Power divider and combiner/coupler

Basic P1 P2= nP1 divider P =(1-n)P 3 1 P1 combiner P2 P3=P1+P2

Divide into 4 output

S-parameter for power divider/coupler

Generally

S11 [S ] = S21 S31

S12 S 22 S32
N

S13 S 23 S33
for i j

For reciprocal and lossless network

* =1 S S ki ki N
* =0 Ski Skj

k =1

k =1
Row 1x row 2

S11 + S12 + S13 = 1

* + S S* + S S* = 0 S11S 21 12 22 13 23 * + S S* + S S* = 0 S 21S31 22 32 23 33 * + S S* + S S* = 0 S11S 31 12 32 13 33

S21 + S22 + S23 = 1

S31 + S32 + S33 = 1

Row 2x row 3 Row 1x row 3

Continue
If all ports are matched properly , then Sii= 0 For Reciprocal network For lossless network, must satisfy unitary condition 2 2 * S12 + S13 = 1 S13 S 23 = 0

0 [S ] = S 12 S13

S12 0 S 23

S13 S 23 0

S12 S13

2 2

+ S 23 + S 23

2 2

=1 =1

S* S =0 23 12
* S =0 S12 13

Two of (S12, S13, S23) must be zero but it is not consistent. If S12=S13= 0, then S23 should equal to 1 and the first equation will not equal to 1. This is invalid.

Another alternative for reciprocal network

Only two ports are matched , then for reciprocal network

0 [S ] = S12 S13

S12 0 S 23

S13 S 23 S 33

For lossless network, must satisfy unitary condition

S12 + S13 = 1
S12
2
2

* S13 S 23 = 0

+ S 23
+ S 23

2
2

=1
+ S33
2

* S + S* S = 0 S12 13 23 33

The two equations show that |S13|=|S23| thus S13=S23=0 and |S12|=|S33|=1 These have satisfied all

S13

=1

* * S 23 S12 + S 33 S13 = 0

Reciprocal lossless network of two matched

S21 =ej

0 e j 0 1 j [S ] = e 0 0 0 j 0 e

S12=ej S33=ej 3

Nonreciprocal network (apply for circulator)

For lossless network, must satisfy unitary condition

0 [S ] = S 21 S31

S12 0 S32

S13 S 23 0

S12 + S13 = 1

S* S =0 31 32
* S 21 S 23 = 0

S 21 + S 23 = 1 S31 + S32 = 1
2 2

* S12 S13 = 0

The above equations must satisfy the following either

S12 = S 23 = S31 = 0
or

S21 = S32 = S13 = 1 S12 = S23 = S31 = 1

S 21 = S32 = S13 = 0

Circulator (nonreciprocal network)

0 0 1 [S ] = 1 0 0 0 1 0
2 1

0 1 0 [S ] = 0 0 1 1 0 0

2 1

Four port network

Generally

For reciprocal and lossless network N =1 S ki S * ki k =1

S11 S12 S 21 S 22 [S ] = S31 S32 S 41 S 42

S13 S 23 S33 S 43
N k =1

S14 S 24 S34 S 44
for i j

* =0 Ski Skj

S11 + S12 + S13 + S14 = 1

R 1x R 2 R1x R3

* + S S* + S S* + S S* = 0 S11S 21 12 22 13 23 14 24 * + S S* + S S* + S S* = 0 S11S31 12 32 13 33 14 34 * + S S* + S S* + S S* = 0 S11S 41 12 42 13 43 14 44 * + S S* + S S* + S S* = 0 S 21S31 22 32 23 33 24 34 * + S S* + S S* + S S* = 0 S 21S 41 22 42 23 43 24 44 * + S S* + S S* + S S* = 0 S31S 41 32 42 33 43 34 44

S21 + S22 + S23 + S24 = 1 R1x R4

S31 + S32 + S33 + S34 = 1 S41 + S42 + S43 + S44 = 1
R 2x R3 R2x R4 R3x R4

Matched Four port network

Say all ports are matched and symmetrical network, then

0 S 12 [S ] = S13 S14
The unitarity condition become

S12 0 S 23 S 24

S13 S 23 0 S34

S14 S 24 S34 0

* + S S* = 0 S13 S 23 14 24 * + S S* = 0 S12 S 23 14 34 * + S S* = 0 S12 S 24 13 34 * + S S* = 0 S12 S13 24 34 * + S S* = 0 S12 S14 23 34 * + S S* = 0 S13 S14 23 24

* ** @ @@ # ##

S12 + S13 + S14 = 1

S12 + S23 + S24 = 1

S13 + S23 + S34 = 1 S14 + S24 + S34 = 1

To check validity
Multiply eq. * by S24* and eq. ## by S13* , and substract to obtain
* S S14 13 2 2 S14 = 0

Multiply eq. # by S34 and eq. @@ by S13 , and substract to obtain

S 23 S12

2 S34 = 0

Both equations % and $ will be satisfy if S14 = S23 = 0 . This means that no coupling between port 1 and 4 , and between port 2 and 3 as happening in most directional couplers.

Directional coupler
If all ports matched , symmetry and S14=S23=0 to be satisfied

0 S 12 [S ] = S13 0
The equations reduce to 6 equations

S12 0 0 S 24

S13 0 0 S34

0 S 24 S34 0

** S12 + S13 = 1 * S12 + S24 = 1 ** S13 + S34 = 1 * S24 + S34 = 1

* + S S* = 0 S12 S 24 13 34 * + S S* = 0 S12 S13 24 34

By comparing these equations yield S13 = S 24 By comparing equations * and ** yield

S12 = S34

Continue
Simplified by choosing S12= S34= ; S13=e j and S24= e j
Where + = + 2n

2 cases
1. Symmetry Coupler = = /2

0 j 0 0 [S ] = j 0 0 0 j

0 j 0

2. Antisymmetry Coupler =0 , =

Both satisfy 2 +2 =1

0 0 [S ] = 0 0

0 0 0 0

Physical interpretation
|S12 | 2 = power deliver to port 2= 2 =1- 2
1 Input 4 Isolated 2 Through 3 Coupled |S13 | 2 = coupling factor = 2

Characterization of coupler

1 = 20 log dB Coupling= C= 10 log P

P3 P Directivity= D= 10 log 3 = 20 log dB P4 S14 1 = 20 log S Isolation = I= 10 log P 14 dB P4

I = D + C dB For ideal case | S14|=0

Practical coupler
Hybrid 3 dB couplers
= = /2

= = 1 / 2

0 1 j 0 1 0 0 j [S ] = 1 2 j 0 0 1 0 j 1 0

Magic -T and Rat-race couplers

=0 , =

= = 1 / 2

0 1 1 [S ] = 2 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

T-junction power divider

E-plane T

H-plane T

Microstrip T

T-model
Lossy line
Z1 Vo jB Z2

1 1 Yin = jB + + Z1 Z 2
1 1 Yin = + Z1 Z 2

Lossless line

Yin

If Zo = 50,then for equally divided power, Z1 = Z2=100

Example
If source impedance equal to 50 ohm and the power to be divided into 2:1 ratio. Determine Z1 and Z2
1 Vo2 1 P = Pin 1= 2 Z1 3
1 Vo2 2 P2 = = Pin 2 Z2 3

Z1 = 3Z o = 150
3Zo Z2 = = 75 2

1 Vo2 Pin = 2 Zo

Z o = Z1 // Z 2 = 50

Resistive divider
Zo/3
P1
Zo V1 V V3

Zo/3
V2

Zo

P2

V=

2Zo / 3 2 V1 = V Zo / 3 + 2Zo / 3 3
Zo 3 1 V = V= V Zo + Zo / 3 4 2

Zo/3
Zo

V2 = V3 =
P3

Zo Z= + Zo 3 Zo 2Zo Zin = + = Zo 3 3

1 V12 Pin = 2 Zo
P2 = P3 =
2 ( ) 1 / 2 V 1 1

Zo

1 = Pin 4

Wilkinson Power Divider

/4 70.7 50 70.7 100 50
Zo /2 Z o /4

50
/2 Zo

Zo

2Zo

For even mode

Zo

Z in =

2 ZT

For Zin =Zo=50

Therefore

ZT = 2 50 = 70.7
And shunt resistor R =2 Zo = 100

ZT = 2 Zo

Example
Design an equal-split Wilkinson power divider for a 50 W system impedance at frequency fo

The quarterwave-transformer characteristic is

Z = 2 Z o = 70.7

R = 2Z o = 100
The quarterwave-transformer length is

o = 4 r

Wilkinson splitter/combiner application

Power Amplifier
/4 70.7 50 100 70.7 Splitter matching networks /4 70.7 100 70.7 combiner 50

Unequal power Wilkinson Divider

2 1
Zo Z03 Z02 R

Z 03 = Z o
R2=Zo/K

1+ K 2 K3

Z02 = K 2Z03 = Zo K (1 + K 2 )
1 R = Z o K + K

R3=Zo/K

P3 Power at port 3 K = = P2 Power at port 2

2

Parad and Moynihan power divider

Zo2 Zo Zo1 Zo3 Zo4 Zo

2 3

1
Z01 = Zo 2 1 + K
Z02 = Zo K
3/ 4

R
Z05 Zo

1/ 4

Z04 = Zo K
2 1/ 4

Zo Z 05 = K

(1 + K )
K5/ 4

( 1+ K ) Z 03 = Z o

2 1/ 4

1 R = Z o K + K Power at port 3 2 P 3 K = = P2 Power at port 2

Cohn power divider

/4 /4 61 98 82 61 50 241 50

1
50

82

VSWR at port 1 VSWR at port 2 and port 3 Isolation between port 2 and 3 Center frequency fo Frequency range (f2/f1)

= 1.106 = 1.021 = 27.3 dB = (f1 + f2)/2 =2

Couplers
Branch line coupler
Yo Yse /4 Ysh /4 Ysh

2 Yse
E2
Yo

2 = 1 + Ysh

E1

E3 2Ysh = 2 2 E 2 1 Ysh + Yse

x dB coupling

Yo

E3

Yo

E3 ( = 10 x E1
2

20 )

2 2 E1 = E2 + E 2 3
E E 1 = 2 + 3 E E 1 1
2

or

Couplers
3 dB Branch line coupler

E 2 = E3
Ysh = 1
input
Zo Zo

2 2 Yse = 1 + Ysh =2

Z o = 50
Z sh = 50

Yse = 1.414
Zo / 2

Zo

/4 /4 Zo

Output 3dB

Z se = 35.5

isolate

Zo

Zo / 2

Zo

Output 3dB 90o out of phase

Couplers
9 dB Branch line coupler
E3 = 10(9 20) = 0.355 E1
E2 2 ( ) 1 = + 0 . 355 E 1
E2 2 ( ) = 1 0 . 355 = 0.935 E 1
2

Let say we choose Ysh = 0.8

2 1 Ysh

2Ysh

2 + Yse

2 0.8 1 0.8
2 2 + Yse

= 0.38

1.6 Yse = 0.36 = 1.962 0.38

Z 0 = 50

E3 0.355 E = 0.935 = 0.38 2

Z sh = 50 / 0.8 = 62.5
Z se = 50 / 1.962 = 25.5

Note: Practically upto 9dB coupling

Hybrid-ring coupler 4 Output in-phase /4 3

/4

Couplers
1/2 e

isolated

/4

Te

3/8 2 /8 2 2 OC OC

1/2
3/4

/4

To

2 /8 3/8 2 2

1 Input Can be used as splitter , 1 as input and 2 and 3 2 as two output. Port is match with 50 ohm. Output in-phase Can be used as combiner , 2 and 3 as input and 1 as output.Port 4 is matched with 50 ohm.
/4