GeneralPrinciplesofSeismicDesign Structuraldesignisthecontrolofphenomenabythederivationofstructuralsystemswithappropriateproperties, suchthatthedemandsonthesystem(i.e.loadsandclimaticconditions)arejustoutweighedbytherelevant capacitiesofthesystem.Therefore,itisimportanttobethoroughlyfamiliarwiththequalitativebehaviourofthe structuralsystemunderearthquakeloading. Inthefollowing,thetypicalbehaviorofbuildingsunderearthquakesisdiscussed,usingaframedbuildingasan example,andfromtheperspectiveofthemaximumdesignactionsanddisplacementinducedandwhichareof primeconcerntothedesigner.Thegeneralprinciplesapplytoothertypesofbuildingconstructionaswell. TypicalResponsestoEarthquakesforanApproximatelyRegularBuilding TheinertiaforceactingonafloorisappliedthroughtheCGofthefloor(Fig1).However,theCGofthefloordoes notcoincidewiththecentreofstiffnessorrigidity,CR,ofthefloor(Fig2).Hencethiscausestorsionofthefloor, inadditiontothedirectinertiaforces(Fig3).

3). RoofslabCG Inertiaforceat eachflooralways actsthroughCG ofthatfloor Fig.1DistributionofInertiaForcestofloors RoofslabCR,Centreof Rigidity Eachfloorhasacentreof rigidity orstiffness, I. CG and CR do (CR), relativetoa horizontal (lateral)load not coincide acting (duetoasymmetry, atrightanglesto thefloor. inplanview,ofthe location, dimensions,and Thisisbecauseeachfloor materialsofthe issupportedbyframes and/or wallsthatresist frameand/orwalls)
thelateralload.

Fig.2Thecentreofrigidityconcept
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 e,eccentricity II. Inertia force plus torsion Fig.3Thegenerationoftorsiononafloor Thebuildingistypicallymodeledasaspaceframe,thereforetoanalysethebuilding,theinertiaandtorsionforces areconvertedtopointloadsontheframes(Fig.4). F4 F1 F2 F3 F4 F2 F1 F3 Fig.4HorizontalDistributionofInertialandTorsionalforcestoIndividualFramesorWalls

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Eright

Analysisofaframeundertheearthquakeloadsgivescertaintypicalpatternsofthedesignactions(moments, shearsandaxialloads)forthestructuralelements. Figs.5to7showstypicalbendingmomentandshearingforcediagramsforbeams.Fig8showstypicalaxialload andbendingmomentdiagramsforcolumns. Negativemoment Positivemoment Eleft Fig.5BeamMomentsUnderE l Moments under Moments under Moments under D+L E right D+L+ E right Fig.6BeamMomentsUnderD+L+Eright atthesametime =M/L Shear under Shear under E Shear under D+L D+L+ E right E

Eleft
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Fig.7BeamShearUnderD+L+E
3

Typicalcolumn axialload(P) envelope

Typicalcolumn moment(M) envelopeunderE

P/bh Overreinforced behaviour

Balancepoint

Underreinforced behaviour M/bh2

Fig.8Columnstrengthinteractioncurve(forsectionxx)

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TheEffectofIrregularity Theaboveconsiderationofthebehaviourofaframedstructureunderearthquakeloadsiswithrespecttoan approximatelyregularbuilding.Aregularstructureisonewhosedistributionofmass,stiffness,andstrength,is uniformineachdirectionofthestructure.Asignificantdifferenceinanyofthesepropertiesresultsinasignificant changeinthedistributionoftheappliedearthquakeloadonthestructure,andthemagnitudeoftheresultantof theforceaswell. ThefollowingistheASCE705classificationofirregularities.TheASCE705alsoquantifiesthedegreeofseverity oftheirregularityintermsofwhatisallowedfordesign.Eachtypeofirregularityisallowedonlyundercertain conditions.Thetypeandextentoftheirregularityalsoaffectthetypeofearthquakeloadanalysisthatisallowed forthestructure.Thisisdiscussedingreaterdetailinsubsequentsections. VerticalIrregularities: Type1a,b Type2 Type3

SoftStorey MassIrregularity andextremesoft story

GeometryIrregularity

Type4 Type5a,b

InplaneOffset WeakStoreyand ofsomeelement(s)ExtremeWeakStory

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 PlanIrregularities: Type1a,b Type2 Type3 DiaphragmDiscontinuity

Torsional Irregularityand Extremetorsionalirregularity

ReentrantCorners

Type4 Type5

OutofPlaneOffset (fromfloortofloor hencefordiscontinuous elements;sideview)

