Simulated Study of Three-Phase Single-Switch PFC Converter with Harmonic Injected PWM by MATLAB

Zhanlong Li and Yupeng Tang

School of Electrical Engineering; Beijing Jiaotong University; China current distortion, so its not suitable to high power level. According to IEC555-2(A) standard, the power level of converter cant be increased in order to meet the maximum permissible harmonic current. However, if in order to meet the IEC555-2(A) specifications, the output voltage of three phase rectifier must be boosted to 900V. Such designs increase the voltage stress of switch. To reduce the harmonic current distortion, some methods have been proposed. One of the methods is to operate the converter on boundary between CCM and DCM. Namely, when the current in the boost inductors falls to zero, the main switch is turned on immediately. With variable switching frequency, this method has disadvantages like high switching losses resulted from the increased switching frequency, and have difficulty in designing the converter and the EMI filter.

AbstractThis paper describes the operation and simulation of a three-phase single-switch PFC converter with a sixth-order harmonic-injection PWM. The PFC converter operates in a discontinuous current mode (DCM). In proposed method, the sixth-order harmonic is injected in PWM so that the harmonic content of the input current meet IEC555-2(A) requirement. The theoretical analysis of the harmonic-injection is discussed. Furthermore, the model and simulation of PFC converter are made via MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Finally the simulated waveforms of the input current are also showed. And the performance of the PFC converter with harmonic injected PWM is verified on a simulation model, and a good consistency is achieved. Keywordpower factor correction (PFC); harmonic injection; discontinuous conduction mode (DCM); continuous conduction mode (CCM); total harmonic distortion (THD)

I.

INTRODUCTION

Recently, three phase PFC converter have gained considerable attention due to the increasing demand to power quality. Based on the number of switches controlled, all 3-phase PFC converters can be divided into two groups: single switch PFC converters and multiple switches PFC converters. Though the multiswitch PFC converters are high-power highperformance application, the increased number of switches and the complexity of their control make them too expensive in medium power levels. So the single-switch three-phase DCM boost converter is an attractive topology because of its simplicity, low cost and high efficiency. However, there are some disadvantages and advantages in this kind of topology. For example, the DCM operation is associated with a higher voltage or current stress. Several solutions to this problem have been presented in Ref. [7] and Ref. [8].The main switch has a reduced loss due to its zero current switching .Also the boost diode has no the reverse recovery problem for the same reason. In DCM operation with constant frequency PWM, the single-switch three-phase PFC converters have a larger

Fig.1

The main circuit

This paper analyzes the performance of a singleswitch 3-phase PFC converter (Fig.1) that uses harmonic injected PWM by MATLAB/SIMULINK software. In section , the operation of converter is simply introduced. In section , the method for reducing harmonic content is analyzed. Finally, in section the waveforms of the input current by simulation are showed. II. OPERATION OF CONVERTER

The operation of the three-phase single-switch PFC converter with a constant switching frequency is analyzed in this section. The waveform of input current in a period is showed in Fig.2. To simplify the analysis

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of the converter system, the following assumptions are made. z The 3 inductors operate in DCM. z The system components are ideal, such as: resistors, inductors, capacitors. z For the switching frequency is much higher than the line frequency, the input voltages are considered to constant within a switching period.

line frequency. According to Ref. [2], the average input currents within a switching period are given by the following equations.

ia =

Uo D2 sin(t) 2Lfs 3M 3sin(t)

(0 t ) 6

1 2 M sin(t) + sin(2t ) Uo D2 2 3 ia = 2Lfs [ 3M 3sin(t + 2 )][M sin(t + )] 3 6 ( t ) (2) 6 3 M sin(t) + sin(2t + ) U D2 3 ia = o 2Lfs [ 3M + 3sin(t + 2 )][M sin(t + )] 3 6

