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Ocean Engineering 33 (2006) 16691704 www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng

Wave force coefcients for horizontally submerged rectangular cylinders

Vengatesan Venugopala, Kamlesh S. Varyanib,, Nigel D.P. Barltropb
Institute for Energy Systems, School of Engineering and Electronics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK b Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 OLZ, UK Received 12 January 2005; accepted 21 September 2005 Available online 23 January 2006
a

Abstract The results of wave force measurements carried out on a section of horizontally submerged rectangular cylinders, which are used as pontoons in many offshore structures, are reported in 3 this paper. Two rectangular cylinders with aspect (depthbreadth) ratios equal to 1 2 and 4 and a square section (aspect ratio 1.0) cylinder are chosen for this study. Experiments are carried out in a wave tank at a water depth of 2.2 m at low KeuleganCarpenter (KC) numbers to measure the horizontal and vertical wave forces acting on a 100 mm section, located at midlength of the cylinders. For each cylinder, tests are carried out for two relative depths of submergence of 2.68 and 4.68. Measured wave forces in regular and irregular waves are then used to derive drag (CD) and inertia coefcients (CM). The analysis show that at very low KC numbers the inertia coefcients for all cylinders approached the potential ow values for both horizontal and vertical forces. The drag coefcients at low KC numbers exhibited large values and they decreased sharply with increase in KC number. For the square cylinder, where relatively a large KC number is obtained compared to other cylinders, inertia coefcients reached minimum values in the range of KC of about 34 and increased thereafter. In this range, CM values are about 50% or so, smaller than the same at KC close to zero. The results

Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 141 548 4465; fax: +44 141 552 2879.

E-mail address: k.s.varyani@na-me.ac.uk (K.S. Varyani). 0029-8018/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2005.09.007

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of the experiments reveal that aspect ratio has large inuence on hydrodynamic coefcients. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Rectangular cylinder; Drag and inertia coefcients; Regular and random waves; Low KC number; Aspect ratio

1. Introduction Many deep-water oil platforms benet from the at plate constructions resulting with square or rectangular cross-section members and the incentive for these new designs is the reduced capital cost. When these sections are used as pontoons, the good performance in waves is mainly caused by the reduction of the wave forces due to the deep submergence of the main buoyancy chambers. The geometry of the above structures is determined such that the wave force cancellation effect occurs at the most advantageous frequency. To determine the geometry, the accurate predictions of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the members of the unit are required. The precise estimation of structure responses mainly depends on the accuracy of the estimation of hydrodynamic loading and one way to do this is to perform controlled experimental studies in the laboratories. Past research into hydrodynamic loading on ocean structures has concentrated mostly on circular cross-section members and relatively limited work has been carried out on wave loading on other cross-sections such as rectangular sections. Sharp-edged cylindrical bodies, such as square sections, rectangular sections and at plates develop a wider wake and shed vortices in oscillatory ow even at very low KeuleganCarpenter (KC) values. As a result of this they experience larger drag coefcients than circular cylinders. The notable research investigations carried out on circular/square/at plate sections are by Bearman et al. (1979, 1984), Tanaka et al., (1982), Ikeda et al. (1988a, b), Arai (1993, 1995), Chaplin and Retzler (1992) and Koterayama and Hu (1995). Bearman et al. (1979) conducted experiments in a U-tube water tunnel on at plates, circular, square and diamond cross sections (The diamond is a square with ow parallel to a diagonal) cylinders to obtain CD and CM and found that the variation of CM with KC showed different behaviour for different sections. At low KC numbers (KC p10), the values of CD for at, square and diamond sections were generally found to be decreasing with increasing KC compared with circular cylinder. The square cylinder showed the highest value of CM compared with other sections. Ikeda et al. (1988a) carried out experiments on circular, at plate, square and diamond sections, horizontally submerged in regular waves at low KC numbers and found that for a at plate CD and CM measured in waves were lower than those measured in oscillatory ow by Tanaka et al. (1982). In another study, Ikeda et al. (1988b) investigated experimentally the viscous forces acting on a lower hull (a rectangular cylinder with rounded corner with aspect ratio 0.533) horizontally submerged with its axis parallel to the wave crest and found that at low KC numbers, the inertia coefcients decrease rapidly with increasing KC number and it has been

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concluded that this decrease in inertia force is due to a Mugnus effect (a lift force effect produced by a circulating ow). This reduction of inertia force due to a circulating ow (a steady vortex motion) around a circular cylinder was rst reported by Chaplin (1984a, b). Arai (1993) measured wave forces on a rectangular cylinder and concluded that the vertical inertia coefcients decrease as KC number increases beyond about 1.0 and the drag force is only affected by varying the model depth. Koterayama and Hu (1995) studied the wave forces on a horizontal circular and rectangular cylinder in regular waves and reported that the force coefcients for a rectangular cylinder are much more complicated than the circular cylinder because of the ow separation. At small KC numbers, CD and CM values are signicantly larger than those for circular cylinder. Although there seem to be a considerable amount of data available on the force coefcients for square/rectangular cylinder from the literature, the present study has been performed for the following reasons. The force coefcients reported in the past for square cylinders (e.g., Bearman et al., 1979, 1984; Graham, 1979; Singh, 1979; Tanaka et al., 1982) correspond to the experiments performed either in a U-tube setup or cylinder oscillating in still water. In the rst case, the cylinder was held xed and the uid oscillated harmonically and in the second case the cylinder oscillated harmonically in still water with a given frequency and amplitude. In both the cases the ow is one-dimensional (1D); whereas, when tests are conduced in a wave ume or basin, the ow is 2D such that the free stream velocity eld varies in both horizontal and vertical directions, and the generated waves are not necessarily sinusoidal. Further the development of the boundary layer and separation points are different between planer motion and wave motion and therefore the pressure distribution around the structure will be different in both the methods and this yield differences in measured forces (e.g., see Chakrabarti, 1990, pp. 118119). If the same were applied to a square or rectangular cylinder, then one would realize the signicance and necessity of the tests to be conducted in waves and unfortunately there have not been many test data are available for these cylinders in wavy ow. Also, the previous works on square or rectangular cylinders were mostly conducted at low Reynolds (Re) number. Among the very few results available for sharp-edged rectangular cylinders, those reported by Arai (1993) are corresponding to a frequency parameter (b) from 750 to 6470. Although, sharp-edged square cylinders are known to be less sensitive to Re numbers effects in steady ow, it would be interesting to examine the effects in wavy ow on what would be the change in the force coefcients if the cylinders are tested for higher (b) values and this is experimented in this study. The force coefcients in random waves can be different from those obtained in regular waves. The values of drag and inertia coefcients obtained for irregular wave forces are not necessarily the same as those determined from regular waves, especially at low KC numbers (Davies et al., 1990; Li and He, 1995). On the other hand, it is also expected that these force coefcients will depend on the shape of the spectrum. Hence, for these reasons it will be more appropriate to estimate force