NonParallelSystems

EarthquakeResistantDesignPhilosophy Thegeneralphilosophyofearthquakeresistantbuildingdesignisthat: (a) Forminorearthquakesthereshouldbenodamage (b) Formoderateearthquakestheremaybeminor,repairable,structuraldamageandsomenonstructural damage (c) Formajorearthquakestheremaybemajor,unrepairable,structuralandnonstructuraldamagebutwithout collapseofthebuilding. Intermsofobjective(c),thoughthebuildingcanbedesignedtoremainintheelasticrangeofmaterialbehaviour, byinternationalconsensusitisagreedthatallowingunrepairabledamageismosteconomicalforthemajorityof

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structures.Thisapproachiscalleddesignbyhystereticdamping.Theobjectiveistoallowthestructuretoenter theinelasticrangeatcertainpoints,andmaximisetheenergyabsorbedbyplasticflow.Toachievethis,anytype ofpossiblebrittlefailure(e.g.shearfailure,bondfailure,slip,etc)mustbesuppressedasmuchaspossible. Thisapproachisthereforebasedontheneedforductilityinthestructuralsystemchosentoresisttheearthquake. Somesystems(materialsplusgeometricconfiguration)arenaturallymoreductilethanothers.Eachsystemhasa ductilitycapacity.Thiscapacityisdetermined,inthecaseofreinforcedconcreteandreinforcedmasonry,bythe arrangementofthereinforcement.Inthecaseofstructuralsteeltheductilitycapacityisdeterminedbythe arrangementoftheconnections,andselectionofthesectiontypes.Sincetheductilitydemandonthestructureis typicallynotcalculated,itisimportantthatthedetailingbeconsistentwiththeresponsemodificationfactorused todeterminethebaseshear. Otherapproachestoearthquakeresistantincludebaseisolation,andtheuseofsupplementaldampingdevices. Intermsofobjectives(a)and(b),undermorefrequentbutlesssevereearthquakes,excessivedamagetothe secondaryelementssuchaspartitions,iscontrolledbyspecifyinglimitsonthehorizontaldisplacementofthe floors,calledtheinterstoreydrifttheratioofthestorysinelasticlateraldisplacementtothestoryheight. ControllingthelateraldisplacementisalsoneededtominimizeinstabilityduetothePeffect. EarthquakeResistingStructuralSystems Anearthquakeresistantstructuralsystemisastructuralsystemwithpropertiesandbehaviourthatarefavourable towardstheobjectiveofadequatelyresistingearthquakes.Momentresistingframes,bracedframes,walls,and combinationsofthese(calleddualandbuildingframesystems),aretypicallyused. Giventhatthemainearthquakeresistantdesignphilosophyistheuseofthephenomenonofhystereticdamping toresistearthquakes,thisimpliesthatamaindesirablepropertyofthesystemishighductility.Systems comprisedofcertainmaterialsandmethodsofconstruction,naturallypossessbettersystemductilitiesthan others.AnoverallmeasureofthesystemallowableorultimateductilityistheIBC2009(ASCE705)response modificationfactor,R. Theotherdesirablepropertiesofearthquakeresistantstructuralsystemswhichpromotehighductilityandoverall favourableseismicresponseare: regularitylittlechangeinstiffness,mass,andstrengthfromfloortofloor,andinthetwodimensionsin planaswell continuousloadpaththeabsenceofgapsbetweenmemberssothattheforceiseffectivelytransferred fromeachmembertoitssuccessivememberormembersonitswayfromthediaphragmstothe foundation shortloadpathsmall(ifany)offsetsofbeams,columnsandwalls multipleloadpaths(i.e.redundancy)thepresenceofseveralroutesthattheforcecantakeonitsway fromthediaphragmstothefoundation;inthiswayifamemberisstressedtoitscapacity,theother memberscanbereliedontoabsorbtheenergy strongconnections.toensurethattheloadpathisnotbrokenbyexcessivedeformationorruptureofa connection. Whenthesefactorsaremaximized,thesequenceoftheformationofthehingesandtheirdistributionaresuch thattheenergyabsorptioninthesystemasawholeismaximized. Thefollowingisanexampleofthedesirablehingemechanismforductilemomentresistingframes.

