TEST YOURSELF 2 1-20. sorularda, parada bo braklan yere uygun den ifadeyi bulunuz.

1- The 17th-century Dutch painter Rembrandt established himself as a successful portrait painter. He was the leading portrait painter in Holland and received many commissions for portraits as well as for paintings of religious subjects. He lived the life of a wealthy, respected citizen and met the beautiful Saskia van Uylenburgh, whom he married in 1634. She was the model for many of his paintings and drawings. Rembrandt's works from this period are characterised by strong lighting effects. ........... because he liked to paint or sketch his own image when he had no other model. A) He is one of the most consistently commercially successful painters on record B) It is estimated that he painted between 50 and 60 self-portraits C) However, after the death of his wife, he began to turn away from this profitable type of work D) Once he discovered a commercially successful style, he never varied from it E) In addition to portraits, Rembrandt attained fame for his landscapes 2The third emperor of the Islamic Moghul Dynasty, Akbar, ruled an immense empire in India that included millions more Hindus than Muslims. ........ . Not only did the warrior king marry Hindu princesses, but he also lifted religious taxes on Hindus. He instituted a parliament of religions in 1575 in the hope of fostering friendship and built Hindu temples. He started Din-i Ilahi, a combination of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Zoroastrianism; however, his successors rejected his new religion. A) It was his descendant, Shah Jehan, who built the Taj Mahal B) The founder of the Dynasty was Babar, a direct descendant of Tamerlane C) He proved himself to be one of the most enlightened and tolerant rulers of any generation D) "Moghul" is a corruption of "Mongol" since the dynasty was descended from the Mongolians E) Many buildings from his reign can still be seen in northern India today Since the turn of the century, countless men had striven toward a seemingly unattainable goal running a mile in less than four minutes. Roger Bannister, an English medical student, had dedicated himself to breaking the barrier. ........ . Thus he deliberately avoided the coaches and managers who ruled the sport in order to apply his own methods. A) Mountain climbing and writing were other hobbies of the tall runner B) An unfortunate auto accident shattered his right ankle in 1975 C) He had nearly decided to withdraw from the race because of bad weather D) A defeat in the 1952 summer Olympics induced him to stop competing for a year E) Using his medical knowledge, Bannister wanted to train alone Uganda and the Sudan depend on the Nile for electric power. ........ . Six thousand years of Egyptian civilisation have developed along its fertile floodplain. The river's peculiarities and annual levels have been fully documented since 711 AD. The major geographic mystery of where it came from was solved in 1862, when British explorers John Speke and James Grant determined that Lake Victoria was the Nile's head reservoir. A) The Greek historian Herodotus called Egypt "the gift of the Nile" B) The Aswan High Dam changed the ancient pattern of annual flooding C) West of the Nile, the Western Desert is one of the world's driest areas D) But Egypt needs the Nile River for its very existence E) When the Pyramids of Giza were built, the Nile ran much closer to them than it does today Nijo Castle is located in the old Imperial Japanese capital of Kyoto. The finely wrought parquet floors of the outer rooms of this castle squeak loudly when stepped on. ....... They are, in fact intentional, a

warning system for the Shogun, Tokugawa lyeyasu, who built the castle in 1603 and lived there in continual fear of would-be assassins. A) Kyoto is known for its beautiful temple architecture B) The squeaks bear an uncanny resemblance to the song of the nightingale C) Another famous spot in Kyoto is the Ryo-an Ji temple, with its famous rock garden D) One feature of traditional Japanese architecture is its use of fine wood E) The floors of the inner rooms are covered with "tatami", or straw mats 6If you are warned to evacuate your home or move to another location, do so promptly and follow the instructions given by local authorities. ......... . Make sure that you use these routes rather than trying to find shortcuts on your own. A) Usually certain travel routes are specified or recommended B) More often, panic-stricken people try to obtain extra information C) Authorities are usually slow in bringing the crisis under control though D) Moving quickly but calmly is vital in such emergencies E) In addition, there is the threat of crowds on the motorway The death of Thomas Edison's first wife, Mary Stilwell, in August of 1884, brought about a change in the man that had been imminent for years. No longer a maverick, Edison had become a man of national stature and considerable means. In fact, he was a millionaire. Accordingly, when he began to search for a new wife six months after Mary's death, he had certain criteria in his mind for the new wife. ......... . They were all things that the simple, good-hearted Mary had not been. A) She had been the one true love of his life B) Edison had nicknamed the first two of his children from Mary "Dot" and "Dash" C) He was looking for a sophisticated, bright-minded belle who was a member of chic society D) He married Mina Miller in 1886, from whom he had three children Madeline, Charles and Theodore E) Mary Stilwell had worked in the laboratory together with Edison

