CONTENT

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Title Introduction Activity 1 : Collecting Information Activity 2 : Data Analysis Activity 3 : Interpretation of Data Activity 4 : Further Exploration Activity 5 : Conclusion Reflection Page 1 2-5 5-7 8 8-9 10-11 12

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. People are considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in meters, exceeds 30 kg/m2. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass. BMI provides the most useful population-level measure of overweight and obesity as it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of adults but it is merely a rough guide because it may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different individuals.

ACTIVITY 1: COLLECTING INFORMATION Form1 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Name Tony Low Chong Hoe Teoh Mak Kia Desmond Chai Lee Lee Chew Gim Ee Tan Kok Cheng Heng Boon Kim Tan Heap Bee Tan Hock Leong Ooi Chin Chong Goh Liew Hui Lim Chin Thian Loh Hock Shang Ong Biew Chieh Yap Hong Yun Cheng Ming Khai Ng Chee Keong Lim Cheng Hoon Voon Choon Siang Helen Chen Mooi Ying Toh Siew Siew Ooi Siew Ying Choo Kek Kian Boon Chia Ying Khor Peah Heng Kim Nee Joo Wong How Jun Stella Ng Ru Peng Chew Mei Nar Lau Sumei Ang Peter Yeap Shu May Saw Siew Lian Ong Lay Hoon Poh Miin Chean Evelyn Ng Ding Chong Cheah Bee Lay Tan Poh Choo Chan Rui Ping

Height (m) 1.66 1.87 1.67 1.54 1.59 1.68 1.69 1.72 1.70 1.66 1.70 1.43 1.67 1.80 1.78 1.63 1.66 1.76 1.88 1.78 1.60 1.73 1.55 1.64 1.62 1.67 1.67 1.77 1.84 1.70 1.63 1.75 1.67 1.51 1.57 1.69 1.86 1.76

Weight (kg) 65 93 58 73 68 49 70 60 88 46 59 46 43 50 77 68 64 73 84 65 49 46 47 60 58 55 73 90 40 41 57 43 57 54 45 68 77 68

BMI 23.6 26.6 20.8 30.8 26.9 17.4 24.5 20.3 30.4 16.7 20.4 22.5 15.4 15.4 24.3 25.6 23.2 23.6 23.8 22.2 19.1 15.4 19.6 22.3 22.1 19.7 26.2 28.7 11.8 14.2 21.5 14.0 20.4 23.7 19.5 23.8 22.3 22.0

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Quek Chin Weng Veron Kam Liam Ghee Wang Boo Ann Ong Bee Kuan Jeffery Khaw Kim Seng Ng Khoon Bong Tang Hun Weng Chang Yee Ting Saw Ee Thor Chung Ying Tong Boey Kok Keong Lilian Chong Lye Qing Table 1

1.57 1.52 1.73 1.67 1.87 1.57 1.61 1.77 1.80 1.58 1.66 1.80

66 43 66 70 84 48 67 47 87 64 76 75

26.8 18.6 22.1 25.1 24.0 19.5 25.8 15.0 25.9 25.6 27.6 23.1

Form5 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Name Tan Mooi Mooi Wong Denny Yew Shuan Hooi Lee Kok Beng Tan Fei Fei Marilyn Chua Chin Xuan Boo Chan Ni Choo Phooi Shan Yap Lau Lee Ooi Hooi Nee Lau Ee Bay Kee Swee Inn Lim Kwan Meng Gooi Chin Hong Chin Meng Huat Foo Ka Ming Lim Boo Hui Cheah Swee Yee Ang Beng Poh Goh Yee Hwan Ng Swee Sim

Height (m) 1.63 1.90 1.60 1.76 1.84 1.55 1.52 1.92 1.56 1.63 1.88 1.67 1.66 1.77 1.85 1.65 1.54 1.49 1.68 1.48 1.68

Weight (kg) 47 94 59 88 60 69 67 90 68 46 76 53 64 70 86 68 50 38 48 66 49

BMI 17.7 26.0 23.0 28.4 17.7 28.7 29.0 24.4 27.9 17.3 21.5 19.0 23.2 22.3 25.1 25.0 21.1 17.1 17.0 30.0 17.4

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Ong Ai Ngoh Terrence Teoh Soo Boon Lee Khai Eng Eng Jin Goon Heng Chi Put Choong Jon Chye Chong Han Fang Tan Teong Ghee Loh Chin Pang Tan Boon Teck Pakhiruddin Bin Mat Saad Ng Foo Lang Teh Chee Peng Yong Zhai Sheng Thye Huat Chang Liew Seng Hock Oh Ek Kim Wang June Tow Ong Kim Sing Gan Chin Chai Leong Tooi Ding Ng Teck Hock Chiam Teik Hai Khoo Siok Yang Mustafa Bin Haji Yaacob Lai Chen Hwa Sim Leang Hwa Joey Kwak Ling Sylvia Koh Leang Lang Table 2

