TRANSFORMER COMPONENTS The different elements, parts and components of a transformer can be devided into the following two

main groups: 1. Active Part 2. Passive Part The active part consist of the core, windings, insulation and often also the tap changer. The active part makes the transformer a transformer, i.e. functions as a galvanic isolation and/or transforms voltage from one level to another. The passive part is needed in order to make the transformer functional in reality, e.g. cooling equipment, protective equipment etc. ACTIVE PART The active part consist of the core, windings, insulation and often also the tap changer. The active part makes the transformer a transformer, i.e. functions as a galvanic isolation and/or transforms voltage from one level to another. The active part is different depending on the basic transformer concept, dry-type v.s. liquid/oil immersed transformer, mainly because of different insulation material. Core Windings Insulation Material Insulation Liquids Tap Changer - Voltage Variation

Basic Transformer Concept Dry-Type Transformers: Vacuum Pressure Impregnated Vacuum Pressure Encapsulated Cast Resin Encapsulated Glass Fibre re-inforced Resin Encapsulated Liquid/Oil Immersed Transformers: Hermetically Sealed Breathing Type

Transformer Oil Insulating oil/liquids have high-insulating qualities and serve two purposes: insulate the coils help dissipate the heat generated by the resistance of the windings and eddy currents in the core and other parts of iron. If this heat were not removed the transformer would operate at excessively high temperatures, which in turn, would damage or destroy the insulation on the coils. There are two major groups of transformer oils/liquids and some examples: Mineral Oil Inhibited Un-inhitibed Nonflammable Liquids Synthetic Esters Silicone Oil Mineral oil is a nontoxic insulating liquid. It is used in different types of high- voltage electrical 1 of 3 Transformer components

equipment, such as circuit breakers, switches and transformers. Mineral oil must be kept in an airtight container, or else sludge will form. This sludge will settle in the bottom of the tank and slow the natural transfer of heat. Also the longer mineral oil is left exposed to air, the greater the loss of insulation properties.

Tap Changer - Voltage Variation There are two ways to manage voltage variation in a transformer: off-circuit tap changers / bolted links on-load tap changers The off-circuit tap changer is often used in liquid/oil immersed transformers. In dry type transformers are the manually operated tap changer often simply replaced by bolted links, i.e. the primary cables connection are swiched to other tap positions on the primary windings. The on-load tap changer is often used in order to manage weak supply networks with continous voltage variations. The on-load tap changers are usually motor operated and regulated by a voltage regulator relay.

PASSIVE PART The passive part is needed in order to make the transformer functional in reality, e.g. cooling equipment, protective equipment etc. The passive part is different depending on the basic transformer concept, i.e. dry-type v.s. liquid/oil immersed transformer:

Dry-Type Transformers: Cooling Equipment Enclosure Protective Devices Accessories

Liquid/Oil Immersed Transformers: Transformer Vessel / Tank Liquid/Oil Conservator / Expansion Tank Cooling Equipment Enclosure - Main Cable Termination Box Protective Devices Accessories

Cooling Equipment The liquid/oil immersed transformers can be cooled down by different means. Naturally air cooled (ONAN) 2 of 3 Transformer components

Forced air cooled (ONAF) Forced water cooled (OFWF) Smaller oil immersed distribution transformers with a power rating 0.1-5 MVA are very often equipped with a flexible tank with corrugated cooling fins. In this case are the transformers often naturally air cooled and there is no need for any additional external cooling equipment. Larger oil immersed power transformers are often made of rigid tank design with external tubes or external radiators working as cooling equipment. The oil circulates through the external cooling equipment by means of natural convection caused by the differences in oil temperature. In case of nautural air cooling are detachable transformers cooling radiators most commonly used. In cases were forced cooling is allowed are there two options: forced air cooling with fans attached to the cooling equipment forced water cooling with separete liquid/oil to water heat exchanger. Protective Devices Dehydrating Breather Gas Relay - Buchholz Liquid/Oil Level Indicators Liquid/Oil Thermometer Multifunctional Device - DGPT2 Over Pressure Relay Over Pressure Valve PT100 Resistors Surge Arrestors Winding Temperature Indicator

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