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Harilal Ghandi was the most rebellious of Mahatma Ghandi's four sons. ......... . He became a Muslim convert, an alcoholic and an embezzler. Accounts of his arrests, public drunkenness and destitution became commonplace. Harilal appeared at his father's funeral in 1948 in such a derelict condition that few recognised him. Two months later, he died in a tuberculosis sanatorium. A) Unlike the others, he attempted to imitate his father in all ways B) It is unlikely that Ghandi himself would approve of the way India has evolved C) Ghandi's policy of non-violence was a weapon which the British found impossible to fight D) He renounced all family ties in 1911 and embarked upon a tragic lifelong path of self-destruction E) In spite of this, he remained eminently respectable Known insect species number over a million. New ones turn up every day. The eventual count may soar much higher. ....... By contrast, all the known species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and other animals with vertebrae add up to only 36,000 fewer than the types of weevils alone. A) Scientific estimates range from one and a half to five million B) By now it is certain that virtually all types have been discovered C) Insects are now considered far less important than were once

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thought D) The study on insects is called entomology E) Some, such as the cockroach, have been around virtually unchanged for millions of years 10- In "War of the Worlds", written in the late 19th century, the author H.G. Wells told a fanciful story of how Martians invaded, and almost conquered, the Earth. Their weapon was a mysterious "sword of heat". Radiation from this Martian ray-gun killed men and horses instantly, made lead run like water and anything combustible burst into flame. ...... . Today, of course, his "sword of heat" comes close to reality in the laser: the sharpest, purest, most intense light ever known. A) A radio adaptation of the book was so realistic that many people were frightened B) It is now known that there is no intelligent life on Mars C) Wells was one of the most popular authors of his day D) There is no scientific basis for anything of the sort E) In Well's day, such ideas were pure imagination 11- For the residents of Berlin, the decades of division were more heartbreak than inconvenience. ........ . Isolated more than 15O kilometres behind the East German border, two million West Berliners lived in a capitalist oasis encircled by concrete and barbed wire. A treaty in 1972 made it possible for West Berliners to visit the eastern side, but most of the one million East Berliners could not travel to West Berlin, or anywhere else outside the Communist block. More than 5000 East Germans made daring escapes over, through or under the Berlin Wall, but at least 8O died trying. A) East and West Germany were reunited in 1990 B) After World War II, Berlin was originally divided into 4 zones C) The Berlin of the late 20th century was built on the ruins left by World War II D) Families were split and communications cut E) Following the war, it was a very satisfying era for all concerned

14- The hamburger actually originated on the Russian steppes, where medieval Tatars ate raw meat shredded with a knife and seasoned with salt, pepper and onion juice. ........ . The fastidious Hamburgers, not accustomed to eating their meat raw like savages, broiled the outside. This was the birth of the "hamburger steak". A) They would tenderise raw meat by riding with the meat between their thighs and their horses B) Today some fast-food chains provide'reduced-fat hamburgers C) A similar concoction is still eaten in the United States and is called "steak tatar" D) People who are from the German city of Hamburg are called "Hamburgers" E) German sailors picked up the delicacy at the Baltic ports and took the recipe back to their home base at Hamburg

12- Obesity and the need so many of us have to control our weight through agonising forced dieting begin in childhood. Scientists feel that overfeeding in infancy can establish a pattern of excessive appetite that lasts a lifetime. When an adult gains weight, individual fat cells grow fatter. ........ . This means a baby who eats the high-sugar, high-starch diet provided by most commercial baby foods adds millions of extra fat cells that he will always have. A) Weight control involves keeping a balance between the calories consumed in food-and the calories expended in physical activity B) Therefore, weight gained in childhood can always be lost by an adult with little difficulty C) Ideal weight is defined in terms of the percentage of body fat to total body weight D) However, when a child gains weight too fast, new fat cells are added E) The dieting industry is one of the largest ones in the Western world 13- ........... . First of all, the crane has compact plumage that grows close to its body and looks almost smooth. The heron has fluffy plumage and long, fine feathers that give it a wispy appearance. Both birds have three front toes and one back toe, but the back toe of the crane is higher on the leg than the front toes. All the toes of the heron are on the same level. A) Unlike cranes, with which they are often confused, herons fly with necks curved back B) In spring, the male crane bows before the female in a dance of courtship that resembles an old-fashioned minuet C) Often mistaken for herons, cranes actually differ from them in several ways D) Herons live in nearly all parts of North and South America except the polar regions E) Of the 18 known species of cranes, only two are North American

