CHUYEN E 1 - OXIT

I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC: OXIT BAZ 1) Oxit baz + nc dung dch baz Vd : CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 2) oxit baz + axit muoi + nc Vd : CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O Na2O + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O 3) Oxit baz (tan) + oxit axit muoi Vd : Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3 OXIT AXIT 1) Oxit axit + nc dung dch axit Vd : SO3 + H2O H2SO4 2) Oxit axit + dd baz muoi + nc Vd : CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 3) Oxit axit + oxit baz (tan) muoi Vd : ( xem phan oxit baz )

Lu y : - Cac oxit trung tnh ( CO,NO,N2O ) khong tac dung vi nc, axit, baz ( khong tao muoi ) - Mot so oxit lng tnh ( Al2O3, ZnO, BeO, Cr2O3 ) tac dung c vi ca axit va dd baz Vd : Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O - Cac oxit lng tnh tao ra goc axit co dang chung : RO2 , co hoa tr = 4 hoa tr kim loai R - Mot so oxit hon tap khi tac dung vi axit hoac dung dch baz th tao ra nhieu muoi Vd: Fe3O4 la oxit hon tap cua Fe(II) va Fe(III) Fe3O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O Vd 2 : NO2 la oxit hon tap tng ng vi 2 axit HNO2 va HNO3 2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O Natri nitrit Natri nitrat II- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1)ot cac kim loai hoac phi kim trong kh O2 ( tr Ag,Au,Pt va N2 ): t0C 2) Nhiet phan baz khong tan V du : 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O 3) Nhiet phan mot so muoi : Cacbonat ,nitrat , sunfat cua mot so cac kim loai ( Xem bai P nhiet phan) t0C V du : 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 t0C CaCO3 CaO + CO2 4) ieu che cac hp chat khong ben phan huy ra oxit V du : 2AgNO3 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + AgOH Ag2O H2O -------------------------------------

BAZ
I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC BAZ TAN 1) Lam oi mau chat ch th QT xanh dd baz + Phenolphtalein : hong 2) dd baz + axit muoi + nc NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O 3) dd baz + oxit axit muoi + nc Ba(OH)2 + CO2 BaCO3 + H2O 4) dung dch baz tac dung vi muoi ( xem bai muoi ) 5) dd baz tac dung vi chat lng tnh 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 BAZ KT 1) Baz KT + axit muoi + nc Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O t0C 2) Baz KT oxit baz + nc 0 tC 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O

II- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1) ieu che baz tan * Kim loai tng ng + H2O dd baz + H2 V du : Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2 * Oxit baz + H2O dd baz * ien phan dung dch muoi ( thng dung muoi clorua, bromua ) pdd V du : 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
co ma ng nga n

* Muoi + dd baz muoi mi + baz mi V du : Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + 2NaOH 2) ieu che baz khong tan * Muoi + dd baz muoi mi + baz mi V du : CuCl2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl -----------------------------------------

Thang pH
Thang pH cho biet mot dung dch co tnh baz hay tnh axit: - Neu pH < 7 moi trng co tnh axit ( pH cang nho th axit cang manh ) - Neu pH = 7 moi trng trung tnh ( nc cat, mot so muoi : NaCl, Na2SO4 ) - Neu pH > 7 moi trng co tnh Baz ( pH cang ln th baz cang manh ) -------------------------------------

CHUYEN E 2 : AXIT-BAZ AXIT

I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC 1) Tac dung vi chat ch th mau: Dung dch axit lam qu tm o 2) Tac dung vi kim loai : a) oi vi cac axit thng (HCl, H2SO4 loang ) Axit + kim loai hoat ong muoi + H2 V du : 2HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2 b) oi vi cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh nh H2SO4 ac , HNO3 H2SO4 ac SO2 (hac ) Kim loai ( tr Au,Pt) + HNO3 ac Muoi HT cao + H2O + NO2 (nau) (2 ) HNO3 loang NO V du : 3Fe + 4HNO3 loang Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O + NO 3) Tac dung vi baz ( Phan ng trung hoa ) Axit + baz muoi + nc V du : HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 CuSO4 + 2H2O 4) Tac dung vi oxit baz Axit + oxit baz muoi + nc V du : Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O Lu y: Cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh ( HNO3, H2SO4 ac ) khi tac dung vi cac hp chat oxit, baz, hoac muoi cua kim loai co hoa tr cha cao th cho san pham nh khi tac dung vi kim loai a c no ng V du : 4HNO3 + FeO Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O + NO2 5) Tac dung vi muoi ( xem bai muoi ) 6) Tac dung vi phi kim ran : C,P,S ( xay ra oi vi axit co tnh oxi hoa manh : H2SO4 ac , HNO3 ) H2SO4 ac SO2 Phi kim + HNO3 ac Axit cua PK + nc + NO2 HNO3 loang NO V du : P S + +
a c no ng 2H2SO4 3SO2 + 2H2O a c no ng 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

II- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1) oi vi axit co oxi : * oxit axit + nc axit tng ng * axit + muoi muoi mi + axit mi * Mot so PK ran + Axit co tnh oxi hoa manh
(2 )

2) oi vi axit khong co oxi * Phi kim + H2 hp chat kh ( Hoa tan trong nc thanh dung dch axit ) * Halogen (F2 ,Cl2,Br2) + nc : V du : 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 * Muoi + Axit muoi mi + axit mi V du : Na2S + H2SO4 H2S + Na2SO4 -------------------

CHUYEN E 3: MUOI MOI QUAN HE GIA CAC LOAI HP CHAT VO C

I- TNH CHAT HOA HOC 1) Tac dung vi kim loai Dung dch muoi + kim loai KT muoi mi + Kim loai mi V du : Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu ieu kien : kim loai tham gia phai KT va manh hn kim loai trong muoi 2) Tac dung vi muoi : Hai dung dch muoi tac dung vi nhau tao thanh 2 muoi mi V du: CuCl2 + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
3) Tac dung vi baz Dung dch muoi + dung dch baz V du: Fe2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH

muoi mi + baz mi 3Na2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)3

dd vang nau KT nau o 4) Tac dung vi axit Muoi + dung dch axit muoi mi + axit mi V du : H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl ( trang ) CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 5) Muoi b nhiet phan huy: ( Xem bai phan ng nhiet phan ) II- PHAN NG TRAO OI TRONG DUNG DCH 1) Khai niem Phan ng trao oi la phan ng hoa hoc trong o hai hp chat trao oi thanh phan cau tao e tao ra cac san pham Vd : phan ng cua muoi vi : muoi, baz, axit ( ke ca phan ng cua axit vi baz hoac oxit baz ) 2) ieu kien e phan ng trao oi xay ra c San pham sinh ra co t nhat mot chat khong tan, hoac chat kh, hoac nc Lu y : -a so muoi cua axit yeu hn thng b tan trong axit manh hn ( do xay ra phan ng hoa hoc) V du : AgNO3 + H3PO4 Ag3PO4 + HNO3 ( Ag3PO4 b tan trong HNO3 nen khong ton tai ket tua ) -Rieng muoi sunfua cua cac kim loai t Pb ve sau trong day hoat ong hoa hoc cua kim loai khong tan trong cac axit thng gap. V vay p sau ay xay ra c: CuCl2 + H2S CuS ( en ) + 2HCl
III- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP 1) Cac phan ng thong thng Co the ieu che cac muoi bang s o tom tat nh sau:

Kim loai

(1 )

( 1 )

Phi kim

Muoi (2 ) Oxit baz (3) Muoi + H2 Hoac kh khac (4) (4) Muoi
+ KL, Axit, muoi, dd baz

( 2) oxit axit (3) Axit

Baz

Muoi + H2O

(4) (4) Muoi

Giai thch : Cac chat nhanh trai tac dung cac chat cung so nhanh phai tao san pham trung tam. V du : ( 2 ) + ( 2) : oxit baz + oxit axit muoi 2) Cac phan ng chuyen oi gia muoi trung hoa va muoi axit. * Muoi axit + kiem muoi trung hoa + nc v du : NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O 2NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O * Muoi trung hoa + oxit tng ng / H2O muoi axit V du : 2CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 (1) 3) Phan ng chuyen mc hoa tr cua kim loai

Muoi Fe(III) Muoi Fe(II) + Fe (Cu )

V du : 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 6Fe(NO3)2 + 3Cl2 4Fe(NO3)3 + 2FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe 3FeSO4 2FeCl3 + Cu 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 -------------------------------------* T Mg Cu th san pham Z la: Oxit kim loai 0 t C 4FeSO4 + 4SO2 + O2 2Fe2O3 * Sau Cu th san pham Z la : Kim Loai t 0C Ag2SO4 SO2 + O2 2Ag + 5- Cac muoi cua nguyen to hoa tr rat cao khi nhiet phan eu cho kh O2 t 0C 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 6- Nhiet phan muoi Amoni : * Amoni cua goc axit de bay hi (- Cl, = CO3 ) : san pham la Axit tao muoi + NH3 t 0C V du : NH4Cl NH3 + HCl t 0C (NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2

