Resumo de Todo Um Curso de Ingles

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Resumo Curso de Ingls

Present Simple
Positive I You We He They She It Question I Do you we he they she it
Verb example work.
Negative I You We He They She It dont (do not)
Verb example
work. doesnt (does not)
works.
Verb example
Short answer Yes, No, I you we he they she it do. dont. does. doesnt.
work?
Yes, No,
Does
Use Long-term situations
Examples I live in Madrid. Where does she work?
Habits and routines
I travel to work by car. How often do you play golf?
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Feelings and opinions
She doesnt like her work. I agree with you.
Facts
The journey takes 30 minutes. It costs $ 15.
Question words
Where do you live? What do you do at weekends? When do they take their holiday? Which magazine does James write for? How do you travel to work? How often do you make business trips? Whose book is this? Who (*Whom) do you visit in London? Who arrives at work first?
In Rome. I usually play golf. In July or August. Wine and Dine. By car. About twice a month. Its mine. I visit my sister. Anna does.
* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.
Present Continuous
Positive
Verb example
Negative
Verb example
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I He She You It We They Positive Am Is Are
m (am) s (is) working. re (are)
I He She You It We They Verb example
m not (am not) isnt (is not) arent (are not)
working.
Short answer Yes, No, Yes, No, I he she you it we they am. m not. is. isnt. are. arent.
I he she you it we they
working?
Yes, No,
Use Actions happening now
Examples Hes talking on the phone at the moment. Theyre having lunch with a customer.
Temporary situations or actions
Jeans are selling well this season. Im not travelling on business this month. Which hotel are you staying at?
- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).
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Past Simple
Positive I You He She It We They started yesterd ay rang*
Negative I You He She It We They didnt (did not)
Start ring*
yesterday.
Question I You He Did She It We They start ring* yesterd ay?
Short answer Yes, I You He She No, It We They didnt. did.
* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.
Use
Examples
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Finished situations and actions in the past
I lived in Rome for two years. He flew to America last week. They didnt come to the party. Where did you spend your last holiday?
- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like yesterday, last week, an hour ago.
- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in ed. A dictionary tells you when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the y changes to I (Group 4).
Work Group 1 worked Live Group 2 lived Stop Group 3 stopped Study Group 4 studied
Play played Smile smiled Travel travelled Worry worried
Wait waited Close closed Plan planned Try tried
- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we pronounce the ed ending as / id / See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
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Form
Adjective Comparative long longer fewer hotter
Superlative longest the fewest hottest
One syllable
few hot
Two syllable s Ending in -y
easy happy
easier the happier
easiest happiest
famous Two or more syllable s crowded expensive more
famous crowde d expens ive the most
famous crowded expensive
good Irregula r Adjectiv es bad
better worse the
best worst most least farthest / furthest
much/many more little far less farther / further
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Use We use than after a comparative adjective. Much can come before the comparative to add emphasis.
Examples London is bigger than Paris. He is much younger than his brother. Tokyo is much more expensive than Rome.
We use the before a superlative adjective. As as shows something is the same or equal. Not as as shows something isnt the same or equal.
Camary Wharf is the tallest building in London. Greece is as sunny as Spain. I am as happy as you are. Italy isnt as big as France.
- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant double the consonant:
Adjective Big Fat
Comparative Bigger Fatter
Superlative Biggest fattest
- This doesnt happen when the consonant is w or y:
Adjective New Grey
Comparative Newer Greyer
Superlative Newest greyest
Mass and Count nouns eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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Mass nouns
Use Mass nouns have no plural form. We do not use a or an with them. We use them with a singular verb form.
Examples They want some information. I dont like music This machinery is expensive.
Count nouns
Use Count nouns have a singular and plural form. We use them with a and an. We use them with singular and plural verb forms. Some nouns are both mass and count.
Examples This machine is expensive. Did you have a good trip? These machines are expensive.
Mass / Count nouns
Use
Examples
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Mass (general meaning)
James writes about wine. She has a lot of experience of the travel industry.
Count (specific meaning)
Hes writing a book about the wines of Italy. I had some amusing experiences on my last holiday.
some, any, a lot of, much, many
some
Use With mass and count nouns in positive sentences In offers and requests
Examples I bought some tea. She made some appointments. Would you like some coffee? Could I have some information?
any
Use With mass and count nouns in negative sentences in questions
Examples I didnt buy any apples. He didnt spend any money. Did they give you any help? Do you have any questions?
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a lot of / lots of
Use With mass and count nouns in positive sentences
Examples Theres a lot of traffic today. There are a lot of cars in the city centre. Lots of people go jogging in the park.
much
Use With mass nouns in negative sentences, and in questions
Examples We havent got much luggage. I dont have much time. How much paper do you need?
many
Use With count nouns in negative sentences, and in questions
Examples We havent got many suitcases. She didnt have many meetings. How many people did you invite?
In positive sentences
Many people are on holiday this week.
- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots of is more common than many.
- We can use a lot of / lots of in negative sentences and in questions. eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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- Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English.
Present Perfect Simple
Positive I You We He They She It Question I Have you we he Has they she it ve (have) s (has)
Verb examples arrived. begun.
Negative I You We He They She It havent (have not) hasnt (has not)
Verb examples
arrived. begun.
Verb examples
Short answer Yes, No, I you we he they she it
Verb examples have. havent. has. hasnt.
arrived? begun? Yes, No,
Use Finished experiences in your life up to now
Examples Shes lived in China and Japan. Hes had experience of marketing Have you ever been to Brazil?
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Recent situations and actions in a time up to now
Weve reduced prices. Corporate business has increased significantly. Have you had a holiday this year?
Situations that started in the past and still continue
Hes been an architect since 1992. Shes had a translation agency for ten years. How long have you known her?
Past actions in a time up to now where we give the quantity
Shes designed a lot of fashion items for Burberrys. How many letters have you written?