( t ) 3 2
Fig.2 The waveform of input current in a period

According to Fig.2, the shape of the input current is triangular pulse, and a switching period consists of four time internals. When the switch is on, the input inductors are fed by the input voltage and the energy is accumulated in them. The peak of current is proportional to the input voltage. When the switch is off, the current start discharging until all of the phase currents falls zero. In this internal (Toff), there are three different states depending on the corresponding phase voltage. The first internal (Toff1), all the phases conduct until one of the phase currents falls to zero. The second internal (Toff2) is characterized by the two diodes. In the third internal (Toff3), there is no current in the inductors. Actually, as the input current is proportional to the input voltage, there exist no low frequency harmonics in the input currents. However, during the switch off interval, the phase currents fall to zero at different moments. Therefore, the phase currents are nonlinear functions of their phase voltages, then it contains several low frequency harmonics (Ref. [1] and Ref. [5]). III. ANALYSIS OF HARMONIC REDUCTION WITH HARMONIC INJECTED PWM

Where Uo is the output voltage, D is the duty ratio, L is the value of the input inductor, fs is the switching frequency, and M is the ratio of Uo and 3U m . In Ref. [1] and Ref. [2], the reason for three-phase single-switch PFC converter with the sixth-order harmonic injected PWM has been discussed in detail. There is no more analysis here. Only the theory of harmonic injected PWM is showed According to the frequency spectrum of input current, the fifth-order harmonic and the seventh-order harmonic are the dominant, if neglecting the higher order harmonics, the three-phase input currents can be approximated as:

i a = I1 sin(t ) I5 sin(5t) = I1 sin(t (3)

2 ) + I5 sin(5t ) 3 3 4 i c = I1 sin(t ) + I5 sin(5t + ) 3 3

ib

Now the THD of the input current is the following equation. THD = I5 I1 (4)

Suppose 3-phase input voltage is equal in magnitude, purely sinusoidal, and with 120D mutual phase.
U a = U m sin(t ) 2 ) 3 4 U c = U m sin(t ) 3 U b = U m sin(t (1)

The idea of harmonic-injection is that the suitable sixth-order harmonic is injected in PWM to modulate the duty cycle, so that decrease the fifth order harmonic content of the input current. The following (5) is the duty cycle after modulated. Dm (t ) = D(t )[1- m cos(6t )]

(5)

Where Um is the peak voltage and =2 f L , f L is the

If D(t) of (2) is substituted by Dm(t), it is not difficult to understand the following equation.

A B C

A B C Filter

A B C

A B C L

A B C

A B C

+ -

Diode
+ g C

Source

Bridge

C IGBT

VM1

PWM Generator
A B C

Transformer

Signal(s) Pulses c

Gain1 -KGain2 PI zeros(s) s

VM
A B C + + v Input Output

Filter1

Bridge1

Dot Product

ref ref

Fig. 3

The simulated circuit model of PFC converter with harmonic injected PWM

i a,mod = i a [1 m cos(6t )]2

i b,mod = i b [1 m cos(6t )]2

(6)

i c,mod = i c [1 m cos(6t )]2 After simplifying the above equation, and ignoring the presence of m2 (m2<<1) and high-order harmonics (n>7), then (6) is simplified as (7).
i a ,mod = I1 sin(t ) - ( I 5 - mI1 ) sin(5t ) mI1 sin(7t ) 2 ) + ( I5 - mI1 ) sin(5t - ) 3 3 2 (7) - mI1 sin(7t - ) 3 4 i c,mod = I1 sin(t - ) + ( I5 - mI1 ) sin(5t + ) 3 3 4 - mI1 sin(7t - ) 3 From (7), it can be seen that the fifth-order harmonic content is decreased, even though the amplitude of seventh-order harmonic is increased. However, the THD is improved, when the value of m is selected correctly. ib ,mod = I1 sin(t -