+ PK m a nh ( Cl 2 , Br2 ... )

* Amoni cua axit co tnh oxi hoa manh : NH3 chuyen hoa thanh N2O hoac N2 tuy thuoc nhiet o 2500 C V du : NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O 0 400 C 2NH4NO3 2N2 + O2 + 2H2O -------------------------------------

TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA MUOI AXIT

Ngoai tnh chat chung cua muoi, cac muoi axit con co nhng tnh chat sau ay: 1- Tac dung vi kiem : Muoi axit + Kiem Muoi trung hoa + Nc VD: NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O 2- Muoi axit cua axit manh the hien ay u tnh chat hoa hoc cua axit tng ng. 2NaHSO4 + Na2CO3 2Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 2KHSO4 + Ba(HCO3)2 BaSO4 + K2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O * Trong phan ng tren, cac muoi NaHSO4 va KHSO4 tac dung vi vai tro nh H2SO4. -----------------------------------------

CHUYEN E 4_ KIM LOAI

I- DAY HOAT ONG HOA HOC CUA KIM LOAI K, Ba, Ca, Na,Mg,Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb 144424443 Cu , Hg, Ag, Pt, Au 1 4 44 2 4 4 43 (1) 14444 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 H (3)
(2)

* (1) Cac kim loai manh * (2) Cac kim loai hoat ong ( trong o : t Zn en Pb la kim loai trung bnh ) * (3) Cac kim loai yeu II- TNH CHAT HOA HOC 1) Tac dung vi nc ( nhiet o thng) * Kim loai ( K Na) + H2O dung dch baz + H2 V du : Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 2) Tac dung vi axit * Kim loai hoat ong + dd axit (HCl,H2SO4 loang) muoi + H2 V du : 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2 * Kim loai khi tac dung vi HNO3 va H2SO4 ac thng khong giai phong kh H2 a c, no ng V du : Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O * Al,Fe,Cr : Khong tac dung vi HNO3 ac, H2SO4 ac nhiet o thng: 3) Tac dung vi muoi : * Kim loai (KT) + Muoi Muoi mi + Kim loai mi V du : Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag 4) Tac dung vi phi kim nhiet o cao: a) Vi O2 oxit baz t0C V du: 3Fe + 2O2 ( Ag,Au,Pt khong P ) Fe3O4 b) Vi phi kim khac ( Cl2,S ) muoi t0C V du: 2Al + 3S Al2S3 5) Tac dung vi kiem : * Kim loai lng tnh ( Al,Zn,Cr) + dd baz muoi + H2 V du: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 III- PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TRC TIEP. 1) Nhiet luyen kim * oi vi cac kim loai trung bnh va yeu : Kh cac oxit kim loai bang H2,C,CO, Al t0C V du: CuO + H2 + H2O Cu * oi vi cac kim loai manh: ien phan nong chay muoi clorua pnc V du: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 2) Thuy luyen kim: ieu che cac kim loai khong tan trong nc * Kim loai manh hn ay kim loai yeu hn ra khoi dd muoi V du: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu * ien phan dd muoi cua kim loai trung bnh va yeu: pdd V du: FeCl2 Fe + Cl2 3) ien phan oxit kim loai manh :

pnc V du: 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 4) Nhiet phan muoi cua kim loai yeu hn Cu: t0C V du: 2AgNO3 2Ag + O2 + 2NO2 -----------------------------------------------------

CHUYEN E 5 - PHI KIM

I- TRANG THAI CUA PHI KIM ieu kien thng cac phi ton tai c 3 trang thai : -Kh : H2,N2, O2, Cl2, F2 -Ran : C.S,P,Si

-Long : Br2 II- TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA PHI KIM 1) Tac dung vi oxi oxit: t0C V du: 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 Lu y : N2 khong chay, cac /c Cl2,Br2,I2 khong tac dung trc tiep vi oxi 2) Tac dung vi kim loai muoi (2) V du : xem bai kim loai 3) Tac dung vi Hiro hp chat kh t0C V du: H2 + S H2S a.s H2 + Cl2 2HCl H2 + F2 2HF ( Xay ra ngay trong bong toi ) 4) Mot so tnh chat ac biet cua phi kim a) Cac phi kim F2,Cl2 : Tac dung c vi nc V du : Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO ( khong ben de huy ra : HCl + O