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coefcients directly from random wave force measurements and this is carried out in the present work. The inuence on the force coefcients by varying the aspect (depthbreadth) ratios is also illustrated in this paper.

2. Experimental set-up 2.1. Description of cylinder model The model details and experimental results for one of the rectangular cylinders (with depthbreadth ratio 1 2) which was also tested vertically as surface piercing can be found in Vengatesan et al. (2000a, b). Details for other two cylinder models are given in Table 1. The cylinders were constructed using 7-mm-thick PVC plates with internal bulkheads spaced equally along the length of the cylinder. They were made of three hollow sections connected by an inner rectangular beam (mild steel box sections) at the centre. The centrepiece, being the test section, was situated at the mid-length of the cylinder and is 100-mm long. When all the three sections are joined together they form a cylinder of total length of 2.0 m with a smooth painted surface. The test section was separated from the adjacent dummy sections by providing a narrow slit of 23 mm to avoid the interference from the dummy sections and this gap was then covered by a exible thin rubber sheet to prevent water entering into the load section. To study the effect of orientation of the cylinder with respect to the incoming waves, a term is dened as aspect ratio, which is taken as the ratio between depth and breadth of the cylinder. Table 1 shows the cylinders sectional dimensions and the corresponding aspect ratios chosen for the present study. The sizes of the inner rectangular beam (steel box sections) chosen were 600 400 , 600 300 and 2.500 2.500 for cylinders 400 300 mm, 400 200 mm and 150 150 mm, respectively. In order to conduct experiments at moderately high Re numbers and at low KC numbers, large sizes of the cylinders were chosen. The test section was instrumented with four waterproof strain gauge type load cells; one load cell is xed on each side of the cylinder to measure the forces on the test section. The load cells are NOVATECH model of type F255, manufactured by Novatech Measurements Ltd., UK and made of stainless-steel body with a diameter of 30 mm and a height of 16 mm, they are submersible in water. The load cells have

Table 1 Cylinder model details Case Cylinder sectional dimension (mm) Horizontally submerged Aspect ratios (depthbreadth) A B C 150 150 200 400 300 400 1.0
1 2 3 4

Length/depth (l/D) 13.33 10 6.67

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two welded stainless-steel diaphragms on the top and bottom sides of the active element to protect the load cell. Four strain gauges are in each load cell, making a full bridge connection. Each load cell has a working temperature range from 30 to +80 1C and is capable of measuring tension and compression loads up to 25 kgf. The load cells have a threaded stud on the base, which was threaded into the cylinders inner beam ange at the height of the test section and an active threaded stud, which was threaded to one plate of the test section covering it and forming one face of the test section. In a similar way, the other faces of the test section were assembled. The average of the forces measured by the two load cells, xed on opposite sides of the inner rectangular beam is taken as the force acting from the corresponding direction. The load cells were connected to an amplier, one load cell per channel, with their cables running inside the test cylinder through a small PVC tube that runs from the test section to one end of the test cylinder, leaving the exterior of the cylinder surface perfectly smooth. The natural frequencies calculated for horizontal cylinders are larger than 16 Hz. In the present experiments, the end effects on the force measurements were assumed to be negligible as the force measurements were made only on the mid-100mm instrumented section of a 2-m cylinder, which is located between two dummy sections. It is to be noted that the cylinders in fact had end plates of rectangular shape at their ends; however, they were primarily used as a joining plate to the supporting frames rather than acting as end plates. Even though they were not designed to the proper end plates design requirements, still they can be considered as end plates. The good comparison of present results with existing results (Bearman et al., 1984; Ikeda et al., 1988b; Arai, 1993, 1995), reveals that these plates might have acted as a proper end plate to give a 2D ow around the cylinder. It is worth noting that the results of Nakamura et al. (1991) indicated that at the region of KC p8, there were no differences in the inertia coefcients between the quasi-2D cylinder and the nite length cylinders. 2.2. The towing tank The experiments were carried out in the towing tank of the Hydrodynamic Laboratory of the Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at the University of Glasgow and the towing tank details are described in Vengatesan et al. (2000a). The dimensions of the tank are 4.6 m wide, 2.7 m deep and 77 m long with a working water depth of 2.4 m. The experiments for the present study were conducted in a water depth of 2.2. The tank is equipped with an electro-hydraulic paddle/ap type wave maker tted across the width of the tank at one end. The wave maker can generate regular and random waves in the frequency range of 0.31.4 Hz. The tank is also equipped with an electronically controlled towing carriage with an observation platform, whose dimensions are approximately of 5 m 6 m in plan, and running on rails with a maximum carriage speed of 6.4 m/s. The carriage is driven by four on board servo-controlled electric motors. The cylinder was rigidly xed on to the carriage and positioned at the centre of the tank width as shown conceptually in Fig. 1, using a specially designed frame that

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Wave Probe

Plan 3

4 Wave 2 SWL

4.6 m 4 h 1 2 3 4 Rectangular Cylinder Fixing Frame Towing Carriage Rails Dimensions are in mm Not to Scale

Wave

2.0 m

D 2.2 m

1 B

Tank Bottom
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up for horizontal rectangular cylinder in the towing tank.

avoids any vibrations and movements during the wave impact. For the tests, two depths of submergence were chosen, h 0:47 and 0.82 m, thus making d/h ratios 4.68 and 2.68, respectively, where d is the water depth and h is the centre of the test section from the SWL. Considering the geometry and strength of the xing frame, the maximum depth to which the cylinder can be lowered was only 0.82 m and hence this depth has been chosen. The carriage with cylinder was positioned 25 m away from the wave maker when the measurements were made for wave alone.