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Ductility,=(uy)/y

u=Ultimatedeflection(whenallhingeshaveformed) Plastichinge y=Yielddeflection(whenthefirstfewhingesformed)

Fig.9Exampleofsuitableplastichingeformationinaframe
Thoughductilityistypicallystatedasthekeyrequirementforearthquakeresistantstructuralsystems,itmustbe emphasizedthatthisisduetothehighenergyabsorptionunderdynamicconditionsthatresultswhenthe systemhashighductility.Thereforetobemorespecific,theprimaryparameteristheenergyabsorption.Thisis displayedbytheloaddisplacementhysteresisloopsofthestructuralsystemasitundergoesthedynamicmotion intotheinelasticrange.Atypicalexampleforregularstructuralsteelworkductilemomentresistingspace framesisasfollows.Thissystemdisplaysthemaximumpossibleenergyabsorptionofallpresentavailable earthquakeresistantstructuralsystems.Theenergyabsorptionisequivalenttothetotalareaofallthe hysteresisloops.Theshapeofthetypicalloopshowniscalledthespindleshape,andisconsideredtheideal loopshape.Duringtheearthquake,thehysteresisloopsoftheplastichingechange,andthisaffectsthe subsequentbehaviouroftheentirestructure,duringthesameearthquake.

V GeneralComments: Allframeelementsmustbedetailedsothattheycanrespondtostrongearthquakesinaductilefashion.Any elementswhicharenecessarilyincapableofductilebehaviourmustbedesignedtoremainelasticatultimate loadconditions.

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OverallProcessfortheSeismicDesignofaNewBuilding Thefollowingpointssummarizethephenomenaassociatedwithbuildingsunderearthquakeloading: 1. TheloadingisbasedonNewtonsSecondLawhenceisinherentlytimevaryingordynamic.Engineers designthestructuretoaccommodatethepeakresponsequantities.However,theloadingisalso inherentlyrandomsothereisconsiderableuncertaintyinthequantitiesusedfordesign. 2. Themostcommondesignapproachistoinduceplasticfailureatpredeterminedlocations.However duringtheearthquake,thehysteresisloopsoftheplastichingechange,andthisaffectssubsequent behaviourduringthesameearthquake. 3. Therefore,themostimportantpropertyofaseismicstructuralsystemforfavourableperformanceisits overalldynamicdisplacementcapacity. 4. Successfuldesign(apartfromeconomicandaestheticconsiderations)requiresthatthestructurenot collapseunderasevereearthquake,andthatthepartitions,glazing,ceilings,andothernonstructural elements,notcollapseunderamoderateearthquake. Thesephenomenaandoverallrequirementsmakeseismicdesignadistinctdiscipline.Itcannotbeconsideredan extensionofwindloaddesignwithwhichitsharesonlythefactthatbothloadsarepredominantlylateralloads.

Nonductilemodessuchasshearandbondfailuresmustbeavoided.Thisimpliesthatanchorageandsplices ofrebarsshouldnotbedoneinareasofhighconcretestress,andahighresistancetoshearshouldbe provided. Rigidelementsshouldbeattachedtothestructurewithductileorflexiblefixings. Asmanyzonesofenergyabsorbingductilityaspossibleshouldbeprovidedbeforeafailuremechanismis created.Forframedstructuresthismeansthattheyieldingshouldoccurfirstinthebeams,theninthe columns(weakbeamstrongcolumn). Movementjointsshouldbeprovidedatdiscontinuitiessothatpoundingisavoided.

Theoverallprocessfortheseismicdesignofanewbuildingisasindicatedonthefollowingsheet.Ofnoteisthat theseismicloadingmustbeestimatedearlyon,asthebaseshearV,inordertodetermineifahighertypeof analysisisrequired,andfordeterminingifthestructureisirregular.ThedeterminationofthebaseshearVbyuse ofthecodeequationforViscalledtheequivalentlateralforce(ELF)methodandisonlyvalidforregularor approximatelyregularbuildings.

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OVERALLPROCESSFORTHESEISMICDESIGNOFANEWBUILDING

1.ChooseStructuralSystem

2.ChooseEarthquakeDirection

3.DetermineBaseShear,V,byELF

4.DistributeVandanalysestructure

5.Checkresultsanddetermineifanalysis otherthanELFisrequired

Ishigheranalysis reqd?

5a. Performhigheranalysis(Response Spectrum,Modal,NonlinearTime History)

n 6.Foreachfloor,distributeinertiaforces horizontallytoeachsystemincludingtorsion

All directions considered ?

n 6a. Considernextearthquake direction

Changesystempropertiesor chooseanothersystem y 7.Applyloadcombinations

8.Analysestructuretogetmemberdesign actions(M,V,P)

9.Modifydesignactionsasrequiredfor irregularityeffects

10.Checkstructureforifdriftis withinlimits.

