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trSmpm (armifpif=u,f)/
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(yxrydkif;)
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(K.N.U.P)rS ( K.N.U)/
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jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdkwnfaqmufOD;rvJ/
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apm'dkif;eD&,fxGef;xGef; (U.S.A)
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aom Ak'<bmomrSmax&0g'Ak'<bmomjzpfonf// odk@jzpfI c&pf,mef
udk;uG,fonfv
h lrsm;rS c&pf,mef,Ofaus;rSKt& vkyfaqmif=uI Ak'<bmom
udk;uG,folrsm;uvnf; ,Ofaus;rSKt& ZmwfyGJoGif;jcif;/ bm;u|rf;upm;
jcif;/ rif;om;rif;orD;tqdktujzifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK=ujcif;wdk@ jzpfav
onf// odk@&mwGif ta&;t&may:aygufvmaomtcgwGifum; olwdk@tm;vHk;
yif &Gmol}uD;OD;omjrwf}uD;. 0&efwm&Sd &Hk;cef;qDodk@ a&mufvm=u
awmhonf//
,if;uef}uD;a'gifh+rdK@. xl;jcm;csufrSm apmbOD;}uD;arG;zGm;onfh
(1903)ckESpfwGif [oFmwESifhykodrfodk@ uef}uD;a'gifhudk =um;cHxm;I
+Adwdo#tpdk;&onf rD;&xm;vrf;azgufjcif;jzpfonf// ,if;rwdkifrDwGif
trsdK;om;(jrefrmbmom)q,fwef;ausmif;udk zGifhvSpfxm;&m armfv+rdKif+rdK@
&SifAk'<aCmo txufwef;ausmif;Y (,ck) uef}uD;a'gifhausmif;wGifyg
ausmif;q&m}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol OD;boef;(bD-at)onf
37
38
tcef;(2)
vlvm;ajrmufp apmbOD;}uD;
qHwjynfoHk;yJ-*smreDAHk;}uJpum;yHkjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHESifhtvSrf;a0;
uGmaom (1914)ckESpf/ yxrurBmppfyGJonf Oa&myY jzpfyGm;cJhavonf//
,if;e,fvlppfyGJwGif +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ &k&Sm;wdk@u wbuf/ *smreD/ =opbdk[efa*&DESifh tDwvDwdk@uwbuf jzpfyGm;av&m +Adwdo#udkvedk DEdkifiH
jzpfaom tdENd,ESifhjrefrmEdkifiHwdk@onfvnf; ,kwfpGmhtqHk; ppfom;awmh
pkaqmif;ay;&avonf// xdkpOfu todtjrifzGH@+zdK;p jzpfvmaom u&ifvlrsdK;
rsm;onf yxrwGif c&pf,mefomoemESifhqHkawG@&+yD; aemufydkif;Y yxr
urBmppfyGJtrnfcH (Great War)r[mppfyGJESifh}uHKawG@ jyefavonf// ,if;
urBmyxrppfyGJtwGuf vkdtyfaomppfom;rsm;udk xdkpOfu pkaqmif;ay;&
olrsm;wGif ykodrf/ udk;ql&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; a'gufqmpHpDzdk;ESifh
ESpfjcif;omoemrS a'gufwmepfudk;wdkvnf; yg0if=uavonf//
,if;yxrurBmppfyGJonf (1914)ckESpfxd =um&Sdavonf// usHKaysmf
om;av;(prpf'Gef;)onf tpfudkjzpfol. ajc&mudkeif;I ppfwyfxJ0ifav&m
yxrESpfwGif toufrjynfhao;I 0ifcGifhr&acs/ 'kwd,ESpfwGifrS 0ifcGifh&
avonf// Todk@jzifh prpf'Gef;onf (1935)ckESpf/ tdENd,jynf (I.M.A.)
(Indian Militans Academs)ppfausmif;wGif +Adwdo#csD;jrifhaom tjrifhqHk;
*k%fxl; aqmifaiG"g;qk(Sward Of Honour)udk &&SdcJhonft
h jyif jrefrmEdkifiH
vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdaomtcg yxrqHk;aom umuG,fa&;OD; pD;csKyfvnf;jzpfI
vmavonf// u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;a'gufwmpHpDzdk;rSm(qmbGJ@)udk
xyfrH&&SdI a'gufwmepfudk;rSm (K.I.H)bGJ@udk &&Sdavonf// TurBmhyxr
ppfyGJtwGif;rSmyif apmbOD;}uD;rSm vnf; vlvm;ajrmufum (15)ESpf&G,fodk@
a&muf&Sdvmavawmhonf//
39
40
vef'efodk@a&muf&Sdjcif;
apmbOD;}uD;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS vef'efodk@ a&a=umif;c&D;vrf;jzifh
xGufcGgvm&m pkpkaygif; wv=umonf// trSefrSmvmcsifonfh c&D;vrf;rSm
&efukefrS bHkab/ at'ifqufvufI pl;tufwl;ajrmif;wd@k rSwqifh ajrxJ
yifv,fa'oudk jzwfoef;I vef'efta&mufc&D;jzpf.// Todk@qdkv#if c&D;rSm
ydka0;I ydk=umEdkifonf// ,ckrl wvtwGif;Y vef'efodk@ a&muf&Sdvmav
onf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf yxrESpftwGuf wuUodkv0f ifa&mufcGifh &Edkif&ef
vef'efaetdrfwGifaeI usL&Sifq&mudk iSg;&./ t*FvdyfpmtwGufcsnf;
r[kwfyJ Oya'oifwef;twGufvufwifpmudkyg oif,l&avonf//
Todk@jzifh (1922)ck/ atmufwdkbmvwGif uif;b&pf(Cambridge
Univercity)ESifh atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkv(f OXFORD). r'vif;aumvdyf
(Magdalene Collge)rSm ausmif;0ifcGifh&avonf// xdkrS (1928)ckESpf/
aEG&moDwGif Oya'ynmbGJ@udk &&Sdavonf// ,if;ESifhywfoufI orD;jzpfol
oJvfrm}uD;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
zl;zl;(apmomjrwf}uD;)[m yg;yg;(apmbOD;}uD;)eJ@ ol@0rf;cGJnD
(apmayom)wdk@udk t*Fvef v$wf+yD; Oya'ynmoifapcJhygw,f// yg;yg;[m
tJ'Dwkef;u touf(17)ESpf rjynfhwwfao;ygbl;//
emrnf}uD; atmufpzdk@'f(OXFORD)ESifh uif;b&pf(CAMGRIDGE)
wuUodkvfawGrSm ynmoifzdk@twGuf vufwif(Latin)bmomwwfzdk@ vdkyg
w,f// yg;yg;[m tdrfwvHk;&Smaew,f// q&mwa,mufeJ@ (Latin)bmom
oif,lw,f// +yD;awmh (CAMBRIDGE)wuUodkvfu ruf'vif; aumvdyf
(MAGDALENE COLLGE)rSm Oya'ynmoif,lygw,f// (4)ESpf=umyg
w,f// ausmif;ydwf wdkif; oliSg;xm;wJhtdrfudk jyefvmavh&Sdw,f// t*FvefeJ@
+Adwdo#tifyg,m wckvHk;rSm a&S@aevdkufEdkifzdk@eJ@ txufw&m;&Hk;rSm
(A[dkw&m;&Hk;)vdkufEdkifzdk@ vef'ef+rdK@u rpf',fwify,f( Middle Temple)rSm
41
42
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtdrfaxmifa&; (yxr)
aemfxD;rl
43
44
&Srf;ajrmuft}uHay;tzGJ@0if
pdkif;wifaz
49
[dkif;}uD;u|ef;udk ydkifcJhol
rGefwDc&pfwdke,fpm;}uD;udkrl
Oa&mytv,facwfavmufwGif
jyifopfpma&;q&m}uD; tufpENm;'l,m;u a&;om;I q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;
u bmomjyefonf// u|efawmfjynfyxGufvm aomtcg &kyf&Sifum;udkyg
=unfh&jyefavonf// acwfa[mif;umv +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;acwfwGif
u|ef;wu|ef;udk tcGef(wHqdrfawmfacgif;)xrf;aqmifEdkifv#if rdrdydkiftjzpf
a=unmEdkifonf// rsufarSmufacwfumv a&eHxGufaom yifv,fauG@u|ef;
EdkifiHrsm;onf Ttwdkif;yif jzpfay:vm=ujcif; jzpfavonf//
aemfoJvfrm}uD;onf olrwkd@ydkifqdkifaom [dik f;}uD;u|ef;ta=umif;udk
vGrf;qGwfzG,fa&;om; xm;jyefavonf// zl;zl;ydkifwJh [dik f;}uD;u|ef;udk
usrwdk@taysmfc&D;xGufavh&Sdw,f// yg;yg;[m ol@rdwfaqGawGeJ@ trJypfw,f//
u|ef;ay:u tdrf+cH0if;em;udk awmu|JawGuyfvm&if avmufav;eJ@
ypfajcmufavh&Sdw,f// usrwdk@ yifv,furf;pyfrSm ae@wdkif;a&ul;=uw,f//
tkef;Eka&aomuf=uw,f// i,fi,fwkef;u aysmfp&mtcsdefawGudk owd&ae
wkef;ygbJ//
yg;yg;usqHk;wmeJ@ olydkifwJh [dik f;}uD;u|ef;eJ@v,fajrawG tukefqHk;
awmhwmygbJ// 'kwd, urBmppftwGif;rSm zl;zl;(tzdk;)qHk;oGm;ygw,f//
'g[mvJ aus;Zl;awmfygbJ// tedm&HkawGudk rjrifoGm;& bl;aygh// yg;yg;[m
ol@&J@toufwmudk jrwfEdk;ovdk taumif;qHk;vJ touf&SifoGm;ol
jzpfygw,f// vlom;tm;vHk;udk av;av;pm;pm; qufqHoljzpfygw,f// Oya'
ynm&Sifjzpfvdk@vJ tjypf&Sdola&m/ tjypfrJholawGudkyg em;vnfay;EdkifpGrf;&Sd
oljzpfygw,f// Oya'ynm&SiftaeeJ@ vlwOD;udk pGJcsufwifEdkif pGrf;&Sdovdk
umuG,fEdkifpGrf;vJ &Sdygw,f// xl;jcm;wm wckuawmh b,fol@udkrS oltqHk;
tjzwfay;avhr&Sdygbl;//
yg;yg;&J@ u&ifcspf=unfa&;c&D; (Karen Goodwill Mission)
1946-ckESpfeJ@ywfoufwJhtcsufawGudk xyf&Smay;ygOD;r,f// (LANCASTER)
51
52
tcef;(3)
txD;usefapmbOD;}uD;
'kwd,urBmppfyGJonf *smreDudk ta=umif;jyKvsuf urBm@taemuf
bufjcrf;wGif jzpfyGm;+yD; urBm@ta&S@bufjcrf;wGif *smyefudk ta=umif;jyKI
jzpfyGm;jyefavonf// 1942-ckESpfwGif *syefwyf rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@
0ifa&mufvmavonf//
ppfonf rnfolwpHkwOD;udkrS aumif;usdK;ray;ouJho@dk apmbOD;}uD;
. rdom;pkudkvnf; aumif;usdK;ray;&Smay// *syefr0ifrD 1940-ckESpfwGif
apmbOD;}uD;.zcif OD;omjrwf}uD;uG,fvGef oGm;&Smonf// olonfruG,f
vGefrDuav;wGif ol.ydkifqdkifrSKrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm; tnDtr#cGJa0
ay;cJhonf//
tpfudk}uD;tzt&mpum;jzifh tnDapmbOD;}uD;onf bJu&uf&Gm&Sd
zcif.ydkifqdkifrSKt00udk wm0ef,l&avonf// xdktcsdefwGif ZeD;onfESifh
om;orD;wdk@rSm ykodrfaetdrfwGif usef&pfae=uonf// wckaomeHufapmapm
wGif apmbOD;}uD;onf ZeD;ESifhom;orD;rsm;tm; owd&vmojzifh rD;&xm;
blwm&Hko@dk ajy;qif;um ykodrfodk@ jyefvmonf// odk@&mwGif aetdrfjyef
a&mufv#if ZeD;ESifhom;orD;awGudk rawG@&awmh
ZeD;onf(Kemp). pmwdkav;udkom awG@&awmhonf// pmwGif
rdwfaqGa[mif;wOD;udk awG@&aoma=umifh ol@&J@tultnDeJ@ om;ESifhorD;
tygt0if &cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGodk@ vdkufygvmw,f// r=umrD bouf}uD;eJ@
ol@&J@rdom;pk tdENd,odk@ a&mufvmw,f// yxrawmh 'g*sDvifteD;rSm
olwdk@ae+yD; aemufydkif;rSm eDaygudk ajymif;oGm;=uw,f// rdrdtaeESifh
bouf}uD;tjyif ol&J@rdom;pkeJ@yg awG@w,f// 'Duae t*Fvefudk jyef&ef
53
apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ocifEk
u&if-ArmydyuQtajccH
,if;*syef0ifp u&if=ArmydyuQrSm ,cktcg ESpfaygif;(70)ausmf
=um+yDjzpfaomfvnf; tcsdK@. oHk;oyfcsufrSm rSefuefrSKr&SdyJ &GJ@apmif;ae
55
,r'g (bmomjyefrSwqifh)
apmayomESifh apmbOD;}uD;
apmayomESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@onf taznDtpfudk jzpf=uI 0rf;uGJ
nDtpfudk awmf=uonf/ (OD;omjrwf}uD;ESifhOD;Ek) nDtpfudEk Spfa,mufpvHk;
vef'efwGif 0wfvHkbGJ@&cJhI ZeD;onfrsm; &,l&mwGifvnf; wa,mufu
+Adwdo#ol/ usefwa,mufu paumhwvefoljzpf.// vef'efu ykodrfjyef
a&mufvmaomtcg xdkpOfu a'gufwmpHpDydk;tygt0if ynmwwfEdkifiHjcm;
62
apmbOD;}uD;. 'kwd,ESifhwwd,tdrfaxmif
apmbOD;}uD;onf (1940)ckESpf/ *syef0ifpwGif uG,fvGefoGm;ol
zcif}uD;(apmomjrwf}uD;). vufewfvuf&if;rsm;udk wm0ef,l&ef bJ*&uf
odk@ oGm;a&mufaexdkifpOf ZeD;jzpfol(Kemp)onf cifrifaomrdwfaqGa[mif;
wOD;udk awG@&ojzifh ppfajy;'kuQonftjzpf om;ESifhorD;wdk@ESifhtwl &cdkifjynf/
tdENd,wdk@rSwqifh vef'efodk@ jyefoGm;_yDjzpfa=umif;/ a&S@ydkif;wGif zwf&SKcJh&_yD;
jzpfavonf// TwGif apmbOD;}uD;onf trsdK;om;a&;twGuf &efukefodk@
ajymif;a&$@raexdkifrDuav;Y ykodrfwGif *syefacwfwacwfvHk;eD;yg;ESifh umv
wckxd aexdkifcJhavonf// TwGif ,cktcg tar&dum;odk@ a&muf&Sdaeol
q&mrxD;rl(Thimu)wdk@. rdcifjzpfol aemfrav;ESifh 'kwd,tdrfaxmifjyK
&mwGif xD;rludk arG;zGm;cJhavonf// ,if;ta=umif;udk apmpHzdk;oifu ol.