- gone to or been to? Anns gone to New York, means shes in New York now, or shes on her way there. Anns been to New York, means shes not in New York now. Her visit is over.
- contracted forms In spoken English, we usually say Ive, youre, hes, etc. In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he has, etc.
- For information on yet, just, already, see page 33. See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Present Perfect Continuous
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Positive I You We They He She It s (has) ve (have) been working.
Negative I You We They He She It hasnt (has not) havent (have not) been working.
Question I Have you we he Has they she it been working?
Short answer Yes, No, Yes, No, I you we he they she it have. havent. has. hasnt.
Use Actions that began in the past and continue to the present
Examples Weve been producing pens since the 1980s. Hes been living here for five years. How long have you been learning English?
Actions that began in the past and have just stopped
You look very tired. Have you been working? Im hot because Ive been running.
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- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in meaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are more interested in the action or its result. Ive been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.) Ive fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.)
- We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long. Theyve been interviewing people since 10 a.m. Shes been writing letters all morning. We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many. Theyve interviewed nine people. Shes written five letters.
for and since
Use
Examples
Use With a point in time
Examples Since Tuesday, 8 August, 4 oclock, last summer, 1982...
With a period For of time three days, five hours, a month, ten minutes, ages
Future: going to
Positive I He She You It m (am) s (is) re going to begin.
Negative I He She It eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com m not (am not) isnt (is not)
going to begin.
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(are)
We They Question Am Is
You We
arent (are not)
They Short answer I he she it you going to begin? Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, he she you it we they I am. m not. is. isnt. are. arent.
Are
we they
Use Future plans, intentions, and decisions
Examples Were going to buy a new car soon. When are you going to have a holiday? Im not going to have lunch today.
Future actions we feel certain about because of what we can see now.
The skys very dark. Im sure its going to rain. Look out! That cars going to hit you!
- With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous. Im going on holiday soon. Are they coming by car on Saturday?
Future: Present Continuous
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For Present Continuous form see page 02.
Use Fixed future arrangements
Examples Im flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m. tomorrow. When is the President arriving? Im not playing golf this weekend.
Future: will
Positive I You He She It We They ll (will)
Verb example
Negative I You He wont (will not)
Verb example
arrive.
She It We They
arrive.
Question I
Verb example arrive?
Short answer I
Verb example
Will
Yes,
will.
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You He She No, It We They
You He She It We They wont (will not).
Use Future facts and predictions
Examples The new hotel will cost $ 10 million. The construction work wont start until next year. How many jobs will there be?
Decisions made at the time of speaking
Ill give you the report today. Hold on a minute. Ill write down your phone number.
Zero Conditional
If + Present Simple + Present Simple
Positive If I read too much, I get a headache
Negative If I didnt read too much, I didnt get a headache.
Question
Negative
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You get a headache if you read too much?
Yes, I get. No, I dont get.
1st Conditional
If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to)
Positive If they offer me the job, Ill accept it.
Negative If you dont study more, youll fail your exam. They wont visit us if theyre very busy. If they dont leave now, they wont arrive on time.
Well have a lot of work if we get the contract.
Question
Negative
Will you buy a new car if you have Yes, I will. the money? No, he wont. If you ask him, will he tell you? What will he do if his plane arrives late?
Use Future possibilities and their results
Examples If the proposal becomes a reality, it will revolutionize train travel in Europe. If the weather is bad, the train will arrive before the plane.
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- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. If the meeting is successful, well sign the contract. Well sign the contract if the meeting is successful.
- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if. When he returns from the USA, hell contact you. (We know he will return.) Well leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish the work.)
2nd Conditional
If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to)
Positive If I had more time, I'd travel more.
Negative If he didnt earn so much, he wouldn't spend so much. I wouldn't invest in that company if I were you.
He'd understand the reason if you explained it.
Question
Negative
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Would you stop work if you won $ 1 million? Would he work abroad if he got the chance? If you had six months off work, how would you spend the time?
Yes, I would. No, he wouldn't. -
Use Unlikely or unreal situations and their probable results
Examples If public transport were free, there would be fewer cars in the city centres. If I were the Transport Minister, I would increase petrol prices.
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari. I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.
- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if clause, especially in a more informal style. If it was less expensive, he would buy it.
- Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can. When she lived in Paris, she could visit the Louvre at any time. (Past) We could make some of the money if we charged motorists. (Conditional)
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- The Past tense does not refer to past time in a conditional sentence. If refers to an unreal situation. If I were the Transport Minister... (but I'm not).
3rd Conditional
If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle
Positive If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
Negative If I had known that day we had a test, I wouldnt have spent the night drinking.
Question Would you have passed the exam if you had studied?
Negative Yes, I would have. No, I wouldnt have.
Use Criticizing people, pointing out their mistakes or expressing regret about the past.
Examples If I had known, I would have gone to visit you.
Modal verbs Can Coul May d Migh Shal Shoul Will would Must t l d Mustn't Needn't
Modal verbs add extra meaning to the main verb. eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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Use Necessity Prohibition No necessity Advice Examples
He must have a visa. He mustn't leave without paying. You needn't make an appointment. You should always be punctual. You shouldn't use first names.
Possibility
Paperwork can take a long time. Your host may invite you to his home. I might be late.
Use Permission
Examples Can I use your phone? Could I interrupt you for a moment? May I borrow your car?
Ability
Can you speak Spanish? She could swim when she was three.
Requests
Could you repeat that, please? Will you post this letter for me? Would you type this letter, please?
Offers
Would you like a drink? Shall I call a taxi for you?
- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't add -s to the 3rd person singular of a modal verb. I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late. He can speak German.
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- We don't use to after modal verbs. I must to go now.
- To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. We don't use don't and doesn't. He can't/cannot speak Japanese. You mustn't/must not drive on the right in the UK. She may not arrive before you leave.
- We can't add -n't to may. She mayn't arrive before you leave.
- We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question. Should I confirm the booking by letter?
- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and making suggestions. Shall I close the door? What shall we do? Shall we go to the park?
- We can use have to for necessity. I have to work overtime sometimes. We can use don't have to when there is no necessity. I don't have to work on Saturdays.
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The Passive
Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle (produced/built/grown, etc.)
Positive Coffee is grown in Brazil. The company was founded in 1970. Vines have been grown in this area for over 2000 years.
Negative Cigarette advertising isn't allowed in cinemas. Prices weren't increased last year. A decision hasnt been made yet.
Question Are Peugeot cars made in France? Were the goods delivered on time? Has the factory been built yet? How is champagne produced? When will it be finished? How long has this method been used? Use
Short answer Yes, they are. No, they weren't. Yes, it has. -
Examples
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Use Examples
We use the Passive when the Active person or thing that does the The architect IM Pei designed the action isn't important, or Louvre Pyramid in Paris. when we don't know who does it. If we want to say who does or did the action we use by. Passive The Louvre Pyramid in Paris was designed by IM Pei.
Prepositions of time Month/season/year/century June In Winter 1996 The 21st century
Part of the day The morning In The afternoon The evening
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Day/date Tuesday 6 December Easter Monday On Christmas Day Friday morning
Wednesday evenings.
Time/meal time Six o'clock At Lunch time Midnight
Period of two or three days The weekend At Christmas Easter
Prepositions of place and direction
preposition use above higher than sth. from one side to the other side
examples The picture hangs above my bed. You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the ohsepoa@gmail.com
across
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river. after one follows the other directed towards sth. in a line; from one point to another in a group in a circular way at the back of
The cat ran after the dog. After you. The bird flew against the window.
against
along
They're walking along the beach.
among around behind
I like being among people. We're sitting around the campfire. Our house is behind the supermarket. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level. Our house is beside the supermarket. Our house is between the supermarket and the school. He lives in the house by the river. Our house is close to the supermarket. He came down the hill.
below
lower than sth.
beside
next to sth./sb. is on each side near near from high to low
between by close to down from
the place where it Do you come from Tokyo? starts Our house is in front of the supermarket. You shouldn't stay inside the ohsepoa@gmail.com
the part that is in front of in the direction it faces inside opposite of
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outside into near next to off onto opposite out of outside over past round entering sth. close to beside away from sth. moving to a place on the other side leaving sth. castle.
You shouldn't go into the castle. Our house is near the supermarket. Our house is next to the supermarket. The cat jumped off the roof. The cat jumped onto the roof. Our house is opposite the supermarket. The cat jumped out of the window.
opposite of inside Can you wait outside? above sth./sb. going near sth./sb. in a circle The cat jumped over the wall. Go past the post office. We're sitting round the campfire.
through
going from one You shouldn't walk through the point to the other forest. point
to
towards sth./sb.
I like going to Australia. Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa. They walk towards the castle. The cat is under the table. He went up the hill. ohsepoa@gmail.com
towards under up
in the direction of sth. below sth. from low to high
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Irregular verbs
Present awake be bear beat become begin bend beset bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build burn
Past awoke was, were bore beat became began bent beset bet bid/bade bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt
Past Participle awoken been born beat become begun bent beset bet bid/bidden bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt
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burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw dream drive drink eat fall feed feel fight find
burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived/dove did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drank ate fell fed felt fought found
burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen fed felt fought found
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fit flee fling fly forbid forget forego (forgo) forgive forsake freeze get give go grind grow hang hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit
fit fled flung flew forbade forgot forewent forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit
fit fled flung flown forbidden forgotten foregone forgiven forsaken frozen gotten given gone ground grown hung heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit
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know lay lead leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet misspell mistake mow overcome overdo overtake overthrow pay plead prove
knew laid led leaped/lept learned/learnt left lent let lay lighted/lit lost made meant met misspelled/misspelt mistook mowed overcame overdid overtook overthrew paid pled proved
know laid led leaped/lept learned/learnt left lent let lain lighted lost made meant met misspelled/misspelt mistaken mowed/mown overcome overdone overtaken overthrown paid pled proved/proven
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put quit read rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show
put quit read rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved shore shed shone shoed shot showed
put quit read rid ridden rung risen run sawed/sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewed/sewn shaken shaved/shaven shorn shed shone shoed/shod shot showed/shown
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shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slay slide sling slit smite sow speak speed spend spill spin spit split spread spring stand steal stick
shrank shut sang sank sat slept slew slid slung slit smote sowed spoke sped spent spilled/spilt spun spit/spat split spread sprang/sprung stood stole stuck
shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slain slid slung slit smitten sowed/sown spoken sped spent spilled/spilt spun spit split spread sprung stood stolen stuck
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sting stink stride strike string strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread understand uphold upset wake
stung stank strod struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived/throve threw thrust trod understood upheld upset woke
stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swelled/swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived thrown thrust trodden understood upheld upset woken
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wear weave wed weep wind win withhold withstand wring write
wore weaved/wove wed wept wound won withheld withstood wrung wrote
worn weaved/woven wed wept wound won withheld withstood wrung written
SOCIAL ENGLISH
Meeting people
Introductions
May/Can I introduce myself? My name's... (James Turner for example). I'm... (Monique Bresson).
May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine? This is... (Roberto Angelini).
Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)? eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini).
I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White).
How do you do. Pleased to meet you. Please call me... (Luigi).
How do you do. Pleased to meet you, too. Then you must call me... (Monique).
Greetings
Hello,... (Roberto). Good/Nice to see you again.
How are you? How are things? How's the family?
Fine, thanks. And you? Not too bad, thanks. Very well, thank you.
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
- We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as a greeting.
Goodbyes
I must go now.
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We really must leave now. I must be off.
It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too. Have a good trip/journey/flight. I hope to see you again. Thank you... (and the same to you). I hope so, too.
I look forward to... (seeing you again). I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting).
See you on the (first July)/next week/soon. Have a good... trip back/flight back.
Telephoning
Making contact
Hello. This is... (James Turner)
Is that... (Monique Bresson)? Yes, speaking. I'd like to speak to... (Mr. Brown). Could I speak to... (Manfred Weiss)? Who's calling, please? May I know who's calling, please?
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I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you).
Hold the line, please.
I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment. I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present. I'm afraid... (she) isn't here.
Leaving a message
Can I... take a message? Can I... leave a message?
Could you take a message? Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)? Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called?
Could you spell... (your name), please? What's your number, please?
Welcoming a visitor
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Did you have a good journey? How was your flight? The journey here Did you have any problems finding us? How did you get here? Are you here on business?
What do you do? Work Where do you work? What are you working on currently?
The weather
What was the weather like in... (London)?
Do you travel a lot? Which countries do you visit? Travel and holidays Where did you spend... (your last holiday)?
Where do you live? The visitor Which part of the country/city is that?
What do you think of... (the new airport)? First impressions Is this your first visit to... (Barcelona)? How long are you here for?
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What do you do at the weekends? Sports and leisure Do you play any sports?
What's the latest news on... (the election)? News Is there any news about... (the conference)?
Staying at a hotel
Booking a hotel
I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April.
Arriving at a hotel
I have a reservation.
Making requests
I'd like a room, please. Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30? Could I have my bill, please? Can I pay by credit card?
At a restaurant
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Recommending What do you recommend? The... (seafood) is usually excellent here. I recommend the... (chicken).
Ordering I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).
I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork).
Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)?
Offering Do have some more... (prawns). What about... (dessert)? How about... (some strawberries)? Would you like... (a coffee)?
Accepting Yes, I'd like that. Yes, that would be very nice.
Declining Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more.
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No, thank you.
Thanking and responding
Thank you for a really excellent meal. Thank you for a lovely evening.
Don't mention it.
I enjoyed it very much, too.
Making arrangements
Making an appointment
would be convenient for you? When What time could we meet? are you free? would suit you?
Shall we say... (next Tuesday)? Is... (9.30) possible for you? How about... (Friday)? What about... (the afternoon)?
Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine.
Yes, that's fine.
Yes, I can make it on... (Friday). No, I'm afraid I've got another appointment then.
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I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday). See you... (next week).
Changing an appointment I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday). I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow). Could we arrange another time?
Opinions and suggestions What do you think about... (the design)? Asking for opinions What's your opinion of... (the quality)? How do you feel about... (the price)?
I agree. Agreeing I certainly agree with that. I agree completely.
Do you have any suggestions for... (the agenda)? Asking for suggestions Any ideas on... (the parking problem)?
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I suggest... (we meet at the hotel). How about... (going by plane)? What about... (giving a talk)? Making suggestions Why don't we... (have a meeting)? Why not... (finish with a party)? We could... (arrange a tennis tournament).
In my opinion... (it's excellent). Giving opinions I think... (it's rather expensive).
I'm afraid I don't agree. Disagreeing I'm sorry, but I disagree.
Yes, that's a good idea. Accepting suggestions Yes, let's do that.
Yes, but... (it's too far away). Rejecting Suggestions I'm not sure about that. I'm afraid I don't like that idea.
Invitations I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner with me). Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)? Inviting Would you like to... (come swimming)? Why don't you... (have lunch with us)? How about... (joining us)?
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Thank you. I'm delighted to accept. Accepting Thank you. I'd love to. Thank you. I'd enjoy that.
I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't). Declining Thanks a lot but... (I've made another arrangement).
Offers Shall I... (open the window)? Do you want me to... (post the letter for you)? If you like, I can... (give you some help). Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)?
Offering
Yes, please. Thank you. Accepting That's very kind of you. Thank you. I'd appreciate that.
Thanks, but please don't bother. Thanks, but that won't be necessary. Declining That's very kind of you, but... (I can manage).
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Requests
Can you... (come tomorrow)? Could you... (write her a letter)? Would you... (book the hotel)? Requesting Do you think you could... (check it)? Would you mind... (checking it)? Do you mind... (checking it)?
Yes, of course. Yes, certainly. Agreeing Not at all. No, of course not.
I think that will be difficult... (there isn't enough time). I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy). Refusing I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'm leaving now). I'm afraid not.
