Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) Intramuros, Manila

Fourth and Fifth Generation Computers

In Partial Fulfilment For the Requirements In CSC 111 A.Y. 2013-2014

Submitted by: Calizo, Jessica Enriquez, Darla Claire Jutiz, France Louie Manalo, Jerome Urmaza, Samantha

Submitted to: Professor dela Merced

7/18/13

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

Fourth Generation Computers (1970- Present)

Apple II

Apple Macintosh

IBM 5170 Characteristics of Fourth Generation Computers - Microprocessor-based system - Cheapest - Improved speed, accuracy and reliability - Developed input/output devices - Developed networking - Use high-level languages Characteristics of high-level languages o User-friendly o Similar to English with vocabulary of words and symbols o They require less time to write. o They are easier to maintain. Two types o Object Oriented Programming Language The computer program is divided into objects. Examples are: 1. C++ It is a general-purpose programming language.

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs Originally named C with Classes 2. Java It is a general-purpose, object-oriented computer programming language that is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems o Visual programming language: these are designed for building Windowsbased applications. Examples are: 1. Visual Basic 2. Visual J++ 3. Visual C++ - Use advanced operating systems An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. o DOS (Disk Operating System)- one of the first operating systems for the personal computer. This is called a command-line interface. o Microsoft Windows- Product of Microsoft, is a GUI (graphical user interface) operating system. Said to have WIMP features: Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointing device (mouse) o MacOS- Macintosh, a product of Apple, has its own operating system with a GUI and WIMP features o Android- It is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. o iOS- It is a mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. o Windows Phone- It is a series of proprietary mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft. o Unix- It is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs. Unix and Linux were originally created with a command-line interface, but recently have added GUI enhancements. Microprocessors

Motorola 68040 - An electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. - Specifically, a microprocessor is a component that implements memory.

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza - Purpose: Squeeze hundreds of thousands of components onto a chip to reduce the cost of processing power (Large scale integration circuits) - Basic components are arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a control logic section. ALU~ performs the operations Control logic section~ Retrieves instruction operation codes from memory

- Function: Accept, Process, Stores, and Send data - Steps followed by a microprocessor to interface with a device: Checks the status of the device. Request the device for transferring data. The device sends the requested data to the microprocessor. The microprocessor sends the required data to the device. - Four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. -Two types of microprocessors: Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processors~ require dozens of data memory cycles in order to execute a single instruction. Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processors~ single data memory cycle. Separate instructions for I/O and data processing. Microprocessor Timeline

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

1970s
1971
Light-emitting diode (LED) - It is a semiconductor light source. - Function: used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. - Example: Keyboard LED, Motherboard LED - One of the first LED structures suitable for optical fiber communication was developed by Charles Burrus of AT&T Bell Laboratories. -LEDs create light by electroluminescence in a semiconductor material. Electroluminescence is the phenomenon of a material emitting light when electric current or an electric field is passed through it. Pocketronic - The first "handheld" battery-powered printing electronic calculator. - One of the earliest calculators to use Large Scale Integrated (LSI) Circuits to provide the 'brains' for the calculator. - Canon and Texas Instruments collaborated to introduce the Pocketronic in Japan in the fall of 1970. - Display is by printout on thermal paper tape. It can add subtract, multiply and divide. Intel 4004 - Developed to drive calculators, the 4004 was a 4-bit chip with 2300 transistors and clocked at 740 KHz. Minimum feature size is10 micrometer. - The first commercially available microprocessor released by Intel Corporation in 1971. - Uses the new silicon gate technology allowing a higher number of transistors and a faster speed than was possible before. - The chief designers of the chip were Federico Faggin and Ted Hoff of Intel. - Application: Busicom calculator, arithmetic manipulation

1972
Magnavox Odyssey - World's first commercial home video game digital console, designed by Ralph Baer for Odyssey. - From the idea to design a system transforming a regular TV set into a home game system. - Uses a type of removable printed circuit board card that does not contain any components but have a series of jumpers. - Jumpers interconnect different logic and signal generators to produce the desired game logic and screen output components respectively.

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza Intel 8008 - The first 8-bit processor, the 8008 had an address space of 16KB and was clocked at 500KHz up to 800KHz. Minimum feature size is 10 micrometer. - The 8008 had 3,500 transistors. - The chip was commissioned by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) to implement an instruction set of their design for their Datapoint 2200, but the chip was delayed. - Seiko expressed an interest in using it for a calculator. - Application: general calculators, bottling machines, data manipulation - Little slower in terms of instruction per second than the 4-bit Intel 4004 and Intel 4040, but the fact that the 8008 processed data eight bits at a time and could access significantly more RAM still gave it a significant speed advantage in most applications. -Used in Micral N, the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor.