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The deections for the cylinder models, at the location of the test section, both in vertical and horizontal xing modes are found to very small, in the order of a few millimetres. In the above congurations, the frontal area of the biggest cylinder used for tests is 5.93% of the water lled cross section of the ume for the horizontal case and 6.82% of for the horizontal case. However, no blockage corrections were applied to the force measurements as there is no reliable technique available to apply the blockage corrections for unsteady separated ows with a free surface (Chaplin and Subbiah, 1997). 2.3. Instrumentation set-up and data acquisition A resistance-type wave probe was placed in transverse line with the axis of the cylinder to measure the wave prole and phase angles. Further, three additional wave probes, connected to a chart recorder, were employed to monitor the linearity of the wave across the tank width, one is xed at the centre of the tank and others were xed at quarter width of the ume. The wave probes were connected to the wave amplier and then the signals were taken to a lter and nally they were stored in the computer. The ampliers used are of instrumentation type, from a range of RDP DATASPAN modules of version DS2028A and are suitable for dynamic measurements up to 200 Hz. The signals from the load cells were fed to the input of the amplier. The amplier sensitivity was set at 10 mV to achieve a highly accurate representation of the loads on the load cells. The amplier is of high impedance differential stage with high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 100 dB. This allowed the amplier to amplify only the signals from the load cells, ignoring any common mode signals. The output signals from the amplier were then fed to a low-pass lter of type Sallen Key 2 poles Butterworth and had attenuation of 40 dB at 50 Hz, designed for a cut-off frequency of 5 Hz, to reject any noise and high-frequency components in the signals. Subsequently, the signals were stored on a personal computer in data form. The host computer was an IBM PC 386, connected to the wave making system, which controls the wave maker. Software has been developed by the Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering for the generation of waves. Regular or random waves are specied by their wave heights (in terms of voltages in the case of regular waves) and wave frequencies and are entered into this computer. The software generates text les containing time series of the required wave maker ap position and the program sends these data to a digital-analogue card, which converts the data into voltages and this voltage signal is nally fed to the wave maker. The data were collected using data acquisition software LabVIEW 4.1 by National Instruments Corporation. It had the capability of collecting data with 32 channels simultaneously. The computer used for data acquisition and storage is a Pentium-II 266 mHz with 120 MB memory. The physical quantities viz., water surface elevations and loads on the cylinder were acquired as electric signals (voltages) from the corresponding gauges and load cells via the amplier and lter. The data collected in the form of voltages are then fed to an analogue to digital converter and these digital

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values are then converted to the required physical variables using corresponding calibration coefcients and the data is stored as text les for further analysis. For the generation of regular waves the software WAVE, developed by the Hydrodynamic Laboratory was used. WAVE is a simple program that reads a time series le of voltage values and sends them via a D/A card in the computer to the wave maker control hardware. There are other programs called GENERATE, which generates the regular wave time series, and RANDOM which creates the random sea time series le. WAVE and GENERATE are written in Turbo PASCAL and run on the wave maker control computer. RANDOM is written in FORTRAN and runs on the ALPHA system. For the tests with regular waves, the wave heights selected ranged from 0.05 to 0.38 m and the wave periods selected ranged from 1.0 to 2.35 s. The tests with above wave heights and periods indicate that most of the experiments pertain to deeper water region and some are in the intermediate water depth. For each aspect ratio of the cylinder, experiments were carried out for about 50 waves with different combinations of wave heights and wave periods. The wave prole and forces were

Table 2 List of wave heights and wave periods for random waves PM spectrum (measured) Wave. no. PM_S15_1 PM_S15_2 PM_S15_3 PM_S15_4 PM_S15_5 PM_S15_6 PM_S15_7 PM_S15_8 PM_S15_9 Signicant wave Ht. Hs (m) 0.069 0.135 0.171 0.086 0.155 0.176 0.101 0.155 0.186 Peak period Tp (s) 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.60 1.59 1.60 1.95 1.95 1.96

Table 3 List of wave heights and wave periods for random waves JONSWAP spectrum (measured) Wave. no. JS_S15_1 JS_S15_2 JS_S15_3 JS_S15_4 JS_S15_5 JS_S15_6 JS_S15_7 JS_S15_8 JS_S15_9 Signicant wave Ht. Hs (m) 0.075 0.098 0.151 0.107 0.139 0.161 0.098 0.118 0.158 Peak period Tp (s) 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.67 1.66 1.67 1.89 1.88 1.90

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recorded for 60 s with a sampling interval of 0.025 s and most of the wave records are free from any reected waves. However, some of the long period waves were disturbed by the reected waves after a time period of about 4050 s, and the data with reection were excluded from the analysis. For the random wave force studies, the wave eld is assumed to follow a two parameter PiersonMoscowitz (PM) and JONSWAP (JS) spectra. The signicant wave height and peak period used for the tests are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively, for PM and JS spectra. At each frequency three different signicant wave heights were applied. Each random wave prole and forces were recorded for 120 s with a sampling interval of 0.05 s. The maximum value of KC number obtained through the experiments is about 5.0 and the Re number varied from 6.397 103 to 1.18 105.