Asking for information I'd like some information about... (fights to Paris). I'd like to know... (how long it takes). Asking Do you know... (when the train arrives)? Can/could you tell me... (how often the trains leave)?
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I see. Showing understanding Right, I've got that.
So,... (the next train's in half an hour)
Let me check. Checking I'll look that up.
Asking for repetition
Could you repeat that, please? Could you say that again?
Apologizing
I'm afraid I don't have any information about... (domestic flights).
Social responses
Thanking Thanks for all your help. Thank you for your advice. Don't mention it. Not at all. You're welcome. (US)
Apologizing Sorry I'm late. I'm sorry. I've broken a glass. It doesn't matter. Don't worry. Never mind.
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Asking for repetition
Sorry? Pardon? Could you repeat that, please? I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).
Asking and giving permission May I sit here? Could I use your phone? Do you mind if I open the window? Yes, of course. Please do. Yes, certainly. No, not at all.
Refusing permission Could I borrow your car? Do you mind if I smoke? Sorry, but I need it. Well, I'd rather you didn't.
Giving and passing things Have you got the tickets? Could you pass the bread, please? Yes, here they are. Yes, here you are.
Expressing surprise eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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Theyve got six children now. Really!
Responding to good news I've passed my final exams! Congratulations! That's great!
Responding to bad news I failed my driving test. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.
Responding to good wishes Have a good weekend. I hope you enjoy your holiday. Thanks. You too. Thanks, and the same to you.
Saying goodbye
Thanking for hospitality Thank you for inviting us. for everything. very much for your hospitality. We've had a wonderful time. It was really enjoyable. I really appreciate it. Everything was great.
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Thanks a lot.
Responding to thanks I'm glad you could come. enjoyed it. found it interesting. like it.
Asking for help
Sorry, I don't understand. I don't know what... (currently) means. What does... (working knowledge) mean? What do you call this in English? How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English? Could you say that again, please? Could you repeat that, please? Could you speak more slowly, please? Could you spell that, please? Could you write that down, please?
OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
Business correspondence
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CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES 26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900
22 February 1996
Jean Paul Leclerc ZigZag SA 74, rue Jules Ferry 75116 Paris
Dear Mr Lederc
Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not replying sooner.
I am writing to inform you that I am coming to Paris on 7 March.
I would be delighted to meet you to discuss the fashion show, as you suggested.
Unfortunately, as I am flying to Rome in the afternoon, I will not be able to visit your factory, and cannot attend your company dinner in the evening.
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I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and price list as soon as possible, as I would like to show your Summer Collection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week.
I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article about fashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting.
I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if you would like any further information.
Yours sincerely
David Cunningham President
Opening Dear Sir Madam Mr... Murphy Mrs... Hobbs Miss... Young Ms... White .... George Dr... Green
- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam. For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr.
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For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or Ms. For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss or Ms. For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first name. For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.
- Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a woman is married. Making reference Thank you for With reference to Further to your telephone call today. your letter of 8 January... Your letter of 30 August,...
Apologizing I apologize for the delay. not replying sooner. I am sorry that I am not able to help you.
Explaining the reason for writing I am writing to ask you... enquire about... inform you that... confirm...
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Agreeing to requests I would be Delighted to... pleased to...
Giving bad news
I am afraid that... Unfortunately...
Requesting
I would be grateful if you could... We would appreciate it if you could... Could you possibly...?
Enclosing documents
I have pleasure in enclosing... I am enclosing... I enclose...
Referring to future contact
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meeting you next month. I look forward to receiving your reply. hearing from you soon.
Finishing Please let me know if Please contact us again if you have any questions. we can help in any way. you would like further information.
Closing Yours faithfully sincerely
Best wishes
- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours faithfully. When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use Yours sincerely. For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.
American English
This section describes some differences between American and British English. The differences are not very great, and they may vary between regions across the USA.
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have/have got To express possession, British people often say have got. British I've got a German car. Have you got a fax machine? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. British/American I have an Italian car. Do you have any children? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no difference in other tenses. When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference between American and British English.
British/American Yes, I do. No, I don't.
I have an English lesson every week. Do you have coffee for breakfast? Present Perfect/Past Simple
Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English often uses the Past Simple. British American
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British I've just finished the report. Have you seen her yet? I haven't finished the work yet. We're already met. American
I just finished the report. Did you see her yet? I didn't finish the work yet. We already met.
Dates (written) British 2.11.94 American 2 November 1994 11/2/94 November 2 1994
Dates (spoken) British She started work on the second of November, nineteen ninety-four. Prepositions British American American She started work on November second, nineteen ninety-four.
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British at the weekend five minutes past two ten minutes to six write to me meet someone stay at home Tuesday to Saturday Visit somebody American on the weekend
five minutes past/after two ten minutes to/of six write me meet with someone stay home Tuesday through Saturday visit with somebody
Vocabulary British American