15- .......... . Electric lights would go out. Automobiles and airplanes would vanish. Telephones, radios and television would disappear. Most of the abundant stocks on the shelves of department stores would be gone. The children of the poor would have little or no schooling and would work from dawn to dark on the farm or in the home. Before machines were invented, work by children as well as by adults was needed in order to provide enough food, clothing and shelter for all. A) Electric lights allowed people to see at night with equipment that was much safer than kerosene lamps B) It is almost impossible to imagine what the world would be like if the effects of the Industrial Revolution were swept away C) Early technology was based on experience rather than on science D) A nation's wealth is based largely on its industry, and the more productive the industry, the greater the national wealth E) The term industry covers all the businesses and factories that convert raw materials into goods or that provide useful services 16- When a human baby is born, it has more bones than it will have when adult. An adult has 206 bones, a new-born baby has 300. ........? They fuse together. For example, the front part of the skull is in two parts at birth. This gives the skull a more malleable form while passing through the birth canal. By the second year, these bones fuse to become one. A) Why has a baby got 94 more bones than an adult B) Isn't that about 50% more bones C) What happens to those other 94 D) Does this mean that the baby bones go somewhere E) Isn't it strange that a smaller person would have more bones 17- The most widespread of human diseases in the world is tooth decay. This disease is most common in the Western world where over-cooked, soft and sugary foods are often eaten. Such a diet leaves the teeth coated with tiny particles of sticky food. .......... . This normal bacterial process works overtime if your teeth are coated with the sticky particles Thus, your mouth becomes extremely acid, and the acids begin destroying tooth enamel. A) Normal bacteria in your mouth convert carbohydrates in the food you eat into acids B) Regular visits to the dentist are therefore recommended C) This is one of the main reasons there is such a shortage of dentists in the Third World D) Toothache can be one of the most painful of all maladies E) Dental disease can affect a person's general health, and, conversely, illness can cause dental problems

18- No joke is needed to get members of Mumbai's 37 laughing clubs to erupt with glee. Instead they breathe deeply, yoga-like, reach for the sky to reduce inhibitions, then force a "ho, ho, ha, ha" until the laughter becomes contagious. ......... . "Laughing is my mission," he says. "I want to spread it all over the world." A) Mumbai was formerly known as Bombay B) The club's founder claims that it reduces stress C) Everyone enjoys laughing D) Dr Thomas Ward of London says that it is an absurd thing to do E) Cynics might say that Mumbai residents have little to laugh about 19- Iceland sits across the volatile Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a seafloor mountain range where two of the huge slabs that make up the Earth's crust part. The island is also above a "hot spot", a kind of subterranean stove-pipe deeply rooted in the Earth's mantle. ......... . And this activity affects about a third of Iceland. A) The Icelandic language is closely related to old Norse B) Over 80 percent of Iceland is unpopulated because the land is covered either with permanent snow and glaciers or has a volcanic surface C) One of the main industries in Iceland is fishing D) As the plates pull apart, magma rises between them along an active volcanic zone E) Young Icelanders complain of boredom during the long dark winter months when the sun is never seen 20- The Dutch anatomist Eugene Dubois sailed to Indonesia in 1887. ........ . By the Solo River, he unearthed several bones which we know today as "Java Man". Measuring the volume of various skulls with mustard seeds poured from the skulls into cylinders, he realised that Java man was an ape-man and not a man-ape. A) Indonesia was then a Dutch colony B) His most important task was to learn the Indonesian language C) That part of Indonesia had been successively Buddhist, Hindu, and finally Muslim D) He was seeking evidence there of human evolution E) He was interested in studying the wild life of the region 21-40. sorularda, karlkl konumann bo braklan blmnde sylenmi olabilecek sz bulunuz. 21- Mr Johnson: Did you remember to fax a copy of the contract to our client? Liz: ......... Mr Johnson: If you're not absolutely sure, you had better do it again. Liz: Anything you say. A) Are you sure they are the kind of clients we want? B) I didn't think it was a very good contract, did you? C) Yes, and here's their reply. D) I'm sorry, but I completely forgot. E) I think I did it yesterday. 22- Simon: Is there anything you want done while I'm out? Heather: The phone bill needs to be paid. Simon: ........... Heather: Have you got enough money with you for all of them? A) Yes, and so do the electric and water bills, I think. B) I'll do it tomorrow. It's getting rather late. C) It will have to wait until after I get paid. D) If it should, I'll do it straightaway then. E) That's right, and I also have to call at the chemist's. 23- Bill: Your car isn't running very well. Andrew: ....... . Bill: You could save money if you did it yourself. Andrew: Not me I've got no mechanical ability at all. A) I'll get petrol just up ahead. B) That's strange. It was serviced just last week. C) It's about time I got it painted. D) I think it's time to get it serviced. E) You're right, but I can't afford a new one.