Drift OK?

y 11.Designanddetaileachmember; applyductilityandanchoragerules

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SEISMICDESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEBEAMSANDCOLUMNSOF SPECIALDUCTILEMOMENTRESISTINGFRAMES
FactorsAffectingBehaviour Forpracticalvaluesofsectionsizeandreinforcement: Sectionductilitycapacityisincreasedfor: Anincreaseinthecompressionreinforcement Anincreaseinconcretecompressivestrength Anincreaseinultimateconcretestrain Sectionductilitycapacityisdecreasedfor: Anincreaseintensilesteelreinforcement Anincreaseinsteelyieldstrength Anincreaseinaxialload GeneralMaterialsRequirements ConcreteQuality: Theminimumrecommendedcharacteristiccylindercrushingstrengthis20MPabutlessthan27 MPaforlightweightconcrete ReinforcementQuality: Suitablequalitymustbeensuredbybothspecificationandtesting. Anadequateminimumyieldstressmaybeensuredbyspecifyingsteeltoanappropriatestandard, suchasBS4449orASTMA615orA706. Theactualyieldstressshouldnotexceedtheminimumspecifiedyieldstressbymorethan124MPa. Gradesofsteelwithcharacteristicstrengthinexcessof415MPashouldnotbeused. EmpiricalBeamDesignRules(ACI31802Ch.21) 1. b/hshallnotbelessthan0.3(b,totalbeamwidth;h,totalbeamdepth). 2. bshallnotbelessthan250mm. 3. bshallnotbegreaterthecolumnwidthplus0.75honeachside. 4. Theminimumlongitudinalsteelcontentasafractionofthegrosscrosssectionalareaoftheweb shallbe1.4/fy(N/mm2)or200/fy(psi). 5. Themaximumlongitudinalsteelcontentasafractionofthegrosscrosssectionalareaoftheweb shallbe0.025. 6. Thepositivemomentstrengthatthebeamcolumnjointfaceshallnotbelessthanonehalfofthe negativemomentstrengthprovided.

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 7. Atanysectioninthebeamspan,neitherthenegativenorthepositivemomentstrengthshallbeless thanaquarterofthemaximummomentprovidedatthefaceofeitherbeamcolumnjoint. 8. Lapsplicesshallnotbeused:withinjoints;within2hfromthefaceofthebeamcolumnjoint,at locationsofpotentialplastichinging. 9. Lapspliceswhereusedshallbeconfinedbyhoopsorspiralreinforcementwithamaximumspacing orpitchofd/4or100mm(d,effectivedepthtomainsteel). 10. Transversereinforcementinbeamsmustsatisfyrequirementsassociatedwiththeirdualfunctionas confinementreinforcementandshearreinforcement. 11. Confinementreinforcementintheformofhoopsisrequired:overadistance2dfromthecolumn face,overdistances2donbothsidesofsectionswithinthespanwhereflexuralyieldingmayoccur duetoearthquakeloading. 12. Thefirsthoopshallbe50mmfromthecolumnfaceandthemaximumhoopspacingshallbethe smallestofd/4;8timesthediameterofthesmallestlongitudinalbar;24timesthediameterofthe hoopbar,or300mm. 13. Wherehoopsarenotrequired,thehoopspacingshallbelessthand/2. 14. Shearreinforcementistobeprovidedsoastoprecludeshearfailurepriortothedevelopmentof plastichingesatthebeamends.Designshearsfordeterminingshearreinforcementaretobebased onaconditionwhereplastichingesoccuratbeamendsduetothecombinedeffectsoflateral displacementandfactoredgravityloads.Theprobableflexuralstrengthassociatedwithaplastic hingeistobecomputedusingastrengthreductionfactorof1.0andassumingastressinthetensile reinforcementof1.25fy.Notethatthehoopreinforcementmaysatisfytheshearsteel requirementsandviceversa. 15. Indeterminingtherequiredshearreinforcement,thecontributionoftheconcreteistobeneglected iftheshearassociatedwiththeprobableflexuralstrengthsatthebeamendsisgreaterthanone halfthetotaldesignshear,andthefactoredaxialcompressiveforceincludingearthquakeeffects,is lessthanAgfc/20. SeismicRCBeamandColumnDesignSteps DriftLimits Limitationofthestoreydriftisamajordesignrequirementasindicatedintheflowchart.Thisis requiredinordertolimitdamagetononstructuralcomponentsaswellasreducethelikelihoodof instabilityduetoPeffects. Forconcreteframedstructuresthedriftofeachstoreyshallnotexceed0.025hsx,0.020hsx,0.015hsx,for structuresinOccupancyCategoriesIandII,III,andIVrespectively,wherehsxisthestoreyheightbelow levelx. Thedesignstorydriftforastoreyiscalculatedasthedifferenceofthedeflectionsatthetopandbottom ofthestoreyunderconsideration.Thedeflectionisdeterminedfromtheresultsofastructuralanalysis ofthemodelunderthedesignseismicforces,butincreasedtocaterfortheamplificationoftheground motion.Thestiffnesspropertiesofreinforcedconcreteelementsshallconsidertheeffectsofcracked sections.ThespecificvaluesarenotstatedintherelevantU.Sdocumentsbutthefollowingis recommended.Considertheeffectofcrackingasareducedmomentofinertiaofthesectionsuchthat forbeams,useavalueof0.35Igandforcolumns,useavalueof0.5Ig,whereIgisthemomentofinertia ofthegrosssection.