twKy`wWdwiG f atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//
El;nHhjcif;
u&ifrsm;aomif;usef;rSK }uD;xGm;vmpOf u|efawmf0ef}uD;tjzpfrS
xGuf+yD; ykodrfwGif txl;wdkif;rif;}uD; wm0ef,lIae&m apmbOD;}uD;
u|efawmfhxH a&mufvmavonf// oluu|efawmfhudk ylqm.// olu
u&ifrav;wpfOD;ESifh&aom orD;uav;wa,muf ykodrfc&dkif/ ql&GmrSm
64
ppf+yD;acwfu&ifhEdkifiHa&;
*syefawmfvSefa&;_yD;ajrmufI r[m+Adwdo#rsm;jyefa&mufvmv#if
u&ifhEdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;rSKonf pwifvmavonf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifhu&ifynm
wwfrsm;. Tcef;uonf pwifvmawmhonf// ,cifa'guvlESifh
(K.C.A.B)u&ift}uHay;bkwf(Karen Central Barnd)tzGJ@ae&mwGif u&if
trsdK;om;a&;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&ef (K.C.O)ac: (Karen Central
Organisation)udk zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf//
trSKaqmiftzGJ@
1// apmom'if
2// ref;bcif
(OuU/ aiGxdef;)/
(twGif;a&;rSL;)/
67
3// q&momxdk
(wGJbuf/ twGif;a&;rSL;)/
4// apmbOD;}uD;
(trSKaqmif)/
5// apmpHzdk;oif
(trSKaqmif)/
6// apmjrodef;
(trSKaqmif)/
7// ref;*sdrf;(pf)xGef;atmif (trSKaqmif)/
8// ref;a&$xGef;=um
(trSKaqmif)/
9// apmbarmif
(trSKaqmif)/
10// *sdrf;(pf)wmy
(trSKaqmif)/
11// qpf'eDvleD
(trSKaqmif)/
,if;ESifhywfoufI ref;bZefonf (oElxl;)pmapmifwGif u&ifh
EdkifiHa&;jyefvnfEdk;=um;vmyHkudk atmufyg twdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//
1945-ck/ arv(2)&ufae@rSm &efukef+rdK@udk odrf;,lvdkuw
f ,f//
1945-ck/ ZGefv(26)&ufae@rSm &efukef+rdK@rSm aupDtdkua&S@aqmif+yD; u&if
ta&;twGuf nDvmcHw&yfusif;ycJhw,f// tJ'DnDvmcHudk rtlyifc&dkif
udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;taeeJ@ u|Efkyfvnf; wufa&mufvmcJhw,f// tJ'DnDvm
cHrSm apmbOD;}uD;eJ@jyefqHkrd=uwJhtcg apmbOD;}uD;u u|Efkyfudk a[h-bZH
cifAsm;tpdk;&tvkyfjyefvkyfOD;rvm;vdk@ ar;w,f// u|Efkyfu tpdk;&tvkyf
vkyfzdk@ pdwfr0ifpm;awmhbl;// trsdK;om;a&;u ta&;}uD;vmvdk@ trsdK;om;
a&;rSm ajcpHkypfvkyfzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yDvdk@ajzvdkufw,f// apmbOD;}uD;u
'Dtajzudk }udKqdkwJhtaeeJ@ vufqGJESKwf+yD; trsdK;om;a&;rSm 'dk@rsm;vufwGJ
vkyf=uygpdk@vdk@ ajymcJhw,f//
(ref;bZef. u|EfkyfESifhacgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD; ] oEkxl;)
68
(1) jrefrmEdkifiHu&iftrsdK;om;toif;(ac:)bDautif(ef)at(Karen
National Association)/
(2) u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;(ac:)
au0dkiftdk(Karen
Youth
Organization)/
(3) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; (ac:) (Karen National Assaciation)
wdk@ jzpf=uonf//
aeol&deftpnf;ta0;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;
(1945)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(15)&ufae@wGif *syefuvufeufcsvdkuf
a=umif; ausnmvdkufojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if urBm@ta&S@bufjcrf;Y
'kwd,urBmppf +yD;qHk;oGm;avonf// =o*kwfv(19)&ufae@wGif jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;twGuf zwyv(zqyv)tzGJ@rS}uD;rSL;I
aeol&deftpnf;ta0;}uD;udk usif;y.// ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS A[dOk D;pD;
tzGJ@0iftjzpf(36)OD;tm; a&G;cs,fcef@tyf&mwGif ,cifu&iftrsdK;om;
A[dkt}uHay;bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom
ref;bcdkif/
apmbOD;}uD;ESifh
q&momxdkw@dk A[dOk D;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfvm=uonf//
xdkrS atmufwdkbmva&mufv#if atmufwdkbm(1)&ufae@rS
(3)&ufae@txd =unfhjrifwdkif+rdK@e,f/ OD;vleDvrf;&Sd tdrftrSwf(5)Y txuf
az:jyyg A[dku&iftrsdK;om;zGJ@csKyf(Karen Central Organization)tpnf;
ta0;udk usif;y+yD; bk&ifcHxH u&ifhtcGifhta&;awmif;cHv$mw&yfESifhqHk;jzwf
csuf(5)&yfudk csrSwfcJhavonf//
,if;(K.C.O) yxrt}udrf tpnf;ta0;wGif bk&ifcHxHwifjy
awmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf (5)&yfrSm (1) bk&ifcHtrSKaqmif(tpdk;&)tzGJ@ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&mwGif u&iftrsdK;
om;udk,fpm;vS,f(3)OD; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef//
70
71
(K.C.O). u&ifhawmif;cHv$m
apmom'if
bk&ifcHa':refprpfESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (zqyv)
wdk@ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;nSdESdKif;&mwGif oabmwlnDrSKr&ojzifh bk&ifcHonf
vusFmorm;rsm;ESifh ol.tpdk;&tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;avonf// TtxJwGif
(K.C.O)rS twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol ref;bcifonf 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/ (trSKaqmif
tzGJ@)Y ygvmonf// aemufydkif;wGif (zqyv)tzGJ@rS oydwfwu
dk fyGJrsm;
qifEGJav&m bk&ifcHa':refprpfrSm t*Fvefodk@ jyefoGm;avonf//
(armifpif=u,f.jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)
(jrefrmjynf. u&ifrsm;)
(1928)ckESpfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf tem*wfu&iftrsdK;om;
tay:wGif }uD;pGmtusdK;oufa&mufapaom t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jrefrm
jynfESifhu&ifrsm;(Burma and The Karens)pmtkyfudk t*FvefY xkwfa0vdkuf
onf// ,if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&ifwdk@. a&S;a[mif;&mZ0if/
73
75
tcef;(5)
vlrsdK;wrsdK;. vHk+cHKa&;ESifhvGwfvyfa&;
(K.C.O). OuUapmom'ifonf 0g&ifhu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif
wOD;jzpfonf// olonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifh tjyeftvSefav;pm;,Hk=unf
=uolrsm;yif jzpf=uonf// apmom'ifonf apmbOD;}uD;xuftouf(7)
ESpf}uD;I olonfom,m0wDZmwdom;wOD;yif jzpfonf// tdENd,jynfoGm;I
ynmoif=um;cJh+yD; tvHk+rdK@e,f(ul&Sif)ausmif; (tvHk-txuf-4)wGif
pwifausmif;q&mvkyfonf// EdkifiHa&;wGif (K.N.A)ac: (a'guvl)toif;rS
pwifyg0ifcJhonf//
apmom'ifonf EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHenf;jzifh Oya'abmif
twGif;rS at;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;awmif;qdkvdkoljzpfonf// w&m;r#wrSKudkvdk
vm;+yD; zdESdyftEdkifusifht=urf;zufrSKudk rvdkvm;yJ vlvlcsif; wef;wlnDr#pGm
&Sifoef&yfwnfvdkonf// 1948-cktwGif; oxHkESifharmfv+rdKif+rdK@udk ,ltrfyD
jynfaxmifpku&if&Jwyfu
odrf;ydkufvku
d fonfwGif
u&ifjynf&&Sda&;
jy\emudk at;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vdkaom apmbOD;}uD;u xdk+rdK@ESpf+rdK@udk
jyeftrf&ef apmom'iftm; wm0efay;cJhonf//
apmom'ifonf (zqyv)tpdk;&wyfrS ucsifAdkvfrSL;}uD;aemfvmESifh
aqG;aEG;!SdESdKif;pDpOfum armfv+rdKif+rdK@wGifyif xdkESpf+rdK@udk jyefvnftyfESHcJh
onf//
1948=ckESpfwGif aemufa&mufvmaom (zqyv)tpdk;&. AdkvfrSL;
xdefem;onf// armfv+rdKif&Sd u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;onfhtcg
apmom'ifonf zrf;cHcJh&onf// axmifESpfvHk;/ oHk;vHk;ajymif; a&$@cJh&onf//
axmifxJwGif oHk;ESpfausmfr#aecJh+yD; 1952-ckESpfwGif axmifrSxGufcJhonf//
76
cdkif+rJwnfwHaom tpdk;&
apmbOD;}uD;a&;onf
wdkif;jynfr&Sdaom vlwrsdK;onf vlrsdK;}uD;wrsdK;(NATION)[k
urBmu todtrSwfjyKvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs// ta=umif;rlum; if;vlrsdK;onf
udk,rfh if;udk,cfh sif;ESifh aeEdkifcGifhr&bJ wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;. vufatmufY
om aexdkif=u&jcif;a=umifh jzpfayonf// yifudk,w
f dkif;jynf&SdESifhaom vlwrsdK;
onf udk,rfh if;udk,fhcsif;ESifh rae&aomf rdrdwdk@. nH@zsif;rSKa=umifhomv#if
jzpf+yD;
EdkifiH&yfjcm;wdkif;wyg;om;rsm;.
vufatmufcHtjzpfjzifhom
atmufusaemufus&Sd=u&avonf//
odk@&mwGif udk,w
fh dkif;udk,jfh ynf udk,rfh if;udk,cfh sif;ESifh &SdaomvlrsdK;
wdk@onfum; olwyg;. vufatmufcHodk@ ra&mufap&ef cdkif+rJwnfwHhaom
tpdk;&udk &&eftwGuf tifwdkuftm;wdkufvHk;yef; =u&rnfyif jzpfonf//
77
79
(vkH+cHKa&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;)
(apmom'if)
avmuY &Sd&Sdor#aom vlrsdK;wdkif;wdk@onf om,mat;csrf;pGm
aexdkifoGm;aom vkyfudkifpm;aomufvdk=uonf// at;aq;pGm aexdkifEdkif&ef
twGufvnf; enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk &SmazGv#uf&Sd.// enf;vrf;&SmazG
=uonfhtcgYvnf; vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef 0wW&m;trsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk awG@&Sd
=u&avonf// rnfodk@yifjzpfap// at;aq;pGm aexdkifaomvlrsdK;wdkif;onf
vHk+cHKa&;(SECURITY)ESifh vGwfvyfa&;(LIBERTY)udk OD;pGm&&Sdxm;&rnf[k
0efcH=u &ayvdrfhrnf// ta=umif; rlum; -
80
1//
(u)
touf. vHk+cHKa&;
vlwdk@onf toufvHk+cHKrSK&=urSomv#if touf&Sifv#uf avmu.
pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;pHpm;Edkif=u rnfjzpfonf// touftwGuf vHk+cHKrSKr&Sdygu
avmuwGif rufarmp&m/ pdk;pOf;r#&SdEdkifzG,f&mta=umif; r&Sdawmhacs//
(c)
ypPnf;. vHk+cHa&;
vlwdk@onf touf&Sifv#uf avmu.pnf;pdrfudk cH,lEdkifap&ef
pm;a&;aomufa&;ESifhywfoufI a0,sm0pPtajrmuftrsm;&Sd.// tqdkygpm;
rSK/ aomufrSKtwGuf ypPnf;OpPmrsm;vHk+cHKa&; r&Sdygu tb,frSmtouf&Sif
tusdK;&SdEdkifygtHhenf;//
(*)
*k%foduQmvHk+cHKa&;
rdrdwdk@. rsdK;&dk;*k%foduQmudk apmifhxdef;&eftwGuf vHk+cHKrSKudk r&ygu
vnf; vlrsdK;ygtpwkef; oGm;rnfjzpfojzifh *k%foduQmvHk+cHKa&;onfvnf;
at;at;csrf;csrf;aysmfarG@pGm aexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf t"duvdk&if;csufwck
jzpfavonf//
2//
(u) ynm.vGwfvyfa&;
vl[I
l jzpfvm=u+yD; vlrsdK;wrsdK;taeESifh rm;rm;rwfrwfaevdkv#if
ynm.vGwfvyfa&; &Sd&ayrnf// vlrsdK;wrsdK;taeESifh rdrdwdk@. trsdK;bmom/
pmayponfwdk@udk wdk;wufzGJ@+zdK;&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@.pmayudk vGwfvyfpGm
oif=um;cGifhr&v#if vGwfvyfa&;onf bmr#t"dy`g,fr&Sdacs//
81
(c)
udk;uG,fonfh bmomvGwfvyfa&;
ESKwftm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;[k &Hzef&Hcg =um;=u&oavmuf
vufawG@tm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;&=uaom wdkif;jynfESifv
h lrsdK;wdk@onfum;
&Sm;awmh.// vGwfvyfaom wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf rlum; ynma&;
vGwfvyfojzifh bmomw&m;Y vGwfvyfrSK&Sd&rnfjzpf.// tb,fha=umifh
qdkaomf bmoma&;onf vlrsdK;wdkif;udk aumif;&mbufodk@ tpOfqGJaqmif
v#uf &Sdonfhtwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh&=uaom olwdkif;onf
rdrd.bmomudkif;&SdKif;rSKa=umifh olawmfaumif;rsm;omjzpfvm =urnfjzpf
ojzifh olawmfaumif;aygrsm;aom wdkif;jynfonf tvGwfvyfqHk;aom
wdkif;jynftjzpfY wnf+rJEdkifrnfjzpfaoma=umifhwnf;//
(*)
,Ofaus;rSKvGwfvyfa&;
Armpum;yHkwckt& u&if&dkif;csif&dkif;[k ,ckwdkif ajymavhajymx
&Sd=uao;.// odk@&mwGif TuJho@dk &kwfw&uf oHk;ESHK;=ujcif;onf/ u&if,Of
aus;rSKwdk@udk rodaoma=umifhyif jzpfwef&m.// pifppfrSm urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;
wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@.bmom obm0tavsmuf ,Ofaus;rSKtoD;oD;ESifh &SdcJh
=u.// tqdkyg ,Ofaus;rSKrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm jyKusifhcGifh&rSomv#if vljzpf
usdK;eyf=urnfjzpfv#uf taumif;qHk; t,Ofaus;qHk;vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpfodk@
wdk;wufEdkif&ef ta=umif;&Sdavonf// ,Ofaus;rSKtwGuf vGwfvyfcGifhr&
aomwdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfonfwdkif;jynf[k tvsOf;rac:Ekdifacs//
(C)
pD;yGm;a&;Y vGwfvyfjcif;
pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufI vGwfvyfaomwdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;wdkif;
onf pD;yGm;a&;Yvnf; vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdoifhayonf// pD;yGm;a&;onf vlrsdK;ESifh
wdkif;jynf. wufvrf;udk trsm;qHk;tm;ay; Edkifonfhtm;avsmfpGm vlwOD;
82
83
tcef;(6)
Oya'wGif; pkaygif;ta&;qdkjcif;
ref;bcdkifESifh K.Y.O
,if;yxrqHk;aom u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;jzpfonfh ( K.Y.O).
tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@wGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;Y yg0ifcJh=uaom vli,f
acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uonfh
(1) AdkvfrSL;apmxGef;pdef (OuU)/
(2) apmausmfpdef (twGif;a&;rSL;)/
(3) apmjrifhodef; (wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
(4) apmatmfvDbm (tzGJ@0if)wdk@ jzpf=uygonf//
,if;odk@&SdpOf wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;aoma=umifh AdkvfrSL;
apmxGef;pdefonf wyfxJjyef0ifoGm;.// odk@jzifh (K.Y.O). OuUvSpfvyfoGm;
jyefavonf// TwGif (K.C.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;rS vl}uD;vli,fnD!Gwfa&;udk
a&S@&SKvsuf yxrwGif (K.C.O). trSKaqmifvl}uD;(2)OD;jzpfaom apmbOD;
}uD;ESifhq&momxdkw@dk tm; (K.Y.O)OuUvkyf&ef tqdkjyK=u.// odk@&mwGif
oufqdkif&m um,uH&Sifrsm;u jiif;qefaoma=umifh (K.C.O). acgif;aqmif
wOD;yifjzpfaom ref;bcdkiftm; qufvuftqdkjyK=ujyefonf// ,if;(K.Y.O)
. OuUae&mwGif ref;bcdkifrS vufcHvdkuaf oma=umifh (K.Y.O). trSK
aqmiftzGJ@rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfvmonf//
(1) ref;bcdkif (OuU)/
(2) ref;0if;armif ('kwd,OuU) (tdENd,rS jyefa&mufvmp)/
85
,if;rSm
(1) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf rdrd.,Ofaus;rSKESifh bmompum;zGH@+zdK;
wdk;wufap&eftvdk@iSg udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tvdk&Sda=umif;//
(2) rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSKa&;/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufoGm;vdka=umif;//
86
(3)
EdkifiH.tusdK;udk,fpDudk,if S o,fydk;xrf;aqmifEdkifonfhjynf
e,frsm;yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;Y aexdkif
oGm;&ef qEN&Sda=umif;//
(4) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;udk vdkvm;vsuf r#w
aomoabmxm;&Sdonfh ArmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhtwlwuG aygif;
oif;aexdkifoGm;vdka=umif; yg0ifonf//
,if;odk@ vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv jrefrmEdkifiHavmuwGif vSdKif;xrf;
ydk;rsm;xefouJho@dk u&ifhEdkifiHa&;twGif;vnf; 0d0g'uGJpjyKvmavonf//
TwGif u&ifhEdkifiHa&;wGif trdtbae&mY &Sdaeaom a'gufwmpHpDydk;onf
raeomawmhI u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf arwWm&yfcHcsuf
wapmifxkwfjyef+yD; wqufwnf;wGif bk&ifcHxHo@dk vnf; pmwapmifa&;om;
ay;ydk@vdkufavonf//
bk&ifcHxHodk@ a'gufwmpHpDydk; ay;ydk@onfhpmwGif *&dwf+AdwdefEdkifiHwGif
(t*Fvef/ paumhwvef/ a0v/ tdkif,mvef) jynfe,fjzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;
ouJhodk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtm;vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHjynfaxmifpktjzpf zGJ@pnf;ay;oifh
a=umif;/ ,if;jrefrmjynfaxmifpktwGif;Y (&Srf;/ &cdkif/ csif;/ u&if/ ucsif/
u,m;)wdk@onf pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm at;twlyltr#aexdkif=u&efjzpf
a=umif;ponfjzifh yg&Sdavonf//
txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk qufvuftaumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef
,if;tpnf;ta0;rS u&ifjynfe,ft+rJwef;aumfrwD(Karen State Standing
Committee)w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf// ,if;aumfrwDonf (1946)ck/
azaz:0g&D(12)&ufae@wGif tpnf;ta0;xdkifI weoFom&Dwdkif;tm; oD;jcm;
u&ifjynfe,fowfrSwfI ,if;jynfe,fonf jrefrmjynfrxuf tqifhredrfh
aom jynfe,frsdK;udk t*Fvefodk@ oGm;a&mufI awmif;qdk& ef apmom'if/
apmqpf'eDvleD/ apmbdk;cspf/ apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ yg0ifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udk
a&G;cs,fwm0efay;vdkufonf//
87
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh (K.C.O.)acgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkyGJ
88
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. aqG;aEG;csuf
ppf_yD;acwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;t}udK (K.C.O)u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (zqyv)acgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkaqG;
aEG;yGJwGif OD;pGmAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rS atmufyg twdkif; aqG;aEG;oGm;av
onf//
(1) jrefrmEdkifiHonf trSefyif vGwfvyfa&;&rnfjzpfonf./
(2) jrefrmEdkifiHonf+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh rkef;IruGJ/ cspfIomuGJrnf/
+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh wef;wl&nfwl r[mrdwfjzpfvdkonf/
(3) u&ifESifhArmvnf; wef;wlr[mrdwfyif jzpfvdkonf/
(4) wyfrawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;wGif u&ifwyfzGJ@ oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;a&;rludk
(zqyv)u axmufcHcJhonf/
(5) bk&ifcHaumifpDtrSKaqmiftzGJ@ (0ef}uD;tzGJ@)wGif u&ifESpfae&m
&&Sda&;udk (zqyv)u oD;oef@pma&;I bk&ifcHxHwGif wifoGif;
cJhonf/
(6) ,cktcg u&iftrsdK;om;rsm; a&G;cs,f&rnfh vrf;pOfESpf&yfrSm
(zqyv). vrf;pOfESifh bk&ifcH. puULjzLpmwef;yifjzpfonf/
(7) u&ifvlrsdK;wdk@. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifh bk&ifcHtrSKaqmiftzGJ@wG if
ESpfae&m &vdkonfhudpPudk uef@uGufaeolrsm;rSm (zqyv)
r[kwfyJ bk&ifcH.trSKaqmiftzGJ@xJwGifom&Sdaeonf[k aqG;
aEG;oGm;avonf//
(K.C.O)u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;bufrS
apmbdk;cspfu
atmufygtwdkif; jyefvnfaqG;aEG;onf//
(1) u&ifvlrsdK;wdk@. t"duqENonf u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;yif
jzpfa=umif;/
89
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)
91
94
bk&ifcHopfqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf). u&ifjynfe,f
,if;odk@ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;&SKyfaxG;aepOf vef'eftpdk;&onf
ppfajy;bk&ifcH a':refprpfae&mwGif bk&ifcHopftjzpf qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)tm;
(1946)ck/ =o*kwfvukefydkif;wGif cef@xm;vdkufavonf// [l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf
ppfom;a[mif;wOD;jzpfI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh&if;ESD;olwOD;vnf; jzpfonf//
[l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf pufwifbmvwGif bk&ifcHtjzpf pwifwm0efxrf;
aqmif+yD; ,cif bk&ifcHtrSKaqmifa[mif;ae&mY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
'kwd,OuUtjzpfyg0ifaom bk&ifcHtrSKaqmifopfudk zGJ@pnf;vdkuf.//
TwGif a':refprpf. trSKaqmiftzGJ@wGif yg0ifcJhaomref;bcifae&mY
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhref;bcdkifwdk@ bk&ifcHtrSKaqmiftzGJ@wGif yg0ifvm=uonf//
t"dy`g,frSm bk&ifcHay;aom u&iftwGuf trSKaqmifwae&mESifh (zqyv)
u ,if;.cGJwef;xJrS u&iftwGuf wae&mxyfrHI cGJay;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf//
bk&ifcHopfqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tay;
t,ljyKvkyfum u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;jy\emtm; ylylaEG;aEG;yif jrefrmEdkifiH
qdkif&m0ef}uD;xHodk@ atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkufavonf//
(1) oHvGifc&dkif/ u&ifeDe,frsm;ESifh rdk;+AJe,fwdk@ pkaygif;I u&ifjynf
e,fzGJ@pnf;xlaxmif&ef/
(2) odk@&mwGif u&ifeDe,fonf rlvuyif vGwfvyf+yD;jzpfI
u&ifjynfe,fwGif; yg&Sdonfw
h dkif udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;&&Sd
rnfjzpfonfhtjyif rdrd.qENtavsmuf jrefrmjynfrESifh yl;aygif;
vdku yl;aygif;Edkif+yD; cGJxGuv
f dkyguvnf; cGJxGuEf dkifcGifh&Sdap&
rnf[k bk&ifcHopf&ef@(pf). pmwGif az:jyxm;avonf//
xdkrS bk&ifcHopf&ef@(pf). wifjycsufay: jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m0ef}uD;rS
jyef=um;&mwGif xlaxmifrnfh u&ifjynfe,fwGif oxHkESifhawmifilc&dkif
rsm;twGif;&Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;aexdkif&m qufpyfe,f
96
bk&ifcHaumifpDvmtjzpfcef@tyfvdkujf yefonf//
=um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJ@rSm
AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;acgif;aqmifonfrSefaomfvnf; e,fcsJ@tvdkawmf&drsm;
vnf;yg0ifonf// uGefjrLepfrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf// rnfodk@yifqdkap AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;. tpdk;&tzGJ@onf jrefrmrsm;omyg0ifonf// bk&ifcHu aumifpD
OuUjzpfaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 'k-OuUtjzpf aqmif&Guf&onf//
xdkpOfu bk&ifcHopfqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf). aqmif&GufyHkaqmif& Guf
enf;udkvnf; owdxm;rnfqdkygu rsm;pGmyif owdxm;oifh=uayonf//
oD;jcm;jzpfvmaom au0dkiftdk
xdkpOf EdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om;a&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKjyif;xefvmonfh jzpfpOf
twGif;Y (K.Y.O)ac: u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;onf rlv(K.C.O). vli,f
XmecGJwcktaetxm;rS jcm;em;aomEdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om;a&;tjriftay:
wGif tajccHI oD;jcm;tzGJ@tpnf;wckqDodk@ a&G@vsm;vmavonf// txl;
ojzifh a'gufwmpHpDydk;. u&iftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf arwWm&yfcHonfh
yef=um;csuft& (1946)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv(8)&uf/ u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;awG@qHk=uonfh tpnf;ta0;wGif (K.C.O) (B.K.N.A)wdk@ESifhtwl
(K.Y.O)ygwufa&mufvm&mrS oD;jcm;tzGJ@tpnf;wckodk@ a&G@vsm;vmjcif;yif
jzpfonf//
,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif a'gufwmpHpDydk;. arwWm&yfcHyef=um;csufudk
tav;teufpOf;pm;=u+yD;aemuf
oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;udk
oabmwlqHk;jzwf=uonf// +yD;v#if ,cifjrefrmjynf qdkif&m0ef}uD;xH ay;ydk@cJh
onfh u&iftcGifhta&;awmif;cHv$mudk (1946)ck/ Zefe0g&Dv(13)&ufae@
aepGJjzifh bk&ifcHxH qufvufay;ydk@onf//
xdktcsdefrSmyif Zefe0g&D(17)&ufae@rS (23)&ufae@txd (zqyv).