24- Babs: Did you have fun at the beach last week? Jocelyn: It was all right until I got too much sun. Babs: ....... Jocelyn: I know, but I forgot until it was too late. A) Did you get all red and start to peel? B) You must have sat in the shade part of the time. C) You should have used sun screen. D) You really look good with that nice tan. E) Are you taking anything for it? 25- Elif: I can't understand anything in this English newspaper. Bret: ....... Elif: Actually, I was hoping you would help me. Bret: Well why didn't you say so? Now what's the problem? A) The "Guardian" is really difficult. I can't understand it either. B) Don't look at me. My English is worse than yours. C) My advice is to start with something easier and work up to newspapers. D) I wish my English was as good as yours. E) Have you tried using your dictionary? 26- Martin: Have you heard from Julie since she moved to England? Tim: Yes, I have. She's getting married next month. Martin: ....... Tim: She didn't say much about him except that he's got a good job and a nice car. A) You don't say? Where's the wedding going to be? B) I can't believe it! Who's the lucky guy? C) I haven't heard anything either. She must be really busy, D) Are they going to have a big church wedding? E) It sounds as if she's recovered from her broken heart. 27- Freida: That's a beautiful dress. Where did you get it? Nancy: ........ Freida: Did she really? She's certainly very talented. Nancy: She worked as a seamstress before she got married. A) It's a present from my sister. B) I made it myself. C) I found it in my mother's old chest. D) My cousin bought it at a jumble sale. E) My mother made it for me. 28- Gill: Are you looking forward to the weekend? Sam: ......... Gill: What's wrong with them? Sam: They're nice enough kids, but they're all under five and full of energy. A) Absolutely not. I have to look after my sister's children. B) No. I have to take my mother to the hospital for check-up. C) I would be if my wife's parents weren't coming to visit. D) I suppose so. There are a couple of films I want to see. E) I hate weekends because my teenage cousins always come to visit. 29- Philip: Hi Jane. I'm phoning from Japan. Happy birthday! Jane: It's three o'clock in the morning. I was fast asleep. Philip: ......... Jane: You certainly have. My birthday was yesterday. A) I know. It's the only time I was sure you would be home. B) l hope you slept well. C) Oh, I'm sorry! I must have miscalculated the time change. D) Don't worry, I have a nice surprise for you. E) You must have gone to bed awfully early then. 30- Jake: Are you excited about the skiing trip next week? Al: ...... Jake: Well I've been skiing since I was a child. Al: Maybe you can give me some tips then. A) I'm afraid I won't be able to go. I can't afford such an expensive holiday now. B) Actually, I'm a little nervous because I've never done it before. C) Yes, I'm sure it is going to be great fun. D) I don't think I'll be out of practice, although I haven't done it for a long time.