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 Thedeflectionatlevelxatthecentreofthemass,x=Cdxe/I,wherexeisthedeflectiondetermined byanelasticanalysis,andIistheimportancefactorforthestructure. BeamDesignProcedure

Thefollowingprocedureisfortheendspanofacontinuousbeam,butisalsoapplicabletointernal spans(withsomestepsunnecessary).Thenumbersinsketchaboverefertothestepnumbersbelow. 1. Checkproposedbeamdimensionslimits:

- b/d0.3 - b>250mm - b<columnwidth+1.5d 2. CalculateAs(TopMainRebar)atInternalSupports(i.e.SectionatInnerendof BeamSpan): a=Asfy/(0.85fcb);a=depthofcompressionblock;fy=rebaryieldstress;fc=28day compressivestrengthofconcretecylinder Mu<Mn=Asfy(da/2) Mu=appliednegativemomentfromstructuralanalysismomentenvelope;=strength reductionorconstructionqualityfactor=0.9;d=effectivedepthtorebar(orcentroidofa groupofrebars).

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 YoumaysubstituteainMuandsolvethequadraticequationforAs. CheckLimitsontheAscalculatedinstep2: =As/bd>min=200/fy ;fyinpsiunits >3fc/fy <0.025 Calculate,AsatExternalSupportsandCheckLimits: Sameassteps2and3butwithMuforexternalsupports. 5. CalculatetheMinimumPositiveMomentStrengthsthatmustexistattheInternal andExternalSupports: Ineachcase,substitutetheAsprovidedfromsteps2and4,inthemomentequationofstep2to getthenegativemomentstrength. Ineachcase,theminimumpositivemomentstrengththatmustexistatthesection,+Mn= Mn/2 6. Calculate+As(BottomMainRebar)NearBeamsMidSpan: Sameassteps2and3butwithMuasappliedpositivemomentfromthestructural analysisresults.SubstitutetheAsprovidedinthemomentequationtogetthepositivemoment strengthnearmidspan,+Mn,midspan. Comparewithresultsofstep5;if+Mn,midspan>themomentscalculatedinstep5,thensimply extendthe+As(bottonrebar)atmidspantotheinternalandexternalsupports.Ifnot, additionalbottomrebarwillbeneededatanysupportthathastoosmalla+Mn. CalculateandChecktheRequiredAnchorageLengthsfortheMainRebarsthat EndintheExternalColumns,ldh: Forstandard90deghooks,andforboththetopandbottombars,ldhisthelargerof: ldh>fydb/(65fc) ;useimperialunits;dbistherebardiameter ldh>8db ldh>150mm Checkthelengthoftherebarintheproposedbeamcolumnjointzone(frominsideedgeof columntoendofbarincludingcurvedpart)andensurethatthislength>ldh. CalculateSeismicShearRebar: Theseismicshearistheshearinthehingesandistypicallyhigherthanthe

3.

4.

7.

8.

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 elasticshearofthestructuralanalysisresults. Calculatethegravityloadwhentheearthquakeoccurs,wu=1.2wD+1.6wL wherewDisthedeadloadinforceperunitlengththatthebeamcarries,and wListheliveload(inforceperunitlength). - Calculatetheseismicshear: Vu=wul/2(MpL+MpR)/l MpL,MpRistherelevantworstcasepairofMnstrengthsattheleftandrightendsof thebeamconsideringwhentheearthquakeispushingtotherightthentotheleft. Theyarecalculatedasdonebeforebutwith=1andfyis25%higherthattheoneused before,alongwiththeactualAsprovided.listhebeamslength.