1974
HP-35 - First pocket calculator and the world's first scientific pocket calculator developed by Hewlett-Packard - The calculator used a traditional floating decimal display for numbers that could be displayed in that format, but automatically switched to scientific notation for other numbers. - Fifteen-digit LED display. - Replaced the slide rules. Intel 4040 - Enhanced version of Intel 4004, minimum feature size is 10 micrometer. - Made up of 3,000 transistors, approximately 60,000 instructions per second, clock rate of 500 kHz to 740 kHz - Program memory expanded to 8KB - The 4040 was used primarily in games, test, development, and control equipment. Intel 8080 - The second 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and was released in April 1974. - Extended and enhanced variant of the earlier 8008 design, although without binary compatibility. Minimum feature size is 6 micrometer. - Labelled as the first truly usable microprocessor. - Significant step-up, clock speed of 2MHz and able to address 64KB memory. Early desktop computers used this chip and the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) operating system. - The 8080 was used in many early microcomputers such as the MITS Altair 8800 Computer.

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

1975
MITS Altair 8800 - The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution. - Was a microcomputer designed in 1975 based on the Intel 8080 CPU. - Developed by Ed Roberts for Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). - The Altair 8800 for the first time included everything in one kit - assembly instructions, metal case, power supply, and all of the boards and components required to build "the most powerful computer ever presented as a construction project in any electronics magazine". - The first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC, created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. MOS 6502 - MOS Technology introduced the 6502 as a rival chip to the 8080. Minimum feature size is 8 micrometer. - It powered such notable systems as the Apple I, Apple II, Commodore PET and BBC Micro. -It is an 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle and Bill Mensch for MOS Technology in 1975. - CPU clock rate of 1MHz to 2MHz. -The least expensive full-featured microprocessor on the market by the time it was introduced. - Along with the Zilog Z80, sparked a series of computer projects that would eventually result in the home computer revolution of the 1980s.

1976
Zilog Z80 - Zilog was founded by ex-Intel engineers who created a compatible but superior chip to the 8080. -The Z80 came about when Federico Faggin, after working on the 8080, left Intel at the end of 1974 to found Zilog with Ralph Ungermann, and by July 1976 they had the Z80 on the market. - The Z80 powered many CP/M machines, plus home computers like the ZX Spectrum. - It was widely used both in desktop and embedded computer designs as well as for military purposes. - Improvements: Enhanced instruction set, less hardware required for power supply, eighty new instructions - Up to 33MHz clock rate and 64 KB RAM. Apple I - The original Apple Computer is a personal computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. 6

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza - They were designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak. Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs had the idea of selling the computer. - Apple I was a fully assembled circuit board containing about 60+ chips. However, to make a working computer, users still had to add a case, power supply transformers, power switch, ASCII keyboard, and composite video display. - The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of US$666.66.

1977
Apple II - One of the most popular computers ever. Although it is a vast improvement over the Apple I, it contains the same processor and runs at the same speed. - It is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak. - New features include a color display, eight internal expansion slots, and a case with a keyboard. - The Apple II was probably the first user-friendly system. - VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet computer program, originally released for the Apple II. VisiCalc transformed the Apple II into a serious business machine. TRS 80 - It was one of the earliest mass-produced personal computers sold by Tandy Corporation through their Radio Shack stores. - It includes everything you need to have a real computer of your very own - the computer, monitor and cassette deck for loading and saving data. - Two versions were eventually released: The first TRS-80 computers used Level I BASIC with 4KB RAM and had no numeric keypad. Later systems had an improved level II BASIC with 16KB RAM, and a numeric keypad. - It used a Zilog Z80A clocked at 1.77 MHz, RAM: 4KB, 16KB (max) - The Model I combined the mainboard and keyboard into one unit, in what was to be a common case design trend throughout the 8-bit microcomputer era, although it had a separate power supply unit. Intel 8086 - Famous as the first x86 chip, the 8086 was also Intels first 16 -bit chip with about 29,000 transistors and was clocked initially at 4.77MHz. Minimum feature size is 3 micrometer. - Up to 10MHz and 1 MB RAM. - It includes few features, which enhance multiprocessing capability. - Faster speed, achieved by a concept called pipelining (while executing one instruction, other instruction can be fetched, in able to avoid waiting time).

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

1979
Intel 8088 - A less costly version of the 8086, the 8088 used an 8-bit data bus and was the

chip used in the IBM PC, forerunner of todays PC industry.

Motorola 68000 - Intended to leapfrog rival processors, the 68000 was a 16-bit design but with 32-bit expansion in mind. It powered early Apple Macs and the first Sun Unix workstations. - It is a microprocessor core designed and marketed by Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector (now Freescale Semiconductor).

