State-space average modelling of 6- and 12-pulse diode rectifiers

Liqiu Han, Jiabin Wang and David Howe

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield
Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K.
Keywords: modelling, DC power supply, power management
Abstract This paper derives averaged-value models for 6- and 12- pulse transformer-diode rectifier
units and validates their utilities by comparison of the resultant transient and steady state behaviors
with those obtained from extensive simulations of detailed 6- and 12-pulse diode rectifier models. It is
shown that the averaged-value models capture the key features of the dynamic characteristics of the
rectifiers, while being time invariant and computationally efficient. The developed models can,
therefore, be used for stability assessment of electric power systems with the diode rectifiers, multiple
power electronic converter-controlled loads and electrical drives.
1. Introduction
In more-electric aircraft power systems, AC-to-DC converters are widely used for various dc
supplies and for inverter-fed electrical drives. Various front-end converters are being evaluated for this
purpose, including passive and active rectifiers. However, there are trade-offs for different aerospace
applications, including size, weight, reliability, cost and power quality [1]. Compared to active PWM
front-end rectifiers, multi-pulse diode rectifiers are lighter, more cost-effective and reliable although
the main disadvantage is the generation of low frequency harmonics, especially in 6-pulse diode
rectifiers [2].
It is well known that power electronic converter-controlled loads generally exhibit a constant
power characteristic by virtue of their regulation capability. Hence, they behave as negative
impedance/admittance loads [2]-[5]. The interaction of such loads with the power source/generator
sub-system can cause instability problems, due to the combined effect of the energy storage
components (inductance/capacitance), non-linear or actively controlled loads, actively controlled sub-
systems and their interactions.
However, the time-variant switching behavior of diode rectifiers makes it difficult to assess the
stability of power systems with front-end diodes rectifiers and power electronic converter controlled
loads. In this paper averaged value models for 6- and 12- pulse transformer-diode rectifier units are
derived and their utilities are validated by comparison of the resultant transient and steady state
behaviors with those obtained from extensive simulations of detailed 6- and 12-pulse diode rectifiers.
The developed models provide not only a dynamic equation governing DC-link current, but also an
analytical expression relating the DC-link current to the rectifier AC input currents in the d-q axis
reference system. Thus the developed models can be used for stability assessment of hybrid AC-DC
electric power systems employing diode rectifiers and multiple power electronic converter-controlled
loads.
2. Average modelling of 6-pulse diode rectifier
Fig. 1 shows a typical three-phase, 6-pulse diode rectifier circuit, in which L and r represent the
combined effect of the cable and transformer leakage inductances and resistances, respectively. L
dc
and
r
dc
are the inductance and resistance of the dc-link inductor, respectively and U
dc
is the voltage across
the dc-link capacitor C. It is assumed that the AC input voltages are balanced, sinusoidal and given by:

=
=
+ =
)
6
5
sin(
)
6
sin(
)
2
sin(

t V V
t V V
t V V
s m Sc
s m Sb
s m Sa

(1)
where V
m
is the peak phase voltage and
s
denotes the angular frequency of the AC supply. An
important feature of the diode rectifier is the current-commutation, as shown in Fig. 2, during which
two diodes in the same groups (D
1
, D
3
, D
5
) or (D
2
, D
4
, D
6
) may conduct due to the presence of the
input inductance L. The commutation interval increases with the load current. For the 6-pules diode
rectifier, the current-commutation and conduction intervals repeat in every 60 electrical degrees.


Fig. 1 6-pulse diode rectifier Fig. 2 AC voltage and current waveforms
2.1. Switching behavior
The dynamic equations for the rectifier input currents I
ra
, I
rb
and I
rc
and their relation to the DC-link
current I
dc
during the commutation interval (0
s
t < ) and conduction interval (
s
t < /3) can
be expressed by equations (2) and (3), respectively.

+ =
+ =
+ =
n Sc rc
rc
n Sb rb
rb
p Sa ra
ra
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
&

= +
=
dc rc rb
dc ra
I I I
I I

(2)

+ =
+ =
n Sc rc
rc
p Sa ra
ra
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
&

=
=
=
0
rb
dc rc
dc ra
I
I I
I I

(3)
where U
p
nd U
n
are the rectifier positive and negative terminal voltages referred to the neutral point n.
Meanwhile, I
dc
is governed by:
dc n p dc dc
dc
dc
U U U I r
dt
dI
L + = (4)
By eliminating U
p
, U
n
and the AC input currents, the dynamic equations for the dc-link current during
the commutation and conduction periods are obtained in equations (5) and (6), respectively.
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
+
+
=
dc Sa
dc
dc
dc
dc
dc
U V
L L
I
L L
r r
dt
dI
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
2
3