CalculateVc: If(MpL+MpR)/l>Vu/2thenVc=0 If(MpL+MpR)/lVu/2thenVc=2fcbwd;bwisthewidthofthebeamsweb. CalculateVs: Vs=VuVc Calculatethestirrupspacing,s: Selectastirruprebarsizeandfyandcalculateitscrosssectionalareafor2legs,Av s=Avfyd/Vs 9. CheckStirrupSpacing: Intheconfinementzone(2hfromthecolumnfaceandwheretheseismicshear steelmustbeplaced): s<smaxwhichisthesmallestof: =d/4 =8xdiameterofsmallestmainrebar =24xstirrupdiameter =300mm Outsidetheconfinementzone,<smax=d/2 10. CalculatetheCutOffPointsfortheTopSteel: Dothisforsomeoftheinternalandexternalsupportsrebars. Ineachcase,developanequationforthevariationofthenegativemomentwithdistancefrom thesupport.Equatethistothemomentstrengthofthesectionaftertherebarsarecut.Solve theequationforthedistance,thenaddthedevelopmentlengthfortherebarorrebars. 11. CalculateSpliceLengths: Incasesplicesarerequiredtheirlength(ClassB)is1.3ld,whereldisgivenbyACI31802clause 12.15.2.

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 EmpiricalColumnDesignRules 1. Theshortercrosssectionaldimensionshallbegreaterthanorequalto300mm. 2. Theratioofshorterdimensiontotheperpendiculardimensionshallbegreaterthanorequalto0.4. 3. Themaximumandminimumlongitudinalsteelcontentasafractionofthegrosscrosssectionalarea shallbe0.06and0.01. 4. Forallmembersframingintoabeamcolumnjoint,thesumoftheflexuralstrengthofthecolumns (fortherelevantaxialloadlevel)mustbegreaterthan1.2timesthesumoftheflexuralstrengthof thebeams. 5. Lapsplicesaretobeusedonlyinthemiddlehalfofthecolumn. 6. Asinbeams,transversereinforcementincolumnsmustbeprovideconfinementtotheconcrete coreandlateralsupporttothelongitudinalbars,aswellasshearresistance.Incolumnshowever, thetransversereinforcementmustallbeintheformofclosedhoopsorcontinuousspiral reinforcement.Sufficientreinforcementshouldbeprovidedtosatisfytherequirementsfor confinementorshear,whicheverislarger. 7. Confinementrequirements: Forspiralreinforcementorcircularhoopreinforcement,thevolumetricratiomustbegreaterthan, 0.12fc/fyhor 0.45[(Ag/Ach)1](fc/fyh) fyhisthespecifiedyieldstrengthoftransversereinforcement,Achisthecoreareaofcolumnsection measuredtotheoutsideoftransversethetransversereinforcementinin2. Forrectangularhoopreinforcementtotalcrosssectionalareawithinspacings,mustbegreater than, 0.09shcfc/fyhor 0.3shc[(Ag/Ach)1](fc/fyh), hc=crosssectionaldimensionofcolumncore,measuredcentretocentreofconfining reinforcement. 8. Themaximumhoopspacingshallbethesmallestof:quarterthesmallercrosssectionaldimension, or100mm. 9. Thehoopreinforcementistobeprovidedoveralengthl0fromeachjointface,wherel0isthe largestof:d,onesixththeclearspanofthemember,or450mm 10. Transversereinforcementforshearincolumnsistobebasedontheshearassociatedwiththe largestnominalmomentstrengthsatthecolumnends(usingfyand=1)correspondingtothe factoredaxialcompressiveforceresultingfromthelargestmomentstrengths. 11. Generally,itwillbenecessarytoprovidemultiplestirrups,orstirrupsandcrossties,inordertogive satisfactoryconfinementandrestrainttomaincolumnreinforcement.Generally,overlappinghoops aretobepreferred.Ineithercase,onestirrupshouldsurroundthewholeofthemain