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British Flat car taxi chemist's lift autumn tap ground floor motorway petrol post cinema trousers wallet railway toilet return ticket pavement tube / underground holiday American Apartment automobile cab drug store elevator fall faucet first floor freeway gas mail movie theater pants pocketbook railroad rest room
round trip ticket sidewalk subway vacation
Mathematical terms + / x 3 + 5 = 8 7 1 = 6 20 / 2 = 10 3 x 3 = 9 Three plus five is eight Seven minus one is six Twenty divided by two is ten. Three times/multiplied by three is nine.
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+ = % 3 + 5 = 8 1 + 4 = 5 75% 1/4 1/3 1/2 1 1/2
Three plus five is eight One plus four is/equals five. Seventy five per cent. A quarter A third A half One and a half
Countries and nationalities Country America (the USA) Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China The Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Nationality American Australian Austrian Belgian Brazilian Canadian Chinese Czech Danish Finnish French German Country India Ireland Italy Japan The Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Spain Nationality Indian Irish Italian Japanese Dutch Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Slovak Spanish
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Country Great Britain (UK) Greece Hungary Nationality British Greek Hungarian Country Sweden Switzerland Turkey
Nationality Swedish Swiss Turkish
Grammar timelines
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Phrasal Verbs
Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition (also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also called phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways:
VERB drop off
MEANING decline gradually
EXAMPLE The hill dropped off near the river. While doing his homework, he dropped off.
drop off(2) fall asleep
drop off(3)
stop and give Would you drop this off at the something to someone post office? cease to participate After two laps, the runner dropped out.
drop out
Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning they cannot take a direct object.
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Separable
add up (meaning: to add)
Correct: She added up the total on her calculator. Correct: She added it up on her calculator.
get around Inseparable (meaning: to evade)
Correct: She always gets around the rules. Incorrect: She always gets the rules around (This construction makes no sense in English.)
catch on Intransitive (meaning: to understand)
Correct: After I explained the math problem, she began to catch on. Incorrect: She began to catch on the math problem. (catch on cannot take a direct object in this meaning.) Correct: She began to catch on to the math problem. (the word to makes the math problem an indirect object, which is acceptable in this meaning.)
Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomatic phrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most cases the phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of each kind of phrase.
Separable
add up - add back up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to explode; destroy by explosives eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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break down - analyze; list the parts of separately break into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin; bring about - cause to happen bring off - accomplish bring on - cause bring out - publish; emphasize bring over - bring bring to - revive bring up - raise; care for from childhood brush out - brush the inside of burn down - destroy by burning burn up - consume by fire buy out - by the other person's share of a business buy up - buy the whole supply of call off - cancel; order away call up - telephone; summon for military service calm down - become calm carry on - continue carry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform carry over - carry; continue at another time or place cheer up - cause to become cheerful chew up - chew thoroughly chop up - chop into small pieces clean off - clean the surface of clean out - clean the inside of clean up - clarify; tidy clear out - clear the surface of clear up - clear the inside of close down - close permanently close up - close temporarily count in - include count out - exclude count up - calculate; count; add to a total cross out - eliminate cut off - interrupt; sever; amputate cut out - eliminate; delete cut down - reduce in quantity draw up - write; compose (a document) dress up - put clothes on; adorn dust out - dust the inside of eat up - eat completely figure out - interpret; understand figure up - compute fill in - complete (a printed form) fill out - complete (a printed form) fill up - fill completely (a container) find out - discover eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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fix up - repair; arrange in a suitable manner get across - cause to be understood give back - return give out - distribute; announce give up - surrender something hand down - deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritance hand over - yield control of hang up - suspend have on - be dressed in have over - entertain someone informally at one's home hold off - delay; restrain hold up - delay; rob; threaten with a weapon keep up - continue; keep the same pace leave out - omit let down - disappoint let out - release from confinement; make larger (in sewing) light up - light; illuminate thoroughly live down - live in such a way as to cause something to be forgotten make over - remake move over - move to the side pass out - distribute pass up - not take advantage of (as an opportunity) pass on - transmit pay back - repay pay off - discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay pick up - come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers; learn casually; initiate an association publicly play down - minimize play up - emphasize point out - indicate pull down - pull in a downward direction; raze push across - cause to be understood or accepted put off - postpone put on - dress in; deceive or fool put up - preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest quiet down - be quiet ring up - the telephone rinse off - rinse the surface of rinse out - rinse the inside of rule out - eliminate run down - trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle run off - cause to depart; reproduce mechanically save up - accumulate see through - complete; in spite of difficulties see off - accompany someone to the beginning of a trip eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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send back - send to a place where formerly located send over - send to where someone is set up - arrange show off - exhibit ostentatiously shut off - cause to cease functioning slow up - cause to move more slowly spell out - enumerate; state in detail stand up - fail to keep an appointment with sweep out - sweep the inside of take back - return; retract a statement take down - remove from a high position; write from dictation take in - understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing) take over - take; assume command of tear down - destroy tear up - tear into small pieces tell off - scold; reprimand think over - consider think through - consider from beginning to end think up - create; invent throw away - discard throw over - reject tie up - tie securely or tight tire out - cause to be exhausted touch up - repair try on - put on a garment to verify the fit try out - test turn down - refuse; lower the volume turn out - produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light) wash off - wash the surface of wash out - wash the inside of wear out - use until no longer usable; tire greatly wind up - finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machine wipe off - wipe the surface of wipe out - wipe the inside of; decimate work out - solve write down - record write out - write down every detail; spell out write up - compose; prepare (a document)