a&$wd*Hktv,fypP,H nDvmcHudk usif;yonf// ,if;tv,fypP,HnDvmcH
98
99
tcef;(7)
K.N.U
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;tpnf;t&Hk;zGJ@pnf;jcif;
0ef}uD;tzGJ@u apmbOD;}uD;ESKwfxGuf&ef
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}uD;rSL;I &efukef+rdK@Y tpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;y.// ,if;tpnf;ta0;onf
tem*gwftrsdK;om;a&;}udK;yrf;aqmif&Guf&mwGif ydkrdk=uef@cdik fatmifjrifa&;
twGuf a'gufwmpHpDydk;. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& usif;yjcif;vnf;jzpf.//
odk@jzpfI wEdkifiHvHk;rS udk,fpm;vS,fawmfaygif;(2000)ausmf wufa&muf
ojzifh ppf+yD;acwfY vlxktrsm;qHk;tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf//
trsdK;om;ydkrdk=uef@cdkifa&;udk &nf&G,faomtpnf;ta0;jzpfI nDvmcH
yxrwGif (K.C.O)ESifh (K.Y.O)ESpfzGJ@aygif;pnf;I (K.N.U)zGJ@pnf;a&;rSmvnf;
atmifjrifcJhonf// yxrqHk;(K.N.U). trSKaqmiftzG@J udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif
apmpHzdk;oif(ar*smpHzdk;oif)u OuUtjzpfif;/ 'kwd,OuUtjzpf apmbOD;
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vl}uD;rsm;teuf
ref;bcdkif(pufrSKvufrSKESifh
tvkyform;0ef}uD;)wdk@
100
101
102
(13) ref;aygat;+idrf;
(14) apmpHau;
(15) apmpdefwif
(16) apmatmif0if;
(17) qpf'eDvleD
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jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKtydkif;(1)
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acgif;aqmifrsm;EkwfxGufoGm;ojzifh tajctaerSm ra&&mraocsmjzpf
oGm;onf// TwGif trsdK;om;a&;udk a&S@&SKvsuf (K.N.U-K.Y.O-B.K.N.A)
wzGJ@v#if udk,fpm;vS,f(3)OD;pDa&G;I jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m0ef}uD;ESifh awG@qHkvsuf
atmufygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwf=uonf//
(1) u&ifoD;oef@rJqENe,f rowfrSwf&ao;aom tif;pdef/ yJcl;/
om,m0wD/ zsmyHk/ xm;0,fESifh+rdwfc&dkifwdk@twGuf wdkif;jyKjynf
jyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJY u&ifudk,pf m;vS,f(17)OD; oD;oef@
xm;&Sday;&ef/
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yg0ifap&ef/
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(4) u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;tm; rltm;jzifh oabmxlxm;&ef/
104
107
(K.N.U)ta&;ay:nDvmcHrS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
(1) u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;ESifh u&ifhuH=urRm u&ifzefwD;a&;wGif
u&iftrsdK;om;wOD; xdcdkufepfemvmygu u&ifwrsdK;om;vHk;.
ta&;tjzpfoabmxm;rnf/
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u&ifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
u&ifudk,fpm;vS,ftppftrSef
r[kwfojzifh u&ifvlxku rJay;onf[k r,lq&ef/
(3) u&ifvlxk}uD;.qENt& 0ef}uD;&mxl;rS EkwfxGufvmaom
apmbOD;}uD;tm; csD;usL;*k%fjyKa=umif;rSwfwrf;wif&ef/ u&if
vlxk}uD;. qENt& wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJ
0ifa&mufjcif;rjyKaom u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rJqENe,f
toD;oD;wGif rJqENay;jcif;rjyKaom u&ifvlxk}uD;tm;
aus;Zl;wif*k%fjyKa=umif; rSwfwrf;wif&ef/
(4) Tta&;ay:nDvmcHrSwqifh vlrsdK;pkwyfOD;wck zGJ@pnf;xl
axmifoGm;&ef/
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pmwapmifudk tjrefqHk;xkwfa0oGm;&ef//
txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;teuf aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfonfh
(K.N.U).
auG;a=umfoHESifhtmabmftjzpf
ok0wdkif;trnf&Sd
tygwfpOf owif;pmwapmifudk r=umrDyif xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf//
,if;odk@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ+yD;onfhaemuf
(K.N.U)u awmif;yGJESifhwu
dk fyGJrsm; t&SdefjrSifhqifouJhodk@ oHviG fc&dkif
rJqENe,frS wufvmaom apm0D&Da*smf(a'gufwm wDoHjym.ajr;awmfol)ESifh
apmwDzdk;ul;wdk@uvnf; oHvGifc&dkiftwGuf qufvufI awmif;qdkrSKrsm;
jyKcJh=uonf//
108
EdkifiHa&;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;jy\em
TwGif apmpHydk;oif.pmtkyfygt& apmpHydk;oif. tajymtqdk
rsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhv#if apmpHydk;oif. apmbOD;}uD;tay:xm;
&Sdonfh oabmxm;onf xif&Sm;aeayonf// ,if;oabmxm;onfvnf;
vl@obm0t& vlwdk@wGif&Sdaeaom/ jzpfaeaomvl.pdwfqENrsm;t&yif
jzpfavonf// wcsdK@aom ta&;tom;wGif apmbOD;}uD;udkr#ru EdkifiHa&;
trdtbozG,fjzpfaeaom a'gufwmpHpDzdk;udkyif xdyg;rSKrsm;&Sdaeayonf//
Tae&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhapmpHzdk;oifwdk@. yk*~dKvfa&;ta=umif;
udk ESdKif;,SOfcsufjzifh =unfh oifh=uayonf// ajrydkif&Sifv,fydkif&Sifom;ESifh
bdvyfjyef0wfvHkjzpfol apmbOD;}uD;onf apmpHzdk;oif xufrsm;pGmwnf+idrf
&ifhusufyHk&onf//
apmpHzdk;oifonf
ol.b0udkwnfaqmuf&mwGif
jymavmifvGef;vSayonf// tauG@taumufESifhtedrfhtjrifhawG rsm;vGef;vS
ayonf// bifc&mwD;ol/ *Dwjzifh 0DZmbGJ@&ol/ ppfwyfxJ0ifol/ EdkifiHa&;
109
AdkvfcsKyfac:+yD
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u awG@csifonfqdkI ol@tdrfoGm;aomtcgwGif
oluu|efawmfhudk 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHvdkuf&ef em;csavonf// oluqdk.//
OD;apmpHzdk;oif/ 0ef}uD;&mxl;udk vufcHvdkuyf g/ cifAsm;rvkyf&if
apmbOD;}uD; jyefvkyfvdrfhr,f// apmbOD;}uD;u olrpOf;pm;bJ 0ef}uD;&mxl;u
xGufrdygw,f// ol@ESKwfxGufpmudk jyef&kyfodrf;yg&apvdk@ bk&ifcHudk
oGm;ajymaew,f//
qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)uvnf;
apmbOD;}uD;udk
jyefcef@csifwJhyHkyJ// u|efawmfh taeeJhawmh apmbOD;}uD;eJ@,SOf&if OD;pHzdk;oifudk
vdkcsifw,f u|wfawmfhu+yHK;I r[kwyf gbl; AdkvfcsKyf/ 0ef}uD;vkyf&if
'kuQjzpfvdrfhr,f// rdef;ruawmif 0ef}uD;vkyfr,fqdk&if u|efawmfhudk uGmr,f
bmr,f ajymaew,f
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usKyfwm0efxm;Asm// [m;[m;
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qdkwv
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qdkawmhvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpfcsr,f/ vkyfr,f[kqHk;jzwf vdkufrdaoma=umifh
ol@aemufodk@ aumufaumufyg vdkuf&jyefav.//
apmpHzdk;oifu qufvufa&;om;xm;jyef&m
110
0ef}uD; apmpHzdk;oif
ar#mfvifhxm;ovdkum; jzpfvm.// u|efawmf0ef}uD;&mxl;udk vufcH
vdkufonfESifh u&ifvlxku u|efawmfhudk &GHvnf;&GH=u/ rkef;vnf;rkef;=uESifh
u&ifawGajymor# u|efawmfcH&avonf// u&ifawG. wHawG;cGufrSm
u|efawmfwa,muf yufvufarsmyg&ygawmhonf//
u&iftrsdK;om;AdkvfrSL;}uD; vD,Gefe,fzdk;ac: ocifzdk;ESifhawG@awmh
oluu|efawmhfudk ajymygonf//
'DapmbOD;}uD;qdkwaJh umifudk igawmh =unfhvdk@r&bl;// ol0ef}uD;
&mxl;u xGuf+yD;awmh ol@a,mufzpDpDzdk;u ol@udk acG;ajym0ufajym/
}udrf;vm;armif;vm; vkyfawmhwmygyJ// 'geJ@ ol@ESKwfxGufv$mudk jyef&kyf
odrf;ygw,fvdk@ jyefwifvkduaf wmhw,f// tJ'DudpPawmif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;eJ@ bk&ifcH&ef@(pf)wdk@ tawmfpum;rsm;=u&ao;w,f// apmbOD;
}uD;u ightaz a'gufwmpHpDzdk;udkawmif raxrJhjrifajymao;wmuGm//
pHpDzdk;[m rdef;rawGtrsm;}uD;,lw,fwJh// rdef;rav;a,mufawmif ,lcJhwm
wJh// oGm;ykyfavvGifhajymw,f// igb,fcHrvJ jyefacsyvdkufwmaygh// a[h
ightazu rdef;rwa,mufaovdk@ wpfa,mufxyf,lwmvdk@/ ol@vdk rdef;rawG
wpfoD}uD;xm;wm r[kwfbl;vdk@ jyefajymvdkufw,fav//
(apmpHzdk;oif. twKy`wWd)
112
tcef;(8)
&D;(pf)0DvD,H. awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&; tpD&ifcHpm
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyft&
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfrpwifrDav;wGif
tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef
rlvupDpOfxm;aomfvnf; yifvHkpmcsKyft& bk&ifcHqm[l; bwf&ef@(pf)ESifh
abmfwGrfavwdk@u
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&Sif;vif;ap&ef
awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDwckzGJ@oifha=umif; t}uHay;ojzifh
,if;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;&avonf// tzGJ@.OuUrSm +Adwdo#v$wfawmf
avbmtrwfa';Apf&D;(pf)0Dv#H(David Rees-Williams)jzpfI tzGJ@0if
113
pHkprf;ppfaq;awG@&Sdwifjycsuf
awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;&Sd vlxk.oabmxm;&,l&ef awmif
wef;a'orsm; txl;pHkprf; ppfaq;a&;aumfrwD. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;vkyfief;udk
(1947)ck/ rwfv(18)&ufae@rS (1947)ck/ {+yDv (21)&ufae@txd tcsdef,l
awG@qHkar;jref;+yD;aemuf (1947)ck/ {+yDv(24)&ufae@wGif tpD&ifcHpm
wifoGif;EkdifcJhayonf//
awmifwef;a'oc&D;
tzGJ@OuU&D;(pf)0DvsHonf awmifwef;a'orS udk,fpm;vS,fw@dk udk
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rjyKrD
awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmift}uD;tuJrsm;ESifh
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef qEN&SdcJhonf// xdk@a=umifh rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;p0fpHxGef;/
OD;wifxGf/ Adkvfcifarmif uav;wdk@ESifhtwl (1947)ckESpf/ rwfv(7)&ufae@rS
(17)&ufae@txd ucsif/ &Srf;ESifh u&ifeDe,frsm;odk@ c&D;xGufcJhonf// if;wdk@
tzGJ@onf &efukefrS jrpf}uD;em;odk@ av,mOfjzifh xGufcGg+yD; jrpf}uD;em;rS
Aef;armf/ vGdKifvif/ awmif}uD;/ vGdKifaumf/ armfcsD;/ awmifilodk@ um;jzifh
oGm;um rwfv(17)ae@wGif awmifilrS &efukefodk@um;jzifh jyefvmcJh=uonf//
OD;wifxGfESifhAdkvf cifarmifuav;wdk@rSm c&D;pOftptqHk; vdkufygjcif;r&SdyJ
vm;&SdK;txdom vdkufygcJh+yD; rEWav;ESifhrdwdvmrSwqifh &efukef+rdK@odk@ jyefcJh
=uonf//
114
vkyfief;pOf
awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;tzGJ@. yxrtpnf;ta0;udk (1947)ckESpf/
rwfv(18)ae@wGif usif;yonf// xdktpnf;ta0;wGif pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@xHodk@
vma&mufxGufqd=k urnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; ar;jref;rnfh
ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fpDppftwnfjyK=uonf// tajccHar;cGef;aygif;(18)ck
&Sdonf//
K.Y.O ESifh K.N.U xdyfxdkuf&ifqdkifrSK
(1947)ck/ {+yDv(7)&ufae@wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;
aumufyGJusif;yonf// &D;(pf)0DvsH. awmifwef;a'oaumfr&SifrS wifjycsuf
t& ,if;wdkif;jyKjynfjyK a&G;aumufyGJwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; twGuf rJqENe,f
(24)ae&mESifh oHvGifc&dkiftwGuf rJqENe,f(2)ae&mudkygaygif;v#if pkpkaygif;
(26) ae&mjzpfonf//
,if;wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJwGif EdkifiHa&;t& rlv
(zqyv)ESifh(K.N.U) xdyfwdkuaf wG@ae&mrS avmavmvwfvwf(K.N.U)ESifh
(K.Y.O)yg xdyfwdkufawG@vmjyefonf// xdkpOfu ykodrf+rdK@udk A[djk yKI EdkifiHa&;
pum;ppfxdk;yGJw&yf ay:aygufcJh&m ta=umif;t&macgif;pOfrSm tb,f
a=umifh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk
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onf ykodrfe,fom;tausmftarmfrsm;yif jzpf=uI xdkpOfu Arma&m
u&ifyg rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;=u.//
yxrae@wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJo@dk r0ifa&muf
oifhonft
h a=umif;udk apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif(tvHkrpf&Sifvrf;/
ba&weftxufwef;ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;)wdk@u a[majym=uonf// 'kwd,
115
(17) OD;pH!Gef@/
(18) apmb&if/
(19) apmtkef;!Gef@/
(20) apm0if;wif/
(21) apm*|efqif'Dbdk;rif;/
(22) apmaemfwifbGm;/
(23) ref;bcdkif (ref;bqdkif)/
(24) apmpHzdk;oifwdk@jzpf=unf// oHvGifc&dkifrS a&G;cs,fcH&aom
u&iftrsdK;om; udk,fpm;vS,fESpfOD;rSm (1) apm0D&Da*smf(aemufydkif;)
apmvlvlESifh (2) apmwDbdk;ul;wdk@ jzpf=uonf// (zqyv) trwftjzpf
a&G;cs,fcH&aom u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;rSm (1) q&mqmxl;(tif;pdef)/ (2)
apmbwif([Hom0wD)ESifh (3)apmausmf&if(zsmyHk)wdk@ jzpf=uonf//
,if;wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJtm; (K.N.U)u oydwf
arSmuf&ef vSKyfaqmfpnf;&Hk;xm;aoma=umifh u&ifrJqENe,fwdkif;wGif
rJay;olenf;yg;avonf// oxHkaus;vuf(taemufydkif; rJqENe,f)wGif
rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdol
u&ifOD;a&teuf(231)&mcdkifESKef;/
ykodrfaus;vuf
(ajrmufydkif;)rJqENe,fwGif (23@5)&mcdkifESKef;ESifh awmifilaus;vufrJqENe,f
wGif pHcsdefwifzG,f rJqENay;ydkifcGifh&Sdol u&ifOD;a&. (7@ &)&mcdkifESKef;om
rJay;cJh=uavonf//
117
K.N.U armfv+rdKif
nDvmcH
(1947)ck/