1.66 1.87 1.66 1.90 1.91 1.72 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.83 1.95 1.66 1.87 1.66 1.80 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.58 1.88 1.72 1.63 1.72 1.84 1.67 1.55 1.68 1.79 1.81

41 67 52 95 89 50 49 48 60 72 93 60 77 56 84 40 49 43 50 81 73 42 69 77 46 45 66 82 78

14.9 19.2 18.9 26.0 24.4 16.9 17.4 18.5 25.0 21.5 24.5 21.8 22.0 20.3 25.9 14.3 17.2 16.2 20.0 22.9 24.7 15.8 23.3 22.7 16.5 18.7 23.4 25.6 23.8

ACTIVITY 2: DATA ANALYSIS BMI(Class Interval) 11.0-15.9 16.0-20.9 21.0-25.9 26.0-30.9 Number of Students in Form 1 7 12 23 8 Table 3 Number of Students in Form 5 3 18 22 7

(b)(iv) Form 1 Mean, = fx f = (713.45) + (1218.45) + (2323.45) + (828.45) 7+12+23+8 = 91.45+221.4+539.35+227.6 50 = 1097.8 50 = 21.956 Mode = 21.0-25.9 Tn/2 = T50/2 = T25 Median Class is 21.0-25.9 Median = Lm + [(n/2-F)/fm]c = 20.95 + [(50/2-19)/23](5) = 22.25

Form 5 Mean = fx f = (313.45) + (1818.45) + (2223.45) + (728.45) 3+18+22+7 = 43.5+322.1+515.9+199.15 50 = 1080.65 50 = 21.6 Mode = 21.0-25.9 Tn/2 = T50/2 = T25 Median Class is 21.0-25.9 Median = Lm + [(n/2-F)/fm]c = 20.95 + [(50/2-21)/22](5) = 21.859

(b)(v) Since the mean and the median have the almost same value, mean and median are the most suitable measure of central tendency to represent the data. Mean is most widely used. It is easy to find and it is considered a good measure of central tendency because all the values in a set of data are taken into account while determining the mean. It is suitable for representing data that are quite evenly distributed. Mode is usually used to represent a set of data containing a large number of values and many repeated values. Median is used when there are extreme values because median eliminates the effects of extreme values in the set of data.

(b)(vi) Form1 Variance, 2 = fx2 - ( )2 f = (713.452)+(1218.452)+(2323.452)+(828.452) - (21.9562) 7+12+23+8 = 1266.318+4084.83+12647.76+6475.22 - 482.066 50 = 24474.128 - 482.066 50 = 489.483 - 482.066 = 7.417

Standard Deviation, =

= = 2.723 Form5 Variance, 2 = fx2 - ( )2 f = (313.452)+(1818.452)+(2223.452)+(728.452) - (21.8592) 3+18+22+7 = 542.708+6127.245+12097.855+5665.818 - 477.816 50 = 24433.626 - 477.816 50 = 488.673 - 477.816 = 10.857

Standard Deviation, =

= = 3.295

ACTIVITY 3: INTERPRETATION OF DATA Since the value of standard deviation of form 1 students is smaller, the healthy rate in form 1 students is higher than form 5 students. ACTIVITY 4: FURTHER EXPLORATION BMI Below 18.5 18.5-24.9 25-29.9 30 and above Category Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Number of Form 1 Number of Form 5 student student 9 15 28 23 11 11 2 1 Table 4

(a)

(b) To avoid problems due to obesity, we must be active. Simple activities, such as climbing the stairs instead of using lifts, morning and evening walk in the park and swimming, can bring about tremendous changes in your lifestyle. Such activities will not only help you burn excess fat, but also help you stay active. Start doing light to moderate exercises for thirty minutes, five times a week. Switch over to the tough exercises, once you have gained stamina and strength. You may also join a health club or gym and socialize with like-minded individuals. Besides, keep a check on your weight. Monitor your weight regularly. Weigh yourself at least once a week. This will help you figure out how much extra flab you have lost by doing simple activities or workout. In case you are being inactive and not eating healthy, you will be aware of the weight gain at an early stage. This will prevent your weight gain from being too much to get off. Furthermore, drink plenty of water. Drinking lots of water will help your body detoxify all the impurities present in the system. Doctors recommend that you to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water a day. Having a glass of warm water in the morning, with half a lemon squeezed in it, is also a good idea. Remember, water cleanses and rejuvenates your skin as well. Next, stay away from junk food. One of the prerequisites of staying healthy is avoiding junk foods. The smart way to stay away from junk food is not to buy them at all! Avoid frequenting the fast food chains. Keep junk food out of your house as well. If you really like stuff like pizza and burgers, indulge in them not more than once or twice a month. Last but not least, your diet should be balanced, with fruits, vegetables and whole grains included in it. An obese adult should have at least five servings of low-sugar fruits and vegetables on a day. A vegetable serving shall include one cup of raw or one and half cup of cooked vegetables. One piece of fresh fruit and one and half cup of canned fruit are included in a serving of fruit. You should avoid fruits and vegetables that are high in calories, like mango. .

ACTIVITY 5: CONCLUSIONS

Cause of obesity Students are at a high risk to be unhealthy because they are lacking of physical activity. Lack of physical activity is another important factor related to obesity. Many people have jobs that involve sitting at a desk most of the day. They also rely on their cars rather than walking or cycling. When people relax, they tend to watch TV, browse the internet or play computer games, and rarely take regular exercise. If you are not active enough, you do not use the energy provided by the food you eat and the extra calories are stored as fat instead. Furthermore, students are usually overeating. You will gain or lose weight as a result of eating more of fewer calories than you need. If you eat more calories than you use, they will turn into body fat. If you eat fewer than you use, your body will convert its own fat into energy. The amount of food you eat play a much more important role in weight control than the kinds of food. People who are overweight, of normal weight, or underweight may all eat the same kinds of food. Their weight difference result from the amount of food they eat in relation to the amount of energy they use. Besides, lack of sleep is also will lead to obesity. Research shows that lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity in other age groups as well. People who sleep fewer hours also seem to prefer eating foods that are higher in calories and carbohydrates, which can lead to overeating, weight gain, and obesity. Sleep helps maintain a healthy balance of the hormones that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (leptin). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested. Sleep also affects how your body reacts to insulin, the hormone that controls your blood glucose (sugar) level. Lack of sleep results in a higher than normal blood sugar level, which may increase your risk for diabetes.

Ways to control obesity Exercise is more useful to burn fat as it speeds up metabolism. Exercise in any form like walking , swimming, cycling, playing football ,workout with machines or yoga just for 30-35 minutes per day will not only helpful to control weight but also reduces risk of serious cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis etc. Diet Some people go on dieting or very strict diet regime to control obesity but that is not safe solution because after some days the person get bored and don't want to be on control regime . Maintain regular meal times and have balanced meals. Uncontrolled eating habits also contribute to weight gain. Include plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grain products in daily diet. Drink lots of water Whenever hungry in between main meal prefer to have fruits especially juicy fruits or fruit juice preferably lemon, orange, carrot etc. Green salad is also healthier and makes filling of fullness to stomach. Avoid or minimize sugar intake, avoid sweets, chocolates, pudding, cakes as all these leads to extra calorie to body. In spite of sugar low calorie sweetener can be used. Honey can be used in juice or water which will help in speed up metabolism. Avoid high fat milk products like cheese and butter. Always prefer to have white meat like fish, instead of red meat as they are low in fat content. Some herbs available at home kitchen are also useful in controlling weights like fennel, fenugreek, mint, black pepper, ginger. These herbs help in digestion as well as raising metabolism. Last but not least always try to be happy, be strong mentally and continue positive efforts which will give positive result and good health. Role play in Healthy Lifestyle Campaign The healthy lifestyle campaign, which aims to increase awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle among the students. As a students, I can give some advice to those who has bad eating habit to keep away from the junk food and take more food and vegetable. Besides, I can invite a nutritionist to give a talk in the conjunction of the healthy lifestyle campaign. Last but not least, I can plan an event such as the aerobic for the students and teachers.

Reflection In this project, I had learned many values and the usage of statistics is important in our daily life. I also learned to be a discipline student which is always sharp on time while doing some work and researching their formation from the internet. Besides, this project work had taught me to be more confident and more cooperate when doing something especially school projects. Without my teacher, parents, and my friends, I will never have an effort to finish this project. So, thanks to them for helping me to finish this project successfully.

Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

Acknowledgement Firstly, I would like to thank my additional mathematics teacher, Teacher Yap Shwu Gee for all the helps that she has provided me during my job search. I appreciate the information and advice she has given. Other than that, I also thanks to my parents for giving me fully support in completing this project. I very appreciate their generosity. Furthermore, I would like to give my special thanks to my friends who had given me extra information on the project work and study group that we had done. Lastly, I would like to express my highest gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete.