ESSENTIAL

Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

DAVID GREENWOOD DAVID ROBERTSON

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo Cambridge University Press 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia www.cambridge.edu.au Information on this title: www.cambridge.edu.au/0521695558 David Greenwood, David Robertson 2006 First published 2000 Reprinted 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 VELS edition published 2006 Text designed by Sylvia Witte Cover designed by Modern Art Production Group Typeset in India by Techbooks Cartoons by Simon Bosch Edited by Ruth Siems Printed in China by Everbest Printing Company Ltd National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data Greenwood, David Michael, 1970. Essential mathematics VELS edition year 10 For year 10 students ISBN-13 978-0-521-69555-8 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-69555-4 paperback 1. MathematicsTextbooks. 2. MathematicsStudy and teaching (Secondary)Victoria. I. Robertson, David. (Series: Essential Mathematics). 510 ISBN-13 978-0-521-69555-8 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-69555-4 paperback Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this publication, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 Email: info@copyright.com.au Reproduction and Communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above. Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Acknowledgements Page 3: Courtesy Dreamworld, Gold Coast, Australia; 233: Craig Golding/Fairfaxphotos 406: Photolibrary.com; 454: Courtesy Shire of Melton; 455: 2005 account courtesy of Western Water. All remaining images have been sourced from 2003-2006 Shutterstock, Inc. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. The publishers apologise for any accidental infringement and welcome information that would rectify any error or omission in subsequent editions.

Contents
Introduction
x 2

CHAPTER 1 Length, area and volume

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Do now 4 Conversion of units 5 Length 8 Pythagoras theorem 12 Area 16 Surface areaprisms and pyramids 20 Surface areaspheres and cones 24 Volumeprisms, pyramids and cones 27 Volumespheres 32 Scientific applications 35 Working mathematically 38 Chapter summary 40 Multiple-choice questions 41 Short-answer questions 41 Extended-response questions 43

CHAPTER 2 Linear algebra and linear

relations 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

44

Do now 46 Reviewing the rules of algebra 47 Algebraic fractions 50 Solving linear equations 54 Solving linear inequations 58 Graphs of linear equations 61 Equations of linear graphs 65 Solving simultaneous equations graphically 69

iii

2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11

Solving simultaneous equations algebraically 75 Applications of simultaneous equations 78 Half planes and simultaneous linear inequations 81 Introduction to functions, domain and range 86 Working mathematically 89 Chapter summary 91 Multiple-choice questions 92 Short-answer questions 93 Extended-response questions 94
96

CHAPTER 3 Geometry

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12

Do now 98 Revision of basic geometry 99 Congruence 105 Similar figures 109 Circles 113 Circle theorems (1 and 2) 116 Circle theorems (3 and 4) 120 Translation 123 Reflection 126 Rotation 129 Dilation 133 Construction 138 Geometric proofs (extension) CD Working mathematically 141 Chapter summary 143 Multiple-choice questions 144 Short-answer questions 145 Extended-response questions 146
148

CHAPTER 4 Indices and surds

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

Do now 150 Review of the index laws 151 Negative indices 154 Fractional indices 157 Surds 159 Operations with surds 162 Rationalising the denominator 165 Exploring exponential relations graphically 168 Solutions to exponential equations 171 Solutions to exponential equations using graphical means Exponential growth and decay 176 Working mathematically 180

173

iv

Contents

Chapter summary 182 Multiple-choice questions 183 Short-answer questions 184 Extended-response questions 185
CHAPTER 5 Statistics 186

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12

Do now 188 Presenting data 189 Relative frequency 192 Cumulative frequency 196 Cumulative frequency curves and percentiles Summarising data 204 Box plots 207 Box plots from cumulative frequency graphs Bivariate data 215 Scatter plots 218 Association and outliers 221 Line of good fit by eye 224 The two mean regression line 227 Working mathematically 234 Chapter summary 236 Multiple-choice questions 237 Short-answer questions 238 Extended-response questions 239
240

201

210

CHAPTER 6 Quadratic expressions

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10

Do now 242 Expanding quadratic expressions 243 Perfect squares and DOPS 246 Factorisation including DOPS and perfect squares 249 2 Factorising quadratic trinomials of the form x bx c 252 Factorising quadratics of the form ax 2 bx c 254 Multiplication and division of algebraic fractions 257 Factorising by completing the square 260 Solving quadratic equations and the null factor law 262 Solving quadratic equations by completing the square 265 Solving quadratic equations using the quadratic formula 267 Working mathematically 270 Chapter summary 272 Multiple-choice questions 273 Short-answer questions 273 Extended-response questions 275
276

CYCLIC REVISION A CHAPTERS 16

Contents

CHAPTER 7 Probability

284

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12

Do now 286 Probability review 287 Experimental probability and simulation 290 Tables and lattice diagrams 294 Tree diagrams 297 Selection without replacement 301 Sets and Venn diagrams 304 Complementary events and A only 307 Cardinal numbers and Karnaugh maps 310 Conditional probability 314 Independent events 318 Simulation with programming 321 More complex sets (extension) CD Working mathematically 324 Chapter summary 326 Multiple-choice questions 327 Short-answer questions 328 Extended-response questions 329
330

CHAPTER 8 Quadratic graphs

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9

Do now 332 Plotting quadratic graphs 333 Investigating the transformations of f (x) x2 338 Sketching with transformations 342 Sketching quadratic graphs using factorisation 345 Sketching quadratic graphs using turning-point form 348 Sketching quadratic graphs using the quadratic formula 351 Applications of quadratics 354 Modelling with quadratics 357 Simultaneous equations including quadratic expressions (extension) Working mathematically 360 Chapter summary 362 Multiple-choice questions 363 Short-answer questions 364 Extended-response questions 365
366

CD

CHAPTER 9 Trigonometry

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

Do now 368 Degrees and radians 369 Trigonometric ratios 373 Finding angles in right-angled triangles 378 Two-dimensional applications 381 Further two-dimensional applications 384 Bearings 387

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Contents

9.7 9.8 9.9

Trigonometry in three dimensions 391 The unit circle 394 Graphs of sin , cos , and tan 397 Working mathematically 400 Chapter summary 402 Multiple-choice questions 403 Short-answer questions 403 Extended-response questions 405
406

CHAPTER 10 Variation and modelling

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7

Do now 408 Direct variation: y kx 409 Direct variation involving powers 413 Inverse variation 417 Joint and partial variation 423 Modelling with technology 426 Difference tables 430 Equations from difference tables (extension) Working mathematically 434 Chapter summary 436 Multiple-choice questions 437 Short-answer questions 437 Extended-response questions 439
440

CD

CHAPTER 11 Consumer mathematics

11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9

Do now 442 Quantities and costs 443 Calculating wages 446 Budgeting 450 Regular housing costs 453 Cars and their costs 457 Discount, profit and loss 460 Simple interest 463 Compound interest 465 Banking 471 Working mathematically 474 Chapter summary 476 Multiple-choice questions 477 Short-answer questions 477 Extended-response questions 478
479

CYCLIC REVISION B CHAPTERS 611

Glossary 486 Appendix: TI-nspire calculator Answers 507

490

Contents

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1:50 AM Page 44

New Essential Mathematics series for VELS

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Essen tial

Mathe matic

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10

In each book you will find

a Glossary of key mathematical terms two cumulative review chapters TI-nspire CAS Appendix demonstrates how the Using Technology activities can be completed using the TI-nspire CAS calculator (Year 9 and 10 only)
490

TI-nspire CAS calculator

ics and CAS calcu lator programs areas and volum can be useful tools es for two- and when finding variou three-dimensiona repetitive numb s lengths, l objects. This er evaluation is is particularly involved. true when Example: Write and execute a program that finds: a the circum ference and area of a circle b the volum e of a cone corre ct to two decim al places Create a new Calcu lator page and define each formu (using the Catal og or Symbol la Palette) where necessary.
TI-nspire CAS keystrokes TI-nspire CAS screens

Using technolo gy to find leng ths, areas and volumes Graph

Once defined, use function notati on to evaluate different value for s of r and h.

