Quantitative Analysis

Quantitative analysis involves the identification of substance or species present in a material Ex-Determination of lead ion in sample of water. Quantitative Analysis Quantitative analysis involves the determination of the amount of substance or species present in material. Example: Determination of the amount of lead in a sample of water. (0.067 mg lead/g)

Gravimetric Analysis
Gravimetric analysis is a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of species in a material is determined by converting the species to a product that can be isolated and weighed. Precipitation reactions are frequently used in gravimetric analysis. Amount of lead (Pb+2) in drinking water Pb+2 + Na2SO4 PbSO4 + Na+ Amount of Pb+2 determined by precipitated amount of PbSO4. A chemist added an excess of sodium sulfate to a solution of a soluble barium compound to precipitate all of the barium ion as barium sulfate, BaSO4. How many grams of barium ion are in a 458 mg sample of the barium compound if a solution of the sample gave 513 mg BaSO4 precipitate? What is the mass percentage of barium in the compound? Ans: 0.302 g; 65.9% 1. A soluble iodide was dissolved in water. Then an excess of silver nitrate, AgNO3, was added to precipitate all of the iodide ion as silver iodide,AgI. If 1.545 of the soluble iodide gave 2.185 g of silver iodide how may grams of iodine are in the sample of soluble iodide? What is the mass percentage of iodine, I, in the compound? Ans: Do your selves 2. Copper has compounds with copper(I) ion or copper(II) ion. A compound of copper and chlorine was treated with a solution of silver nitrate, AgNO3, to convert the chloride ion in the compound to a precipitate of AgCl. A 59.40 mg sample of the copper compound gave 86.00 mg AgCl. a. Calculate the percentage of chlorine in the copper compound. b. Decide whether the formula of the compound is CuCl or CuCl2. Ans: (a) 35.81 % 3. (b) CuCl Gold has compounds containing gold (I) ion or gold(III) ion. A compound of gold and chlorine was treated with a solution of silver nitrate, AgNO3, to convert the chloride ion in the compound to a precipitate of AgCl. A 162.7 mg sample of the gold compound gave 100.3 mg AgCl. a. Calculate the percentage of the chlorine in the gold compound. b. Decide whether the formula of the compound is AuCl or AuCl3. Ans: Do your selves

Volumetric Analysis
Titration is a procedure for determining the amount of substance A by adding a carefully measured volume of a solution with known Conc. of B untill the reaction of A and B is just complete. Question: A flask contains a solution with an unknown amount of HCl. The solution is titrated with 0.20 M NaOH. It takes 4.74 ml NaOH to complete the reaction. What is the mass of the HCl. Meq. of HCl = Meq. of NaOH (wt./36.5) 1000 = 0.20 4.47

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

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By: Shailendra Kumar

Titration

Acid-Base Titration
Titration is a chemical process in which the unknown strength of solution is measured by known strength of another solution. or A procedure in which one solution is added to another solution until the chemical reaction between the two solute is complete usually the concentration of one solution is known and the other is unknown.

End Point

The stage during titration at which completion of reaction indicated by an indicator known as end point. Indicator indicate completion of reaction by change of color. It gives rough result.

Equivalent Point The stage during titration at which completion of reaction indicated by Ph meter. It gives completely accurate result. At this point meq of acid is equal to meq base. Standard solution A solution of known strength is called standard solution. Standardization is a process by which one determines the concentration of solution by measuring accurately the volume of solution repaired to react with exactly known amount of primary standard. The standardized solution is then know as secondary standard. The Properties Of An Ideal Primary Standard Includes The Following: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) It must not react with or absorb the components of the atmosphere. Such as water, vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide. It must react according to one invariable reaction. It must have high percentages purity. It should have high formula weight to minimize the effect of error in weighting. It must be soluble in the solvent of interest. It should be nontoxic. Primary standard are often costly and difficult to prepare, secondary standard are used in dayto-day work. Examples of primary standard (a) (b) Na2CO3 for acid KHP (Potassium hydrogen Phthalate) for base Acid-base titration are an example of volumetric analyses, a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another. The solution used to carry out the analysis is called the titrant and is delivered from a device called a buret, which measures the volume accurately. The point in the titration at which enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance being determined is called the equivalence point of the stoichiometric point. The following requirements must be met for a titration to be successful: (1) (2) (3) (4) The concentration of the titrant must be known. Such a titrant is called a standard solution. The exact reaction between titration and substance being analyzed must be known. The stoichiometric (equivalent) point must be known. An indicator that changes color at, of very near, the stoichiometric point is often used. The point at which the indicator changes color is called the endpoint. The goal is to choose and indicator whose end point coincides with the stoichiometric point. An indicator very commonly used for acid-base titrations is phenolphthalein, which is colorless in acid and turns pink at the end point when an acid is titrated with a base The volume of titrant required to reach the stoichiometric point must be known as accurately as possible. Page No.: 2

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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

By: Shailendra Kumar