The simulated circuit model of 3-phase single-switch PFC converter with harmonic injected PWM is showed in Fig.3. In proposed method, the generator of the sixth order harmonic consists of four important devices: a 3phase transformer, a 3-phase diode rectifier bridge, a band-pass filter and a multiplier. The 3-phase transformer is used to reduce voltage and isolate with the main circuit. The function of filter is to eliminate the DC component and high order harmonics (n>6) of the voltage signal rectified by the 3-phase rectifier bridge. Then, the sixth order harmonic is gained, but is not the injected signal. Finally, the amplitude and the polarity are modulated by a multiplier and an adder itself respectively. Therefore, the desired injection signal is obtained. Fig.3 with the following parameters has been simulated via MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulated results are also showed. The main parameters of the simulated circuit: The input phase voltage: UinP=220Vrms/ f=50Hz The switch frequency: fs =10k Hz The output: Uout =800V/Pout=6.4kW The output capacitor: Co =220uF The input inductor: L=0.21mH The EMI filter: Lf=6mH, Cf=4uF Fig.4 shows the amplified input current waveform of one boost inductor. It can be seen that the input current has fallen to zero at the end of period, so the converter operates in DCM.

THDmod = IV.

( I5 - mI1 )2 + (mI1 )2 I1

<

I5 = THD I1

(8)

THE MODEL AND RESULTS OF SIMULATED CIRCUIT

Fig. 4

The amplified input current waveform without the EMI filter

The following figures show the input current in the case of with harmonic-injection and without harmonicinjection. According to the figures, with the sixth-order harmonic injected PWM, the fifth-order harmonic content is attenuated by adjusting the amplitude of the sixth-order harmonic, but the seventh-order harmonic content increases. However, the total current distortion is improved evidently. Furthermore, with the optimized m, the value of THD meets the IEC555-2(A) requirement(THD<10).

Fig. 6.1 The frequency spectrum of the input current without harmonicinjection

Fig.6.2 The frequency spectrum of the input current with harmonicinjection

Fig. 5.1

The waveform of input current without harmonic-injection

Fig.5.2

The waveform of input current with harmonic-injection

Fig. 6.3 The frequency spectrum of the input current with the optimized harmonic-injection

V.

CONCLUSION

[3]. Yungtaek. Jang, and Milan.M Jovanovic, A comparative Study of Single-Switch Three-Phase High-Power-Factor Rectifier, IEEE Transactions on Industry Application, vol.34, No.6 November/December 1998, pp. 1327-1334 [4]. J. Sun, N. Frohleke, and H. Grotstollen, Harmonic reduction techniques for single-switch three-phase boost rectifiers. in conf. Rec IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, 1996, pp. 1225-1232. [5]. DaFeng Weng and S. Yuvarajan, AC-DC Converter using second-harmonic-injected PWM in PESC95 Rec., pp. 10011006,1995 [6]. Akiteru Ueda, Satoko Ando, Akihiro Torii, Study on LC Filter Design Method for Boost Type Rectifier with Single Switching Device, IPEC-Tokyo 2000, pp.820-825 [7]. E. Ismail, C.Oliveira, and R. Erickson, A low-distortion threephase multi-resonant Boost rectifier with zero current switching , in Proc. of IEEE APEC95, pp. 849-855,1995 [8]. K. Chen, A. Elasser, D. A. Torrey, A soft switching active snubber optimized for IGBTs in single switch unity power factor three-phase diode rectifiers, in Proc. of APEC94, pp. 280-286, 1994

In this paper, the sixth-order harmonic-injection method for a 3-phase single-switch PFC converter was presented. Using this method, undesirable high voltage transfer ratio can be avoided, without sacrificing the excellent power factor. The whole simulated model of the main circuit and the control circuit was made and analyzed. Finally, the analysis with the determined parameters is conformed by simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulated results are showed. REFRENCES
[1]. Q. Huang and F. C. Lee, Harmonic Reduction In A SingleSwitch, Three-phase Boost Rectifier With High Order Harmonic Injected PWM in IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf. (PESC) Rec., 1996, pp 1266-1271. [2]. Yungtaek. Jang, and Milan.M Jovanovic, A Novel Robust Harmonic-injection with Method for Single Switch, Three-phase, DCM Boost Rectifiers, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.28, No.1 March 2000,pp. 268-27.