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Introduce Issues and Approaches for Non-Linear Fracture Mechanics (NLFM) What makes NLFM more difficult than LEFM? NLFM Approaches under Development A NLFM Approach for Thin Metallics: CTOAc A NLFM Approach for Many Other Situations: Cohesive Fracture Mechanics
215
y
yld
The effective crack is being opened by far-field stresses that cause K = Kff Over the distance, , the effective crack is being closed by local traction, yld, which causes a negative K = -K
x Set Kff = -K, and (1) the effective crack will indeed be closed (2) the singular field disappears, and (3) you can solve for :
K ff = 8 yld
216
y ft
Gf c
True Crack
Process Zone
217
t a
(t c , c )
Gf
= c
Curve Shape Fixed c, tc, Gf (2 of 3 are independent) Curve Shape Not Critical For Ductile Metals
2 = 2 ( s21 + s22 ) + n 2 2 2 t = 2 (t s + t ) + t s2 n 1
Mode I: t = t n ; = n
218
219
Stress-Free Macrocrack
220
Stress-Free Macrocrack
c
ft
Cohesive Stress
K 2 Ic Gf = E
221
a
Smaller Inclusions
20-100 m
Nucleation of Voids at Cu, Fe... Inclusions Void Coalescence to Form New Crack Surfaces Narrow Layer of Damage
222
223
Q8 or T6 Interface-6 Q8 or T6
ts , s
6-node Interface Element Mixed Modes (1,2) Zero Initial Thickness Isoparametric Formulation
224
t2 , 2
t1, 1
Interface-8 Hex-8 8-node Interface Element Mixed Modes (1,2,3) Zero Initial Thickness Isoparametric Formulation
225
Example: A NLFM Driving Force Problem-Cohesive Crack Model in Concrete Beam with FRANC2D/L
226
Example: A NLFM Resisting Force problem Coupled Cohesive Zone Model for Fatigue Crack Initiation tp
Tvergaard-Hutchinson Coupled Cohesive Zone Model tp - Strength k0 c - Critical displacement Gc k0 - Initial Stiffness c Gc - Critical Energy Relative Displacement Release Rate Interface Finite Elements Placed between all grains Follow CCZM
Interface elements Traction
No explicit introduction of cracks. Interface elements allow grain boundaries to decohere to form cracks.
227
0.5 mm
Cycle
228
y x
A
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0
k
yy
100 A C
500
yy
100
Opening
De Clo co sed he si o n
0.5
Cycle
1.5
50
Cr ac
yy (MPa)
B
0
229
3 2 1
2
3
Opening
De Clo co sed he si o n
500
Cr ac
yy (MPa)
100
230