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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm;usqHk; +yD;aemuf ocifEk(OD;Ek)acgif;aqmifaom
tpdk;&tzGJ@udk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;onf// usqHk;oGm;aom 0ef}uD;ref;bcdkif
ae&mwGif ref;0ifarmifonf 0ef}uD;ESifh(K.Y.O). OuUjzpfvmonf//
(1947)ck/ pufwifbmv(24)&ufae@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;
jyefvnfpwifaomtcg jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf twnfjzpf
oGm;onf// TwGif (K.N.U). u&ifjynfe,fawmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf
v$wfawmftjyifrSaeI vlxkESifhenf;jzifh awmif;qdk&ef jzpfvmavonf//
Todk@jzifh armfv+rdKif(K.N.U)nDvmcHwGif udk,fpm;vS,faygif;
(700)ausmf wufa&mufcJhonfhteuf rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;
yg0ifwufa&mufcJh=uonf// ,if;nDvmcH. ta&;}uD;aom tcsufwcsufrSm
(1947)ck/ {+yDv(23)&ufESifh (24)&ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom (K.N.U)
ta&;ay: nDvmcH. qHk;jzqfcsufxJwGif yg0ifcJhonfh vlrsdK;pkwyfOD;wc
zG@J pnf;a&;vnf; yg0ifonf// ,if;(K.N.U) armifv+rdKifnDvmcH. qHk;jzwf
csufrsm; xJwGif(1) u&ifudk,fpm;vS,ftppftrSef rygaom wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf
awmfrS twnfjyKvdkufaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
u&ifvlxkuvufrcHa=umif;/
(2) oD;oef@u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;wGif pnf;rsOf;Oya'w&yfa&;
qGJ&ef vkyfief;udk A[kt
d rSKaqmiftzGJ@tm; wm0efay;v$Jtyf
a=umif;/
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tzGJ@odk@ today;ta=umif;=um;&ef/
(4) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJ@tm; nDvmcHrS tjynfht0axmufcHa=umif;/
118
vGwfvyfa&;ESifh jynfwGif;ppf
(zwyv)tpdk;&onf (1948)ck/ Zefe0g&D(4)&ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH
tm; vGwfvyfaomorwEdkifiHtjzpfa=unmonf// aemufwae@jzpfaom
Zefe0g&D(5)&ufae@wGif (K.N.U)u u&iftrsdK;om;qdkif&m a=unmcsufw&yf
xkwfjyef&mwGif u&ifvlrsdK;onf rsdK;EG,fpkwpk(Tribe)r[kwfyJ vlrsdK;wrsdK;
(Nation)jzpfa=umif;yg&Sdonf// (rme,fyavmvGwfajrmufa'owGif ,if;ae@
udk u&iftrsdK;om;ae@tjzpfusif;yonf//) vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfh (1)v
jynfhaeaom azaz:0g&D(3)&ufae@wGif (K.N.U)u (zqyv)tpdk;&xH oD;jcm;
u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;ESifhywfoufaom pmwapmifay;ydk@cJhonft
h jyif
119
121
ZGefv(26)&ufae@wGif
0ef}uDcsKyfOD;EkESifhtzGJ@onf
ykodrf+rdK@okd@
a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; OD;pGmyxrykodrf+rdK@ ud;k ql&Gmodk@ oGm;a&mufum
a'gufwmpHpDzdk;.tkwf*ltm; *g&0jyK.// xdkrS ykodrf+rdK@ wdkifwpf&m (udkomjzL)
txufwef;ausmif;wGif
OD;EkESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@
u&if-Armcspf=unf
a&;w&m;rsm;a[majym=u.// ,if;w&m;yGJwGif apmbOD;}uD;uu&if-Arm
tcif;rsm;rnfhta&;udk yrmcdkif;I ajymqdk&mwGif v,form;}uD;u ol.
roifhrjrwfjzpfaeaom EGm;ESpfaumiftm; yg;pyfwGif jcif;=um;pGyfum
aumufvSdKif;e,faeyHkudk yHkaqmifI ajymqdkoGm;&m y&dowfrSm rsm;pGmyif
oabmuscJhavonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)
wif;rmrSK. txGwftxdyf
(1948)ck/ =o*kwfvodk@ a&mufvmv#if (K.N.D.O). vSKyf&Sm;rSKonf
txGwftxdyfodk@ a&mufvmonf// rlvzGJ@pnf;pOfwGif (K.N.D.O)onf
(K.N.U). vufatmufcH umuG,fa&;tzGJ@r#omjzpfaomfvnf; wpwpjzifh
wcsdK@aomudpPrsm;wGif (K.N.U)xufyif =oZm}uD;rm;vmavonf// =o*kwf
v(7)&ufae@/ wae@wnf;rSmyif (K.N.D.O)rsm;onf tdrRJ+rdK@/ aiGwdkufrS
usyfaiGESpfaomif; &Spfaxmif(28000)udkif;/ rtlyifb%frS usyfaiG
oHk;q,fhig;odef; (3500000)udkif; pD;eif;&,loGm;onf// wzef =o*kwfv
(9)&ufae@wGif rtlyifw+rdK@vHk;udk pD;eif;&mwGif usyfodef;oHk;q,f&&Sd
jyefonf// xdkrS wqufwnf;wGif =o*kwfv(30)&ufESifh (31)&ufae@wdk@wGif
oxHkc&dkifESifh oxHk+rdK@tm; wdkufcdkufodrf;,ljcif;/ pufwifbmb(1)&ufae@
wGif armfv+rdKif+rdK@tm;odrf;I b%frSusyfaiGig;odef;xkwf,ljcif;/ xdkrSpufwif
bmv(8)&ufae@wGif a&$usif+rdK@ESifhausmuf}uD;+rdK@ pufwifbmv(10)&ufae@
wGif armfv+rdKifu|ef;+rdK@/ usdKufyd&GmESifh&JXme/ pufwifbmv(22)&ufae@wGif
awmif}uD;+rdK@/ pufwifbmv(23)&ufae@wGif vG,faumf+rdK@ESifhaiGwdkuf/
122
apmbOD;}uD;. ordkif;0ifpum;
130
apmbOD;}uD;onf
cspf=unfa&;xrif;pm;yGJrdef@cGef;jzifh
OD;EkESifh
(zqyv)acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ac|;odyfvdkuEf dkifonf// u&ifrsm;u rtlyif
aiGwdkuu
f dk azgufIvk,ufrSK/ tif;pdefwGif vufeufodrf;rSKrsm;udkvnf;
auseyfatmifajz&Sif;jyoGm;onf// rtlyifaiGwdkurf S aiGrsm;udk rdrd. v,f{u
(1000)a&mif;csI avsmfygrnf// aoewfrsm;udkvnf; ESpfvtwGif; jyeftyf
cdkif;ygrnf// ratmifjrifygu (K.N.U)OuUtjzpfrS EkwfxGufygrnf[I
l
ajymcJhonf// odk@aomf apmbOD;}uD;. tajymESifhvufawG@vkyf&yfrSm wjcm;
pDomjzpfaeonf// qrm;'l;0g;aemifu (1948)ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv(28)&ufwGif
tajctaeqdk;&Gm;vm+yDjzpfa=umif;/ u&ifrsm;u tpdk;&udkwdkuf&ef ucsifrsm;
xHrS ppfulawmif;a=umif; ocifEkxHodk@ tpD&ifcHcJhonf//
131
tcef;(9)
tif;pdefwdkufyGJtp
TwGif tif;pdef/ c0J+cHESifhapmfbGm;}uD;ukef;w0dkufY wifrm;rSKESifh
aygufuGJrSKrsm;pwifvmonf// (1949)ck/ azaz:0g&D(2)&ufae@a&mufv#if
tif;pdefudk (K.N.D.O)wyfzGJ@u odrf;ydkufvku
d fonf// awmifil+rdK@&Sd u&if
ppf&Jrsm; pwifvSKyf&Sm;vm&mrS awmifil&Sdu&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;(1)ESifh
yl;aygif;oGm;+yD; awmifil/ jzL;/ tkwfwGif;/ xef;wyif+rdK@rsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf
onf// ykodrf+rdK@&Sd u&ifppf&Jrsm;ESifh (K.N.D.O)rsm;yl;aygif;+yD; ykodrfudk
wdkufcdkufvku
d fonf// jynf+rdK@&Sd u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;(2)onf &efukefodk@
pkefqif;vmonf// (1949)ck/ azaz:0g&DESifhrwfvtwGif; rdwdvmESifhar+rdK@
udkif;/ rEWav;udk (K.N.D.O)ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;yl;aygif;Iif; odrf;ydkufvku
d f
=uonf// weoFm&Dwdkif;/ {&m0wDwdkif;ESifh &Srf;jynfe,fwdk@wGifvnf; (K.N.
D.O)wyfzGJ@rsm;u qufvufI odrf;ydkufvku
d f=uonf// yxrwGif (K.N.
D.O)rsm;u pwifcJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif u&ifppf&JESifhu&ifvufeuf
udkifwyf&if;rsm;ygyg0ifvmaoma=umifh u&ifwyfrSL;rsm;yif xdef;r&jzpfvm
avonf//
,if;tajctaewGif u&ifwyfrSL;rsm;ESifhwyfzGJ@rsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;ypfrSwf
jzpfvm+yD; (1949)ck/ azaz:0g&D(1)&ufae@wGif u&ifwyf&if;wyfzGJ@rsm;tm;
vufeufodrf;vdkuf+yD; wyg;wnf;cGifh&uf&Snfuydk g ay;vdkufonf// ppfOD;pD;csKyf
prpf'Gef;onf cGifh&ufjynhfaomfvnf; rdrdwGif wm0ef&Sdonf[kcH,l+yD; t+yD;
tydkift+idrf;pm;,loGm;onf// (OD;Ek. wmawpaeom;)AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;onf
t+idrf;pm;&,loGm;+yD;aemufwGif rnfonfhta&;t&mwGifrS yg0ifywf
oufjcif;r&Sdonft
h jyif uG,fvGefonftxd &efukefodk@ qif;rvmawmhyJ
&Srf;jynfe,f/ uavm+rdK@wGifom aowyefoufwqHk;aexdkif oGm;onf//
,if;uG,fvGef+yD; aemufESpfaygif;(30)ausmf t=umwGif ol.t*Fvdyfbmom
132
aomif;usef;rSK twdtvif;ay:aygufvmjcif;
jrefrmjynf/
AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifwdk@
vlpktm;
u,fwifEdkif&ef
wyfrawmfuGefref'dkenfjzifh
oHk;}udrf;}udK;pm;cJhonf//
yxyt}udrfwGif
tvif;0ifu&if&Jabmfrsm;udk apv$wfonf// 'kwd,t}udrfwGifwyf&if;(5)rS
ajymufusm; wyfpkudk apv$wfonf// wwd,t}udrfwGif &efukefbaqG.
ajymufusm;tzGJ@ESifh Adkvfcifarmifcspf/ AdkvfrsdK;oef@/ wyf=uyf}uD; xGef;=unfwdk@
yg0ifaomwyfzGJ@u oGm;a&mufu,fwifrS atmifjrifonf// &efukef baqGonf
137
AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;ESifh AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm
ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;
&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm
138
apmbOD;}uD;. +idrf;csrf;a&;qEN
,if;uJho@dk tif;pdefwGif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;aepOf =um;vlrsm;rSwqifh
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. +idrf;csrf;a&; urf;vSrf;csufrSm apmbOD;}uD;ESifh(K.N.U)
acgif;aqmifrsm;/ (K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;&Sd&m tif;pdefodk@ a&mufvm
onf// ,if;+idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;csuftay: (K.N.U)ESifh(K.N.D.O)acgif;
aqmifrsm;u pOf;pm;+yD;aemuf apmbOD;}uD;ESifhref;*sdrf;xGef;atmifwdk@ oGm;
a&mufaqG;aEG;&ef oabmwlvdkuf=uonf// Todk@jzifh apmbOD;}uD;ESifh
ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmifwdk@onf bkef;awmf}uD;z&ef@(pf)ppftmjrtm; taz:jyKI
(1949)ck/ {+yDv(4)&ufae@wGif tif;pdefrS &efukef+rdK@xJodk@ a&muf&Sdvm=u
onf//
,if;odk@tif;pdefrS&efukef+rdK@xJodk@ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@vmpOf ESpfbuf
typftcwf&yfpJxm;ojzifh tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif aoewfoHrsm; wdwfqdwf
aeavonf// +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdapcsifaom taumif;jrifolrsm;uvnf;
(zqyv)tpdk;&ESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@. +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJudk }udKqdk=u.//
{+yDv(5)&ufae@rS pwifI ESpfOD;ESpfbufaqG;aEG;=u&m {+yDv(7)&uf
ae@wGif ESpfbuf+idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJh=u
142
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. tif;pdefwdkufyGJ
tif;pdefwdkufyGJ}uD;
usaemfonf awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpfESifh tif;pdef+rdK@
wdkufyGJ}uD;udk (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvqef;up+yD; OD;pD;wdkufcdkufcJh&ygonf//
tif;pdef+rdK@udk (K.N.D.O)rsm;u (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@up+yD;
odrf;cJhonf// xdkwdkufyGJta=umif;udk a&;&ygawmhrnf// tif;pdefwdkufyGJESifh
ywfoufI usaemf.rSwfpkrSwfwrf;rsm;rSm usaemf. &efukeftdrfwGifom
usef&pfcJh&m xdkrSwfpkpmwrf; rsm;udk usaemfwdk@awmcdkvm+yD;aemuf tpdk;&u
usaemfhtdrfrS um;wpD;wdkuf vmodrf;,loGm;a=umif; tdrfwGifusef&pfaom
orD;ti,f pef;pef;u ajymjyygonf//
tif;pdefwdkufyGJta=umif; tcsuftvuf&SmazG&ef usaemfhom;
udkjrarmif&Smay;xm;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;tcsdK@ usaemfhxHwiG f &Sdaeygonf/ /
AdkvfrSL;}uD;(a[mif;)wifarmifa&;om;aom wdkif;jynfuEkEk rkefwdkif;u
xefxef/ rdk;rdk;wma&m pef(AdkvfrSL;}uD;cifarmifaomif;)a&;om;aom
rkef;wdkif;udkrrSKtefwkavaomfESifh ppfordkif;jywdkufrS xkwfa0aom
wyfrawmfordkif;pmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf// usaemfxdkpmtkyfrsm;udk tcsdef,l
146
tif;pdefwdkufyGJ tqHk;owf
(1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@u pwifcJhaom tif;pdefwdkufyGJ
}uD;rSmvnf; yJcl;ppfrsufESmrS (K.N.D.O)wdk@ qkwfcGgoGm;+yD;onfhwidk f tcsdef
tawmf=um qufwdku&f wkef; jzpfygonf//
odk@aomf (K.N.D.O)wdk@onf wwdwwdjzifh tif;pdefwGif tawmfae
&musOf;ajrmif;vmonfhtjyif t"dutm;jzifh olwdk@udk vm+yD;aygif;pD; tul
tnDay;&ef tvm;tvmrsm;r&Sdawmh+yDjzpfI tif;pdefrS (1949)ckESpf/ arv
(21)&ufae@nwGif tif;pdef+rdK@ausmbuf&Sd vSdKifjrpfudkjzwfum jrpf0u|ef;
ay:odk@ qkwfcGgxGufajy;=uavawmhonf//
odk@jzif (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&D(1)&ufrS arv(22)&uftxd (3)vESifh
(22)&uf=um+yD; rsm;pGmtaotaysmuf xdcdkufusqHk;rSKrsm;vSaom ordkif;0if
tif;pdefwdkuyf GJ}uD;rSm +yD;qHk;jcif;odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ayawmhonf//
(AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. twKy`wWd)
jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKordkif;(2) &Jabmfopfarmif
150
tcef;(10)
tif;pdefta&;tcif;ESifh u&ift&m&Sdrsm;
tif;pdefodrf;ydkufrSKwGif yxrY (K.N.D.O)rsm;om yg0ifavonf//
ppfwyfrSqdkv#if r*Fvm'Hk&Sd Adkvfatmifpdef. tajrmufwyfomyg0ifonf//
apmbOD;}uD;/ apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwkd@onf vufeufudkifolrsm;
r[kwf=uay// odk@jzpfI Adkvfatmifpdefonf tif;pdefumuG,fa&;wGif
ref;bZefESifhyl;wGJIif;/ 'kwd,t}udrf(zqyv)tpdk;&xH +idrf;csrf;a&;pmydk@&m
wGifif;apm[efwmomar$;ESifhtwl
pmudkvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf//
aemufydkif;a&mufvmaomtcgwGifrS tif;pdefudk tm;jznfh&eftaeESifh
ume,frif;armif.
