This elements need to be present in a language classroom to help students learn effectively.

Engage:

this is the point in a teaching sequence where teachers try to arouse the students interest, thus involving their emotions. Activities and materials which frequently engage students include: Games Music Discussions Stimulating pictures Dramatic stories Amusing anecdotes, etc. When students are engaged, they learn better than when they are partly or wholly disengaged.

means any stage at which the construction of language is the main focus. Study activities are those where the students are asked to focus in on language and how it is constructed. Some typical areas for study might be: The study and practice of the vowel sound in ship and sheep

Study:

 The study and practice of the third person singular of the present simple The study and practice of inviting patterns The study and practice of the way we use pronouns in written discourse The study and practice of paragraph organization The study of the rules for using make and do Activated: this element describes exercises and activities which are designed to get students using language as freely and communicatively as they can. Some examples are: Role- plays Advertisement design Debates and discussions Describe and draw Story and poem writing Writing in groups, etc. These ESA elements need to be present in most lessons or teaching sequences.

ESA Straight Arrows sequence

Three different lesson sequences which contain the ESA elements: Boomerang lessons: The diagram for boomerang lessons represents this procedure in the following way.

In this sequence the teacher is answering the needs of the students. Patchwork lessons: many lessons are a mixture of procedures and mini-procedures, a variety of short episodes building up to a whole.

EAASASEA (etc.) Patchwork sequence

 Straight arrow lessons: This consists of the teacher following the sequence Engage, Study and Activate. This is the best format for the teacher who knows the students needs. Allowing the teacher to take the students to a logical point where they can use the language.

In more recent times, there have been five teaching models which have had a strong influence on classroom practice and which teachers and trainers still refer to. Grammar translation Audio-lingualism PPT Task-Based Learning Communicative Language Teaching