Essen tial Mathe matic s

VELS Editio n Year 10

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Open-ended question icons indicate questions where there is more than one possible answer, encouraging you to apply thinking skills.
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Links to Student CD-ROM

MC

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Indicates that an interactive multiple-choice basic skill quiz is available on the Student CD-ROM

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Indicates that there is a step-by-step explanation of how to complete the example using a TI-nspire CAS+ calculator in the Appendix at the back of the book

D&D

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Indicates that an interactive drag & drop basic skill quiz is available on the Student CD-ROM

Links to Teacher CD-ROM

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Indicates that a skillsheet is available on the Teacher CD-ROM for students that require extra assistance with the requisite skills for the chapter

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VELS icons ...

HPE ID PL CC

Health and physical education Interpersonal development Personal learning Civics and citizenship

A E H S

The arts English Humanities Science

Com DCT ICT Th

What teachers and students will find on the CD-ROMs ...

Teacher CD-ROM
The Essential Mathematics VELS edition Year 10 Teacher CD-ROM includes: Modifiable chapter tests and answers containing multiple-choice, short-answer and extendedresponse questions Print-ready skillsheets to revise the knowledge and skills required for the chapter A Work Program identifying the resources including activities and assessment tasks available for each chapter, with suggested time allocations A VELS Correlation Grid demonstrating where the Victorian Learning Standards are addressed in the text. There are also separate VELS grids for the Working Mathematically projects at the end of each chapter. A Progression Points Grid identifying what material in the student text needs to be completed to meet each of the progression points Printable versions of the interactive basic skill quizzes on the Student CD-ROM Using Technology activities, useful for demonstrating concepts to students

Student CD-ROM
an electronic version of the text with hotlinks to assist navigation interactive multiple-choice basic skill quizzes for every chapter interactive drag & drop basic skill quizzes for every chapter

Additional resources ...

Homework Book
The Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10 Homework Book provides worksheets for each chapter. These worksheets can be used as a permanent record of your work.

Websites

Communication Design, creativity and technology Information and communications technology Thinking processes

www.essentialmaths.com.au

Teacher Website This dynamic website allows teachers to interact with the authors and with other teachers. It also contains updates about the texts, including errata. Student Website This free student website offers interactive tests, answers to the homework book worksheets and Using Technology activities, and useful weblinks.

Introduction
The Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10 textbook has been designed alongside the years 7, 8 and 9 texts in the same series to accommodate the VELS level 5 and level 6 standards and to provide strong links to all levels of VCE mathematics. The Victorian Essential Learning Standards have been accommodated throughout the entire text. Specific content and emphasis changes have been incorporated into the relevant sections throughout the text and the spirit of the VELS including the Working Mathematically dimension has been captured in many workable investigation tasks (appearing at the end of each chapter), analysis questions, enrichment questions and practical activities. The chapters have been structured so that the book may be used starting at Chapter 1 and finishing at Chapter 11. The chapters have been positioned in many cases to build on concepts and methods developed in preceding chapters but also to provide a balance between those chapters of a more or less algebraic nature. Special features of the book are designed to cater for the demands of teachers and students and include: Concise and easy to read introductions and key ideas. Clearly graded and worked examples showing the expected written solution as well as an explanation column including helpful hints, diagrams and key facts. Exercises which are well graded and linked to the examples. These include basic and more advanced skill level problems, problems catering for different learning styles, application and worded problems and enrichment problems. Do now diagnostic tests, chapter summaries, chapter reviews (including multiplechoice questions, short-answer questions and extended-response questions), cyclic revision (for the purposes of examination revision) and extra skillsheets and tests, some of which appear on the Student and Teacher CD-ROMs. The Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10 Homework Book provides an extra level of support in achieving the outcomes of the course. Individual differences (in the classroom and for different levels of mathematics in the same year group) are accommodated to a high degree in the following ways. Lower-ability students will benefit from the clear grading of problems in each exercise as well as the linked examples and the extra level of support provided on the Student CD-ROM.

Higher-ability students will benefit from the vast range of enrichment and extension exercises. The enrichment problems at the end of each section provide extra work for every lesson. These questions build concepts from within the same section to extend laterally. Some connections with Year 11 Mathematics may exist in these questions. The extension sections follow the last section for some chapters and are on the Student and Teacher CD-ROMs. These sections extend laterally but have very strong links with Year 11 Mathematics. Technology has been included in many different ways providing for schools that have varying technology requirements. Both graphics and CAS calculator keystokes, instructions and screens are included as well as speadsheets and dynamic geometry activities. The technology sections have been positioned so that they may be easily included or excluded for any lesson plan.