3. Theoretical considerations The Morisons equation was originally applied to vertical cylinders using only the horizontal water particle velocity. However, for a horizontal cylinder in waves, the vertical component of the water particle velocity is also signicant. Chaplin (1988) discussed the effects of the free surface and bed boundaries, effects of circulation and the form of Morisons equation to be used for a horizontal cylinder in waves. Chaplin (1988a) reported that a good agreement between measured and simulated forces could be obtained by assigning separate force coefcients for the vertical and horizontal directions. In the present study, the Morisons equation is modied and the forces per unit length of the horizontally submerged rectangular cylinder are expressed as p 1 _, F X rC DX Du u2 w2 rC MX Au 2 p 1 _, F Y rC DY Bw u2 w2 rC MY Aw 2 (1)

(2)

where, FX is the wave force in horizontal direction; FY the wave force in vertical direction; CDX the drag coefcient in horizontal direction; CDY the drag coefcient in vertical direction; CMX the inertia coefcient in horizontal direction; CMY the inertia coefcient in vertical direction; D the cylinder section depth in vertical direction; B the cylinder section width in horizontal direction; A the cross_ the horizontal sectional area of the cylinder; u the horizontal particle velocity; u _ the vertical particle particle acceleration; w the vertical particle velocity and w acceleration. In addition to the drag and inertia forces, a lift force is also associated with the loading on a horizontal cylinder. This lift force is perpendicular to the velocity vector and rotates around the axis of the cylinder because of the orbital motion

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of the water particles. However, the magnitude, direction and period of the lift force are unknown, they cannot be added to the Morisons equation and the effect of the vortex shedding will therefore be shown up as noise in the measurements of the drag and inertia components (Teng and Nath, 1985). Drag and inertia coefcients are obtained by the least squares approach using Eq. (1) and (2) on a wave by wave analysis (Chaplin and Subbiah, 1997) of the measured time series. The following expressions are used for dening KC number and Re numbers: KC Re U mT , B (3) (4)

U mB n

where Um is the maximum horizontal particle velocity at the elevation of the centre of the test section, B is the dimension of the cylinder normal to wave crests (refer Fig. 1), v is the kinematic viscosity and T is the wave period. The present tests were carried out with the assumption that the linear wave theory is valid to predict the water particle kinematics under random waves at the axis of the cylinder and the measurements have been validated with design charts (Vengatesan et al., 2000b). It was further assumed that the reection from the beach and sidewalls of the tank has negligible effects on the measured water surface prole and forces on the cylinder.

4. Results of the force measurements 4.1. Validation of the force measurementssteady ow force coefcients Steady towing tests were carried out on the cylinders to check the loading performance as towing the cylinder for simulating current effect need to be justied. This was done by towing the cylinders in the horizontal position. A cylinder immersed either vertically or horizontally in steady ow would experience a similar ow pattern and hence would be subjected to an identical drag force. The drag coefcient in steady towing can be calculated asC D F =0:5rU 2 D, where F is the mean horizontal force, U the carriage speed and D the diameter of the cylinder. The drag coefcients are obtained as a function of Re number, Re for each aspect ratio and in range of Re from 1.0 104 to 1.0 105. The average value of the drag coefcients in each aspect ratio is compared in Fig. 2 with the previous experimental results of Nakaguchi et al. (1968), Bearman and Trueman (1972) and Courchesne and Laneville (1979) who conducted experiments in wind tunnels. The present results show good agreement, except for aspect ratio 2 1, for which a slightly lower drag coefcient is observed. These results reveal that the force measuring system works very well within the range of Re numbers tested.

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3.5 Nakaguchi et al.(1968) Bearman & Trueman (1972) Courchesne & Laneville (1979) Present Study

3.0

2.5

2.0 CD 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0

1.0

2.0 Aspect ratio

3.0

4.0

Fig. 2. Steady ow drag coefcients for rectangular cylinders.

4.2. Regular waves 4.2.1. Square cylinder with aspect ratio 1.0 The characteristics of drag and inertia coefcients for the horizontal square cylinder in regular waves are illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4, for a relative depth of submergence d =h 4:68 (where d is the water depth and h is the depth of cylinder axis from still water level) and in this case the cylinder axis is at a depth of 0.47 m from still water level. The acquired data was analyzed using the least square approach of wave-by-wave analysis to obtain the hydrodynamic coefcients. Results obtained by analyzing individual cycles of data show that throughout the range of KC number tested, the coefcients exhibit less scatter in the horizontal direction compared to vertical direction. The variation of horizontal drag coefcients, CDX and vertical drag coefcients, CDY versus KC number is shown in Fig. 3, for seven representative values of frequency parameter, b B2 =nT . The maximum value of KC obtained is about 5.0 and the value of b ranges from 7593 to 15495. Though, there is a denite trend in drag coefcients with KC number, there is no distinct

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100.0

= 7593 = 8441 = 9277 = 10291 = 11747 = 13148 = 15495

CDX

10.0

1.0 0.0 100.0

1.0

2.0

3.0 KC

4.0

5.0

6.0

10.0 CDY 1.0 0.1 0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0 KC

4.0

5.0

6.0

Fig. 3. Horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal square cylinder for different frequency parameter.

further variation with frequency parameter. In general, the drag coefcients decrease with increase in KC for both vertical and horizontal directions. They exhibit larger values at low KC numbers and decreases very sharply with increase in KC numbers. Fig. 4 is plotted for horizontal inertia coefcients, CMX and vertical inertia coefcients, CMY versus KC number. The effect of varying frequency parameter does not show any signicant difference in inertia coefcients. It is observed from these plots that at low KC numbers, both CMX and CMY approach the potential ow value, when KC number tends to zero. However, CMX is found to reach a value of about 2.5, which is higher than the potential ow value of 2.2. Further increase in KC numbers results in a sharp reduction in CMX and CMY values. This reduction in CMX is observed up to KC number of around 3.5 to 3.75, where it reaches a minimum value of around 1.2 for CMX and 0.96 for CMY and then these values increases with further increase in KC number. The reason for this reduction in inertia coefcients is attributed to the existence of a circulating ow (Chaplin, 1984a, b)