1980s
1981
XEROX STAR - It was introduced by Xerox Corporation in 1981. - It was the first commercial system to incorporate various technologies that today have become commonplace in personal computers, including a bitmapped display, a windowbased graphical user interface, icons, folders, mouse (two-button), Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers and e-mail. -WYSIWYG concept Osborne 1 - It was the first commercially successful portable microcomputer, released on 3 April 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation. - CPU: Zilog Z80 at 4.0 MHz - 64 kilobytes main memory - The Osborne 1 was developed by Adam Osborne and designed by Lee Felsenstein. - Limitations: the screen is only 5" (diagonal) in size, and can't display more than 52 characters per line of text. IBM 5150 - IBM Personal Computer - It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida. - The CPU was from Intel (8088), and the operating system (OS) was by Microsoft, who licensed it to IBM as PC-DOS. -Floppy disk or cassette system

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

1982
Intel 80286 - The 80286 was a high-performance upgrade of the 8086, and used by IBM in the PCAT. - First clocked at 6MHz, later versions ran up to 25MHz. The 286 had a 16MB address space and 134,000 transistors.

1983
IBM 5160 - IBM Personal Computer XT - It is the first personal computer with a hard drive built into the computer. - It can store 10 megabytes of information even when the machine is turned off. - It replaces many floppy diskettes. - It was IBM's successor to the original IBM PC. - CPU: Intel 8088 @4.77 MHz - Memory: 128-640 kB - The XT was mainly intended as an enhanced machine for business use.

1984
Apple Macintosh - The Macintosh computer was released in January of 1984, with 128K RAM of memory. - The Macintosh is run by activating pictures (icons) on the screen with a small handoperated device called a "mouse". - CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.83 MHz - It had a selling price of US$2,495. - The Macintosh is considered to be the first commercially successful computer to use a GUI (Graphical User Interface). - The Macintosh has no room for internal expansion options - no other cards or devices can be installed, nor can the graphics capabilities be upgraded. Motorola 68020 - It is a 32-bit microprocessor with reading capacity from Motorola, released in 1984. - Some enhancements include: execution time of many instructions was reduced and new instructions were added. - 33 MHz, 200, 000 transistors - The 68020 was used in the Apple Macintosh II and Macintosh LC personal computers, as well as Sun 3 workstations, the Hewlett-Packard 8711.

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza IBM 5170 - IBM Personal Computer AT - It was IBM's second-generation PC, designed around the 6 MHz Intel 80286 microprocessor and released in 1984 as machine type 5170. - With Faster processor and real-time clock than its predecessor. - Memory: 256 KB ~ 16 MB

1985
Intel 80386 - Intels first 32-bit chip, the 386 had 275,000 transistors over 100 times that of the 4004. Versions of the 386 eventually reached 40MHz. - Chief architect in the development of the 80386 was John H. Crawford.

1987
Macintosh II - The Apple Macintosh II was the first personal computer model of the Macintosh II series in the Apple Macintosh line and the first Macintosh to support a color display. - The Macintosh II was designed by hardware engineers Michael Dhuey (computer) and Brian Berkeley (monitor). - The Mac II featured a Motorola 68020 processor operating at 16 MHz teamed with a Motorola 68881 floating point unit. - The Macintosh II was the first "modular" Macintosh model, so called because it came in a horizontal desktop case like many IBM PC compatibles of the time.

Motorola 68030
-It is a 32-bit microprocessor in Motorola's 68000 family.

- The finer manufacturing process allowed Motorola to scale the full-version processor to 50 MHz. - The 68030 was used in many models of the Apple Macintosh II and Commodore Amiga series of personal computers.

1989
Seymour Cray founded the Cray Computer Corporation. Intel 80486

- A higher performance version of the 386, Intels 486 was the first x86 chip with over 1 million transistors (1.2 million). - It was also the first with an on-chip cache and floating point unit.

10

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

1990s
1990
IBM RS/6000 introduces Power chips

-IBM experimented with RISC chips in the 1970s, and this bore fruit with the RS/6000 workstation in 1990. -The processor later developed into the Power chip used by IBM and Apple.

1993
Intel Pentium - The Pentium was a radical overhaul of Intels x86 line, introducing superscalar processing. - Starting at 60MHz but eventually reaching 300MHz, the Pentium had 3,100,000 transistors.

1995
Intel Pentium Pro - Developed as a high-performance chip, the Pentium Pro introduced out-of-order execution and L2 cache inside the same package. - This line later morphed into the Xeon line.

1997
Intel Pentium II - Based on the Pentium Pro, the Pentium II had 7,500,000 transistors and shipped in a cartridge enclosure that also held L2 cache. - Clock speed ranged from 233MHz up to 450MHz.

1999
Intel Pentium III - An updated Pentium II, the Pentium III was the first to feature Intels SSE instructions and featured clock speeds from 400MHz up to 1.4GHz. AMD Athlon - The AMD Athlon was the firms first processor that could beat Intel on performance. - Starting at 500MHz, a later version was the first x86 chip to hit 1GHz and had 22 million transistors.

11

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

21st Century 2000

Intel Pentium 4 - Another major redesign, the Pentium 4 introduced Intels Netburst architecture. - It was clocked at 1.4GHz initially, rising to 3.8GHz, and had 42 million transistors.

2003
Intel Pentium-M (Centrino) - The Pentium-M was designed specifically for laptops, and formed the core of Intels first Centrino platform. - It had 77 million transistors and was clocked from 900MHz.

2005
Intel Pentium-D - Intel introduced its first dual-core chips in 2005, starting with the Pentium Extreme Edition. - The Pentium D was the first mainstream desktop chip to follow suit.

2006
Intel Xeon 5300 - Intels first quad-core chips were the Xeon 5300 line for workstations and servers. - Actually two dual-core dies joined together, these have a total of 582 million transistors.

2008
Qualcomm SnapDragon ARM - Wireless technology firm Qualcomm started producing highperformance smartphone chips based on the ARM architecture. - SnapDragon is clocked at 1GHz and has 200 million transistors.

2011
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 - Intels latest chips, based on the Sandy Bridge architecture. - The desktop processors have up to eight cores on a single chip and up to 995 million transistors.

12

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

AMD Fusion chips - The Fusion line combines multiple CPU cores on a single chip along with ATI GPU cores, with the first chips having up to 1.45 billion transistors.

Fifth Generation Computers (Future)

In developmental stage which is based on the artificial intelligence. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology CHARACTERISTICS 1) Super large scale integrated chips 2) Artificial intelligence 3) They will be able to recognize image and graphs 4) Able to solve highly complex problem 5) Able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed 6) Intended to work with natural language. Categories of AI

- Game Playing Computers wil be able to play along, and possibly win games. Example: Watson of IBM It is an artificially intelligent computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci. Watson was named after IBM's Thomas J. Watson.

13

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza - Neural Networks A neural network tries to reproduce the thoughts and physical connections of human or animal brains. - Natural Language Currently, the kind of voice recognition that is available to consumers falls more under the category of "dictation" than "conversation." Example: voice recognition feature on many current personal computers and mobile phones - Expert Systems These so-called expert systems can help people make the right decision in a tough environment because their systems are not clouded by biases and other purely human errors in judgment. Example: Expert systems for mortgages, in computer games, in research and development, and in health and medicine - Robotics Robotics in the realm of artificial intelligence is about creating robots which can experience, and react to, external stimuli -- just like their human counterparts. Example: Military robots, humanoid robots (ASIMO/ Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility by Honda)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Calizo, Jessica- Reporter, Researcher of Operating Systems Enriquez, Darla Claire- Researcher of Fifth Gen Comp. Characteristics Jutiz, France Louie- Presentation, Researcher of Fourth Generation Computers, Documentation Manalo, Jerome- Researcher of High-level computer languages Urmaza, Samantha- Researcher of Fifth Generation Computers Categories

14

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza

REFERENCES
http://latesttechnomanias.blogspot.com/2010/06/fourth-generation-computers.html http://www.theinquirer.net/digital_assets/3707/microprocessor-timeline-INQ.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_STAR-100 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/feature/2124781/microprocessor-development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing http://library.thinkquest.org/11309/data/history.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_%281960s%E2%80% 93present%29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel http://www.slideshare.net/boltindia/chapter-2-microprocessors-8553373 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/led.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hI8JpVW5KToC&printsec=frontcover#v=onep age&q&f=false http://www.edisontechcenter.org/LED.html http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/canon_pocketronic.html http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/pocketronic.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey http://www.pong-story.com/o1faq.txt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-35 http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/4040.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micral http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800 http://oldcomputers.net/altair.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80 http://applemuseum.bott.org/sections/computers/a1.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80_Model_I http://oldcomputers.net/trs80i.html http://www.slideshare.net/SanjeevKumar42/intel-8086-9720558 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_the_Intel_8086_architecture_designed_to_incorp orate_pipelining

15

Group 5: Calizo, Enriquez, Jutiz, Manalo, Urmaza http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Cyber http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_5120 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Star http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5150.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa http://oldcomputers.net/macintosh.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68020 http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/68020/ http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR370.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ccd/mainframes/p001.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq_Deskpro http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_II http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_SE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68030 http://ninjacraze.hubpages.com/hub/Types-of-computer-languages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B http://www.calvin.edu/~rbobeldy/tutorials/os/basics2.htm http://latesttechnomanias.blogspot.com/2010/06/fifth-generation-computers.html http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/FiveGenerations .asp http://www.techiwarehouse.com/engine/0ee1987d/Fifth-Generation-of-Computers

16