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 reinforcement.Whererestrainedbarsarelessthan200mmapart,itisnotnecessarytorestrain intermediatebars. ColumnDesignProcedure 1. Calculatethecolumnsmainrebarasusual,usingtheactions(M,V,P)fromthe structuralanalysisofthestructureincludingtheearthquakeloadcombinations. Ifthefactoredaxialforceinthecolumn,Pmax>Agfc/10thenthememberisclassifiedas acolumnandthefollowingseismicrequirementsarenecessary(Agisthegrosscross sectionalarea).Ifnot,thenthemembershouldbedesignedasabeam. 2. ChecktheLimitsonthecolumnsdimensionsandontheMainRebar: bisthesmallestcrosssectionaldimensionmeasuredonastraightlinepassingthroughthe geometriccentroidofthesection,andhisthedimensionperpendiculartob. bandh>300mm b/h>0.4 =As/Ag>1% <6% 3. CheckforStrongColumnWeakBeamBehaviour: Ineachdirectionatthecolumnsjointswiththebeams: Mc>(6/5)Mb WhereMcisacolumnsmomentstrength,andMbisabeamsmomentstrength. Acolumncanhave2beamsatthejointinthecaseofaninternalcolumn,or1beamasinthe caseofasidecolumn. Thecolumnstrengthinteractioncurvecanbeusedtodeterminethecolumnsmomentstrength atthesectioninquestion. 4. CalculatetheTransverseRebarforConfinementHoops: Thisrequirementisbasedonthefactthataconcretecoreconfinedbyrebarincreasesthe ultimatecompressivestrainoftheconcrete,henceincreasingtheductilityofthesection. - Determinethelengthoftheconfinementzone,l0fromthebottomofthecolumnwhereit meetstheslab,andfromthetopofthecolumnbutbeginningfromthebeamssoffit.Ifthe lengthofthecolumnbetweenthesesections(i.e.theclearheight)ish, l0isthelargerofh/6,thedepthofthememberatthejointface,or450mm. Carrytheconfinementrebarthroughthebeamregionandthebeamcolumnjoint. - Calculatethecrosssectionalareaofconfinementrebarrequired:

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 Ifrectangularconfinementrebaroftotalcrosssectionalarea,Ash,istobeusedthenforeach directionofthecolumn: Assumeabarsizeandlongitudinalspacing,s.Checkthatitiswithinthefollowinglimits: smaxisthesmallestof: smax=b/4 =6xdiameterofsmallestlongitudinalrebar sx=100+((350hx)/3)100mm<sx<150mm wherehxisthemaximumhorizontalspacingofhooporcrosstielegsonall facesofthecolumn. Trydifferentcombinationsofconfinementrebarsizeandlongitudinalspacing,s,untilthe followingequationsaresatisfied.Notethatadditionalcrosstiesaretypicallyrequiredto satisfytheequations. Usethelargerof: Ash=0.3shc((Ag/Ach)1)(fc/fyh) Ash=0.09shc(fc/fyh) where, Ach=crosssectionalareaofthecolumncoremeasuredouttooutofthe transversereinforcement hc=crosssectionaldimensionofthecolumncoremeasuredcentretocentre oftheconfiningreinforcement fyh=yieldstrengthoftheconfinementrebar Placetheconfinementrebarisaccordancewiththefollowingwhere X<350mm.

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6db>75mm

6db extension

Crossties

5.

CalculatetheTransverseRebarforShear: Calculatetheultimateseismicshearinthehinge,Vuas Vu=2Mu/l Wherelisthecolumnsclearspan.Usethecolumnsstrengthinteractionchartanddetermine Muasthemomentstrengthatthebalancepoint. Muneednotexceedthebeammomentstransferredtothecolumngiventheequilibriumofthe beamcolumnjoint. CalculateVs: Vs=VuVc whereVc=2fcbd Calculatethestirrupspacing,s: Selectastirruprebarsizeandfyandcalculateitscrosssectionalareafor 2legs,Av s=Avfyd/Vs Thesameconfinementrebartypicallyexceedstheshearresistancerequirement.Butareas outsidetheconfinementmayrequirechecking. CalculatetheRebarSpliceLengths.

6.