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3.5 3.0 2.5 CMX 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 KC 4.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 KC 4.0

= 7593 = 8441 = 9277 = 10291 = 11747 = 13148 = 15495

5.0

6.0

5.0

6.0

Fig. 4. Horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal square cylinder for different frequency parameter.

created by rotating separated vortices around the cylinder at low KC numbers. For higher KC numbers, the weakening of the circulating ow around the cylinder, results in an increase of the inertia forces. Figs. 5 and 6 are replotted for CMX, CMY, CDX and CDY along with the experimental results obtained by Ikeda et al. (1988a) for two wave periods, T 1:4 s and 1.6 s. The CDX values in the present study are comparatively higher and the inertia coefcients, in general, show a good comparison with Ikeda et al. (1988a) results. 4.2.2. Comparison of force coefcients of square cylinder with literature In this section the drag and inertia coefcients obtained in the present work for a square cylinder are compared with some of the numerical and experimental works reported in the literature. The data available for a square cylinder from publications are compared with present measurements in Fig. 7. In Fig. 7(a), the experimental drag coefcients of Bearman and Russell (1997) are shown. Bearman et al. (1985)

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100.0 Present study Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.6 s Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.4 s CDX

10.0

1.0 0.0 100.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0 KC

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Present study Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.6 s Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.4 s 10.0 CDY 1.0 0.1 0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0 KC

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Fig. 5. Horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal square cylinder.

showed that the drag coefcients for attached laminar ow on a square cylinder is given by C D KC b1=2 38:18. (5)

The predictions obtained using the above equation are plotted in Fig. 7(a) for b 8000 and 40,000. They show b dependence, but drag coefcient values are underestimated to about 5060% while comparing with the measurements. Therefore Bearman and Russell (1997) suggested another equation as below, that is based on the analysis of Bearman et al. (1985), which is the estimate of vortex related drag using a simplied isolated edge, vortex analysis, but with a modied vortex drag component; C D 60=KC b1=2 2:5. (6)

The predictions from Eq. (6) are also included in Fig. 7(a), which correlates Bearman and Russell (1997) experimental data very well. The present experiments

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4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMX 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 KC 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Present study Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.6 s Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.4 s 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 KC 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Present study Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.6 s Ikeda etal.(1988), T = 1.4 s

Fig. 6. Horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal square cylinder.

show higher values at KC around 1.0. In Fig. 7(b) and (c), force coefcients obtained by numerical methods by Troesch and Kim (1991) and Smith and Stansby (1991) are shown. The inertia coefcients from the present work compare quite well with Smith and Stansby calculations, which are based on the random-vortex method, to compute the forces in 2D viscous oscillatory ow. The numerical model by Troesch and Kim, assumes a laminar, non-separating ow with the inline force has two components; one due to normal pressure stresses and one due to skin friction. The inertia coefcients from this numerical model are slightly smaller. The experimental drag coefcients appear to agree with theoretical calculations except the region of KC around 1.0. 4.2.3. Rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 1 2 The variation of horizontal drag coefcients, CDX and vertical drag coefcients, CDY versus KC number is shown in Fig. 8 for aspect ratio 1 2, for relative depth of submergence d =h 4:68. The maximum value of KC obtained is about 2.25 and the

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100
= 8000 = 40000 Eqn (1.8), = 8000 Eqn (1.8), = 40000 Eqn (1.9) Present Exp

CD

10

1 0.001 (a) 100

0.01

0.1 KC

10

Troesch & Kim (1991) Smith & Stansby (1991) Present Exp 10 CD 1 0.1 0.01 (b) 10

0.1 KC

10

CM

0.1 0.01 (c)

0.1 KC

10

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100.0

= 26860 = 29427 = 32210 = 35907 = 40405

CDX

10.0

= 46067 = 56537

1.0 0.0

0.5

1.0 KC

1.5

2.0

2.5

100.0

CDY

10.0

1.0 0.0

0.5

1.0 KC

1.5

2.0

2.5

Fig. 8. Horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 1 2 for different frequency parameters.

value of b ranges from 26,860 to 56,537. In general, the drag coefcients decrease with increase in KC for both directions. Fig. 9 is a plot of the horizontal inertia coefcients, CMX and vertical inertia coefcients, CMY versus KC number. The effect of varying frequency parameter does not show any signicant difference in inertia coefcients. It is observed from these plots that at low KC numbers, both CMX and CMY approach the potential ow value, when KC number tends to zero. CMX is found to reach a value of about 2.0 at KC about 0.2. The further increase in KC

Fig. 7. (a) Drag coefcients for a square cylinder: experiment and prediction (Bearman and Russell, 1997); (b) and (c) theoretical drag and inertia coefcients [Troesch and Kim (1991) for b 23200, and Smith and Stansby (1991) for b 213]; present experimental values are shown by lled circles.

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3.0 2.5 2.0 CMX 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 KC 1.5 2.0

= 26860 = 29427 = 32210 = 35907 = 40405 = 46067 = 56537

0.5

1.0 KC

1.5

2.0

2.5

2.5

Fig. 9. Horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 1 2 for different frequency parameters.

numbers results in a reduction in CMX and CMY values. For example, at KC 2:25, C MX 0:846 and C MY 2:259. Fig. 10 is replotted for CDX and CDY along with the experimental results obtained by Arai (1993). The drag coefcients in the present work are found to be higher than those reported by Arai (1993). In Fig. 11, inertia coefcients are compared with the data obtained by Ikeda et al. (1988b) and Arai (1993, 1995). A good comparison exists for horizontal force with Ikeda et al. (1988b) and Arai (1995) results. 4.2.4. Rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 3 4 A similar trend in the variation of force coefcients is observed for another aspect ratio 3 4. The variation of horizontal drag coefcients, CDX and vertical drag

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100 Present Study Arai (1993)

CDX

10

1 0.00 100

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 1.50 KC

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

CDY

10

1 0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 1.50 KC

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

Fig. 10. Horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 1 2.

coefcients, CDY versus KC number is shown in Fig. 12. The maximum value of KC obtained is about 1.7 and the value of b ranges from 39956 to 84941. In general, the drag coefcients decrease with increase in KC for both directions. Fig. 13 is plotted for horizontal inertia coefcients, CMX and vertical inertia coefcients, CMY versus KC number and here again, frequency parameter does not show any large variation in inertia coefcients and both CMX and CMY approaches potential ow value, when KC number tends to zero. Increase in KC numbers results in a reduction in CMX and CMY values as found for other cylinders. 4.2.5. Effect of varying submergence depth The effect of changing the depth of the force measurements under waves is shown through Fig. 1419 for all the three cylinders. Figs. 14 and 15 are plotted for drag and inertia coefcients respectively for two d/h values for square cylinder. Drag coefcients in the horizontal direction take almost identical values for both

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3.0 2.5 2.0 CMX 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 KC 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 Present Study Ikeda et al.(1988b) Arai (1993) Arai (1995)

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 1.50 KC

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

Fig. 11. Horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 1 2.

d/h ratios; however, for the vertical direction, drag coefcients corresponding to d =h 2:68 are found to be comparatively larger than CDY for d =h 4:68. Inertia coefcients corresponding to d =h 2:68 are found to be slightly smaller than the inertia coefcients obtained for d =h 4:68. For aspect ratio 1 2, the effect of submergence depth on drag and inertia coefcients are depicted in Figs. 16 and 17 for two relative depth of submergence, d =h 4:68 and 2.68. Drag coefcients in the horizontal and vertical direction for d =h 2:68 are observed to be comparatively higher. The inertia coefcients corresponding to d =h 2:68 are found to be slightly smaller than the inertia coefcients obtained for d =h 4:68. Figs. 18 and 19 are plotted for aspect ratio 3 4. Similar to rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 1 2, drag coefcients in the horizontal and vertical direction for d =h 2:68 are observed to be comparatively higher. Inertia coefcients corresponding to

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1000

100 CDX 10 1 0.0

0.5

1.0 KC

1.5

2.0

1000

100 CDY

= 39956 = 44066 = 48292 = 53947 = 60161 = 69993 = 84941

10

1 0.0

0.5

1.0 KC

1.5

2.0

Fig. 12. Horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 3 4 for different frequency parameters.

d =h 2:68 are found to be slightly smaller than the inertia coefcients obtained for d =h 4:68. 4.3. Random waves 4.3.1. Square cylinder with aspect ratio 1.0 The results of the random wave forces measured for a horizontal square cylinder are discussed here. The waves are generated according to JS and PM spectra. Drag and inertia coefcients obtained in horizontal and vertical directions for JS and PM spectra are shown in Figs. 20 and 21, respectively. These plots show that both these coefcients follow a similar trend as in regular waves, i.e., drag coefcients show

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2.5

2.0

1.5 CMX 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 = 39956 = 44066 = 48292 = 53947 = 60161 = 69993 = 84941 0.5 1.0 KC 1.5 2.0 CMY

0.5

1.0 KC

1.5

2.0

Fig. 13. Horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 3 4 for different frequency parameters.

larger values at low KC number and decreases with increase in KC number and the inertia coefcients approaches its potential ow value at low KC number and is found to decrease with increase in KC number. These results are corresponding to the relative depth of submergence d =h 4:68. As the KC number for d =h 2:68 is found to be very small, results are not presented for this relative depth of submergence and reported results for all the cylinders in random waves are corresponding to d =h 4:68. 4.3.2. Rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 1 2 Drag and inertia coefcients for horizontal and vertical forces for rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 1 2 is shown in Figs. 22 and 23. Drag coefcients corresponding to PM spectra are found to be slightly higher compared to the coefcients from JS spectrum.

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100.0 d/h = 4.68 d/h = 2.68

CDX

10.0

1.0 0.0 100.0

1.0

2.0

3.0 KC

4.0

5.0

6.0

10.0 CDY 1.0 0.1 0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0 KC

4.0

5.0

6.0

Fig. 14. Effect of varying depth of submergence on horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal square cylinder.

4.3.3. Rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 3 4 Drag and inertia coefcients for horizontal and vertical forces for rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 3 4 is shown in Figs. 24 and 25. Both drag and inertia coefcients take identical values for both spectra.

5. Discussions on the force coefcients From the above sections, it is observed that, the drag coefcients are generally larger at the range of KC reported and the reason is discussed here. The values of drag coefcient are higher in wavy ow than in steady ow, as in waves, the wake from one half-wave cycle is swept back over the cylinder in the next half cycle. The

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4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMX 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 KC 4.0 5.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 KC 4.0 5.0 6.0 d/h = 4.68 d/h = 2.68

Fig. 15. Effect of varying depth of submergence on horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal square cylinder.

drag coefcient is expected to approach the steady ow value only for very high KC number, when the returning wake has nearly totally decayed. The high values of drag coefcients at low KC numbers are associated with the ow separation and the rst appearances of vortices, which take place for these sharp-edged cylinders at very low KC numbers (Bearman et al., 1979, 1984). Therefore, the cylinder whose vortices and separated ow are large would be expected to have a higher drag force and hence a high drag coefcient at these low KC numbers. Also the change in aspect ratio affect the values of drag and inertia coefcients. Okajima et al. (1998) lmed vortices on a square cylinder at KC 2:2. In this small KC range, both the leading and trailing vortex shedding were symmetrical and with increase in KC, symmetrical feature of the trailing vortex shedding collapsed, while the leading vortex shedding maintained the symmetry. Further, Okajima et al. (1998) noticed that at low KC numbers (less than about 7), the CD

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100 d/h = 4.68 d/h = 2.68

CDX

10

1 0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 KC

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

100

CDY

10

1 0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 KC

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

Fig. 16. Effect of varying depth of submergence on horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 1 2.

values of a square cylinder were comparatively larger than a circular cylinder, which was caused by a wide wake width due to the development of the leading vortex. The leading vortex shedding on the square cylinder made the wake width spread, accompanied by growth in size of the separated vortices, which resulted in large CD values in comparison to those for a circular cylinder. In the KC number range where CD reached a constant value, the wake width showed no marked change and even if KC was increased further, the wake width was kept nearly constant with almost a constant value of drag coefcients, as the ow patterns were less variable. Similar to a square cylinder as explained above, for rectangular cylinders, at low KC numbers, it is anticipated that the wake width increases with the growth of the size of separated vortices and hence CD values are large. On the other hand for

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3.0 2.5 2.0 CMX 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 KC 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 d/h = 4.68 d/h = 2.68

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 KC

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

Fig. 17. Effect of varying depth of submergence on horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 1 2.

higher values of KC numbers, the wake width is expected to shrink and CD values become small. Further, it is obvious that the CD values are strongly related to the cylinders width/height ratio and therefore the growth of the separated vortices are inuenced by the dimensions of the rectangular cylinder which alters the wake width, resulting a larger drag coefcient for wider wake (for larger aspect ratio) and smaller drag for smaller wake (for smaller aspect ratio). With regard to inertia coefcients, at very low KC numbers close to zero, there is a tendency towards an attached and undisturbed ow with vortex strength tending to zero and therefore the inertia coefcients approaches its potential ow value. At low KC numbers, the CM value is considered to be closely related to the ow volume (i.e., the area of the near wake eld in which uid moves) around the cylinder. A larger CM corresponds to a large amount of ow volume or vice versa and this is clearly reected in the values of the inertia coefcients. The CM values for all

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1000.0 d/h = 4.68 d/h = 2.68 100.0 CDX 10.0 1.0 0 1000.0 0.5 1 KC 1.5 2 100.0 CDY 10.0 1.0 0 0.5 1 KC 1.5 2
Fig. 18. Effect of varying depth of submergence on horizontal and vertical drag coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 3 4.

the cylinders approached their potential ow values at KC close to zero and then started to increase with increase in KC which indicates an increase in amount of ow volume (as demonstrated by Okajima et al. (1998) for a circular cylinder) and the amount of ow volume is considered to be corresponding to the added mass. A cylinder with larger side exposed to the wave experiences large inertia coefcient and smaller side facing the ow results in smaller inertia coefcients. The inertia coefcients obtained for other cylinders whose aspect ratio are in between these two limits of aspect ratios will have inertia coefcients in relation to the added mass coefcients. In the above-presented results, the inertia coefcients for horizontal cylinders decrease rapidly with increase in KC number. In the case of horizontally submerged

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2.5 2.0 1.5 CMX 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 CMY 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 0.5 1 KC 1.5 2 0.5 1 KC 1.5 2 d/h = 4.68 d/h = 2.68

Fig. 19. Effect of varying depth of submergence on horizontal and vertical inertia coefcients for horizontal rectangular cylinder for aspect ratio 3 4.

circular cylinder beneath the waves, Chaplin (1984a, b) reported that the inertia coefcients for horizontal cylinders decrease rapidly with increase in KC number to a value as low as one-half of the potential ow inertia coefcients. It was suggested that this is caused by the non-linear effect of oscillatory boundary layer due to viscosity. Later, Chaplin (1988a) investigating the non-linear forces on circular cylinders horizontally submerged in waves at low KC numbers and under circular orbital ow conditions, argued that the reduction of inertia coefcients are associated with a lift force caused by the circulation of the ow relative to the cylinder, acting in opposite direction to the inertia force. Chaplin and Retzler (1992) explain further that beneath a wave, at a point, the velocity and acceleration vectors rotate with the acceleration vector leading the velocity vector by 901. The boundary layer present on the surface of the cylinder,

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100.0 Regular wave JONSWAP PM

CDX

10.0

1.0 0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0 KC

4.0

5.0

6.0

100.0

10.0 CDY 1.0 0.1 0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0 KC

4.0

5.0

6.0

Fig. 20. Drag coefcients in regular and random waves for horizontal square cylinder.

even though the ambient ow is oscillatory, generates a steady ow parallel to the boundary which is known as steady streaming. For a horizontally submerged cylinder under waves, this steady streaming circulates around the cylinder. A force is generated by the combination of circulation and the ambient ow, which is referred by the authors as lift and it acts at right angles to the incident ow. There is continuous change in the orientation of the incoming ow and the lift. The consequence is a non-linear reduction in loading. The reduction of forces is also observed in the case of a square pontoon section (Chaplin and Retzler, 1993). In the present work, it is believed that the above phenomenon took place and this is the reason, for decrement of the inertia coefcients at low KC numbers, for horizontal cylinders. For the square cylinder, a maximum reduction of inertia force from their potential ow values, in horizontal and vertical directions

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4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMX 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 KC 4.0 5.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 KC 4.0 5.0 6.0 Regular wave JONSWAP PM

Fig. 21. Inertia coefcients in regular and random waves for horizontal square cylinder.

are found to be 52% and 55%, respectively, for KC o4:0. Similarly for aspect ratio 1 2, a maximum reduction of inertia force in horizontal and vertical directions are 52% and 55%, respectively, for KC o2:5 and for aspect ratio 3 4, these value are 26% and 23%, respectively, for KC o2:75. It is to be noted 3 that the percentage of reduction given for aspect ratio 1 2 and 4 are not necessarily the limiting values for the maximum reduction. An attempt is made to draw a best t curve on the measured inertia coefcients as shown in Fig. 26 for each aspect ratio and the empirical expressions for the best t curves are given below. For aspect ratio 1.0: C MX 2:2 0:08KC 2 C MY 2:2 0:08KC 2 ) for KC p3:75. (7)

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100 Regular waves JONSWAP PM

CDX

10

1 0.00 100

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 1.50 KC

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

CDY

10

1 0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 1.50 KC

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

Fig. 22. Drag coefcients in regular and random waves for horizontal rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 1 2.