E) Not really. In fact I'm beginning to get bored with skiing. 31- Sally: Have you seen the money I took out of the bank yesterday? Gail: .......... Sally: Yes, it was for my plane ticket. Gail: Then let's calm down and try to think where you might have put it. A) Why? Won't you need it right away? B) No, didn't you put it somewhere it would be safe? C) How much was there? Maybe I can lend it to you. D) I'm afraid not. Was there a large amount? E) How can you say you don't remember where you put it? 32- Wayne: How did your job interview go? Justine: ....... Wayne: When will you know if you've got the job? Justine: Not till next week, but I feel really confident. A) It was a nightmare. I was too nervous to answer any of their questions. B) I decided not to go because the salary was so small. C) The holidays are too short, so I've decided to quit. D) I can't say anything about it yet, but I'm not very hopeful. E) It couldn't have been better. I think I impressed them. 33- Official: Passport please. How long will you be staying? Bart: Only a couple of weeks. Official: .......... Bart: I'll have left long before that. A) Well I hope you enjoy your stay here. B) This is the best time of year if you like sunshine. C) You can only stay up to 30 days without a visa. D) And is your trip for business or pleasure? E) Where's your visa? You can't enter the country without a visa. 34- Scott: Have you been able to find a job yet? Murat: No way. No one will hire anyone who hasn't done military service. Scott: ....... Murat: I suppose that is the only solution. A) Then it's a good thing you finished last year. B) Well, you'll never get rich in the army. x C) Students don't have to do it until they graduate. D) Then why don't you just do it and get over with it? E) That sounds like a good job. You should take it.

A) I thought you finished hours ago. B) Have you got much more to do? C) Can't you finish up in the morning? D) Would you like a cup of tea? E) They could be really important. 38- Daisy: I heard you just got back from Berlin. Janet: ....... Daisy: Did you learn anything interesting? Janet: As a matter of fact, I did. I think our products will sell really well in Germany. A) Yes, I've been researching my new novel. B) I had to investigate the case of a missing wife. C) In actual fact, I've just been to New York. D) My husband took me there for our 25th wedding anniversary. E) That's right. I've been doing some market research. 39- Mark: What should we do this weekend? Andrea: I think you should finally paint the living room as you've been promising. Mark: .......... Andrea: But you said that last week. A) Don't worry darling, I'll do it next week. B) Maybe I should do the dining room as well. C) That's true, we don't want to let the paint go to waste. D) Good idea; I've been putting it off for too long. E) Why don't we just hire someone to do it? 40- Arthur: Have you got any idea why I can't get in touch with Angela? Arnold: ......... Arthur: Of course. I completely forgot about it. Arnold: She should be back next week. A) Probably because she's been on holiday for two weeks. B) Not really. I saw her just yesterday. C) I think she took the afternoon off to take her daughter to the dentist, D) I have no idea. Maybe she's avoiding you. E) I'm afraid I don't even know where she is. 41-60. sorularda, hangi cmlenin anlam bakmndan paraya uygun olmadn bulunuz. 41- (I) in 1543 a historic book on astronomy was published by Nicolaus Copernicus, named 'Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres'. (II) In his historic book, Copernicus said that the Earth rotated on its axis and that the Earth and the other planets revolved around the Sun. (Ill) Because of the oppositions from the Roman Catholic church, the book was not published for 13 years and Copernicus received the first copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543. (IV) This theory was contrary to the Ptolemaic theory, upon which the science of astronomy had been based for centuries until then. (V) Ptolemaic theory stated that the Earth was the centre of the universe and motionless. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 42- (I) Two-thirds of the oil exported by the gulf countries passes through the narrow Strait of Hormuz. (II) This strait is located at the southeastern end of the Persian Gulf. (Ill) A glance at the map will show us that this is a spot often caught up in the midst of international tensions. (IV) Pipelines carry most of the remainder to ports on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. (V) Closing the Strait would increase prices, as well as international tensions. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 43- (I) Shy, dressing modestly, and sporting an enormous moustache, Louis Bleriot seemed to be anything but the daring experimental aviator he was. (II) By 1909, after surviving 50 airplane crashes, the soft-spoken, meek-looking Bleriot had won the reputation of being the most accident-prone pilot who had ever flown. (Ill) However, at the end of that year, he became the first person to fly an airplane across the English Channel. (IV) Today, Concorde can fly across the Atlantic in only three or four hours. (V) He made a triumphant entrance into London, where jubilant crowds cheered the arrival of this little French hero. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

35- Doug: Good morning, I'd like to speak to the manager. Holly: I am the manager. How can I help you? Doug: .......... Holly: Have you got your receipt or any other proof of purchase? A) I bought this Walkman yesterday, and it doesn't work. B) It's about your ad in the paper for part-time employees. C) One of your employees is being rude and unhelpful. D) I was going to ask why the prices of certain items weren't reduced. E) I'm looking for a blouse for my wife, size 40. 36- Leroy: Look at my car! You've wrecked it! Henry: ....... Leroy: Why not? There's no sign. Henry: Yes there is. There's a "stop" sign right there. A) It's not that bad; you can fix it easily. B) Sorry about that. I must have been going too fast. C) You shouldn't have pulled out in front of me like that. D) I'm not sure what's wrong, but I don't think you need petrol. E) It's your fault; you ran right into me. 37- Donald: Are you still working? Grace: Yes, the boss says I can't go home until I finish typing all these letters. Donald: ........... Grace: I wish I could.