2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 Lu y : HF co kha nang an mon thuy tinh : SiO2 + 4HF 2H2O b) Cac phi kim Cl2,F2 ,Si : Tac dung c vi kiem V du : Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O a c, no ng 3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O c) Cac phi kim ran C,S,P tan trong HNO3, H2SO4 ac: a c no ng V du : P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

SiF4

III- C S ANH GIA O MANH YEU CUA PHI KIM Phi kim nao de phan ng vi H2 hn , hoac de phan ng vi kim loai hn th phi kim o manh hn t0C V du: H2 + S H2S a.s H2 + Cl2 2HCl H2 + F2 2HF ( Xay ra ngay trong bong toi ) Suy ra : F2 > Cl2 > S ( chu y : F2 la phi kim manh nhat ) IV- IEU CHE PHI KIM * Cac phi kim c ieu che chu yeu da vao cac phan ng ien phan , nhiet phan * Dung phi kim manh ay phi kim yeu hn khoi hp chat ( thng dung muoi ) ------------------------------

Viec giai bai toan xac nh loai muoi tao thanh trong trng hp oxit axit hoac a axit tac dung vi dung dch baz co the c tom tat theo cac bc sau ay : B1 : Tm so mol cua kiem va so mol oxit B2 : Lap t so T xac nh loai muoi tao thanh , viet PTHH tao ra muoi o. B3 : Tnh toan theo PTHH Neu tao mot muoi : Tnh theo 1 PTHH da vao so mol cua chat p het. Neu tao 2 muoi : at x, y la so mol moi muoi , Tnh theo 2 PTHH da vao x,y B4: Hoan thanh yeu cau cua e bai. Lu y : Neu e bai cho biet kiem d th luon tao muoi trung hoa, con oxit axit d th tao muoi axit. ---------------------------------

NHAN BIET HOA CHAT MAT NHAN

I) PHNG PHAP HOA HOC NHAN BIET HOA CHAT MAT NHAN: - Phan loai cac chat mat nhan e xac nh tnh chat ac trng, t o chon thuoc th ac trng. - Trnh bay : Neu thuoc th a chon ? Chat nhan ra ? Dau hieu e nhan biet (Hien tng) ? Viet PTHH xay ra e minh hoa * Lu y : Neu ch c lay them 1 thuoc th , th chat lay vao phai nhan ra c mot chat sao cho chat nay co kha nang lam thuoc th cho cac chat con lai. II) TOM TAT THUOC TH VA DAU HIEU NHAN BIET MOT SO CHAT VO C:

Chat can nhan biet dd axit dd kiem Axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat Axit clohiric va muoi clorua
Muoi cua Cu (dd
Xanh lam)

Thuoc th * Qu tm * Qu tm * phenolphtalein * ddBaCl2 * ddAgNO3

Dau hieu ( Hien tng) *Qu tm o *Qu tm xanh *Phenolphtalein hong *Co ket tua trang : BaSO4 *Co ket tua trang : AgCl *Ket tua xanh l : Cu(OH)2 *Ket tua trang xanh b hoa nau o trong nc :

Muoi cua Fe(II)

(dd luc nhat )

* Dung dch kiem

4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3 ( Trang xanh) ( nau o )

Muoi Fe(III) (dd

vang nau)

* Ket tua nau o Fe(OH)3 *Ket tua keo tan c trong kiem d : Al(OH)3 ( trang , Cr(OH)3 (xanh
xam) Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

d.dch muoi Al, Cr (III)

* Dung dch kiem, d * dd kiem, un nhe * dd AgNO3 * Axit manh * dd CuCl2, Pb(NO3)2 * Axit (HCl, H2SO4 )
* Nc voi trong

Muoi Amoni Muoi Photphat Muoi Sunfua Muoi Cacbonat va muoi Sunfit Muoi Nitrat Kim loai hoat ong Kim loai au day : K , Ba, Ca, Na Kim loai lng tnh: Al; Zn; Be; Cr Kim loai yeu : Cu, Ag, Hg ( thng li sau cng) Cac hp chat co kim loai hoa tr

*Kh mui khai : *Ket tua vang:

