CHAPTER

FRICTION

BMFG 1823 Static and Strength of Material

Suriati Akmal

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

FRICTION (Sections 8.1 - 8.2)

Todays Objective: Students will be able to: a) Understand the characteristics of dry friction. b) Draw a FBD including friction.

In-Class Activities: Check homework, if any

c) Solve problems involving friction. Reading quiz Applications Characteristics of dry friction Problems involving dry friction Concept quiz Group problem solving Attention quiz

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

READING QUIZ 1. A friction force always acts _____ to the contact surface. A) normal C) parallel B) at 45 D) at the angle of static friction

2. If a block is stationary, then the friction force acting on it is ________ .

A) s N C) s N

B) = s N D) = k N

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

APPLICATIONS In designing a brake system for a bicycle, car, or any other vehicle, it is important to understand the frictional forces involved.

For an applied force on the brake pads, how can we determine the magnitude and direction of the resulting friction force?

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

APPLICATIONS (continued)

Consider pushing a box as shown here. How can you determine if it will slide, tilt, or stay in static equilibrium?

What physical factors affect the answer to this question?

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION (Section 8.1) Friction is defined as a force of resistance acting on a body which prevents or retards slipping of the body relative to a second body. Experiments show that frictional forces act tangent (parallel) to the contacting surface in a direction opposing the relative motion or tendency for motion. For the body shown in the figure to be in equilibrium, the following must be true: F = P, N = W, and Wx = Ph.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CHARACTERISTICS OF FRICTION (continued)

To study the characteristics of the friction force F, let us assume that tipping does not occur (i.e., h is small or a is large). Then we gradually increase the magnitude of the force P. Typically, experiments show that the friction force F varies with P, as shown in the left figure above.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

FRICTION CHARACERISTICS (continued)

The maximum friction force is attained just before the block begins to move (a situation that is called impending motion). The value of the force is found using Fs = s N, where s is called the coefficient of static friction. The value of s depends on the materials in contact. Once the block begins to move, the frictional force typically drops and is given by Fk = k N. The value of k (coefficient of kinetic friction) is less than s .

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

DETERMING s EXPERIMENTALLY
A block with weight w is placed on an inclined plane. The plane is slowly tilted until the block just begins to slip. The inclination, s, is noted. Analysis of the block just before it begins to move gives (using Fs = s N): + Fy = N W cos s = 0 + FX = S N W sin s = 0
Using these two equations, we get s = (W sin s ) / (W cos s ) = tan s This simple experiment allows us to find the S between two materials in contact.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS (Section 8.2) Steps for solving equilibrium problems involving dry friction: 1. Draw the necessary free body diagrams. Make sure that you show the friction force in the correct direction (it always opposes the motion or impending motion). 2. Determine the number of unknowns. Do not assume F = S N unless the impending motion condition is given. 3. Apply the equations of equilibrium and appropriate frictional equations to solve for the unknowns.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

IMPENDING TIPPING versus SLIPPING For a given W and h, how can we determine if the block will slide first or tip first? In this case, we have four unknowns (F, N, x, and P) and only three EofE. Hence, we have to make an assumption to give us another equation. Then we can solve for the unknowns using the three EofE. Finally, we need to check if our assumption was correct.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

IMPENDING TIPPING versus SLIPPING (continued) Assume: Slipping occurs Known: F = s N Solve: Check: x, P, and N 0 x b/2 Or Assume: Tipping occurs Known: x = b/2 Solve: Check: P, N, and F F s N

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

EXAMPLE
Given: A uniform ladder weighs 100 N. The vertical wall is smooth (no friction). The floor is rough and s = 0.8. Find: The minimum force P needed to move ( tip or slide) the ladder. Plan: a) Draw a FBD. b) Determine the unknowns. c) Make any necessary friction assumptions. d) Apply EofE (and friction equations, if appropriate ) to solve for the unknowns. e) Check assumptions, if required.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

