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Second
102
Generation
First
101 Third
Generation
z Generation
z
1
• Leading supplier
– Tycom (formerly Tyco Submarine System)
– KDD Submarine Cable Systems
– Alcatel Submarine Networks
http://www.telegeography.com/products/map_cable/index.php
Transmission
Aspects Network Management
• Dispersion
• Fault Management
• Power Budget
• Configuration Management
• Non-linearity
• Performance Management
• Polarization, etc.
Optical
Networks
Multi-Access Services/Applications
• Network Topology • Data/Voice
• Node Architecture • Video/Image
• Multiplexing Scheme • Interactive Multimedia
• Media Access Protocol • Internet/Web Access
Qiqihaer
To Europe
Harbin
Yining Baicheng Mudanjiang
Urumqi
Changchun
Korla Fuxin Yanji
Chengde Shenyang
Zhangjiakou
Hohhot Qinhuangdao
Dandong To North
Ruoqiang Beijing Korea
Yinchuan Dalian
Tianjin
Yulin Shijiazhuang
Golmud
Xining Lanzhou Taiyuan Hengshui To South
Zhengzhou Qingdao Korea
Luoyang Jinan
XiAn Kaifeng Lianyungang
To Japan
Nanjing
Xiangfan Xinyang Hefei Shanghai
Chengdu Chongqing Huzhou FLAG
Lhasa Wuhan Wuhu Hangzhou
Shashi
Jiujiang
Changsha
Huaihua
Guiyang Nanchang
Jianyang
Hengyang
Kunming Fuzhou
Guilin
Xingyi Guangzhou Taipei
The Existing Over-Head Fiber Optic Cables Gejiu Nanning Shenzhen Huizhou
Beihai Hongkong
Pingxiang
The Existing Buried Fiber Optic Cables
Zhanjiang
To Southeast Asia
Haikou
Tree
Bus
Ring
Space Switches
λ1,λ2,λ3 λ1,λ2'’,λ3’
λ1
λ1’,λ2',λ3’ λ1’,λ2,λ3’’
λ2
λ1’’,λ2'’,λ3’’ λ1’’,λ2’,λ3
λ3
Static Wavelength Routing Network Dynamic Wavelength Routing Network
Tunable receiver/
fixed transmitter
RT
EU
DLC
O E
ONU
RT EU
O E
CO
O E M E O
U
X
ONU
1 EU
P O E
CO O
S
N
Optical
Network
Optical Line Terminal Terminal
Optical
Network
Unit
Network
Terminals
APON BPON
(155Mb/s-622Mb/s) (155Mb/s-1.25Gb/s)
Downstream:
1550nm
EPON
Upstream:
(1.25Gb/s)
1310nm
Downstream:
1550nm for video, 1490nm for data
Upstream:
TDM-PON 1310nm
ONU
OLT ONU
ONU
Î Burst-Mode Receivers
Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 32
Ethernet PON
16 nominal, 32
Number of split 32 64
allowed
Q: what are the pros and cons for WDM-PON, compared to TDM-PON?
Fiber 200-1000
Central Node Homes
Office Fiber Coax
Amplifier
subscriber
Drop
line
subscriber
(2) FM :
• easier to achieve since the required CNR ~16.5 dB.
• requires more bandwidth (40MHz spacing, 30MHz bandwidth)
• typically used in satellite broadcasting and by some CATV operators.
(3) Digital :
– baseband
– FSK and PSK - spectral efficiency not as good as baseband (0.5-1.0
bit/s/Hz), but easier channel tuning
– QPSK - spectral efficiency (2.0 bit/s/Hz)
– required large bit-rate (>100Mbit/s) if uncompressed
– compression schemes - JPEG(ISO), MPEG(ISO), H.261(CCITT), …
• Performance index :
1
(m ⋅ I dc ) 2
CNR = 2
2 ⋅ e ⋅ I dc ⋅ BW + 4 ⋅ k ⋅ T ⋅ BW ⋅ Ft / Req + RIN ⋅ I dc2 ⋅ BW
1
(0.01 ⋅1.0 ⋅ 2 ×10−3 ) 2
CNR = 2
−150
−3
2 ⋅ e ⋅ (1.0 ⋅ 2 × 10 ) ⋅ 4 ×10 + 4 ⋅ k ⋅ T ⋅ 4 ×10 ⋅ 3 / 75 + 10
6 6 10
⋅ (1.0 ⋅ 2 ×10−3 ) 2 ⋅ 4 ×106
and others
• 802.16: WiMax
• 802.17: Resilient Packet Ring
In case of a link failure, the dual rings will be automatically configured into a
single ring as shown below:
MAC MAC MAC
station adjacent to failure
failed station B A B A B A
loops back
A B A B A B
Station Station
Bypass
Switch
“SONET: now it's the standard optical network”, IEEE Communication Mag. Vo.40, no.5, 2002.
LINE LINE
SECTION SECTION SECTION
TRIBUTARY TRIBUTARY
SIGNALS SIGNALS
SONET SONET
TERMINAL TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER MULTIPLEXER
PATH
3 rows
Section
overhead
6rows
Line
overhead
ADM ADM
Dual Ring
Protection Ring
DS1, E1, etc. Terminal ADM
Multiplexer
Station 1 Station 2
λ1
λ1
Wavelength reuse
λ2
Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Fault
management
Performance Security
management management
Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 60
Network Management
Performance Management:
• measure and monitor the network performance such as network throughput,
user response times, line utilization, signal quality, etc.
• ensure network can perform at acceptable level.
• gather data Î analyse data Î check for thresholds Î alarms if below
threshold
Configuration Management:
• monitor network and system configuration such as equipment inventory,
topology, connection setup, etc.
• effects on network operation of hardware and software can be tackled and
managed.
Accounting Management:
• measure network utilization to regulate network usage of users, maximize
fairness of network access
• usage validation, billing
Security Management:
• control and monitor access to network resources
• prohibits information and resource access without
appropriate authorization
Management System
Network Management
Protocols
NM agent NM agent
NM database NM database
Network Network
Element Element
switch switch
Working fiber
•
splitter switch •
•
switch
switch
Working fiber
switch switch
Low priority data
Protection fiber
Protection fiber
(c) 1:N
(b) 1:1
Prof. Lian K Chen Part 6 - Optical Netwoks 64