(5)
( )
dc Sb Sa
dc
dc
dc
dc dc
U V V
L L
I
L L
r r
dt
dI

+
+
+
+
=
2
1
2
2
(6)
The AC input voltages can be expressed as:

|
.
|

\
|
=
=
6
cos 3
cos

m Sc Sa
m Sa
V V V
V V
(7)
where =
s
t and 0 < 2. Both the input and output currents and voltages of the rectifier repeat
every /3 rad (60
o
) interval. Hence, the dynamic equations for I
dc
during the commutation and
conduction periods may be expressed as:

<
(

+ =
< |
.
|

\
|
+ =
3 )
6
cos( 3
1
0 cos
2
3 1
2 2
2
1 1
1

dc m
D
dc
D
D dc
dc m
D
dc
D
D dc
U V
L
I
L
R
dt
dI
U V
L
I
L
R
dt
dI

(8)
where " 3 , 2 , 1 ,
3 3
0 = < = k k

. |
.
|

\
|
+ =
dc D
r r R
2
3
1
, |
.
|

\
|
+ =
dc D
L L L
2
3
1
, ( )
dc D
r r R + = 2
2
and
( )
dc D
L L L + = 2
2
. Since the commutation angle is a time-varying parameter during each transient
period, equation (8) is a time-variant state-space equation.
2.2. State-space averaging method
In order to establish a time-invariant model, the state-space average technique reported in [6] has
been employed. The average of the state-variable x(t) over a period of T can be obtained by:

= > <
t
T t
d x
T
t x ) (
1
) (
0
(9)
For the periodic time-dependent state-space equation { } ) ( ), (
) (
t u t x f
dt
t dx
= , when the average value is
taken as the state-variable, the time derivative of the average is given by [6]:
0
0
0
) , ( ) (
) (
u x f t
dt
dx
dt
t x d
= =
(10)
2.3. Averaged-value model of six-pulse rectifier
Assuming that the commutation angle in equation (8) is kept unchanged over a diode switching
period T=/3
s
, the average valued the DC-link voltage and current over the T period can be obtained
by using the state-space averaging technique described in section 2.2. The resulting dynamic equation
for the DC-link current is given by (11), where for notational convenience, <I
dc
>
0
and <U
dc
>
0
are
replaced by I
DC
and U
DC
, respectively.
( ) ( ) ( ) , , ,
3 2 1 DC m DC
DC
U g V g I g
dt
dI
+ + =
(11)
where

DC
D
D
DC
D
D
D
D
I
L
R
I
L
R
L
R
g
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3

DC
D
DC
D D
U
L
U
L L
g
2 2 1
3
1 1 1 3

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
=
2
3 1
6
sin
3
sin
2
3 3
2 2 1
2
D D D
m
L L L
V g

When the resistance r is neglected, is given by
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

DC
m
s
I
V
L
3
2
1 cos
1


(12)
It has been shown [7] that the variation of the commutation angle is within 1% of that when r is
neglected and when r is increased by 10 times of the typical value. Since is now only dependant on
I
DC
, equation (11) is non-linear but time-invariant.
2.4. AC side currents
When r is negligible, the equations relating the AC currents to the DC-link current during the
commutation and conduction periods are given, respectively, by equations (13) and (3).
( )
( )

=
=
=
1 cos
2
3
1 cos
2
3

L
V
I
L
V
I I
I I
s
m
rc
s
m
dc rb
dc ra




(13)
By applying the d-q axis transformation, the corresponding AC currents in the d-q reference frame are
obtained in equations (14) and (15) as:

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

cos
2
1
2 cos
2
1
6
sin
3
2
sin 2 sin
2
1
6
cos
3
2
L
V
I I
L
V
I I
s
m
dc rq
s
m
dc rd



(14)

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
6
sin
3
2
6
cos
3
2

dc rq
dc rd
I I
I I



(15)
Their average values over /3
s
may be obtained in equation (16) by applying equation (9).