Inseparable
back out of - desert; fail to keep a promise bear down on - lean on; browbeat bear on - have to do with eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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bear up under - endure break in on - interrupt break into - interrupt call for - come to get; require care for - like; guard; supervise; maintain carry on with - continue catch up with - cover the distance between oneself and check up on - examine; verify come across - find accidentally come along with - accompany; make progress come by - find accidentally come down with - become ill with come out with - utter; produce come up with - utter; produce count on - rely on cut in on - interrupt disagree with - cause illness or discomfort to do away with - abolish do without - deprive oneself of drop in at/on - visit casually without planning drop out of - leave; quit face up to - acknowledge fall behind in - lag; not progress at required pace fall back on - use for emergency purpose fall out with - quarrel with fill in for - substitute for get ahead of - surpass; beat get around - evade; avoid get away with - do without being caught or punished get by with - manage with a minimum of effort get down to - become serious about; consider get in - enter (a vehicle) get off - descend from; leave get on - enter (a vehicle); mount get on with - proceed with get through with - terminate, finish go back on - desert; fail to keep (a promise) go for - like a great deal go in for - be interested in; participate in go on with - continue go over - review go with - harmonize with; look pleasing together go without - abstain from hang around - remain idly in the vicinity of hear from - receive a communication from hear of - learn about (sometimes accidentally) hit on - discover accidentally eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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hold on to - grasp tightly hold out against - resist keep at - persevere at keep to - persist in; continue keep up with - maintain the pace of lie down on - evade; fail to do live on - support or sustain oneself by means of live up to - maintain the standard demanded of look after - take care of look back on - remember nostalgically look down on - feel superior to look forward to - anticipate look up to - respect; admire make up for - compensate for pass on - transmit pick on - tease; bully play up to - flatter for personal advantage put up with - tolerate read up on - search out information on run against - compete against in an election run away with - leave; escape from run for - campaign for see about - consider; arrange see to - arrange; supervise settle on - decide on; choose stand for - represent; permit stand up for - support; demand stand up to - resist stick to - persist stick up for - support; defend take after - resemble talk back to - answer impolitely talk over - discuss tell on - report misbehavior to authority touch on - mention briefly turn into - become wait on - serve wait up for - not go to bed while waiting for watch out for - be careful for Intransitive back back back bear blow blow down - retreat from a position in an argument out - desert; fail to keep a promise up - move backwards up - endure in - drop in to visit unexpectedly over - pass without doing harm eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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blow up - explode; lose one's temper call up - telephone calm down - become calm carry on - continue as before; misbehave catch on - understand catch up - cover the distance between oneself and a moving goal check up - investigate check out - leave; pay one's bill cheer up - become cheerful clear out - leave clear up - become clear close down - close permanently close up - close temporarily came about - happen come along - accompany; make progress come back - return come by - visit someone in his home come out - appear; make a social debut come over - come to someone's house, to where someone is come through - succeed come to - regain consciousness cut in - interrupt die away - fade; diminish die down - fade; diminish die off/out - disappear; become extinct dress up - don fancy or unusual clothes drive back - return by car drop in - visit someone casually without planning drop out - abandon some organized activity; leave; quit drop over - visit someone casually fall behind - not progress at required pace fall off - decrease; lose weight fall through - fail; not be accomplished fill in - substitute find out - learn fly back - return by air fly over - fly to where someone is get ahead - make progress get along - have a friendly relationship get around - circulate; move about get away - escape get by - manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effort get in - enter get off - descend from leave get on - enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.) get on/along - progress; be compatible get up - rise eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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get through - finish give out - become exhausted give up - surrender; fail to finish go back - return go off - explode go on - happen; continue go out - stop burning; leave one's residence go over - go; succeed grow up - mature hang around - remain idly; dawdle hang up - replace a telephone receive on its hook hold on - grasp tightly; persevere; wait while telephoning hold out - continue to resist; persevere; persist keep on - continue keep up - maintain the required pace or standard; continue let up - diminish in intensity lie down - recline look on - be a spectator make out - progress; succeed make up - become reconciled move over - move to the side pan out - turn out well; be successful pass out - become unconscious pass on - die pick up - grow; increase pull in - arrive pull out - deport pull through - survive (barely) ride over - ride to where someone is run away - escape; leave; leave quickly without permission run down - slowly lose power so as to stop functioning run off - depart running; drain sell out - sell the ownership or responsibility settle up - pay one's bills or debts show off - boast by words or actions show up - arrive; appear unexpectedly shut up - stop talking slow up - reduce speed stand by - wait; be prepared to assist stand up - stand; rise from sitting; last; endure stay over - remain at someone's house overnight or longer step aside - move to one side take off - leave the ground take over - assume command talk back - answer impolitely throw up - vomit turn around - turn so that one is facing another direction eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
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turn in - go to bed turn out - succeed; come; appear, as at a public meeting turn up - arrive; be found unexpectedly wait up - remain awake in anticipation wake up - awaken walk back - return on foot to where one was walk over - walk to where someone is wash out - fade or disappear from washing watch out - be careful wear off - fade; disappear through use or time wear out - become unusable through use; become used up work out - be successful
The Lords prayer
Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day, our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them that trespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil. Amen
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Resumo de Todo Um Curso de Ingles