NH3 Ag3PO4

*Kh mui trng thoi : H2S *Ket tua en : CuS , PbS *Co kh thoat ra : CO2 , SO2 ( mui hac) * Nc voi b uc: do CaCO3,
CaSO3

* ddH2SO4 ac / Cu * Dung dch axit * H2O * ot chay, quan sat mau ngon la

*Dung dch mau xanh , co kh mau nau NO2 *Co kh bay ra : H2 * Co kh thoat ra ( H2 ) , toa nhieu nhiet * Na ( vang ) ; K ( tm ) ; Li ( o ta ); Ca ( o cam) ; Ba (luc vang ) *Kim loai tan ra va co sui bot kh H2
( neu phai phan biet cac Kim loai nay vi nhau th chon thuoc th e phan biet cac muoi). V du : muoi tao ket tua vi NaCl la AgNO3 suy ra kim loai ban au la Ag.

*Dung dch kiem

* Kim loai tan + NO2 ( nau )

*HNO3 ac

*Co kh bay ra :

Lu y : * Dung dch muoi cua Axit yeu va Baz manh lam qu tm hoa xanh ( V du: Na2CO3) * Dung dch muoi cua Axit manh va Baz yeu lam qu tm hoa o. ( V du : NH 4Cl ) * Neu A la thuoc th cua B th B cung la thuoc th cua A. * Dau hieu nhan biet phai ac trng va dau hieu ro rang, khong giong cac chat khac . -------------------------

PHAN NG CHUYEN OI MC HOA TR CUA NGUYEN TO

Trong cac phan ng ket hp hoac phan ng trao oi th hoa tr cua cac nguyen to thng khong thay oi. V vay muon chuyen oi hoa tr cac nguyen to th phai dung mot so phan ng ac biet. 1- Nang hoa tr cua nguyen to trong oxit oxit (HT thap ) + O2 oxit (HT cao) t 0C , xu c ta c VD: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 0 tC 2CO + O2 2CO2 t0C 2Fe3O4 + O2 3Fe2O3 2- Nang hoa tr cua nguyen to trong hp chat vi Clo hoac Oxi Hp chat HT thap + Cl2; O2 Hp chat HT cao t0C VD: 2FeCl2 + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 4Fe(OH)2 +O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5 3- Ha hoa tr cua muoi sat: Muoi Fe (HT cao) + Fe ( hoac KL yeu) Muoi Fe (HT thap) VD: 2FeCl3 + Fe 3FeCl2 Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe 3FeSO4 2FeCl3 + Cu + CuCl2 2FeCl2 Lu y: Phan Cu vi FeCl3 xay ra khong phai do Cu ay c Fe ( khong phai phan ng the) 4- Dung H2SO4 . hoac HNO3 e nang hoa tr cua cac nguyen to trong hp chat. VD: 3FeO + 10HNO3 loang + NO + 5H2O 3Fe(NO3)3 * Khi gap cac phan ng nh muc 4 th nen can bang theo phng phap thang bang hoa tr theo cac bc chung nh sau: - Xac nh nguyen to co hoa tr tang va nguyen to co hoa tr giam. - So hoa tr giam la he so cua cac chat trong qua trnh tang hoa tr. - So hoa tr tang la he so tam thi cua cac chat trong qua trnh giam hoa tr. - Cong them cho he so cua axit bang so lan goc axit sau phan ng. VD: Ta co : giam) giam ) Fe+ H NO3 Fe( N O3 )3 + N O2 + H 2O T Fe Fe(NO3)3 tang 3 hoa tr cua Fe . ( T HNO3 NO2 giam 1 hoa tr cua N. ( 1 e tang bang
0 V III V IV

3 e tang bang

Suy ra he so tam thi la : 1Fe + 3HNO3 1Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + H2O Bu 3(NO3) cho ve trai ta c 6HNO3, suy ra he so cua nc la 3H2O Fe + 6HNO3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O Fe(NO3)3

TEN THNG GOI CUA MOT SO CHAT VOC Diem tieu: KNO3 Muoi an: NaCl a voi: CaCO3 Voi song: CaO Voi toi: Ca(OH)2 Thach cao song: CaSO4.2H2O Thach cao nung: 2CaSO4.H2O Thach cao khan: CaSO4 Quang : Hematic: Fe2O3 Quang Manhetic: Fe3O4 Quang pyric: FeS2 Qang cupit : Cu2S Diem sinh: S Xut : NaOH Potat: KOH Thach anh: SiO2 Oleum: H2SO4.nSO3