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

2
1
sin 2 sin
4
1 3
sin
3 2
4
3
cos 2 cos
4
1 3
cos
3 2
L
V
I I
L
V
I I
s
m
dc RQ
s
m
dc RD



(16)
3. Average modelling of 12-pulse rectifier
Fig. 3 shows a schematic of a 12-pulse rectifier circuit which employs an three-winding isolation
transformer with a connection to obtain the necessary phase shift. In order to connect two
rectifiers in parallel, an inter-phase reactor is also necessary. When the output voltages of the two half-
wave converters are equal, the inter-phase reactor is transparent. However, when the output voltages
of the half-wave converters are not equal, the winding of the inter-phase reactor presents sufficient
inductance to support the voltage imbalance. The equivalent circuit of the inter-phase reactor (IPR) is
simply represented by its leakage inductance L
ipr
[8], as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 12-pulse diode rectifier

Each phase of the connected transformer is modelled as an ideal transformer in series with an
equivalent leakage inductance L and resistance r referred to the secondary and tertiary circuits [9]. In
order that the two rectifiers share the load current equally, the kVA rating of the primary, secondary
and tertiary windings of the transformer should be 2:1:1 and the secondary and tertiary windings
should have the same parameters i.e. resistance, leakage inductance, magnetization resistance and
reactance. If the voltage ratio of the three-winding transformer is set to 1 : 1 : nv , the turns-ratio must be
3 1 : 1 : nv . Assuming that the three-phase input voltages are given by:

=
=
+ =
)
6
5
sin(
)
6
sin(
)
2
sin(

t nvV V
t nvV V
t nvV V
s m Sc
s m Sb
s m Sa



(17)
the equivalent voltages of the transformer secondary and tertiary windings are:

=
=
+ =
)
6
5
sin(
)
6
sin(
)
2
sin(
'
'
'

t V V
t V V
t V V
s m c
s m b
s m a
and

= =
= =
+ = + =
) sin( )
6 6
5
sin(
)
3
sin( )
6 6
sin(
)
3
sin( )
6 2
sin(
' '
' '
' '

t V t V V
t V t V V
t V t V V
s m s m c
s m s m b
s m s m a



(18)
3.1. DC current
3.1.1. Commutation angle less than /6
When the DC load current is relatively low, the commutation interval may be less than /6, and
commutation intervals in the upper and lower bridges do not overlap. Fig. 4 (a) illustrates the voltage
and current waveforms when the commutation angle is less than /6 rad. During the interval 0
s
t <
, the phase currents I
rb
and I
rc
of the upper bridge rectifier commutate and the phase currents I
ra
and
I
rb
of the lower bridge rectifier are under conduction. During the interval
s
t < /6, both I
ra
and
I
rc
of the upper bridge rectifier and I
ra
and I
rb
of the lower bridge rectifier are under conduction.
Therefore, the dynamic equations for the input currents of the two rectifiers and their relationships to
the DC-link current during the 0
s
t < and the
s
t < /6 intervals can be expressed by
equations (19) and (20), respectively.
6

)
6
( +

+
3
3

)
6
(


3

(a) /6 (b) /6< /3
Fig. 4 Commutation and conduction process of 12-pulse diode rectifier

+ =
+ =
+ =
n c rc
rc
n b rb
rb
p a ra
ra
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
' '
'
' '
'
' '
'
&

+ =
+ =
n b rb
rb
p a ra
ra
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
' ' ' '
' '
' ' ' '
' '
&

= =
=
=
+ =
dc ra ra
rc
rb ra
rc rb ra
I I I
I
I I
I I I
2
1
0
) (
' ' '
' '
' ' ' '
' ' '



(19)

+ =
+ =
n c rc
rc
p a ra
ra
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
' '
'
' '
'
&

+ =
+ =
n b rb
rb
p a ra
ra
U V rI
dt
dI
L
U V rI
dt
dI
L
' ' ' '
' '
' ' ' '
' '
&

= +
=
=
=
=
dc ra ra
rc
rb ra
rb
rc ra
I I I
I
I I
I
I I
' ' '
' '
' ' ' '
'
' '
0
0



(20)
From equations (19) and (20), the voltage difference between U
p
and U
n
is, respectively, derived as:
( )
dt
dI
L rI V V V U U
dc
dc b a a n p
8
7
8
7
2
1
4
3
' ' ' ' '
+ = (21)
( ) ( )
dt
dI
L rI V V V V U U
dc
dc b a c a n p
+ =
' ' ' ' ' '
2
1
2
1
(22)
where cos
' m a
V V = , cos 3
' ' ' ' m b a
V V V = , |
.
|

\
|
=
6
cos 3
' '

m c a
V V V and cos 3
' ' ' ' m b a
V V V = .The resulting
dynamic equations for I
dc
are given by equations (23) and (24).
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
dc m
ipr dc
dc
ipr dc
dc
dc
U V
L L L
I
L L L
r r
dt
dI
cos
4
3 2 3
8
7
1
8
7
8
7
0 <

(23)
( )
( ) ( )
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
dc m
ipr dc
dc
ipr dc
dc dc
U V
L L L
I
L L L
r r
dt
dI

cos )
6
cos(
2
3 1
< /6 (24)
Since the DC-link current and voltage repeat every /6 interval, the 12-pulse rectifier system dynamic
behavior, under the condition /6, can be represented by the following time variant state-space
equations:

<
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
<
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ =
6 cos )
6
cos(
2
3 1
0 cos
4
3 2 3 1
2 2
2
1 1
1

dc m dc
dc
dc m dc
dc
U V
L
I
L
R
dt
dI
U V
L
I
L
R
dt
dI



(25)
where " 3 , 2 , 1 ,
6 6
0 = < = k k

. |
.
|

\
|
+ =
dc
r r R
8
7
1
, |
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
ipr dc
L L L L
8
7
1
, ( )
dc
r r R + =
2
and
( )
ipr dc
L L L L + + + =
2
.
3.1.2. Commutation angle greater than /6 and less than /3
When the commutation angle is greater than /6 rad, the commutation interval in the upper bridge
overlaps with that in the lower bridge, as illustrated in Fig. 4 (b). During the interval 0
s
t < - /6,
both the phase currents I
rb
and I
rc
of the upper bridge rectifier and the phase currents I
ra
and I
rc
of
the lower bridge rectifier commutate; during the interval -/6 < /6, I
rb
and I
rc
of the upper bridge
rectifier still commutate and I
ra
and I
rb
of the lower bridge rectifier conduct. The dynamic equation
for I
dc
can be similarly derived using the procedure described previously and is given by

<
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ =
<
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
6 ) 6 ( cos
4
3 2 3 1
) 6 ( 0 )
6
cos( cos
4
3 1
1 1
1
3 3
3

dc m dc
dc
dc m dc
dc
U V
L
I
L
R
dt
dI
U V
L
I
L
R
dt
dI



(26)
where " 3 , 2 , 1 ,
6
= = k k

. |
.
|

\
|
+ =
dc
r r R
8
7
1
, |
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
ipr dc
L L L L
8
7
1
, |
.
|

\
|
+ =
dc
r r R
4
3
3
and
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
ipr dc
L L L L
4
3
3
.
3.1.3. Averaged value state-space equation
The averaged value model over the period T=/6
s
for equations (25) and (26) may be obtained by
using the state-space averaging technique. By replacing <I
dc
>
0
and <U
dc
>
0
with I
DC
and U
DC,
the
resulting dynamic equation for I
DC
is given by:
( ) ( ) ( )
DC m DC
DC
U f V f I f
dt
dI
, , ,
3 2 1
+ + = (27)
where
when 0 /6

DC DC
I
L
R
I
L
R
L
R
f
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
6

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
4
3 1
6
sin
2
3 1
sin
2
3 1
4
3 2 3 1 6
2 2 2 1
2
L L L L
V f
m

DC DC
U
L
U
L L
f
2 2 1
3
1 6 1 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

when /6 /3

DC DC
I
L
R
L
R
I
L
R
L
R
f
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
2 6

(
(

+
+ + |
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
8
3 1
8
3 2 3 1
sin
4
3 1
6
sin
4
3 2 3 1
4
3 1 6

3 1 3 1 3
2
L L L L L
V f
m

DC DC
U
L L
U
L L
f
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3 1 1 3
3
1 2 6 1 1

The commutation angle is determined by:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

DC
m
s
I
V
L
3
1 cos
1



(28)
3.2. AC current
The d-q input currents of both the upper and lower bridge rectifiers repeat every /3 interval. The
average d-q axis currents of the upper and lower rectifiers are given in equations (29) and (30),
respectively, which are valid for the commutation angle both less and greater than /6.

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

2
1
sin 2 sin
4
1 3
sin
3
4
3
cos 2 cos
4
1 3
cos
3
'
'
L
V
I I
L
V
I I
s
m
DC RQ
s
m
DC RD



(29)

(
(

+ + + + + =
(
(

+ + + + + =
8
3
4
3
)
6
sin( )
6
2 sin(
4
1 3
)
6
sin(
3
8
3 3
4
)
6
cos( )
6
2 cos(
4
1 3
)
6
cos(
3
' '
' '

L
V
I I
L
V
I I
s
m
DC RD
s
m
DC RD



(30)
Based on equations (29) and (30), the primary d-q axis currents of the transformer are calculated by
the vector sum of the two d-q axis currents (I
RD
,

I
RQ
, I
RD
and I
RQ
) and are given by:

+ + =
+ =
)
2
3
2
1
(
1
)
2
1
2
3
(
1
' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' '
RQ RD RQ RQ
RQ RD RD RD
I I I
nv
I
I I I
nv
I


(31)
It should be noted that the above results can be easily modified to cater for 12-pulse diode rectifiers
with auto-transformers [10].
4. Time-domain simulation
Simulations in the Matlab/Simulink environment in conjunction with the SimPowerSystem
TM
Toolbox
have been undertaken to validate the utility of equations (11) and (27) by comparing their transient and
steady-state behaviour with that obtained from the detailed 6- and 12-pulse diode rectifier models. The
supply voltage was 230V RMS line-to-neutral at 400Hz and the other parameters are r=2m, L=80H,
r
dc
=1m, L
dc
=10H and C=2mF. Fig. 5 compares the voltage and current waveforms obtained from
the 6-pulse diode rectifier models when a resistive load is changed from 3 (equivalent to 84kW) to
5 ( 53kW) at 0.004s. As will be seen, the averaged value model can capture the key features of the
transient responses albeit its DC output voltage is slightly lower than that obtained from the detailed
model.
490
500
510
520
530
D
C

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
50
100
150
200
D
C

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
50
100
150
200
d
-
a
x
i
s

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
-150
-100
-50
0
50
q
-
a
x
i
s

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
-200
-100
0
100
200
A
B
C

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
(
A
)
Time(s)

------ Detailed model Averaged value model
Fig. 5 Comparisons of predictions of voltage and currents from 6-pulse rectifier models
495
505
515
525
535
D
C

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
50
100
150
200
D
C

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
50
100
150
200
d
-
a
x
i
s

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
q
-
a
x
i
s

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009
-200
-100
0
100
200
A
B
C

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
(
A
)
Time(s)

450
470
490
510
530
D
C

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
100
200
300
400
D
C

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
100
200
300
400
d
-
a
x
i
s

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
q
-
a
x
i
s

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009
-400
-200
0
200
400
A
B
C

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
(
A
)
Time(s)

(a) (b)
------ Detailed model Averaged value model
Fig. 6 Comparisons of voltage and currents from 12-pulse rectifier models
Figs. 6(a) and (b), respectively, compare waveforms of the DC voltage and currents, the three-phase
AC input currents and the d-q axis currents of 12-pulse rectifier when a step load change occurs at
0.002s. The voltage ratio of the three-winding transformer was set to 1:1:1; whilst the equivalent
leakage inductance L and resistance r referred to the secondary and tertiary circuits are 158H and
2m; r
dc
=1m, L
ipr
+L
dc
=10H, C=2mF. The resistive load is changed from 3 ( 84kW) to 5 (
53kW) in Fig. 6(a) and the commutation angle is less than /6. In Fig. 6 (b), the commutation angle
becomes greater than /6 when the load is change from 3 ( 84kW) to 1.6 ( 143kW). As will be
seen, good agreement in both the transient and steady-states waveforms has been achieved.
Figs. 7 and 8 compare the variation of the DC voltage obtained from the averaged-value diode
rectifier models with those from the detailed diode rectifier models with the commutation angle. The
resultant voltage errors are given in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. Extensive simulation comparisons
show that the voltage error is mainly dependent on the commutation angle, i.e. the combined effect of
the AC leakage inductance, input voltage and load current (power).
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
D
C

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Commutation angle(rad)
Detailed model
Averaged model
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
D
C

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Commutation angle(rad)
Detailed model
Averaged model
Fig. 7 Comparison of predicted DC voltage from
6-pulse diode rectifier models
Fig. 8 Comparison of predicted DC voltage from
12-pulse diode rectifier models

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
D
C

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

e
r
r
o
r
(
%
)
Commutation angle(rad)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
D
C

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

e
r
r
o
r
(
%
)
Commutation angle(rad)
Fig. 9 DC voltage error of averaged-value model
for 6-pulse diode rectifier
Fig. 10 DC voltage error of averaged-value
model for 12-pulse diode rectifier
5. Conclusion
The averaged-value state-space models for 6- and 12- pulse transformer-diode rectifier units have been
developed. Extensive simulations in the Matlab/Simulink environment in conjunction with the
SimPowerSystem
TM
Toolbox have been undertaken to validate the utility and accuracy of the
averaged-value models. It has been shown that the steady-state DC voltage errors vary with the
commutation angle and the maximum error is less than 2.5%. It has also been shown that the
developed analytical models are computationally efficient, and capable of capturing the key dynamic
features of the 6- and 12-pulse diode rectifiers when the commutation angle is less than /3. They can
be used for assessing the stability of hybrid AC-DC power systems with the diode rectifiers and
multiple converter-controlled loads.
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th
Intersociety Energy Conversion
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th
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nd
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