44- (I) Handicrafts as a hobby have become a major industry in recent years. (II) Whether as a hobby or a vocation, handicrafts encompass activities that require a variety of skills. (Ill) They also usually require some equipment, as in knitting, which requires the use of needles. (IV) Because of this, the term handicraft may seern misleading. (V) However, the term is used to mean producing something without using machines. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 45- (I) For many centuries before the advent of ether, alcohol was often ingested before surgery to cause a general decrease in bodily feeling, or numbness, (II) Ether, however, is generally considered to be the first anesthetic. (Ill) Later, ether was discovered to cause liver damage. (IV) Thus other substances, such as sleep-producing general anesthetics, were developed. (V) Local anesthetics simply stop sensations from going beyond the area injected with the anesthetic. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

Braun assured Marconi that had it been up to him, Marconi alone would have received the prize. (V) Marconi privately agreed, but was gracious enough to change the subject. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 52- (I) The public has long been aware that sporting contests have commercial value. (II) The number of time-outs in football matches has been increased to allow time for commercials. (Ill) It probably was not aware, however, of the extent to which athletics had really become an industry until 1981. (IV) That year a seven-week strike called by the Major League Baseball Players Association forced the cancellation of 713 regular games, with ensuing loss of player salaries and television revenues. (V) Thus, organised labour and collective bargaining had become an integral part of professional sports. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 53- (I) Born Gertrude Margarete Zelle in 1876, the famous female spy Mata Hari began her stage career introducing herself as a Javanese temple dancer after concluding an unhappy marriage to a Scottish officer in the Dutch army. (II) It was not particularly unusual for Scottish officers to serve in the Dutch army at the time. (Ill) When her career in Paris began to fail, she joined the German secret service. (IV) From 1907 on, she managed to get highly classified military secrets from dozens of high Allied officers who fell in love with her. (V) She was brought before a French court-martial on 24 July, 1917, sentenced to death by unanimous vote, and executed by firing squad on 15 October near Paris. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 54- (I) The idea of prophecy, or knowing future events, is very ancient. (II) Today, in modern parapsychology, it is called precognition. (Ill) Parapsychologists have developed a system of laboratory tests for precognition in order to establish a quantitative, statistical basis on which to prove it. (IV) The bestknown centre for such studies is at Duke University. (V) They happen unplanned and unexpected, as, for example, in a dream that seems to picture a future event. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 55- (I) Born on March 14, 1829 in Staffordshire, England, Charles Charlesworth passed his first years ordinarily enough. (II) Within the next three years, his veins and tendons stood out from his skin, like those of a man of 70. (Ill) His hair turned white, his skin wrinkled and he began to walk with a stoop. (IV) Life expectancy was far lower at that time than it is today. (V) At age 7, young Charles lost consciousness and died, and according to the coroner, the cause of his death was old age. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 56- (I) Holy men with long beards and dressed in orange robes are still a common sight in India. (II) From 1902 until his death 10 years later, the Hindu fakir Agastiya kept his right arm extended straight above his head in a singular demonstration of his contempt for physical pain. (Ill) Physicians noted that such a posture would cause almost unendurable pain during the first three months. (IV) Ultimately, however, the inevitable loss of blood circulation and the stiffening of the muscles would have kept the arm erect even if the fakir had wanted to lower it. (V) Nor would the arm have been good for anything, though a bird once built its nest in the fakir's open palm. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 57- (I) In 1288 BC, the Battle of Kadesh was fought between the Egyptians and the Hittites. (II) The Egyptian ruler, Pharaoh Ramses II, built a memorial to declare his magnificent "triumph". (Ill) Ramses II is probably best known as the Pharaoh at the time Moses led his people out of Egypt. (IV) The monument endured, the Hittites died out, and generation upon generation of historians paid tribute to Ramses' military victory. (V) Only recently have archaeologists unearthed the truth about the Battle of Kadesh and exposed Ramses' 3,300-year-old lie. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 58- (I) The oldest tools are called choppers by anthropologists and were made in Africa about 2 million years ago. (II) Very simple tools, they were made by hitting two stones against each other. (Ill) More advanced stone tools, which are called hand axes,