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 SEISMICDESIGNOFSTEELSPECIALDUCTILEMOMENTRESISTINGFRAMES Thefollowingcalculationsaresuitableinthecasewhere: (1)ThebeamsandcolumnsareofhotrolledIsectionmembers (2)Thecolumnsarelaterallybracedbybeamswithendplates (3)Thesectionsareuniformalongthebeamslength (4)Therearenotanycolumnorsimilarloadswithinthebeamsspan Step1.SelectBeamSizes: Thisstepistypicallycontrolledbythedrift(i.e.stiffness)requirements.Nevertheless,also compareagainstsizesobtainedasyouwouldinthenonseismiccasebutincludingtheMandV fromtheseismicloadcases.Usethelargerofthetwo. Step2. CheckBeamforLocalBucklingStability: Beamflangesb/t,maxps=0.3(E/Fy);beamswebh/tw,maxps=2.45(E/Fy).Note:b/t= bflange/(2tflange);redostep1ifcheckfails. Step3.CheckUnbracedLengthofBeamFlanges: Theunbracedlengthofthebeammustbe0.086ryE/Fy. Note:Itistypicaltousecompositedeckflooringinwhichcasetheunbracedbeamlengthisthe spacingofthesecondarybeamssupportingthefloor. Step4.DetermineMinimumRequiredColumnSize: UsefactoredloadsoranalysisresultsfortheD+L+Eloadcase. Assumelocationofbeamplastichingeis1.6timesbeamtotaldepthfromthecolumncenter line,ie.x=1.6db M*pc/M*pb1 (1) M*pb=(1.1RyMp+Mv) (2) Ry=1.5forASTMA36Mbut1.1forASTMA572M;Mp=plasticmomentofbeam=ZFy Mv=Vpx Vp=2Mp/(L2x)+w(L2x)/2,whereListhebeamslengthtothecolumnscenterlines,andwis thefactoredgravityloadonthebeam(forceperunitlength). (3) M*pc=(ZcFyc),wherecreferstothecolumn. WithZcastheunknown,substitute(3)and(2)into(1)andsolveforZc;selectanappropriate sectionfromthetable. Step5.Checkthecolumnforlocalbuckingstability: Columnflangesb/t,maxps=0.3(E/Fy);columnwebh/tw,maxps=61.06 Step6.CheckcolumnstrengthundereachoffactoredD+L+E,andD+Lloadcases: Typically,thebeamhencecolumnsizesarecontrolledbythedriftrequirementsratherthanthe demandtocapacityratiosforthedesignactionsM,P,V.Nevertheless,stillchecktheunity equationsatcriticalsections.c=0.85;b=0.90

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 Calculatec=1.1L(Fy/E)/(ry),Listhecolumnlengthbetweenthebeams,andletY=c2. CalculateFcr=0.658YxFy cPn=cFcrA P/cPn0.4,theninthefollowing,usetheoverstrengthfactor0inthedeterminationofthe designP. IfP/cPn<0.2: CheckP/(2cPn)+(Mz/bMnz)+(My/bMny)whichmustbe1.Ifnot,chooseacolumn sectionwithlargerZ. IfP/Pn0.2 CheckP/(cPn)+8/9[(Mz/bMnz)+(My/bMny)]whichmustbe1 IntheseequationsPistheappliedfactoredaxialload,Mzistheappliedfactoredmomentinthe columnmajoraxisdirection,andMnzisthecolumnmomentstrength=ZcFyc. Step7.Checkthebeamcolumnpanelzone: Assumingthatthecolumnaxialload,P0.75Pc(=FyAgg),calculatethepanelzonenominalshear strength,Rvas(imperialunits) x Lc Mp Mf Rv=0.6Fydctp[1+3bcftcf2/(dbdctp)]wheredcistheoverallcolumndepth,tpisthe thicknessofthepanelzoneincludingdoublerplates, bcfisthewidthofthecolumnflange,tcfisthethicknessof thecolumnflange,anddbistheoverallbeamdepth. Selecttpsothat Rv=Ru whereRuistheultimateappliedpanelsheardetermined asfollows: Ru=SMf/(dbtfb) whereMfisthemomentatthecolumnfacedetermined byprojectingtheexpectedmomentattheplastichinge pointstothecolumnfaces.HenceMf=RyFyZ[Lc/(Lc2x)] Ifadoublerplateisrequiredinordertoachievethecalculatedrequiredpanelzonethickness,tp, thentheplate(s)mustbeplugweldedtothecolumnwebif,foreithertheplateorweb,

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 t>(dz+wz)/90 wheredzisthedepthofthepanelzonebetweenthe continuityplates,andwzisthewidthofthepanelzone betweenthecolumnflanges

Thisisneededtoavoiddiagonalcompressionbucklingoftheplate. NoteonBoltedSeismicConnectionConfiguration

Beamtocolumnconnectionsusedintheseismiclateralloadresistingsystemshallsatisfythefollowing 3requirements: 1. Theconnectionshallbecapableofsustaininganinterstorydriftangle(interstorylateral displacementdividedbystoryheight)of0.04radians. 2. Themeasuredflexuralresistanceoftheconnection,determinedatthecolumnface,shallequal atleast0.8Mpoftheconnectedbeamataninterstorydriftangleof0.04radians. 3. Therequiredshearstrengthoftheconnectionshallbedeterminedusingthefollowingquantity fortheearthquakeloadeffect:E=2(1.1RyMp/Lh);Ryistheratioofexpectedtominimum specifiedyieldstress,andLhisthedistancebetweenthebeamsplastichinges. ThefollowingisafreewebsitewithcomprehensivedataonAmericansteelsections http://www.structuraldraftingnetexpert.com/steelbeam.html.

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