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Resumo Curso de Ingls

Positive I You We He They She It Question I Do you we he they she it

Verb example work.

Negative I You We He They She It dont (do not)

work. doesnt (does not)

Use Long-term situations

Examples I live in Madrid. Where does she work?

Habits and routines

I travel to work by car. How often do you play golf?

Feelings and opinions

She doesnt like her work. I agree with you.

The journey takes 30 minutes. It costs $ 15.

* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.

I He She You It We They Positive Am Is Are

m (am) s (is) working. re (are)

I He She You It We They Verb example

m not (am not) isnt (is not) arent (are not)

I he she you it we they

Use Actions happening now

Temporary situations or actions

Positive I You He She It We They started yesterd ay rang*

Negative I You He She It We They didnt (did not)

Question I You He Did She It We They start ring* yesterd ay?

Short answer Yes, I You He She No, It We They didnt. did.

* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.

Finished situations and actions in the past

Play played Smile smiled Travel travelled Worry worried

Wait waited Close closed Plan planned Try tried

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Adjective Comparative long longer fewer hotter

Superlative longest the fewest hottest

Two syllable s Ending in -y

easier the happier

famous Two or more syllable s crowded expensive more

famous crowde d expens ive the most

famous crowded expensive

good Irregula r Adjectiv es bad

better worse the

best worst most least farthest / furthest

much/many more little far less farther / further

Adjective Big Fat

Comparative Bigger Fatter

Superlative Biggest fattest

- This doesnt happen when the consonant is w or y:

Adjective New Grey

Comparative Newer Greyer

Superlative Newest greyest

Mass and Count nouns eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com

Mass / Count nouns

Mass (general meaning)

Count (specific meaning)

some, any, a lot of, much, many

Use With mass and count nouns in negative sentences in questions

Use With mass and count nouns in positive sentences

Use With mass nouns in negative sentences, and in questions

Use With count nouns in negative sentences, and in questions

Many people are on holiday this week.

- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots of is more common than many.

- Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English.

Present Perfect Simple

Verb examples arrived. begun.

Short answer Yes, No, I you we he they she it