46- (I) Writing is sometimes spoken of as humankind's greatest invention, (II) It is, however, commonly agreed that the invention that made the modern business office possible was the typewriter. (Ill) It was developed by many people, in many places, and over a long period of time. (IV) The identity of the individuals responsible for the major steps in the development of writing is not known. (V) Their names, like those of the inventors of the wheel, are lost forever in the dimness of the past. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 47- (I) George Wentworth Higginson lived longer than any other general in British history 100 years and 7 months, with a remarkable physical and intellectual vitality. (II) Higginson is often acknowledged to have lived this long life in two complete parts. (Ill) The first was as a career officer and Crimean War hero. (IV) The Crimean War was named for the Crimean peninsula, in what is now Ukraine, which was the main site of the war. (V) The other, beginning with his retirement at the age of 67, was as an elder statesman, companion of royalty and public servant. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 48- (I) Sleep is essential to good health. (II) Without the proper amount of sleep, a person becomes nervous, irritable and physically fatigued. (Ill) Stress can cause physical fatigue as well by keeping muscles tensed. (IV) The amount of sleep required to maintain health varies among different individuals though. (V) Some need more, others less. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 49- (I) Once in every lifetime, an observant Hindu hopes to make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Varanasi. (II) Similarly, devout Muslims hope to make their pilgrimage to Mecca. (Ill) Some cqme to wash away sickness and sin in the Ganges River, while others bring their dead to be burned. (IV) Still others come to live their last days here. (V) For, according to Hindu belief, to die and be cremated in Varanasi guarantees eternal release from the cycle of birth and death. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 50- (I) The principle that makes a kite fly is the same as that which keeps an airplane aloft. (II) An airplane creates its own wind by its speed through the air. (Ill) On a calm day, running with a kite in an open space produces the same effect. (IV) The kite rises because currents of air, moving parallel to the ground, strike the face of the kite and force it backward. (V) The best wind for kite flying is a steady breeze with a speed of about 13 to 32 kilometres per hour. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 51- (I) Many people were surprised that Guglielmo Marconi shared the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics with the relatively unknown German Kari F. Braun. (II) Braun himself was so stunned that he apologised to Marconi at the awards ceremony. (Ill) There is a generous cash prize to go along with the honour of winning the Nobel Prize. (IV)

appeared over a million years later and were carefully made. (IV) They enabled primitive humans to fight, kill and prepare food. (V) Of course, primitive cooking was crude, tedious and difficult, and the cook had no pots, pans or grills. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 59- (I) Largely because of organised labour, wages in Europe, North America and Japan are quite high compared to wages in China, Indonesia and Taiwan. (II) Yet the differences in products put on the market are minimal. (Ill) Companies with global markets find that they cannot compete with companies whose manufacturing is done in low-wage countries. (IV) The cheap child labour is not an economic necessity in the modern industrialised nations because there is an adequate supply of adult labour. (V) Thus the solution for these companies has been to shift manufacturing facilities overseas, where labour is cheap. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 60- (I) The genetic code is becoming increasingly useful. (II) Genetics has also become a popular subject for study in universities. (Ill) Now a DNA study of Maori New Zealanders has confirmed something else: an oral history. (IV) According to the Maori's own tradition, their ancestors deliberately set sail for New Zealand in a fleet of 8-10 canoes. (V) Though academics have cast doubt on this, a genetic study has confirmed that the original population must have been around 150 people: just enough to fill 8-10 of the big Polynesian sea-going canoes. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

TEST 1. B 11. D 21. E 31. D 41. C

YOURSELF 2. 12. 22. 32. 42. C D A E D 3. E

2 4. D 5. B 6. 16. 26. 36. 46. A C B C B 7. 17. 27. 37. 47. C A E C D 8. 18. 28. 38. 48. D B A E C 9. A 19. D 29. C 39. A 49. B

10. E 20. D 30. B 40. A 50. E

13. C 23. D 33. C 43. D

14. E 24. C 34. D 44. A

15. B 25. E 35. A 45. E

51. C

52.

53. B

54. E

55. D

56.

57.

58.

59. D

60. B