u&ifvufeufudkifwyf&if;(1)onf
awmifiludk
odrf;Iif;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrarmif. u&ifvufeufudkifwyf&if;(2)onf jynf+rdK@
udk odrf;Iif; tif;pdef(&efukef)odk@ toD;oD; pkefqif;vm=ujcif;jzpfonf//
tif;pdefta&;tcif;wGif u&ifwdk@bufrS t"ducsdK@,Gif;csufrSm
acgif;wGJrygyJ ukefwGJcsnf; armif;ESifvmonfh rD;&xm;}uD;wpD;yrm t"du
ppfwyf. OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyf
prpf'Gef;onfif;/ 'kwd,um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfapm=um'dk;
onfif; ygrvmjcif;yif jzpfavonf//
xdkrS te,fe,frS tif;pdefodk@ a&mufvm=uukefaom (K.N.D.O)ESifh
trnfcHrsm;onf tif;pdefa&mufv#if OuUref;bZefa&;om;ouJho@dk yif
tcsif;csif;roifhrjrwfjzpfum rdrde,fESifhrdrd&Gm twGuf vufeufrsm;&,l
+yD;wGif toD;oD;jyefoGm;um cdk;qdk;wdkufcdkufjcif;trSKudk usL;vGef=uav
onf// ,if;tif;pdefta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifaomu&ift&m&Sd/ t&mcHrsm;onf
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;ratmifrjrifaomfvnf;
ol@wdk@onfb0qHk;onfwdkif
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;ESifhtwlwuG aecJhjcif;yif jzpfavonf//
151
au*sDbD(K.G.B)
apmbOD;}uD;onf tif;pdef/ xef;wyifrS xGufcGgvm+yD;aemuf
awmifilodk@ acsmarmpGmyif a&mufvmonf// awmifila&muf+yD;aemuf
(1949)ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)&uf/ ae@pGJjzifh (K.N.U). aumfol;avtpdk;&(K.G.BKaw Thooli Governing Body)udk zGJ@pnf;a=umif;/ aumfol;avtoH
v$ifhXmeu a=unmonf// ,if;aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@wGif apmbOD;}uD;wm0ef,lonfh awmifilta&S@wdkif;onf ( K.N.U).
A[dkXmecsKyfvnf;jzpfonf// apmbOD;}uD;a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; r=umrD (1949)
ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)&ufae@/ ae@pGJjzifh (K.N.U). aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGJ@wGif apmbOD;}uD;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm
(1) apmbOD;}uD;
(0ef}uD;csKyf)/
156
(2) OD;vSaz(oxHk)
(EdkifiHjcm;a&;)/
(3) apmzdk;armif
(jynfxJa&;)/
(4) apma&$av;
(umuG,fa&;)/
(5) apmxl;&mOD;
(bma&;)/
(6) apmpdefwif
(v,f,mESifhopfawm)/
(7) q&mbxGef;
(ynma&;)/
(8) apm*|efeoefwmar(vrf;yef;ESifho,f,lydk@aqmifa&;)ponfjzifh
toD;oD;wm0efcGJxm;onf//
odk@&mwGif (1950)ckESpf/ ESpfqef;v#if tpdk;&bufrS ppfa&;tom
&vmonf// (1949)ck/ 'DZifbmvwGif (K.N.D.O) 'kwd,cHwyf[k wifpm;
ac:qdkaom vSnf;ul;(pmAl;awmif;)udk tpdk;&wyfu odrf;ydkufvdkuo
f nf//
(K.N.D.O)vufxJY awmifilw+rdK@wnf;om &Sdawmhonfh tcsdefwGif tpdk;&
wyfu (K.N.D.O)/ jynfol&JabmfESifhArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@tm; ppfrsuf
ESmrsdK;pHkzGifhI wdkuf cdkufvmonf// (1950)ckESpf/ rwfvqef;v#if tpdk;&wyfu
anmifav;yifESifhjzL;udk odrf;+yD;aemuf awmifiludkyg jyefvnfodrf;ydkufvdu
k f
onf// (zqyv)tpdk;&onf tdENd,EdkifiHrS &&Sdxm;aom vufeufcJ,rf;
rsm;jzifh topfwdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;vdkufaom (B.T.F)wyf&if;(52)&if;udk vufeuf
wyfqifay;vdkuf&m ppftiftm;rSm awmifhwif;oGm;avonf//
,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftay:wGif ref;bZefonf aemufydkif;Y jywfom;
pGm a0zefaxmufjyxm;avonf//
aumfolav;tkyfcsKyfa&;tay:ref;bZeftjrif
u&ifvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rprDwGif (K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;
t&Hk;.=oZmonf pl;&SvSayonf// odk@&mwGif vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
157
ref;bZefa0zefoHk;oyfxm;ouJho@dk yif
jrpf0u|ef;ay:wcGifvHk;Y
(1950)ckESpf tvGefwGif +rdK@ay:Yom tpdk;&&Sd+yD;/ &Gmrsm;wGif wAdkvfwrif;
pHepft& aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;rS ta&;ydkif/ +rdK@ydkifrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
t&m&Sdrsm;/ vufeuf&SdolESifh/ vufeufudkifolrsm;yif Adkvfusp dk;rdk;aeav
onf// wbufwGif olwdk@ESifht+ydKifum; (zqyv). ysLapmxD;ESifhumuG,f
a&;rsm;u tpGrf;ukefrif;rlaeawmhonf// ,if;wdk@. qdk;oGrf;&ufpufaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;'%fudk u&ifyifjzpfap/ Armyifjzpfap xdkpOfu cH=u&avonf//
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
armfpDwkef;.
Warfare)ESifh vla&SmufcsD. ( On Inner Party
159
a&&Snfppf( Protracted
Struggle)pmtkyfwdk@tjyif
apmbOD;}uD; usqHk;jcif;
(zqyv)tpdk;&.xdk;ppfudk jyefvnf
ckcHEdkif&ef (K.N.D.O)twGuf avm
avmq,frSmyif vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;
vdktyfaeonf// ,if;vdk tyfaeaom
vufeufcJ,rf;rSm jynfwGif;Yum; r&
Edkif// jynfytultnDjzifhom &Edkifrnf//
,if;jynfy tultnD&&Sda&;twGuf
teD;uyftm;xm;EdkifrnfholrSm OD;apm
usqHk;ae&m
udk vufeufxkwfay;rSKjzifh tif;pdef
axmifxJa&mufaeol uy`wdefADAD,efyif jzpfonf// ,cktcg ADAD,efonf
tif;pdefudk (K.N.D.O)rsm; odrf;ydku+f yDonfhaemufY vGwfajrmufvm&mrS
apmbOD;}uD;tzGJ@ESifhawmifiludk vm&mwGif wygwnf;ygvmcJholyif jzpfonf//
Todk@ jynfytultnDjzifh vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf&&Sda&;twGuf
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@onf (1950)ckESpf/ rdk;&moDtpwGif awmifile,frS
azgufxGufvmcJhonf// odk@&mwGif awmifilrS (7)rdkiftuGmta&muf/ tpdk;&
ppfa=umif;wa=umif;ESifh awG@qHkwu
dk fyGJjzpf&mrS tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfaom vli,f
wm0efcHpaumarmav;rSm usqHk;cJh&onf// tpdk;&ppfa=umif;rsm;onf
apmbOD;}uD;.c&D;pOf &nf&G,fcsufudk odxm;yHk&ojzifh a&S@u/ aemufu/
ab;ureD;ra0;wGifuyfI vdkufaeyHkvnf;&onf//
160
apmbOD;}uD; rl 4-csuf
(1) vufeufcstnHhcH t&SHK;ay;jcif;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@ tvsOf;rvkyf/
(2) u&ifjynf todtrSwfjyKjcif; +yD;jynfhpHkap&rnf/
(3) u|Ekfyfwdk@vufeuf u|Efkyfwdk@ vufxJwGif &Sd&rnf/
(4) u|Efkyfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;=urRm u|Ekfyfwdk@ zefwD;Edkif&rnf/
161
(EdkifiHopfpmapmif)
apmbOD;}uD;toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf zgyGefwGif usif;yaom az:jyyg
(K.N.U)uGef*&ufonf yxrqHk;ESifhaemufqHk;yif jzpfavonf// uGef*&uf
usif;y+yD;onfESifh apmbOD;}uD;onf rdk;v&moDrdk;xJavxJY befaumufwGif
&Sdaeaom EdkifiHjcm;om;udk,fpm;vS,fESifhawG@qHk&ef c&D;xGufvmavonf//
,if;ESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifaygif;rSm (9)OD;jzpfI wOD;rSmAdkvfcsKyfapmpefau
jzpfonf// yxr&yfem;aomae&mrSm aqGrsdK;awmfpyfol apma*smfeDxl;
162
apmbOD;}uD;tay: jrifaomtjrifrsm;
apmbOD;}uD; usqHk;uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; owif;=um;&aom
tcg wkef@jyefrSKrsm;u yJhwifxyfvmonf// ,if;yJhwifrSKESifhtjrif trsdK;rsdK;wGif
jynfwGif;tjrifESifh jynfytjrifrsm;yg0ifavonf// jynfytjrifwGif jrefrm
EdkifiHtm; tkyfcsKyfcJhaom +Adwdo#bk&ifcHESpfOD;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m 0ef}uD;
wOD;wdk@ yg0if=uavonf// xdkpOfu yg0ifaom oHwrefwOD;rSm +Adwdo#EdkifiH
(vef'ef)qdkif&m jrefrmoH&Hk;rS 'kwd,twGif;0efOD;armifarmif}uD; (Maung
Maung Ji)yif jzpfavonf//
bk&ifcHa[mif; a':refprpf. tjrifwGif apmbOD;}uD;onf t=urf;
zuform; wOD;r[kwfwmawmh trSefyg/ u|efawmfhtaeESifh ol&J@yifyef;}uD;
pGm &kef;uef&rSKeJ@a=umuf&GH@xdwfvef@zG,fawGxJu ol@&J@aoqHk;&rSKudk rjrif&
164
q&matmifAv. apmbOD;}uD;udk,fawG@
apmbOD;}uD;uG,fvGefaomtcg ol.&kyftavmif;
tm; armifv+rdKifaq;&Hk}uD;Y xm;avonf//
,if;owif;udk twnfjyKEdkif&ef xdkpOfu &efukef+rdK@&Sd
owif;axmufrsm;ESifhowif;"gwfyHkq&mrsm;tm;
oufqdkif&mu ac:,ljyo.// xdktxJwGif q&m
atmifAvvnf; yg0ifavonf//
(1950)ck/ =o*kwfv(14)&ufae@//
owif;axmufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh "gwfyHkowif;
axmufrsm; yef;qdk;wef;&Sd jyef=um;a&;Xmeodk@ ae@v,f(12) em&Davmuf
vmcJhyg[k tpdk;&u w,fvDzkef;jzifh zdwf=um;onf//
jyef=um;a&;Xmeodk@ a&mufaomtcg 'k-!Gef=um;a&;0ef OD;ausmfpdk;
ESifo
h wif;pmqufqHa&;t&m&Sd OD;csefxGef;(uG,fvGef&Sm=u+yD)wdk@u armfv
+rdKifodk@ oGm;&ef&Sda=umif;/ owif;axmufxuf "gwfyHkowif;axmufrsm;
vdkufcJhapvdka=umif; ajym.//
xdkpOfu wifarmifonf e,l;wdkif;owif;pm. owif;axmufom
jzpfaomfvnf; e,l;pfypf"gwfyHkowif;Xme. "gwfyHkowif;axmuftjzpf
vdkufygcGifh&&Sdavonf//
jyef=um;a&;XmerS t&m&SdESpfOD;ESifh owif;pmq&m(10)OD;wdk@onf
a&$*sdK;jzL av,mOfysH(2)pif;ESifh armfv+rdKifodk@ ysHoef;cJh=uonf// armfv+rdKifodk@
a&mufaomtcg ppfXmecsKyfodk@ ac:oGm;.//
usaemfrsm; wdkufyGJwckrSm u&ifolykefacgif;aqmifapmbOD;}uD;udk
taozrf;rdcJhygw,f//
166
167
twdwfu apmbOD;}uD;
apmbOD;}uD;.
twdwf&mZ0ifudk
vnf; jrifa,mif vmjyefonf//
*syefacwf zgyGefESifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o
u&if-ArmydyuQt+yD;Y u&if-Arm
cspf=unfa&;twGuf zGJ@cJhaomu&if
trsdK;om;tzGJ@. acgif;aqmif(12)OD;
teuf wOD;jzpfcJhol apmbOD;}uD;//
ppf+yD;acwf +Adwdo#tpdk;&xH
wGif (zqyv)u vGwfvyfa&;&&ef
ta&;qdkpOfY q&momxdk/ ref;bcdkif
wdk@ESifhtwl u&ifvlxkudk acgif;aqmif
um (zqyv)ESifhyl;aygif;cJhaom apmb
OD;}uD;//
xdkpOfu wyfaygif;pk}uD; (zqyv)ESifhaygif;um u&if-Armcspf=unf
a&;vkyfaqmifcJh&if; e,fcsJ@tm; &ifqdkifcJhol apmbOD;}uD;onf aemufydkif;
e,fcsJ@ESifh yl;aygif;vmcJh.// u&if-ArmnD!Gwfa&;udk zsufqD;cJhavonf//
bk&ifcH. twdkifyifcHtzGJ@0if 0ef}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf//
u&ifjynf/ oD;jcm;jynfe,f &&Sdoifhonfqdkum u&ifA[dktpnf;
t&Hk;udk acgif;aqmif+yD; aoG;cGJa&;udk vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf tjcm;tzGJ@0if(3)OD;ESifhtwl bdvyfodk@ oGm;um
+Adwdo#tpdk;&u ArmjynfY u&ifjynfe,foD;jcm;xlaxmifay;a&;vSHK@aqmf
onf// (1946)ck/ Zlvdkifv(19)&uftxd azgufjyefaom aoG;cGJvrf;pOfudk
vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf//
e,fcsJ@ESifhyl;aygif;rd&mrS Armtcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJcJh&onf//
168
ref;bZefjrifaom apmbOD;}uD;
apmbOD;}uD;[m rdrd&J@ av;eufwJh cH,lcsuftwdkif; u&iftrsdK;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf rSefuefjywfom;wJh awmfvSefa&;udk a&S@aqmifaz:
xkwfcJholjzpfw,f// awmfvSefa&;tay:rSm av;eufjywfom;rSKeJ@opPm
&Sdw,f// awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;awGudk tcuftcJawG=um;rS &J&ifhwnf+idrf
jywfom;pGm a&S@aqmifcJhw,f//
(1949)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufae@rSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
pwifvm+yD; apmbOD;}uD;[m A[dak cgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh u|Ekfyf/ apmpdkif;ac/
paumarmav;/ apm[efwmomarG;/ ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif/ OD;Zef/ apmb,fvD
ESifhtwl tif;pdefwdkufyGJtwGif; tcuftcJjy\emaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm
}uHKawG@&+yD; awmfvSefa&;t&nftcsif;awG &cJhw,f// tif;pdefwdkuyf GJ[m
(1949)ck/ ar(25)&ufae@txd &ufaygif;(111)&uf&Snf=umaomae@ tif;pdef
rS qkwfcGgcJhw,f// tif;pdefrS qkwfcGgawmh awmfvSefa&;'%fudk rcHEdkifwJh
ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif/ apmb,fvD/ OD;Zefwdk@rSm awmfvSefa&;udk pGef@cGgoGm;
=uw,f// awmfvSefa&;rSm acgif;aqmif&ef apmbOD;}uD;/ u|Ekfyf/ apmpdkifau/
apm[efwmomarG;eJ@paum armav;wdk@ usefcJhw,f// tif;pdefu qkwfcGg+yD;
u|Efkyf[m/ tif;pdefc&dkif/ xef;wyif+rdK@e,f&Sd/ =umtif;aZmif;&Gmudk a&muf=u
w,f// tJ'D&GmrSm tpnf;ta0;vkyf+yD; acgif;aqmifawG wm0efcGJa0=uw,f//
171
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. trSm;ESifhtrSef
apmbOD;}uD;onf (1950)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@wGif uG,fvGef
ojzifh ,cktcg ESpftm;jzifh(60)yif ausmfcJh+yDjzpfonf// jrefrmEdkifiH. ordkif;
onfvnf; &mpkESpfwckudk jzwfoef;vsuf &Sdaeayonf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl
jrefrmEdkifiH. ordkif;udak &;cJh=uaom jrefrmvlrsdK;awGbufrS AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;/ OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;wdk@onfif;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;bufrS p0fa&$odku/f
172
(AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. twKy`wWd)
177
(AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. twKy`wWd)
('kwd,ydkif;)
178
tcef; (11)
&efol@xHowif;ay;ydk@ol armiftJ
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@tm; ppfwyfodk@ owif;ay;olrSm vSKd ifbGJ@ESifh
aumhu&dwf+rdK@e,f=um;&Sd rdkifoHk;q,fcef@tuGm xd@k aumul;&Gmom;
armiftJESifhtaygif;ygrsm; jzpf=uavonf// xdke,fwGif wm0efusaom
(K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifESihaf emufvdkurf sm;onf olwdk@e,fwGif trsdK;rsdK;Adkvf
usaeojzifh olwdk@onf rsm;pGmrcHr&yfEdkif jzpfvm=uavonf//
TwGif olwdk@e,ftwGif;odk@ vlpdrf;wpk0ifvm+yD; &GmESifhrvSrf;rurf;
wGif pcef;csaea=umif;od&v#if &Gmom;armiftJtygt0if ppfwyfodk@
owif;ydk@&mrS ppfwyfu 0dkif;0ef;ypfcwf&m apmbOD;}uD;ESifhapmpdkif;auwdk@rSm
aoewfxdrSefum aoqHk;=u&avonf//
179
obmywda&G;cs,f cH&jcif;(,m,D)
(1950)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@wGif OuU
}uD;apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;+yD;aemuf OuUopf
a&G;cs,f&ef
udpPrsm;ay:aygufcJhavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;+yD;jzpfI
vpfvyfaom
ae&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfpdkif;autm; wifajrSmuf&ef
tm;vHk;uoabmwlavonf//
odk@aomf
AdkvfcsKyfpdkif;auvnf; OuU}uD;ESifhtwl usqHk;
oGm;a=umif; zgyGef&Sd apmbOD;}uD;. ZeD;u
a=u;eef;ydk@vmojzifh/ OuUopftjzpf wOD;OD;
udk a&G;cs,f&ef udpP&Sdvmonf//
181
ref;bZefESifh 'kwd,vrf;pOf
(1951)ckESpf/ZGefv(5)&ufae@wGif jzpfonf// apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;+yD;
aemuf (K.N.U)udk apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@ ESpfOD;yl;wGJ
acgif;aqmifaeonfhumvvnf;jzpfonf// ,if;tajctaewGif (K.N.U)
tay:wGif (zqyv)tpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;t&/ ppfa&;t&tay:pnf;u &vm
onfh umvvnf;jzpfonf// ,if;tajctaewGif (K.N.U)twGuf EdkifiHa&;/
trsdK;om;a&;vrf;pOfw&yfcsrSwf&ef
vdktyfvma=umif;
ref;bZefESifh
apm[efwmomar$;tygt0if (K.N.U)acgif;aqmifrsm;u ,lqxm;=u
onf// odk@jzifh 0g;c,fr+rdK@e,f/ ta&S@jcrf;/ jr*dk;acsmif ;twGif;&Sd y&dkuf
aomifwef;&GmwGif (K.N.U). uGefz&ifh(a&$+rdK@awmfuGefz&ifh)[lI wGif
onf//
u|efawmfonf ,if;y&dkufaomifwef;&GmESifh rsufapmif;xdk;omom
avmufwGif&Sdonfh *&rf;acsmif;xJY aecJhbl;onf// xdkrSwqifh y&dkuf
aomifwef;&Gm atmufbufem;&Sd 'dkif;abmif&GmY ausmif;aecJhbl;.//
+yD;v#if (1990)ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ,if;y&dkufaomifwef;&Gmrsm;tygt0if
0g;c,frrJqENe,ftrSwf(1)Y a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcJh.// odk@jzifh u|efawmfonf
,if;y&dkufaomifwef;&Gmuav;tm; trSwfw&tjzpf =unfhcJhrdao;onf//
,if;0def@awmif(a&$+rdK@awmf)uGefz&ifhrS csrSwfvdkufaom (K.N.U).
vrf;pOfudk 'kwd,vrf;pOf[kac:onf// ,if;(K.N.U).vrf;pOf 'kwd,
vrf;pOfonf yxrwGif u&iftrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;Y }uD;pGmaom tvSnfh
tajymif;wckudk jzpfapcJh&mrSm aemufydkif;wGif u&ifhawmfvSefa&;twGif;Y
*kd%f;*%/ 0g'udk jzpfay:apcJhavonf//
,if;(K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOfudk &SKjrif=u&mY yxrOD;pGm tpysdK;cJh
ol ref;bZef.tjrif/ 'kwd,wGif (1959)ckESpf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tdrfapmifh
tpdk;&vufxufY Oya'wGif;odk@ jyef0ifa&mufoGm;=uonfh (K.N.U)
xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpk a&;om;jyKpkonfh aumfol;avppfwrf;tjrif/
183
(1) yxrtcsufrSm
(K.N.U).
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awmifwef;ay:wGif rdom;pkESifhtwl AdkvfrSL;}uD;Aeful;.
zrf;rdjcif;udkcH&+yD; axmifxJodk@ a&mufoGm;onf/ axmifwGifrS
wqifh jrefrmqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfodk@ a&mufvmonf// awmfvSef
a&;aumifpD0ifjzpfvmonf// ,if;'kwd, vrf;pOfodk@ (K.N.U)
ul;ajymif;a&muf&SdvmyHktpjynfhtpHkudk if;/
(2) 'kwd,tcsufrSm OD;Ekonf awmcdk&mrS +rdK@ay:jyefa&mufvm+yD;
(1988)ckESpfwGif ('D+idrf;) vkyfaqmifaepOf (K.N.U)onf
cGJxGufcGifhudk awmif;qdkjcif;rjyKawmhI olESifhref;bZefwdk@
tusdK;wlyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif+yDjzpfa=umif;/ tpnf;ta0;wGif
ajymqdkcsufrsm;onfif;/
(3) wwd,tcsufrSm u|efawmfudk,w
f dkif rme,fyavma&mufI
AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifESifh twlwuG aexdkifpOf cGJxGucf GifhudpPudk
ar;jref;&m AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifucGJxGucf Gifhudk w&m;0if
a=ujimI pGef@vGwfvdku+f yD[k rajymaomfvnf; awmif;qdkjcif;
udkum; rjyKawmha=umif; ajymqdkcsufonfif;/
tav;xm;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;yif jzpfavonf//
aumfol;avppfwrf;tjrif
(1959)ckESpf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif
jzpfonf// wdkif;jynfodk@ w&m;0ifxkwfjyefa=ujimjcif;r&SdyJ/ xdkpOfu (Auy)
acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifhif;/ (K.N.U)acgif;aqmif tcsdK@ESifhif;/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&
onf &efukef+rdK@Y v#dK@0SufpGm awG@qHkaqG;aEG;onf// ,if;v#dK@0SufaqG;aEG;yGJ
186
yxrvrf;pOft& EdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[m
(1949-1951)ckESpftwGif; (K.N.U)u csrSwfusifho;Hk cJhaom EdkifiHa&;/
trsdK;om;a&;vrf;pOfrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[mt&=unfhv#if atmufyg
twdkif;jzpfonf//
&nf&G,fcsuf
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomu&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;/ u&ifvlrsdK;
wnfwHha&;/
t"du&efol
(zqyv)tpdk;&/
187
'kwd,&efol
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwd/ jynfol@&Jabmf
tzGJ@/ awmcdkbm;rm;(bm;rm;&dkifz,f)/
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wyfzGJ@rsm;/
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&JabmftzGJ@/ awmcdkbm;rm;/ rl*sm[pf/
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188
t"du0if&dk;
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- yxrvrf;pOfv$JrSm;rSKtay: igwdk@. awmfvSefa&;ta&;edrfhcJhjcif;ESifh
tpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppfwdk@a=umifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
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oGm;cJh.//
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wdk@a=umifh[k qdk&ayonf//
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189
yxrvrf;pOfrS 'kwd,vrf;pOfodk@
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vrf;pOfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mwGif w&kwfawmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uHKudk tajccH
xm;a=umif;udkvnf; az:jyxm;ayonf//
- ppfa&;onf EdkifiHa&;. toufjzpfonf// vufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk
qifEGJaejcif;onf u&ifhEdkifiHa&;udk qufvkyfaejcif;omjzpfonf//
- EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrSKudk ppfa&;u cH,l&onf//
- yxrvrf;pOfumvuJhodk@ ppfa&;OD;aqmifrSKae&mwGif EdkifiHa&;u
OD;aqmifrSKay;&rnf//
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t&Hk;onf t"dupnf;&Hk;a&;jzpfonf//
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tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonf//
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w&kwfawmfvSefa&;.
tawG@t}uHKESifhoifcef;pmrsm;udk
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- zq-qdk&S,ftpdk;&onf ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;. wOD;wnf;aom
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190
'kwd,vrf;pOf. EdkifihHa&;aoe*FAsL[m
(K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOf atmifjrifa&;twGuf csrSwfonfhEdkifiHa&;
aoe*FAsL[monf atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf &nf&G,fcsuf
(1) u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf tcsKyftjcmydkif u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&;/
191
T&nf&G,fcsufESifh
vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
a&;qGJxm;yHkonf
aoe*FAsL[mqefayonf// if;aoe*FAsL[myg tiftm;pktaetxm;udk
=unfhv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u a&S@aqmif&efudk awG@&ayonf//
odk@aomfvnf; vufawG@rSmrlum; u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;. tiftm;rSm tvGef@tvGefenf;yg;onfudk awG@&Sd&onf//
xdka=umifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. OD;aqmifrSKay;&rnfqdkygu uGefjrLepf
ygwD. OD;aqmifrSKudkom igwdk@cH,l&ayrnf[ak 0zefoHk;oyf xm;avonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)
(K.N.U)rS (K.N.U.P)ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;jcif;
ref;bZefESifh r'nw
(1956)ckESpf/ 'kwd,t}udrf aumfol;avjynfvHk;qdkif&m uGef*&ufESifh
(K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOfyg EdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[mt& (K.N.U)acgif;aqmif
rsm;onf rlv(K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;ae&mwGif (K.N.U.P)ac:
u&iftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD(Karen National United Party)udk zGJ@pnf;
vdkuf=uavonf// ,if;(K.N.U.P). t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm(1) apm[efwmomarG;
(OuU)/
(2) ref;bZef
(twGif;aa&;rSL;)/
(3) AdkvfcsKyfrif;armif
(EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if)/
(4) apmausmfjroef;
(
//
)/
(5) ref;om+rdKif
(
//
)/
(6) ref;odef;armif
(
//
)wdk@ jzpf=uonf//
193
apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefuGJ=u+yD
(K.N.U.P)ESifh (K.R.C)
(K.N.U)acgif;aqmifydkif;twGif; (K.N.U.P)udk zGJ@pnf;&mY ygwD.
vrf;!Gef0g'udk rmhvf(pf)vDeif0g'[k cH,lxm;jcif;tay:ESpf+rdK@ol&SdouJo
h dk@
rESpf+rdK@olrsm;vnf; &Sdae=uonf// ,if;odk@ &SdaepOf (1956)ckESpf/ arv(26)
&ufae@wGif (armudk)Y u&iftrsdK;om;uGef*&ufw&yfudk usif;ycJhonf//
,if;uGef*&ufY trsm;qENt& (K.R.C)ac: u&ifhawmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk
zGJ@pnf;cJhonf// ,if;u&ifhawmfvSefa&;aumifpD(K.R.C)wGif atmufyg
yk*~dKvfrsm;yg0if=uonf//
(1) apm[efwmomar$;
(OuU)/
(2) ref;bZef
('kwd,OuU(1)ESifhEdkifiHjcm;a&;)/
(3) AdkvfcsKyfrif;armif
('kwd,OuU(2)ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;)/
(4) paumv,fawm
(twGif;a&;rSL;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;)/
195
(5) ref;odef;armif
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
(6) ref;om+rdKif
(v,f,mESifhopfawmfXme)/
(7) y'dk0D&da*smf
(jynfxJa&;)/
(8) y'dkaxma&
(bma&;ESifhtcGefawmf)/
(9) y'dkplay:vGD
(jyef=um;a&;)/
(10) y'dkbxGef;
(ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;)/
(11) y'dkzdk;anm
(w&m;ol}uD;csKyf)wdk@ yg0if=uonf//
,if;odk@&SdpOf (1963)ckESpf/ {+yDv(20)&ufae@wGif (uaqm0g;)Y
(K.N.U.P)ESifh(K.R.C)yl;aygif; tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk usif;y.// ,if;tpnf;
ta0;usif;ycsdefwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf awmwGif;vufeufudkif
tzGJ@rsm;tm; +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;&ef ta=umif;jycsufjzifh EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppf
w&yfqifEGJcsdefESifhvnf; wdkufqdkifaejyef.// ,if;(uaqm0g;)tpnf;ta0;
wGif rlvuyif (K.N.U.P). vrf;!Gef0g'jzpfonfh rmhuf(pf)vDeif0g'udk
vufrcHvdkonfh(K.R.C)tzGJ@0ifacgif;aqmif(10)OD;wdk@onf apm[efwmom
ar$;udk A[dkjyKI(K.N.U.P)rS EkwfxGufoGm;=uavonf//
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;twGif; ,if;tuJGt+yJay:wGif t"duacgif;aqmif
ESpfOD;jzpfaom apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@onf pdwfraumif;}uD;pGm
jzpfcJh=uonf// odk@jzifh bZefa&-u&ifhawmfvSefa&;awmh uGJoGm;+yD/ 'gayr,fh ruGJatmif
vkyfzdk@awmh ta&;}uD;w,f/ rif;eJ@ig 'gudk 0if+yD; xdef;odrf;ay;&r,f-
'DtuGJt+yJawGudk cifAsm;eJ@u|efawmfwdk@ jyefacgif;aqmif}uD;
ajz&Sif;&r,f-
(ref;bZefESifhu&ifh awmfvSefa&;rS)
196
zsufodrf;&yfqdkif;ypfvdkuaf omtcg
ref;bZefonf
AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[ef
(aqG;aEG;yGJacgif;aqmif)tm; awmif;awmif;yefyefjzifh (K.N.U)ESifhqufvuf
aqG;aEG;&ef arwWm&yfcHaomfvnf; AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[efonf wif;wif;rmrmjzifh
raqG;aEG;Edkifa=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yGJudk &yfpJvdkuf+yD;jzpfa=umif;ajymojzifh
ref;bZefrSm rsm;pGmpdwfraumif;jzpfcJh&onf[k q&m}uD;paumv,fawm
u jyefvnfajymjyavonf//
K.N.U.P rS
rlv K.N.U
tuGJt+yJESifhtustqHk;
xdkpOfu apm[efwmomar$;ESifhtwl jyefoGm;=uolrsm;onf
,cifae&ma[mif;wGifom aexdkif=u+yD; jrefrmhppfwyfESifhyl;aygif;um e,fvl
xkESifhu&ifvlxkudk
rzG,fr&mjyKusifh=uavonf//
,if;ta=umif;udk
AdkvfcsKyfjrrS atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
rl;qdk;&efol@xH tnHhcHvdku+f yD;aemuf (1964)ckESpftwGif; &efolonf
(1)
usaemfwdk@udk t}uD; tus,fxdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkufavawmhonf// xdktcsdef
wGif
azgufjyefa&;vif;xifESifh
x&l;rif;wdk@onf
zgyGefc&dkifESifh
anmifav;yifc&dkif wyfr[m (3)e,fajrwGif &Sdae=uonf// Tazgufjyefa &;
orm;wdk@. vkyf&yfrsm;rSm t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tm; xdcdkufepfemaprSK
reJraemyg// zgyGefESifhanmifav;yifc&dkiftwGif;&Sd usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;u
Tazgufjyefa&;orm;rsm; onfr#avmuf &ufpufvdrfhrnf[k rar#mfvifhcJh
ay// olwdk@u tvpftidkufwiG f wdkufcdkufvmojzifh usaemfwdk@A[dkrS
wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm; tzrf;cH&+yD; &ufpufpGmtowfcHcJh&onf// y'dktkef;az
!Gef@/ AdkvfpdefESifh if;wdk@. &Jabmfq,fa,mufausmfvnf; vif;xifESifh
x&l;rif;wdk@wyfu zrf;qD;&rd+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf ac;ylv,fuGif;ab;Y
owfjzwf+yD; tavmif;rsm;tm; ypfxm;cJh=uonf//
(1)
(AdkvfcsKyfjr. usaemfhjzwfoef;rSKtppftrSef)
201
(AdkvfcsKyfjr. usaemfhjzwfoef;rSKtppftrSef)
(2)
(armifpif=u,f. rme,fyavmc&D;onf)
203
tcef; (12)
u|efawmfjrifcJhodcJhaom ref;bZefESifh apm[efwmomar$;
u|efawmfonf apmbOD;}uD;uG,fvGefusqHk;+yD;aemuf (K.N.U).
t"duacgif;aqmif}uD;ESpfOD;jzpfaom ref;bZefudkvnf; awG@cJhbl;onf//
apm[efwmomar$;ESifhvnf; tvGefyif&if;ESD;tu|rf; 0ifcJhbl;avonf//
ref;bZefudk awG@&yHkrSm (1964)ckESpf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJvmpOf
ol.tdrfaxmifa&;(25)ESpf tcrf;tem;usif;y&mESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJG
axmufcHolrsm;tm; awG@qHkyGJusif;yonfh tvHkvrf;/ rpf&Sif0if0twGif;&Sd
ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif. Aa&weftxufwef;ausmif;wGif jzpfavonf//
ref;*sdef;xGef;atmifonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl tif;pdefrS&efukefoGm;I
tif;pdef+idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJholvnf;jzpfI awmrcdkaom
(K.N.U) xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfayonf//
xdkpOfu u|efawmfonf ref;bZefwdk@. (K.N.U)+idrf;csrf;&;
aqG;aEG;yGJowif;udk +idrf;csrf;a&;wrefawmfjzpfaom Adkvfausmfat;(0g)
apmausmfat;(aorif;udkopPmESHol)xHoGm;I trsm;qHk; owif;a&;cJh
olvnf;jzpfayonf// odk@&mwGif ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif. (Aa&wef)ausmif;wGif
usif;yaom ref;bZef. aiG&wkobiftcef;tem;wGifum; a&S@wef;odk@
rxGufyJ vlawGxJu vlwa,muftjzpfom wufa&muf+yD; ref;bZefudk
jrifawG@&jcif;jzpfavonf// ,if;aemuf OD;Ek. 'Drdkua&pD0dkif;awmfom;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHjyefvm+yD;aemuf udkaxG;jrifh (bDbDpDaxG;jrifh/ ESpf}udK;'%fcH
axG;jzifh)vnf; jyefvm&mrS olESifhcifrif=u+yD;aemuf awmwGif;Yae&pOf
olESifhref;bZefwdk@ wJwvHk;wnf;wGif twlwuG aexdkif=uI ref;bZef.
vlrSKa&;b0 olajymonfudk =um;emcJh&avonf// xdkrSu|efawmf rme,fy
204
206
paumv,fawm. ajrmufydkif;c&D;
q&m}uD;paumv,fawmonf (1968)ckESpfwGif (K.N.U).
tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifwOD;taeESifh w&kwfjynfodk@ r[mrdwf&Sm&ef c&D;xGufcJh
onf// ,if;tm; tjyefc&D;wGif vGwfajrmufa'oY a&muf&Sdaeol owif;
axmufpsmef&(trnfcH) (yD*sD)pdk;rif;u tifwmAsL;vkyfcJhonf// ,if;tifwm
AsL;rSm EdkifiHopfordkif;avhvma&;pmapmif(7)wGif az:jyxm;avonf//
udkpdk;rif;ESifhu|efawmfonf tvGef&if;ESD;=uonf// ol@ZeD;onf &kyf&Sifrif;
orD;ESifhvufxyfaomtcg u|efawmf. &Hk;um;jzifhyif pDpOfay;&onf// ol.
emrnfa&S@u(yD*sD)rSm yJEG,fukef;jzpfonf// yJEG,fukef;Zmwdom;rsm;rSm
ocifoef;xGef;ESifhq&m}uD;Adkvfbdk;uGefwdk@yif jzpf=uonf//
(K.N.U). ajrmufydkif;c&D;pOfwGif (2)}udrfwdwd }udK;yrf;cJhonf//
(1968)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvwGif w}udrf/ (1969)ckESpf/ arvwGif w}udrf}udK;
yrf;cJhonf//
(1968)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv
tzGJ@acgif;aqmiftjzpf Arabmf'Gif/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm ref;&Smvmzef;/
ref;cGg(apmbmbm)/ apmordefxGef/ apmodef;vGif/ (AdkvfcsKyfausmfjroef;
arG;pm;om;)/ apmw,fyv,f(paemxl;)/ apm0g; (w&kwfvlrsdK;)/ q&m[kefpk
v#ef (w&kwfau'g-u&ifudk,fpm;vS,f)/ A'dktm;aum(a&mhped)//
(1969)ckESpf arv
tzGJ@acgif;aqmifAdkvfat;[ef/
tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm
ref;&Smvmzef;/
ref;cGg(apmbmbm)/ apmodef;vGif (AdkvfcsKyfabmfxl;)arG;pm;om;)/ ordefxGef;
207
q&m}uD;paumv,fawmcifAsm;/
(K.N.U.P)ygwD
(Karen
National United Party)u w&kwfjynfudk udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfwt
Jh csdefu
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfESpfygwDESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;cJhw,f// w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwDeJ@vnf; aqG;aEG;cJhbl;w,fvkd@ =um;cJhbl;ygw,f// tJ'Dvdk oGm;a&muf
aqG;aEG;wJhtcgESifhywfouf+yD;
aemufcHtajccHta=umif;w&m;awGu
bmawGvJqdkwm odyg&apcifAsm;//
q&m}uD;paumv,fawm
217
(psmef&)OD;pdk;rif;
ArmEdkifiHvHk;ESifhywfouf+yD;/ (Auy)uvnf; ol[meJ@olayghav//
(K.N.U)uvnf; (N.D.F) pwJhtzGJ@ESifhae0if;qef@usifa&;vkyfaewmyJ//
tJ'Dawmh wdkif;jynfrSm a&S@av#muf b,fvdktajctaersdK;&SdrvJ// pnf;vHk;
a&;/ (Unity)eJ@ywfouf+yD; b,fvdkvkyf&if aumif;rvJqdkwm/ q&m}uD;&J@
oabmxm;udk az:jyay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHygw,f//
q&m}uDpaumv,fawm
227
vuf0Jvrf;pOf
apm[efwmomar$;onf yxrvrf;pOfudk vusFmvrf;pOftjzpf
trnfay;a0zef+yD;aemuf
'kwd,vrf;pOfudkrl
vuf0Jvrf;pOftjzpf
owfrSwfum atmufygtwdkif; qufvufa0zefxm;jyefavonf//
odk@twGufa=umifh if;vrf;pOfudk pGef@vGwf+yD; 'kwd,umvwGif
vuf0JteDvrf;pOft& aqmif&Guf&m pwifonfhae@rSpI tcsdef=umanmif;
vmonfESifhvlxu
k dk xdcdkufvma=umif;udk awG@&ygonf// tpwGif
tvGefaumif;ygonf// vlxkrsm;u tcGifhta&;ydkrdk&&Sdvmojzifh u|efawmf
wdk@tm;
tultnDydkrdkay;Edkifygonf//
tcsdef=umjrifhvmonhftcg
if;0g'vrf;pOfonf vli,fwdk@udk v$rf;rdk;vmI vlxkrsm;udkif; 0g'vrf;pOf
twGif;odk@
twif;oGwfoGif;cJhygonf//
tajctae&SKwfaxG;vmI
tacsmiform;rsm;. jyKrlcsuft& tenf;i,fvkyfudkif pm;aomufEdkifol
rsm;. v,fajr rsm;onf twif;t"rRodrf;,l cGJa0jcif;cHonfomru
ypPnf;tawmftoifh&Sdol trsdK;tEG,facgif;aqmifrsm;yif txiftjrif
ao;cHI
&efoltjzpfowfrSwfjcif;cH&ygonf//
u|efawmfudk,fwdkifyif
udk,fydkifaiG(10)usyf/ ajrw{ur# rydkifqdkifaomfvnf; ,drf;,dkifaom
trsdK;om;"e&SifwOD;[kqdk+yD; tem;ay;&ef &nf&G,f=uygonf// vrf;pOfudk
aoGzDonf[k ajymqdkjcif;a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@twGif; oabmuGJvGJrSK
ay:aygufvmcJh&ygonf-//
a&$pmaiGpm
apm[efwmomar$;onf olESifholtzGJ@0if(K.R.C)rsm; Oya'wGif;
jyef0ifvmjcif;udk AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ppftpdk;& (awmfvSefa&;aumifpD)ESifh ol.
(K.R.C)wdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdonf[k a=ujimonf// ,if;udkyif olu"rRa[mif;
228
ESif"h rRa[mif;usrf;pmt&
a&$pmaiGpmvrf;pOftjzpf
jrefrmhtoHwGif
qufvufI xkwfaz:ajymqdkoGm;avonf//
oabmuGJvrGJ SKjzpfay:+yD;onfhaemuf
wwd,umvjzpfaom
(1960-1964)ckESpfumvtwGif; (K.R.C)onf "rRa[mif;usrf;t& bk&m;
vrf;pOfudk jyefvdku=f uygonf// bk&m;.a&G;aumufjcif;cH&aom oa&v
(tpPa&;)rsdK;wdk@onf wdkif;jynfESifhvGwv
f yfcGifh jyefvnf&&Sd&ef if;wdk@tm;
ynwfw&m;rsm;csrSwfay;onfomru w&m;ol}uD;ya&mzufrsm; oGefoif
qHk;rjcif;/ bk&m;.qHk;rjcif;udk cH&ygonf// bk&m;ocifonf u|efawmfwdk@
oifcef;pm&,l&eftwGuf tzdk;wefw&m;awmfrsm;udk csrSwfay;onfhtwGuf
bk&m;udkcsD;rGrf;&efvdkygonf// "rRopfESifh"rRa[mif;usrf;ESifh a&S;vl}uD;wdk@
a&$pmESifhaiGpmonf wckwnf;aygif;xm;onfhtavsmuf "rRopfusrf;udkyg
vufudkifxm;&ygonf
1964-ckESpfrS a&S@odk@csDwuf&mwGif a&$pmaiGpm("rRopf-"rRa[mif;
usrf;)!Gefjyonfhtwdkif; csDwuf&rnf/ "rRa[mif;usrf;wGif trsdK;om;
awmfvSefa&;twGuf vrf;!GefjyI "rRopfusrf;rSmrl pm;0wfaea&;twGuf
vrf;!Gefay;ygonf//
ponfjzifh apm[efwmomar$;onf ol.vrf;pOfudk jrefrmhtoHrS
wqifh tus,fw0ifhwifjyoGm;avonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)
230
tcef; (19)
'Drdkua&pDESifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH.
EdkifiHa&;oHo&mwGif
'Drdkua&pDESifh
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;onf vSnfhajymif;aeavonf// tcsdK@yk*~dKvfrsm;
onf tpdk;&jzpf&mrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;orm;b0odk@ ul;ajrmif;
vmonfvnf;&Sd.// tcsdK@yk*~dKvfrsmonfum; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk
qef@usif&mrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xJodk@ ul;ajymif;vmonfvnf;
&S=d u.// Oyrmtm;jzifh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf u&ifESifhqef@usif&mrS tm%m
odrf;cH&aom 0ef}uD;csKyfb0wGif u&iftygt0if vufeufudkifawmfvSef
a&;xJodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf// xdkrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rS 'Drdkua&pD
awmfvSefa&;odk@ wzefjyef a&mufoGm;jyefavonf//
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm/ AdkvfvusFm/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdefjrwdk@onf ppfa&;
tm;jzifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufvm&mrS vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefa&;qDodk@
ulajymif;a&muf&Sdvm=uayonf//
odk@jzpfI
tajctaew&yfESifhvlwa,muf. tedrfhtjrifhay:wGifrlwnfI tcsdK@rSm
'Drdkua&pDESifhvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk
ul;ajymif;vm=uonfvnf;
&Sd=uayonf// TtxJwGif udkwifarmif0if;onfvnf; yg0ifavonf//
udkwifarmif0if;onf yxrawmfvSefa&;wGif 'Drdkua&pD (jynfajy;)ygwDwGif
OD;EkESifhtwl yg0ifcJh+yD; xdkif;tpdk;&rS ESifxkwfcJhojzifh (AdkvfvusFmpmt&)
tar&dum;odk@ xGufcGgcJh&onf// xdkrS(1988)ckESpf/ 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;
pwifvm&m udkwifarmif0if;onf udkatmif/ &Jausmfolwdk@ESifhtwl xdkif;/
jrefrme,fpyf&Sd u&ifhawmfvSefa&;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmjyefavonf// ola&;aom
pmtkyfEdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;twdkif;yif qdkif;oH=um;v#if ucsifaom
a=umifh jyefvnfu&ef/ qdk&eftwGuf u&ifhawmfvSefa&;odk@ jyefvnf231
acwf+ydKifxkwfa0jcif;
jrefrmjynfonf (1962)ckESpfuwnf;u ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm owif;tarSmifcsxm;onfudk csdK;zsufypf&eftwGuf OD;wifarmif
0if;onf acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifh !SdESdKif;+yD;aemuf acwf+ydKifowif;pmudk
pDpOfxkwfa0&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf// Towif;pmonf bma&;/ vHk+cHKa&;
tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonfh=um;rS rjzpfrae }udK;yrf;xkwfa0cJhjcif;jzpfonf//
Tacwf+ydKifowif;pm xkwfa0rSKwGif wyfaygif;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u tm;ay;
axmufcHcJh+yD; OD;wifarmif0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ a=u;rHk OD;aomif;/ pma&;q&m
armifpif=u,f/ jr0wDOD;&Jacgifwdk@u yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh&m jynfolrsm;.
tm;ay;axmufcHrSKudk tawmf&&SdcJhonf// wqufwnf;wGif (e0w)
ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. qef@usif0g'jzef@rSKudkvnf; &ifqdkifcJh&onf//
xdkpOfu vlrsdK;pkrsm;. trsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;onf
a&S@wef;odk@ a&muf&Sdae+yD; tiftm;}uD;rm;awmifhwif;onfh tajctaewGif
&Sdaeonf// 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;onf aus;vufa'o
awmfvSefa&;e,fajrwGif tiftm;r&Sdacs// +rdK@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;&Sd 'Drdkua&pD
233
OD;Ek. awmfvSefa&;(yD'DyD)tedrfhtjrifh
234
oHk;ygwDtpnf;ta0;
OD;EkESifhjynfajy;rsm;.
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwDonf
xdkif;EdkifiH/
befaumuf+rdK@/ trSwf(32)/ qGdKif (18)pk ckrf;Apfwfvrf; (SOI, 18 SuKhumVit)
wGif XmecsKyfzGifhvSpfI txift&Sm;tajcpdkufvsuf&Sdonf// ref;bZefu
OuUtjzpfaqmif&Gufaeaom (K.N.U)wyfOD;onf bdepcef;wGif XmecsKyf
zGifhvSpfxm;onf// Edkifa&$usif. rGefjynfopfygwDrSm vltiftm;rqdkpavmuf
ESifhom vSKyf&Sm;ae&onf// jynfajy;rsm;onf wpfbufrS EdkifiHwum
236
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD/
rGefjynfopfygwDESifh(K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;.
yl;wGJa=unmcsuf
(1) r[mArm0g'Dppftm%m&SifAdkvfae0if; ighrif;ighcsif;tpdk;&jzKwf
csa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; aygif;pHkjynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaom/ wef;wlaom/
'Drdkua&pDusaom/ wdk;wufzGJ@+zdK;aom/ +idrf;csrf;om,,maom jynfe,f
aygif;pHk/
jynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiHawmfopfwnfaqmufa&;ESifhwyfaygif;pk
zGJ@pnf;&mwGif wef;wlaom/ 'Drdkua&pDusaom/ tjyeftvSeftaxmuf
tuljyKaom/ wyfaygif;pkrS EkwfxGufvdkuf EkwfxGufEdkifcGifh&Sdaom/ tjyef
tvSef t}uHay;rSKrsm;&Sdaom pnf;&Hk;rSKrsm;udk tajccHI jrefrmEdkifiH
awmftwGif;&Sd ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ Arm/ rGef/ ytdk0fh/ &Srf;/ &cdkif
tp&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkyg0ifI pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm zGJ@pnf;xm;
aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; aygif;pHkvGwfajrmufa&;wyfaygif;pkudk zGJ@pnf;&ef/
(2) wyfaygif;pkonf wdkif;&if;omvlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfolrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;
I a&S@aqmifum vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk t"duxm;I Adkvfae0if;tpdk;&udk
jzKwfcsI atmufyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aqmif&GufoGm;&ef -
237
AdkvfcsKyfvusFmESifh qHk;&SHK;rSKtxGwftxdyf
239
10/ 2/ 76
udkausmf u a&;wJhpm&ygw,f// zwf+yD; tefu,fawmfawmf
pdwfysufw,f// udkausmfvdkvu
l ajrmif;jrbaqG/ udk&ifref;wdk@eJ@ woHwnf;
wufwm tHh=ovdk@ rqHk;bl;/ udkausmf[m tefu,fhom;vdkyJ atmufarhvdk@
&Sif;jyr,f/ acgif;at;at;xm; zwfayawmh 1/ OD;EktzGJ@u bmha=umifhxGufoGm;ovJqdkwm txl;&Sif;jyp&m
rvdkyg/
2/ AdkvfavmtzGJ@u xGufwm &Sif;p&mvdkao;ovm;/
3/ Tin Mg xGufwmawmh - EdkifiHa&;xuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvdk@ygbJ/
b,fvdkwm;wm;r&/ EdkifiHa&;oabmuGJvrGJ SKrygyg/ EdkifiHa&;acwW
}uHKvdk@ 0ifvkyfwJhvlyguGm/
19th, Auquat
241
ta&mif;t0,fvkyfw,f/
bdef;vnf;ygr,fxifw,f/
aiG(ig;aomif;ajcmufaomif;) avmuf&vmawmh ref;udk Willianu befaumufudk
uefxkwfvu
dk fwmbJ/ tckwdk@u axmufyHxm;&w,f//
'DvdkwyfrsdK;udk wdk@u&Sdcdk;xm;&rvm;/ wm0eft&SdqHk;u WillianbJ/
'DtaumifrsdK;udk wdk@u &Gufxm;&rvm;/ tefu,foabmu 'DaumifrsdK;
owf&r,f/ rrdvdk@=unfhaewmudkausmf/
udkif;-udkbaqG/ ab;vGwfxdkif&w,fvdk@ udkausmfrSdK@ajymw,f/
'Dtjzpftysuf udkausmfrod,if/ udkausmfudkowfzdk@ aumif;w,f/ 'dk@u
av;av;pm;pm;wm0efay;ayrJh vkyfyHkawGu b,fae@ vufeufcs rvJvdk@
ajrmfrae bl;vm;/ udkausmfrrl;wJhtcg tcsdK@udk 'Dta=umif;awG jyefar;
=unfhyg/ 'Dvdktajctae jzpf&wmawG[m tefu,fwdk@ avmygvdk@ jzpf&w,f
qdk&if vkyfcsifovdk wae@aomtcg wdkif;jynfu vkyfEdkifw,f/ tckawmh
vmvdkuf+yDvm;qdk,if wuJhjy\emaumifawGeJ@ wdk;wdk;ae&w,f/ udkqdkif;eJ@
udkatmifwdk@vnf; wm0efrsm;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd=uw,f/ udkcefc|efu tvkyf
rSm pdwfysufp&mr&Sdyg/ taomufvGef+yD; tefu,fwdk@u r}udKufawmhvdk@
bkef;}uD;0ifvkyfwmyg/ q&maumif;qnf;uyfrdawmh tvGefatmufacsvGwf
oGm;wmaygh/ udkausmftaomufav#mh&J@vm;/ rav#mh,if udkausmfwae@'kuQ
a&mufr,fqdkwm tefu,fjrifygao;w,f//
udkausmf0if;twGuf Cod eJ@ tefu,f Codrsm;udk xkwfxm;w,f/
pmvnf;tawmf&SnfoGm;+yD/ 'DwGifbJawmf+yD; 'Dpmudk pdwf0ifpm;r,fh rdwfaqG
rsm;&Sd&if zwf=uygap// awmfvSefa&;atmifawmh r,fqdkwm tefu,f
wu,f,Hkw,f/ udk,fhvkyfief;udk odvdk@bJ/ rodwJhvlrsm;uawmh tmajcmif
r,f/ tykwfcsr,f/ odk@aomf 'DtcsdefrSm rrSKyg/ tvkyfomzdvkyfr,f/
acG;a[mifwdkif; xr=unhfawmhbl; udkausmf/ 'gbJ/ udkausmfudk om;vdk@rSwf
w,fqdkwm pdwfcsuG,f//
245
owd&vsuf
16/ 8/ 79
AdkvfvusFm
(wifarmif0if;.EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkiif Ha&;)
246
udkausmf ---
17/ 2/ 76
18th. Fab.u a&;vdkufwhp
J m&w,f// t}udK;ta=umif;pHkvifvdk@
txl;aus;Zl;wifygw,f// 'dk@pnf; urf;u b,fuaiGudkxw
k f,if apm=um'dk;/
OD;oGif/ udkZmvDwdk@ oHk;a,ufteuf-(2)a,muf vufrSwfygrS xkwf&w,f/
udkZmvDeJ@OD;oGifwdk@ vufrSwfeJ@xkwfwmrsm;w,f// 'Dwcg OD;oGifvufrSwfudk
vdrfxdk;+yD; aiGxkwfvdkufw,f/ t&ifu b,fESpfcgvdrfxdk;+yD; xkwfcJhw,f
qdkwm tefu,fwdwdusus rajymEdkifyg/ odk@aomf t}udrfrsm;+yD;vdk@ xifw,f/
tcktxdawmh e*g;armufwyf[m 'dk@vufatmufrSm ygbJ/ yk*~dKvftaeeJ@Tin
Mgu udkZmvDtay: tvGefoHa,mZOf}uD;w,f/ tvkyftaeeJ@ olwdk@
vufatmufrSm rvkyfcsif=ua=umif;ajymw,f// 'ga=umifh udkqdkif;wyfa&m/