For aspect ratio 1 2: C MX 1:67 0:25KC 2 C MY 3:14 0:25KC 2 For aspect ratio 3 4: C MX 1:90 0:4KC 2 for KC p1:4; (9) ) for KC p2:0. (8)

C MY 2:40 0:2KC 2

for KC p1:7.

(10)

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2.5 2.0 1.5 CMX 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 KC 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 Regular waves JONSWAP PM

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25 1.50 KC

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

Fig. 23. Inertia coefcients in regular and random waves for horizontal rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 1 2.

The number in the rst term on the right-hand side indicates the potential ow values (Barltrop and Adams, 1991). The above expressions can be used to calculate the inertia loading on horizontal cylinders within the range of KC numbers presented.

6. Conclusions Sectional wave force measurements were carried out on square and rectangular cylinders in a wave tank. The cylinders were constructed with different aspect 3 (depthbreadth) ratios equal to 1.0, 1 2 and 4 and were tested in a water depth of 2.2 m, submerged under waves with their axes parallel to the wave crest. Horizontal and vertical wave forces were measured in regular waves and random

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1000 Regular waves JONSWAP PM 100 CDY 10 1 0.00 1000

0.50

1.00 KC

1.50

2.00

100 CDY 10 1 0.00

0.50

1.00 KC

1.50

2.00

Fig. 24. Drag coefcients in regular and random waves for horizontal rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 3 4.

waves. Drag and inertia coefcients were evaluated and were presented as a function of KC numbers and frequency parameter (b). The maximum value of KC number obtained is about 5.0 and the Re number varied from 6.397 103 to 1.18 105. The effect of varying the depth of submergence of the cylinder on force coefcients has also been investigated for two relative depths of submergence, d =h 2:68 and 4:68. The salient conclusions drawn from this investigation are summarized below. The drag coefcients at low KC numbers exhibited large values and these coefcients decreased sharply with increase in KC number for all cylinders. The high drag coefcients at low KC numbers are associated with the ow separation and the rst appearances of vortices, which take place for sharp edged rectangular cylinders at very low KC numbers. At lower values of KC number, the inertia coefcients

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3.5 3.0 2.5 CMX 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 3.5 3.0 2.5 CMY 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 0.50 1.00 KC 1.50 2.00 0.50 1.00 KC 1.50 2.00 Regular waves JONSWAP PM

Fig. 25. Inertia coefcients in regular and random waves for horizontal rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 3 4.

approached its potential ow values. Inertia coefcients decreased with increase in KC number, due to presence of a circulating ow around the cylinders, up to the range of KC numbers tested. For a square cylinder, the reduction in inertia coefcient reached about 50% at a value of KC number around 3.04.0 and further increase in KC resulted in an increase in the inertia coefcients. Comparisons of the force coefcients with other investigators showed good agreement. Frequency parameter, b, did not have much effect on measured drag and inertia coefcients, suggesting that the force coefcients are free from Re numbers effect. Changing the depth of submergence of the cylinder affected the inertia coefcients, with some evidence of lower inertia coefcients at smaller relative depth of submergence. Some empirical formulae are presented for the calculation of inertia forces at low KC numbers.

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3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2.5 2.0 CMX CMX 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 0.5 1 KC 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 CMX 1.5 2 2.5 CMX = 1.67- 0.25(KC)2 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

1703

CMX

CMX = 2.2 - 0.08 (KC)2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 KC

CMX = 1.9 - 0.4(KC)2 0.5 1 KC 1.5 2

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

CMX

CMY = 2.2 - 0.08 (KC)2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

CMX

CMY = 3.14 - 0.25(KC)2 0.5 1 KC 1.5 2 2.5

CMY = 2.4 - 0.2 (KC)2 0.5 1 KC 1.5 2

(a)

KC

(b)

(c)

Fig. 26. Empirical equation t to measured inertia coefcients: (a) aspect ratio 1, (b) aspect ratio 1 2 and (c) aspect ratio 3 4. The value of the curves at KC 0:0 represents the potential ow values (Barltrop and Adams, 1991).

References
Arai, S., 1993. Forces and circulation of horizontal cylinders submerged in regular waves. In: Proceedings of the Third International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, vol. 3, Singapore, 611 June, pp. 288293. Arai, S., 1995. Forces on and ows around a horizontal rectangular cylinder submerged in regular waves. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, vol. 3, The Hague, The Netherlands, 611 June, pp. 348355. Barltrop, N.D.P., Adams, A.J., 1991. Dynamics of xed marine structures. The Marine Technology Directorate Limited, Butterworth Heinemann. Bearman, P., Russell, M., 1997. Measurements of hydrodynamic damping of bluff bodies with applications to the prediction of viscous damping of TLP hulls. In: Twenty-First Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. National Academic Press, Trondheim, Norway, pp. 622634. Bearman, P.W., Trueman, D.M., 1972. An investigation of the ow around rectangular cylinders. The Aeronautical Quarterly 23, 229237. Bearman, P.W., Graham, J.M.R., Singh, S., 1979. Forces on cylinders in harmonically oscillating ow. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Mechanics of Wave Induced Forces on Cylinders, Bristol, UK, pp. 437449. Bearman, P.W., Graham, J.M.R., Obasaju, E.D., Drossopoulos, G.M., 1984. The inuence of corner radius on the forces experienced by cylindrical bluff bodies in oscillatory ow. Applied Ocean Research 6, 8389. Bearman, P.W., Graham, J.M.R., Obasaju, E.D., Drossopoulos, G.M., 1985. Forces on cylinders in viscous oscillatory ow at low KueleganCarpenter numbers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 154, 337365. Chakrabarti, S.K., 1990. Nonlinear Methods in Offshore Engineering. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York. Chaplin, J.R., 1984a. Nonlinear forces on a horizontal cylinder beneath waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 147, 449464. Chaplin, J.R., 1984b. Mass transport around a horizontal cylinder beneath waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 140, 175187.

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