EXAMPLE (continued)
NB 1.2 m
100 N

A FBD of the ladder

1.2 m

FA 0.9 m 0.9 m There are four unknowns: NA, FA, NB, and P. Let us assume that the ladder will tip first. Hence, NB = 0 + FY = NA 100 = 0 ; + MA = 100 ( 0.9 ) P( 1.2 ) = 0 ; + FX = 75 FA = 0 ; NA

so NA = 100 N so P = 75 N so FA = 75 N

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

EXAMPLE (continued)
NB A FBD of the ladder

1.2 m

100 N

FA 0.9 m 0.9 m Now check the assumption. Fmax = s NA = 0.8 * 100 N = 80 N Is FA = 75 N Fmax = 80 N? Yes, hence our assumption of tipping is correct. NA

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CONCEPT QUIZ 1. A 100 N box with wide base is pulled by a force P and s = 0.4. Which force orientation requires the least force to begin sliding? A) A C) C B) B
100 N

P(A) P(B) P(C)

D) Can not be determined

2. A ladder is positioned as shown. Please indicate the direction of the friction force on the ladder at B.
A) C) B) D) A

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING Given: Drum weight = 500 N, s = 0.5, a = 0.75 m and b = 1m. Find: The smallest magnitude of P that will cause impending motion (tipping or slipping) of the drum. Plan:
a) Draw a FBD of the drum. b) Determine the unknowns. c) Make friction assumptions, as necessary. d) Apply EofE (and friction eqn. as appropriate) to solve for the unknowns. e) Check assumptions, as required.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

P 3 4
500 N 1 m

0.375 m 0.375 m

A FBD of the drum:

0 F
X

There are four unknowns: P, N, F and x. First, lets assume the drum slips. Then the friction equation is F = s N = 0.5 N.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

P 3 4 A FBD of the drum: + FX = (4 / 5) P 0.5 N = 0 + FY = N (3 / 5) P 500 = 0 These two equations give: P = 500 N and N = 800 N
X

0.375 m 0.375 m

500 N 1 m

0 F N

+ MO = (3 /5) 500 (0.375) (4 / 5) 500 (1) + 800 (x) = 0 Check: x = 0.359 0.375 so OK! Drum slips as assumed at P = 500 N

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

ATTENTION QUIZ 1. A 10 N block is in equilibrium. What is the magnitude of the friction force between this block and the surface? A) 0 N C) 2 N 2. B) 1 N D) 3 N

S = 0.3 2N

The ladder AB is postioned as shown. What is the direction of the friction force on the ladder at B. A) C) B) D)
A

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

FRICTION IN PRACTICAL ENGINEERING

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

READING QUIZ 1. A wedge allows a ______ force P to lift a _________ weight W. A) (large, large) C) (small, large) B) (small, small) D) (large, small)
W

2. Considering friction forces and the indicated motion of the belt, how are belt tensions T1 and T2 related? A) T1 > T2 C) T1 < T2 B) T1 = T2 D) T1 = T2 e

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

APPLICATIONS Wedges are used to adjust the elevation or provide stability for heavy objects such as this large steel vessel. How can we determine the force required to pull the wedge out? When there are no applied forces on the wedge, will it stay in place (i.e., be selflocking) or will it come out on its own? Under what physical conditions will it come out?

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

APPLICATIONS (continued) In the design of a band brake, it is essential to analyze the frictional forces acting on the band (which acts like a belt). How can we determine the tensions in the cable pulling on the band? How are these tensions, the applied force P and the torque M, related?

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

ANALYSIS OF A WEDGE
W A wedge is a simple machine in which a small force P is used to lift a large weight W. To determine the force required to push the wedge in or out, it is necessary to draw FBDs of the wedge and the object on top of it. It is easier to start with a FBD of the wedge since you know the direction of its motion. Note that: a) the friction forces are always in the direction opposite to the motion, or impending motion, of the wedge; b) the friction forces are along the contacting surfaces; and, c) the normal forces are perpendicular to the contacting surfaces.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

WEDGE ANALYSIS (continued) Next, a FBD of the object on top of the wedge is drawn. Please note that: a) at the contacting surfaces between the wedge and the object the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to those on the wedge; and, b) all other forces acting on the object should be shown. To determine the unknowns, we must apply EofE, Fx = 0 and Fy = 0, to the wedge and the object as well as the impending motion frictional equation, F = S N. Now of the two FBDs, which one should we start analyzing first? We should start analyzing the FBD in which the number of unknowns are less than or equal to the number of equations.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

WEDGE ANALYSIS (continued) If the object is to be lowered, then the wedge needs to be pulled out. If the value of the force P needed to remove the wedge is positive, then the wedge is self-locking, i.e., it will not come out on its own. However, if the value of P is negative, or zero, then the wedge will come out on its own unless a force is applied to keep the wedge in place. This can happen if the coefficient of friction is small or the wedge angle is large.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BELT ANALYSIS Belts are used for transmitting power or applying brakes. Friction forces play an important role in determining the various tensions in the belt. The belt tension values are then used for analyzing or designing a belt drive or a brake system.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BELT ANALYSIS (continued) Consider a flat belt passing over a fixed curved surface with the total angle of contact equal to radians. If the belt slips or is just about to slip, then T2 must be larger than T1 and the friction forces. Hence, T2 must be greater than T1. Detailed analysis (please refer to your textbook) shows that T2 = T1 e where is the coefficient of static friction between the belt and the surface. Be sure to use radians when using this formula!!

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

EXAMPLE Given: The load weighs 100 N and the S between surfaces AC and BD is 0.3. Smooth rollers are placed between wedges A and B. Assume the rollers and the wedges have negligible weights. Find: The force P needed to lift the load. Plan: 1. Draw a FBD of wedge A. Why do A first? 2. Draw a FBD of wedge B. 3. Apply the EofE to wedge B. Why do B first? 4. Apply the EofE to wedge A.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

EXAMPLE (continued)
The FBDs of wedges A and B are shown in the figures. Applying the EofE to wedge B, we get P + FX = N2 sin 10 N3 = 0 N2 10 A F1= 0.3N1 100 N F3= 0.3N3 B N2 10 N3

+ FY = N2 cos 10 100 0.3 N3 = 0 Solving the above two equations, we get N2 = 107.2 N and N3 = 18.6 N Applying the EofE to the wedge A, we get + FY = N1 107.2 cos 10 = 0; + FX = P 107.2 sin 10 0.3 N1 = 0;

N1

N1 = 105.6 N P = 50.3 N

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CONCEPT QUIZ 1. Determine the direction of the friction force on object B at the contact point between A and B. A) C) B) D)

2. The boy (hanging) in the picture weighs 500 N and the woman weighs 750 N. The coefficient of static friction between her shoes and the ground is 0.6. The boy will ______ ? A) be lifted up. B) slide down. C) not be lifted up. D) not slide down.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: Blocks A and B weigh 50 N and 30 N, respectively. Find: The smallest weight of cylinder D which will cause the loss of static equilibrium.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

Plan: 1. Consider two cases: a) both blocks slide together, and, b) block B slides over the block A. 2. For each case, draw a FBD of the block(s). 3. For each case, apply the EofE to find the force needed to cause sliding. 4. Choose the smaller P value from the two cases. 5. Use belt friction theory to find the weight of block D.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLUTION Case a: + FY = N 80 = 0 N = 80 N + FX = 0.4 (80) P = 0 P = 32 N

N P B A 30 N 50 N F=0.4 N

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

GROUP PROBLEM SOLUTION Case b:

P 20

30 N

0.6 N N

+ Fy = N cos 20 + 0.6 N sin 20 30 = 0 N = 26.20 N

+ Fx = P + 0.6 ( 26.2 ) cos 20 26.2 sin 20 = 0 P = 5.812 N Case b has the lowest P and will occur first. Next, using the frictional force analysis of belt, we get WD = P e = 5.812 e 0.5 ( 0.5 ) = 12.7 N A Block D weighing 12.7 N will cause the block B to slide over the block A.

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

ATTENTION QUIZ 1. When determining the force P needed to lift the block of weight W, it is easier to draw a FBD of ______ first. A) the wedge B) the block

C) the horizontal ground D) the vertical wall 2. In the analysis of frictional forces on a flat belt, T2 = T1 e . In this equation, equals ______ . A) angle of contact in degrees B) angle of contact in radians

C) coefficient of static friction D) coefficient of kinetic friction

STATIC & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS