, this place has richness such as culture, art and architecture. 2.2.1 Language in Rabat

Rabat is a very multicultural country for the varied historical influences on the people of Morocco, for this reason there is a large variety of languages spoken throughout the country. According to ISESCO, (2009) said that there are many languages that still present and those are Arabic, French, Spanish, and English. Arabic is the official language spoken in Morocco and its influence of Arabic has been important in the Islamic countries. In addition, the Arabic is related to and classified alongside other semantic languages such as Hebrew and Aramaic. In other words, Arabic is spoken by more than 280 million people as a first language. Something to be mentioned is that fortunately for most of the Moroccans are capable of speaking more than just one of their native languages.
21

Equally important, French is not seen as an indigenous language in Morocco, although at least half of the population. This is due to the strong French influence during the period from 1912 to 1956, which has also left a large amount of French architecture in parts of Morocco (ISESCO, 2009). For this reason, French is the second language spoken widely used throughout the Islamic world due to the important relationship with France. In addition, over 20,000 people in Morocco speak Spanish; given that, it is a short distance away of Spain, also acted as a protectorate of Morocco for a while after 1912, for this reason Spanish has been influenced by the culture. Finally English is another language spoken as well in the country. Therefore, it can be concluded that Rabat has different ways of the various languages spoken that can greatly enhance your experiences in the country. This means you should be able to get by in most parts of the country quite easily without even trying very hard. 2.2.2 Tourism in Rabat Tourism in Rabat is firstly a bridge between people and civilization including cultures and its nature. As a consequence, this city opens the modernity with clean and responsible tourism. In addition, the king Mohammed VI has made tourism one of the nation priorities with clear focus tourism (National Tourism Office in Morocco, 2008 URL). For this reason, in 2001 the tourism in Morocco gave 3,500 km. of virgin cost from the Atlantic Ocean to Mediterranean in order to increase the tourism in the region. After that, a new project called vision 2010 emerges with the objective of improving the tourism in one way key in order to develop the country in terms of capturing more tourism. The tourism was based in the low level
22

cultural that included the traditional routes as Marrakech, Fez, Meknes (called imperial cities) all this was combined with a specific tourism of venture on the desert and the south oasis and around the Atlas. However, this project has improved the tourism considerable since 2001.

According to the Minister of tourism of Morocco (2007 p. 73) said that, in 2006 where a total 6.500.000 people that visited this country; that means that 12 per 100 increase compared to last year. On the other hand, World Tourism Barometer (2008 URL) says that, since that project, the Moroccan tourism has been increasing in a short period of time. In addition, the tourism came basically from Europe with 1, 48 millions of visitants that are Frenchmen, and then the Spanish with 468.00.00 visitants and also the British with 266.00 visitants and all this tourism was significant in 2006 according to the Minister of tourism of Morocco (2007 p. 73). In conclusion, tourism has increased with the time.

2.2.3 Attractions in Rabat

Rabat has its own attractions as many other famous countries. Let your imagination run wild because the options are varied and exciting. Everything is easy to get to, and its all within the boundaries of the exciting region. Rabat has many places and things to do, but the wrong and bad promotion about the beauty of the place makes all this information poor and unattractive to the tourist.
23

However, if you do not want to go on your own, there are several tour companies providing sightseeing tours and professional guide services.

Rabat Archeological Museum site walk you back through time and history. It was built in 1932 and enlarged a few years later to display the findings resulting from intense archaeological research. This museum has housed the National Museum collections since 1986 and is one of the richest in Morocco. Another site is the Bab Rouah or "Gate of the Winds. This is the name of one of the five gates in the Almohad wall. It has now been converted into an exhibition center. Another site is the Bou Regreg Dam. It has a wind surface and those who prefer to have a picnic can share the same waters and shores of the Atlantic Ocean and the Bou Regreg dam. Equally important we have Chellah Necropolis historical place permeate the landscape, mixing the ancient Rabat world with todays natural beauty. It was built between the 13th and 14th centuries on the ruins of the ancient Roman town. Another significant site is the Costume Museum in Rabat that tells the history of Morocco through the garments and traditional jewelry of the various regions of the kingdom. Another archeological site is the Royal Palace. This construction began in 1864, is surrounded by a wall cut by three gates inside the various buildings, with open spaces known as the Mechouar, which holds the AhlFas mosque where the King leads prayers on Fridays. As well important is the Oudaias Kasbah, this construction was built here to protect the Oudaias in the 18 th century, and it affords a fine view over the ocean. Lastly we have the Museum of Moroccan Arts; a house was built between the walls of the former residence of
24

Moulay Ismail. The custodians have tried to reconstruct all the accessories which make up the decoration of a typical Moroccan house. Finally we have the Hassan Tower Mausoleum. In this place the King Mohamed V. It is in this very place where the late Mohamed V, returning from exile, gathered thousands of Moroccans to thank God for giving independence to his country. In addition, Mohamed V mausoleum was built in 1956. It can be concluded that Rabat has formidable archaeological zones in which it can admired the temples and the shrines that this amazing place offers.

2.2.4 Events

In Rabat you can find many spectacles of nightlife as soothing fantasy, exotic music and dancing music over the street, shows with cobras and all kind of snakes. Wherever you travel in Morocco you are guaranteed to hear music. It is a basic expression of the countrys folk culture. Besides that, the traditional Moroccan music is an important part of everyday life, and evident at every celebration such as marriages, funerals, religion gatherings and of course festivals.

According to Tourism of Morocco, (2009) ancient Moroccan music can be found in the mountainous region and it is performed within the Berber village, there mysterious music and festivals are celebrated each year and are best represented by poetry and dances. In other words, the folklore dances are magnificent and give peace to the life of the tribes. The Timitar Festival is the leading celebration of
25

amazing culture and world music in the Souss Massa Draa name received by the strong Arabic classical tradition. Another one is the Sufi Music unique to Islam which elicits a trancelike state which inspires mystical ecstasy. Another one is the Gnaoua music festival; this is very famous for the extravaganza featuring art exhibitions and Gnaoua style music. Another important festival is the Imilchil Marriage. This is a legendary festival that is homage to love and is celebrated by the Berber tradition. Also it is important to mention the Ramadan that represents an ancient Islamic holiday whereby Muslims fast during daylight hours for thirty days. Equally important is the Roses festival-el Kelaa de Mgouna a Berber music, singing, and dancing. Finally we have the Paris-Dakar Rally; this is the most famous international car race that crosses the Sahara Desert. In this event came people from Spain, Rumania, Germany, and Italy among others (Visit Morocco, 2009 URL). It can be concluded that the experience for yourself in Rabat shall make you think back trough the time, appreciating all the beautiful festivals and unique history that Rabat can offer. 2.2.4.1 Shopping

Shopping in Rabat is a unique and exciting experience for all the visitors. Like all big cities Rabat, has exquisite and precious arts and crafts that you will find in chic boutiques and modern shopping centers. Souk is the name that receives a market in an Arab country and is the major feature in Moroccan life and it is among the countries greatest attractions. The shopping starts on Consult Street in the medina and Mohammed V Avenue. In this place you can find art, craft and
26

jewellery; this place is also famous for all the rugs. The traditional rug of Rabat is fine with short, often red wool, with a medallion in the shape of a diamond in the center (Visit Morocco, 2009 URL). Also, you will find some other things that you can buy as remarkable things about Rabat with tradition and modernity. Some of the best buy in Rabat are leather ware, handicrafts, carpets, pottery, wood carvings, traditional garments and various food products. One of the largest shop centers in the whole African Continent is the recently opened center located in Rabat called The Mega Mall in Rabat. This mall offers many clothing stores for

children, teenagers and adults. There also is a large range of domestic and foreign products and known brands such as Diesel, Tommy Hilfiger, Gas Jeans, Versace Gallery, among others. So it can be concluded, both Souks and Shop center are also a daily destination for locals and foreign visitors. In addition, these shops have a wide variety of items. In other words, visiting a Souk is a cultural experience that should not be missed on your trip to Rabat.

2.2.4.2 Gastronomy

Dining in Rabat is a great food experience because you will enjoy many dishes with a magnificent taste. Rabat cuisine is the culinary star of North Africa and it is hard to decide what to eat and where to go because the imperial and trade influence has been filtered and blended into the culture. Being the mixed of many civilizations, the cuisine of Rabat is a mlange of Arab, Berber, Moorish, French, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean African, Iberian and Jewish influences. Rabat
27

cooking is enhanced with fruits, dried and fresh as apricots, raisins; among others. Nuts are also prominent as pine nuts, almonds and pistachios. Menus reflect the local African and Rabat cultures, using basic ingredients such as chicken, beef, pork, rice and beans. For this reason, there are some dishes that are the famous such as Couscous, the national dish of Morocco, eaten on Fridays, at weddings, funerals, and on Ramadan. Equally important is the Tajine, a classic dish prepared in an earthenware pot that combines meat, fruits and spices. Another plate is the breads of barley and semolina which are made by women in earthen ovens. Another dish is the Deserts and Pastries; those are sweets and are made with nuts, honey and cinnamon in all shapes, sizes and textures. Another one is the fruits and Nuts, these are a soft sweet fruit that is full of small seeds and is often eaten dried. Another one is the walnut and dates trees that produce natural sweets used in cooking, Spices are essential to Rabat cooking and known for their medicinal value. Finally the Mint Tea, this tee is the national Moroccan drink and is offer in homes, markets and at celebrations. In general, the gastronomy in Rabat is a way of life and its great food that offers this place is unique in the World.

2.2.5 Accommodation in Rabat

Rabat is a country where people can find many accommodation places that are cheaper than others. When it comes to selecting a place to visit, bigger is not always better. Small hotels, villas, inns and others have their own special allure and people can find them easily. For this reason, its important to mention the
28

most representative hotels such as The Ibis Moussafir hotel located in Rabat. This hotel is one of the hotels that are aimed at clients in search of clean and basic accommodation. The building is traditional and located in a quiet area. Even when the rooms are a bit small, it has a full comfort with all you need and air conditioning and the bathrooms are clean and in good condition. Another one is the Mercure Rabat Sheherazade. This hotel is a perfect option for any traveler for its location, quality and price. The exterior is a modern building and it provides basic accommodation that consists of a room with a bed, a small table, a cupboard, and a bathroom. It has 81 rooms, fully fitted and nicely decorated. The bathrooms are medium-sized and have all the comfort. Equally important is the Hotel Sofitel Diwan Rabat, Located in the heart of the city in the embassy and government area, Sofitel Diwan Rabat is near the Royal Palace, Mausoleum Hassan II and the airport. The hotel has 88 rooms, 6 suites and meeting rooms. Finally there is the Hilton Rabat Hotel, situated in a prestigious area; the Hilton Rabat Hotel is an oasis of relaxation and pleasure and also it strives in giving an excellent service and for making you feel unique.

On one hand, the large resorts are nice and can be grandiose, but that does not guarantee a better service, tastier food or anything else; and on the other, small boutique-style hotels and resorts are excellent options because they offer several unique advantages to travelers; which comprise many advantages such as: variety, location, ambiences and price; all primary considerations when planning a vocation. Also, this part of Africa is rich with historical sites and packed
29

with attractions. For this reason much of the fun and entertainment is off the property. In other words, many visitors spend their days exploring and discovering the non-stop excitement of the region. In addition to its convenience, flexibility and extra cash may be more important than the size of the resort. 2.2.6 Currency Exchange The Morocco currency is called Dirham although some travelers find Morocco currency confusing, but with a little effort, it is easy to understand. One way to become familiar with Moroccan money (dirham or DH) before traveling to Morocco is to know the exchange rate there and what the value of your country currency is worth. The rate of exchange is subject to fluctuation and purchases may be made in Dirham or Euros, credit cards, debit cards or travelers checks. Currency may be exchanged at any bank or exchange Bureau, and most hotels. On the other hand, there are the credit cards; most major credit cards are widely accepted at hotels and resorts. However, some retail stores, restaurants and bars may not accept credit cards. Gasoline purchases are usually made with cash. It is always best to inquire before making any purchases. Something to be mentioned is that Moroccos economy is relatively stable; for this reason the Dirham is divided into a hundred centimes. It means that centimes may also be referred to a pesos bill. According to the international exchange rates, (2008), this money is available in 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 DH bills and 5, 10, 20, and 50 Mexican bills. In other words, 10 Dirham equals 36.00 pesos, so 100 dirham equal 360.00 pesos. In general, the Mexican and Moroccan currency is cheaper than other European currencies. In addition, you will not experience any problem
30

when exchanging money during your trip in Rabat.

2.3 Paris

Paris is in the European Continent and is the most beautiful city around the world, but also one of the most expensive. Paris, capital and largest city of France, is situated in the North of it along River Seine. It is also the center of the metropolitan area known as the ile-de- France region. This region is also the main engine of the economy of France, concentrating most of the countrys services such as banking and finance. According to The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, (1996) said that, Paris was born as a small village in the island of the city. In other words, it is an island in the Seine that is now the heart of the city which was built by the Celtic people called the Parissi. On the other hand, we have Chelminski, (1977) said that, in the year 52 BC it was conquered by the Romans and subsequently expanded to the Seine and founded the city of Lutetia, later called Paris. Both give a brief explanation of the origins of Paris. In other words it can be said that the roots of the name Paris derive from that of its preRoman-era inhabitants.

Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "The City of Lights". Something to be mentioned is that Paris is considered an artistic and romantic city by the natives as well as by the people of the world. Besides, Paris is currently one of the main economic, political, cultural and artistic centers of the world; in fact, France is said to be the largest metropolitan in the European Union.
31

It can be concluded that through the centuries, Paris has been changed. Therefore, to know exactly the meaning of Paris it is necessary to know its etymological roots. 2.3.1 Language in Paris The official language spoken in France is French. However, France has rich and diverse influences, and so there are several languages being spoken in different regions of the country. In addition, French is also spoken in Belgium and Switzerland and those former French colonies including Guiana, Northwestern, Africa, Indonesia, Haiti, Madagascar and parts of Canada,( Le Tourisme a Paris: Cliffres cles 2007) . Moreover, there are several other languages spoken by immigrants who form a substantial percentage of the French population. According to Language Report of the French Government, (1999) said that, the official language of France is French and it reflects the history of these people in various regions of France. Also, its roots derived from the Roman language and its spoken by about 77 million people as a mother tongue. On the other hand, The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, (1996) says that French is a group of languages known as Romance languages that include Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Rumania, because they are descendant from Latin; the language of the ancient Roman Empire. In a word, both definitions are similar. For this reason, to know exactly the roots of French, it is necessary to know its etymological root. It is important to mention that French language has variations not only in terms of chronological development, but also in terms of geographical location.
32

2.3.2 Tourism in Paris

It is important to mention that Paris is the worlds leading tourist destination. The strategic and convenient location of Paris makes it very easy for travelers to reach the city. According to Office du Tourisme et des Congrs de Paris, (2007) said that, more than half of all Paris' visitors, 55%, come from foreign countries such as United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Italy, and Japan. In other words, Paris is considered one of the top world cities. On the other hand, The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO: World Tourism, V 5. No. 2, 2007), says that Paris has an average of annual arrivals of 75% each year. It means that in 2007 has increased the tourist activity. It can be mentioned that the types of tourism that can be practiced in Paris are many, but some of the most important are gastronomic, monumental and business tourism as principal ones. Gastronomic tourism not only involves tasting food but also to get into the culture. For this reason France is the top location in regards to this type of tourism, since its gastronomy has been among the best in the world. Some of the most prestigious varieties are wine, cheese and champagnes, not forgetting bakery. This way, tourist people can try and at the same time get a big idea about what Parisian food involves because when we talk about food, it is important to know that is a great passion of French people. They are very careful with their cooking, which is recognized as highly refined with many details in the preparation (yoteca, 2009). On the other hand, we have monumental tourism which can be described as the
33

type of tourism that is practiced in a place where there are many monuments or historic buildings. In Paris, this type of tourism exists too, and as a main example, the Eiffel Tower (Paris info, 2009 URL). In addition, one of the most important types of tourism is business tourism, because Paris is the world's first city to hold conferences and that is the reason why it is known as the capital of business tourism (Office du Tourisme et des Congrs de Paris, 2009). In conclusion, tourism has increased with the time.

2.3.3 Attractions in Paris

Paris is one of the most spectacular sightseeing cities in the world containing a wealth of the city and culture. In addition, Paris has many monuments to visit, but the most famous and known is the Eiffel Tower; which was built for the world Exhibition in 1889. The tower stands tall at over 1000 feet and offers spectacular views of the surrounding landscape from its observation decks. In addition, the tower represents the celebration of the French revolution in 1789. Another important site is the Arc de Triumph; it was originally commissioned by Napoleon in 1806 in order to commemorate his victories. The construction of D Arc de Triumph was completed until 1836 and it is engraved with names of the generals who commanded French troops during Napoleons regime. Equally important is the Notre Dame Cathedral. It is the most famous of all cathedrals in
34

the entire world. The Gothic architecture is located on the ile-de- Paris, a small island in the heart of the city. The Notre Dame began its construction in 1163. It received the name of Gothic architecture because it reflects Paris status as the capital of the kingdom of France. Finally, the Le Louvre is today the originally place that nowadays is one of the largest and most visited museums in the world. The construction was built in 1989 by the renowned architect I.M. Pei. Something to be mentioned is that it contains some of the most famous pieces of art including Da Vinci's Mona Lisa and the Venus de Milo (descubreparis, 2009). In sum, Paris has many other places to visit. In addition, Paris has formidable museums in which great examples of art and architecture can be admired in such premises. 2.3.4 Events

The events in Paris can be an amazing and unforgettable experience; however, it can be also very expensive and stressful. The late nights in Paris mean a variety of music, from clubs featuring live music, to festivals to special events. Paris has an important cultural center of Europe since the medieval ages. This city has contributed significantly to the development of art including dances and music. In addition, streets are alive with a very rich and varied dance tradition and also, almost every region of France has its own distinct forms of music and dances. On one hand, the most popular is the folk and is the traditional folk dance that is well preserved in several regions in south France. On the other hand, there are other dances such as Waltz Polka, Mazurka, Marche, Scottish, Rondeau and Bourree; among others. Besides that, cabaret avenues deliver a dose of vibrant
35

entertainment, as well as the Relax bar cafes, high tech dance clubs and the famous mellow jazz. Equally important, are some spectacles of highlights as Live Music, Le Bilboqet, Contemporary jazz, Chesterfield Caf, Palais des Congrs, and Rock concerts. Finally, the music is another important aspect that has contributed a lot to the development of modern western music, including jazz music that still is very popular in Paris (office du Tourisme de Paris, 2009). To summarize, the City of Lights is a place that has many events that offers you in the whole year. In addition, Paris has something for everyone such as discos, nightclubs, bars and other similar sites, in order to attract the people that are looking forward to having a good time and enjoy the night. 2.3.4.1 Shopping

Paris is a perfect place for shopping. It is easy to find top quality shoes, bags and leather goods. As a consequence, Paris is well-known in many famous brands such as Cartier, Celine, Chanel, Chaumet, Christian Dior, Christian Lacroix, Piaget, Yves Saint Laurent , and Van Cleef & Arpels, among others. For this reason there are two famous rivals, Printemps and Galeries Lafayette. They are carrying designer, brand name and private label of goods. Another important shop in Paris is the Flea Markets. These markets are the most renowned places to find treasures and good price in Paris. There are also three main flea markets that date back hundreds of years, situated around the old gates of the city. The origin of the name refers to the cast-off clothes of royalty which were commonplace centuries ago; teeming with the little insects. Equally important is a place called ``bookworms``. In
36

this place is very easy to find a wide variety of books and those are somewhat expensive, particularly foreign books. In a word, Paris shops are an integral part of the citys cultural identity, and make it the ultimate destination for the discerning consumer.

2.3.4.2 Gastronomy Paris is worldwide known for its varieties of wine and cuisine. The cuisine in Paris is considered as one of worlds most elegant and refined cuisines with different styles, which include both the classical (haute cuisine) and the provincial style. Each region has been able to keep its specialties such as Alsatian

sauerkraut, the cassoulet of basque region, sauted pork morsels of Touraine, the andouillette of Troyes, the tourte ardennaise etc. All those dishes are recognized and are popular in all France and all over the world. In addition to this, cooking is a very important part of the French culture, given the fact that it possesses an incredible diversity of products in the traditional recipes. Besides, Paris produces over 400 varieties of cheese made from the milk of goats, cows, and ewes and Parisians love to make and eat a good variety of bread, including celebrated baguette. Moreover, the cuisine style has influenced almost all western ones, as well as other forms of western cooking.

Something to be mentioned is that France is the country of wine; has the best wines in the entire world. Furthermore, France is the second country that produces wine after Italy. In addition, the wine production is an ancestral tradition,
37

which goes back to ages. In other words, in ancient times, wine was considered as a gift from the gods. It means that is the best wine because of the diversity of weather conditions that help the production of wine (come to France, 1999-2003). In conclusion, the gastronomy in Paris offers a great food and wine that is unique in the World. In order to discover wine and food travelling and discovering French culture is the only way to do so.

2.3.5 Accommodation in Paris

Paris offers a wide variety of accommodations, including a large hotel capacity, apart-hotels, youth accommodation and campsites. Paris hotels tend to be more inexpensive than those in their boundaries such as Italy, Switzerland and Germany. There usually are hotels near train stations, some for low budgets, and other are a little seedy. You can inspect a room before committing to it. You can also fine cheap motel lodging outside of major tourist destinations. Something to be mentioned is that the Hotels in Paris are related by stars according to the government regulation and not necessarily for their facilities and their charms.

According to Office du Tourisme in Paris, (2008) the government hotel rating system is by number of stars and those can be from one star through five stars. In other words, the one star being the simplest hotels (it means the hotel
38

facilities such as small size of rooms, with or without a bath, without elevator and other updated features). The five stars being the most luxurious hotels, (it means with all facilities such as swimming pool, parking, meal, beverages, entertainment, banquets, convention, and meeting facilities). In general the types of

accommodation can be chosen according to the necessities of the tourist. 2.3.6 Currency Exchange The official currency of France was the Franc, but in the year 1360. The name franc was derived from the Latin roots, which means king of the Franc in honor of King John II. At that time, the Franc was actually a gold coin. This coin was weighed about 3.87 grams. In addition, the Franc was the official Currency of France from the year 1360 until 1641. Something important to be mentioned has to do with the colonies of the French Empire, such as Cambodia and Algeria used Franc as their currency. Also, Monaco and Andorra used the currency as a legal tender (the Franc was divided into 100 centimes). After that, the use of Franc was substituted by the Euro (International Exchange rates, 2008). This currency can be exchanged at banks, bureau de change and some large hotels. In addition, some visitors get a better exchange rate at any ATMs. The rate of exchange is subject to fluctuation and purchases are made in Euros, credit cards, and debit cards or travelers checks. Most of the credit cards are widely accepted at hotels and resorts. On the other hand, the travelers checks are accepted in most of retail stores, restaurants and bars and particularly in most of the tourist destinations.

39

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology In this chapter, the methodology and the instruments used to obtain information are presented. Restating that the main objective was to find data that allow to evaluate the options and preferences Mexican tourist contemplate before choosing a destination. Two instruments were used in order to obtain the necessary information: a Power Point presentation that gives information about Rabat and a questionnaire to evaluate the perspectives after knowing the preview of the place. The chapter also describes the participants and procedures followed to analyze data obtained both from the presentation and the questionnaire.

3.1 Research Design In this research were used both, qualitative and quantitative approaches;
40

mixed methods of research, because of the kind of information required was related to measuring and describing the various aspects of the problem with the intention of connecting data from one phase to another. However the concept of a qualitative research is here explained in order to have a better comprehension of the research design. According to John W. Creswell (2007) this line of investigation, is the one which gives narrative registers with techniques such as observation and interview: In his own words Qualitative research is a means for exploring and understanding, the meaning individual or groups ascribed to a social or human problem.(Page4). The process of research under this approach involves emerging questions and procedures and data is typically collected in the participants setting. The principal objectives of this type of research are to find out the reasons and a logic procedure; not only how many, in which place or when of a given situation. A qualitative research does not get results with numbers or statistics but results are gotten from the analysis of the needs and the adaptation of existing material.

On the other hand, the quantitative research includes means for testing objectives or theories by examining the relationship among the variables. According to W. Creswell, (2007) those variables can be measured on instruments so that, the data can be in depth analyzed using statistics procedures In this scenario, the researcher tests a theory by specifying narrow hypothesis and the collection of data to support or refuse the hypothesis. An experimental design is used in which attitudes are assessed both before and after experimental treatment.
41

The data are collected on an instrument that measured attitude (Page 4). Likewise this research took results from logical reasons and procedures. There are subjects in this research that were not taken as statistics but they were used to get results in the real time and place. 3.2 Participants The participants chosen for this thesis research were from Universidad Madero located in San Andres Cholula, Puebla. It were considered twenty students who are currently studying a B.A. in Foreign Languages, and they were studying their 7th semester in 2009. The students age average ranged from 19 to 22 years old and those are from different minor (Enterprises management, International Commerce and Translation and Interpretation). An essential datum is that, from those twenty nine students nineteen of them were men and ten were women. All of them are students of an intermediate level of spoken English, French and German.

The questionnaire and the presentation were in English because they are pupils of Foreign Languages and the main purpose for this project was to know if they would visit Rabat if they had the opportunity to travel overseas. The obtained results were valid only with these participants. Something to be mentioned is that Universidad Madero has the international exchange programs department. In this department the students are able to obtain all the information and help that they require if they want to travel overseas. So that, students are able to travel abroad and this research would help them to choose a good option.
42

3.3 Instruments

In order to gather information for this project a questionnaire and a Power Point presentation were used as an instrument. The questionnaire had 10

questions with multiple choice answers and close-ended questions in order to obtain data from the interviewees. The most important purpose to be considered was to know if the Mexican Tourists were interested in visiting Rabat as a worthy place. The second instrument is a power point presentation that was used to provide information about Rabat with the objective of clarifying the background about the place that the Mexican Tourists have. It has thirteen slides with text and images of the place. It took fifteen minutes to present it, and it considered that this would help the tourists during their trip. 3.4 Procedure The procedure that was followed in this project had few steps. The first part was considered a questionnaire with six questions with general information. Before beginning this project, my tasks were to find out why Mexican tourists would choose one place instead of Rabat as a worthy place to visit. This process was made by evaluating some books and magazines that provided information about Rabat. The second step was to show them the presentation with important information about Rabat. The last step was done by applying the first questionnaire and adding four more questions focused on the presentation about Rabat in order to see if their perspective changed or not after the information was presented.
43

In the step 1 it was needed to evaluate the reasons that they had when they want to travel overseas. Students were asked to answer the questionnaire in the most complete and sincere possible way. The questionnaire and the presentation were deeply analyzed to obtain the data and important aspects that students would probably take into account to choose one place instead of the other. 3.5 Data Analysis

The information obtained from the questionnaire was processed by doing an analysis of each answered question. All this information was significant for this thesis study; nevertheless, it was given priority to the questions referred to the preferences that students considered when they choose a place to visit. The presentation was analyzed in two ways; the first one shows the analysis by their aspects taking advantages and disadvantages of the place. Then, the second analysis was made by taking the reason that they had considered before choosing a place. In order to obtain the results some graphics in the quantitative way were used. All those elements helped to verify if the hypothesis in this research was correct or not and accomplish the aforementioned objectives.

44

45