e*g;armufwyfa&m/ atmifvusFmbufudk a&$@vdkuf+yD/ tck olwdk@vrf;rSm
&Sdao;w,f// oGm;&rJhvrf;rSm aumfol;av&ef&Sdw,f// odk@aomf }udKwif
ta=umif;=um;ygw,f// e*g;armufwdk@ aumfol;avu r,Hkbl;uG,f//
toHv$ifh&HkypPnf;rsm;udk xdkif;u-jyefay;&w,fqdkv@dk jyefay;yghr,fvdk@
rkefwdkif;udk ac:ajymw,f// 'gayrJh wcsdK@ypPnf;awG &GmxJa&mufukef+yD//
&efEdkifu aiG&&/ ypPnf;&& bmrqdk ,lqdkwo
Jh abm&Sdw,f// tvGef,kwf nHhwJh
pdwfbJ// 'ga=umifh cav;awGu tvGefrdkuf&dkif;w,f/ tefu,feJ@
AdkvfcsKyf=um'dk;udk owf&r,fvdk@ ajymae=uwmbJ/ &efEdkifuvnf;
wdk@oHk;a,muf/ OD;oGif/ apm=um'dk;eJ@tefu,fudk tvGeftykwfcsw,f//
tefu,fapwemudk oljypfrSm;wm/ wae@aomtcg udkausmfajymovdk
pdrf&nfoifhr,f/ ol@ta=umif;tefu,fra&;csifawmhbl;/ pdwfraumif;jzpf
vGef;w,f//
udkbaqGudk axmifxJa&mufaeayrJh wwfEdkifor# wdk@tultnD
ay;ygw,f// wjcm;ol@ om;orD;awGudk tjyifxGuf+yD; tvkyfvkyfEdkifw,f//
olwdk@tvkyf&ukef+yD/ jyefvdk@awmh rjzpfbl;vdk@ ajymw,f// ol@orD;udk
&efvif;Edkifu AvuUm,vkyf&ef }udK;pm;vdk@ jypfowfvdk@xifw,f// awmfvSef
247
tefu,fwdk@udk
xdkif;uvufrcHawmhbl;qdkwJh
owif;a=umifh
pdwfyl&efrvdkyg/ tefu,fwdk@ jynfwGif;qif;ae&ef tpDtpOf&Sdygw,f/
awmfvSefa&;rSm ay:vmwJhjy\emudk &J&J,ifqdkif&rSmbJ/ jzpfor#ta=umif;
taumif;csnf;ayghuG,f/ tefu,ftzdk@ aq;0g;udpPtcuftcJ&Sdw,f/
wcgw&H q&m0efeJ@awG@bdk@cufr,f// odk@aomf tefu,fwdk@&J@ apwem
tusdK;ay;a=umifh tcuftcJrsm;&Sdr,frxifyg//
xdkif;uxGuf&rJh (7)a,muf[m 1/ tefu,f/ 2/ Adkvf=um'dk;/ 3/
udkZmvD/ 4/ AdkvfrSL;atmif/ 5/ wifarmif0if;/ 6/ Adkvf&efEdkif/ 7/ ref;upHk
wdk@jzpf=uw,f// OD;oGifudkawmh xdkif;rSm&Sdw,fvdk@ olwdk@0efrcH bl;/ 'ga=umifh
emrnfrxnfhwmyg//
udk+idrf;/ udkxu
dk f/ oef;oef;Ekwdk@qDu r=umao;cifu pmrsm;&yg
ao;w,f/ csdKqDuvnf; pm&ygw,f// tm;vHk;usrRm=uw,fqdkvdk@
248
ordkif;0if AdkvfvusFm. pm
xdkpOfu vlrsdK;pkrsm;awmif;qdkaom cGJxGucf Gifhtay:wGif (yD'DyD)Y
OD;EkESifhAdkvfvusFmwdk@ tjrifrsm;rwl=uay// ,if;cGJxGucf Gifhudk OD;Eku vufrcH
Edkifojzifh (yD'DyD)u ESKwfxGufoGm;awmhonf// cGJxGucf Gifhudk tajctaet&
vufcHaomAdkvfvusFmrSm OD;Ek.acgif;aqmifrSKae&mwGif acgif;aqmifjzpf
vmonf//
AdkvfvusFmonf ol.acgif;aqmifrSKtwGif;Y jzpfysufcJhaom ravsmf
uefrSK[lor#udk udk&JausmfolxH ay;pmtjzpfjzifh &ifzGifhxm;jcif;yif jzpfav
onf// ,if;ay;pmudk udkwifarmif0if;onf &JausmfoluG,fvGefaomtcg
vufcH&&Sdxm;+yD; ol.pmtkyfxJwGif oifcef;pmw&yftaeESifh az:jyxm;
jcif;yif jzpfavonf// AdkvfvusFm. ay;pma=umifhyif udkwifarmif0if;.
(EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;)pmtkyfonf ydkrdkI axmufyaeonf[I
l vnf;
,lqaumif;,lqEdkif=uayonf//
(1) AdkvfvusFmay;pmt& Adkvf&efEdkifom;tz(&efvif;Edkif)ESifh pma&;
q&m&efukefbaqGom;tz (orD;)wdk@ vli,fcsif;obm0t&
rawmfravsmfjzpf=u&mrS &efvif;Edkifudk q&m&efukefbaqGu
ypfowfvdkufjcif;/
(2) Adkvf&efEdkifonf ol@wyfolrEdkifwJhtjyif t+rJwef;zJ&dkufae+yD;
rusifEkESifhyg aysmfawmfqufae=ujcif;/
249
250
(wwd,ydkif;)
251
tcef; (14)
orRw}uD;OD;odef;pdef/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJ@/
OuUa':atmifqef;pk=unf( N.L.D)tzGJ@csKyf/
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;/
orRwOD;odef;pdefESifha':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@onf
jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;ESifhywfoufI OD;odef;pdefrS }uD;us,foam
nDvmcHw&yf ac:qdkay;rnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh a':atmifqef; pk=unfrS ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpk
nDvmcHw&yfac:qdkoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;
toD;oD;ajymqdkcJh
=uygonf//
,if;odk@ }uD;us,faomnDvmcHw&yfyifjzpfap/ ESpfq,fhwpf&mpk
nDvmcHyifjzpfap usif;y&ef&uf twdtus rowfrSwf&ao;rD pyf=um;
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;taeESifh od&Sdxm;&efESifh avhvm&ef
vdktyfaeygonf// od&Sdxm;rSvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qGJ&m
wGifif;/ ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf if; jynfol
vlxo
k nf wm0efa=uyGefEdkifrnf jzpfygonf//
+Adwdo#vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH
awmifwef;a'orsm; ( Part One)ac:wGifonfh e,fajrrsm;
Government of Burma Act-1935
SECOND SCHEDULE!
Areas in Burma to which special provisions apply
252
e,fajrrsm;)
&cdkifawmifwef;a'orsm;(ac:) yvuf0a'oESifhajrSmufydkif;&Sd
awmifwef;a'orsm;// (,ck csif;jynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
(4) The Chin Hill District.
Part Two
e,fajrrsm;jzifh
}wd*He,fajrqdkonfh arcESifhrvdcjrpfESpfoG,f=um;&Sda'o//
(,ck ucsifjynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
(8) The area know as the Hukawing Balley lying to the north of the
Upper Chindwin District.
txufcsif;wGif;a'oESifh [l;aumif;awmif=um;a'ojzpf
onf// (,ck ppfudkif;wdkif; ajrSmufydkif;ESifhucsifjynfwGif pkpnf;
yg0ifonf//)
(9) The Salween District.
oHvGifc&dkifjzpfonf//
(,ck u&ifjynfwGif yg0ifonf// (1974)ck/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'wGif aumfol;ava'o[kac:+yD; (1952)ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (7)&ufae@
wGif zgyGef/ bm;tH/ vSdKif;bGJ@ESifhoHawmif e,frsm;udk u&ifjynftjzpf
owfrSwfonf// (1954)ckESpf/ ZGefv(1)&ufae@wGif aumhu&dwfESifh
=umtif;qdyf}uD;e,frsm;tygt0if u&ifjynftjzpf wdk;csJ@owfrSwf
onf// xdk@a=umifh vuf&Sdu&ifjynfonf Part One e,fajrESifh Part Two
e,fajrrsm;jzifh pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
254
(10) All tribal territories which at the date of coming into operation of
this Act are unadministered.
+Adwdo#vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH
255
jrefrmEdkifiHacwftqufqufwGif ArmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhusefvlrsdK;pkrsm;
onf e,fajrt& vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifcJh=u&mrS (1885)ckESpf +Adwdo#tpdk;&
onf tdENd,EdkifiHrSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufcJhavonf// ,if;odk@
odrf;ydkuf&mrS t&SnftkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef jrefrmEdkifiH. vlrsdK;rsm;qdkif&m uGJjym;jcm;
em;rSKudkif;/ ,Ofaus;rSKESifhobm0um; uGJjym;rSKudkif; woD;wjcm;pD
vGwfvyfpGmaexdkif=uonfudk &SKjrifoHk;oyf+yD; +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf ol.
tkyfcsKyfrSKyHkpHudk csrSwfcJhavonf//
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHwGif tydkif;(1) Part OneESifh tydkif;(2) Part Two
[lI&Sdav&m tydkif;(1)wGif Armjynfr (,ck ppfudkif;wdkif;)ESifh (1977)ckESpf
txd rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,fwdk@tygt0if jzpfonf// (2) u&ifeD
apmzsm;e,f (rif;wkef;bk&ifudk,pf m; uif;0efrif;}uD;)ESifh t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH
udk,fpm; qma'gufw'fazghquf(Forsyth)wdk@ (1875)ckESpf/ ZGefv(21)&uf
ae@wGif csKyfqdkxm;aompmcsKyf (oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomu&ifeDe,fajr)
yg0ifonf// (aemufqufwGJ-1)ESifh*syefacwf&Sd Zdku0gbDESifh a'gufwm
barmfwdk@ vufrSwfa&;xdk;aom pmcsKyf(aemufqufwGJ-2)/ (3) awmif}uD;/
uavm/ ar+rdK@/ vm;&SdK;/ vGdKifvif/ vGdKifaAG/ oHawmif (awmifay:pcef;)
+rdK@rsm;tjzpf oD;oef@tkyfcsKyfa&;xm;&Sdonf// aemufydkif;wGif ar+rdK@onf
rEWav;wdkif;wGifif;/ oHawmif+rdK@onf u&ifjynfe,fwGifif;/ awmif}uD;/
uavm/ vm;&SdK;/ vGdKifvif/ vGdKifaAG+rdK@rsm;onf &Srf;jynf e,fwGif yg0ifvm
=uonf// (4)rSm awmifwef;a'orsm;[lI ac:qdkonf// ,if;awmifwef;
a'otydkif; (4)e,fajrrsm;xJwGif Part One udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& e,fajr
rsm;ESifh Part Two bk&ifcH. oD;oef@tkyfcsKyfa&;xm;&Sdaom e,fajrrsm;[lI
ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;avonf//
257
258
txl;ojzifh
(1885)ckESpfwGif
rEWav;aejynfawmftygt0if
(ppfudkif;wdkif;)onf
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufodk@
a&muf&Sd+yD;aemuf
(2)ESpf=umwGif &Srf;jynfe,fonf +Adwdo#tapmifh ta&SmufcHjzpfvmonf//
odk@jzpfI (1922)ckESpfrS (1948)ckESpftxd &Srf;jynfonf +Adwdo#tapmifh
ta&SmufcH (Federated Shan States)jzpfavonf//
259
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynf
&Srf;jynfonf
tapmifhta&SmufcH(Federated)wckjzpfonfhenf;wl
u&ifeDjynfonf
uif;0efrif;}uD;ESifh
qma'gufuvyf(pf)azgquf
(DougLasForsseth)wdk@ oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;csuft& vGwfvyfaom
u&ifeDjynfjzpfonf//
u&ifeDjynf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom
pmcsKyf/ pmapmif/ rSwfwrf;rsm;//
Treaty
AGREEMENT REGARDING THE INDEPENDENCE OF
WESTERN KARENNI
1875
In accordance with the request of His Excellency the Viceroy of India
that Western karenni should be allowed to remain separate and independent,
His Majesty the King of Burma, taking into consideration the great friendship
existing between the two great countries and the desire that the friendship may
be fasting and permanent, agreed that no sovereignty or governing authority of
any decription shall be exercised or claimed in western Karenni and His
Excellency the Kinwoon Mengyee, Minister for Foreign Affairs, on the part of
His Majesty the King of Burma, and the Honourable Sir Douglas Forsyth,
C.B.K.C.S.I, envoy on the part of His Excellency the Viceroy and
Governor-General of India, execute the following agreement;Agreement. It is hereby agreed between the British and Burmese
Government that the State of Western Karenni shall remain separate and
independent, and that no sovereignty or governing of any description shall be
claimed or exercised over that State.
260
Where unto we have on this day, the 21st day of June 1875
corresponding with the 3rd day of the Waning moon of Nayoung 1237 B.E.,
affixed our seals and signature.
Seal . (Sd.) TD Forsyth Seal (Sd.) Kin-Woon Mengyee.
262
OD;jrifhodef;vdk ynm&SifwOD;
jrefrmEdkifiHonf ESpfwpf&mudkvedk Db0rS (1948)ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;
&,l&ef &Sdvmaomtcg xdkpOfu EdkifiH.t}uD;trSL;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf jyef@}uJaeaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udkvnf; pkpnf;&onf// olwdk@ESifh
twlwuG aygif;pnf;aexdkifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;udk &Sm}uH&avonf//
TtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf OD;jrifhodef;vdk ynm&SifwOD;tm;
270
tcef; (15)
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;
(1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg tcef;(10)rS cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGifhta&;ygtcef;udk a&;om;cJholrSm OD;jrifhodef;yif jzpfavonf// xdkpOfu
,if;tcef;udk pdwfoabmt& t"durESpfoufolESpfOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;ESifhOD;Ekwdk@yif jzpf=uavonf// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rESpfoufaomf
jim;vnf; yifvHknDvmcHwGif csKyfqdkoabmwlxm;aom oabmwlnD
csufrsm;udk =unfh&SKzwfI +rdKodyfcJh&avonf// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
,if;uJho@dk aom tydk'frsdK;rSm &k&Sm;ESifh ,l*dkqvyf tajccHOya'awGrSmvnf;
yg&Sda=umif;ESifh ,if;tydk'frsdK;udk vufawG@oHk;pGJonf[al om wdkif;jynfum;
r&Sda=umif; rdrdudk,f rdrdowday;I ESpfodrfhcJavonf//
xdkrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uG,fvGefoGm;I 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekjzpfvmjyef
aomtcg ,if;cGJxGucf Gifhuydk if 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;EkESifhOD;jrifhodef;wdk@ aqG;aEG;
=ujyefonf OD;jrifhodef;rS
&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhu|efawmf}udrfzefrsm;pGm
aqG;aEG;ygonf//
OD;csefxGef;ESifhu|efawmfrlcs xm;onfhtwdkif; tenf;tusOf;r#om jznfhpGuf
+yD; tm;vHk;udk vufcH=uygonf// odk@aomfvnf; cGJxGuf&eftydk'fudkawmh
b,fenf;eJ@rS rjzKwfEdkif/ xnfhoGif;ay;&r,fvdk@ cyf=urf;=urf;yJ ajym=u
ygonf// acgif;aqmif}uD;ajymoluawmh anmifa&$r[ma'0Djzpfygonf//
r[ma'0Dtm; jyif;jyif;xefxef axmufcHolrsm;rSm apmfbGm;rsm;.
aemufvdkurf sm;r[kwfyJ
vlxku,
dk fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uI
u|efawmf
aemufqkwfcJh&ygonf// Tta=umif;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkxHodk@ tpD&ifcHawmh/
0ef}uD;csKyfu b,fwwf EdkifrvJAsm;/ olwdk@u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uwd
ay;xm;wmudk udkifxm;awmh ajymvdk@&rSmr[kwfbl;aygh/ 'gayr,fh udpPr&Sd
280
tcef; (10)
cGJxGuEf dkifaom tcGifhta&;//
201// // TtajccHOya'Yaomfif;/ yk'fr(199)t& ygvDrefujyKaom
tufOya'Y aomfif; tjcm;jyXmef;(1) csufjyKxm;jcif;r&Sdv#if/ atmufY
jyXmef;xm;aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;ESifhtnD/ jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrS cGJxGufEdkif&ef
jynfe,fwdkif;Y tcGifhta&;&Sd&rnf//
202// // TtajccHOya'tm%mwnfonfhae@rS q,fESpftwGif; cGJxGuf
Edkifaom tcGifhta&;udk toHk;rjyK&//
203// // (1) cGJxGuEf dkifaomtcGifhta&;udk oHk;pGJvadk omjynfe,fonf/
cGJxGufvdk a=umif;tqdkudk rdrd.jynfe,faumifpDwGif wifoGif;twnfjyK
&rnf// jynfe,faumifpD&Sd trwfpkpkaygif;teuf oHk;yHkESpfyHkatmuf ravsmh
aomtrwfrsm;u xdktqdkudk axmufcHI rJay;jcif;rjyKv#if/ twnfjyK
onf[k rrSwf,l&//
281
(jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' - 1947)
282
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;p0fa&$odkuf
rGuf=um;onfh rdef@cGef; (1)
anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD; p0fa&$odkuo
f nf (1947)ck/ ZGefv(13)
&ufae@u usif;yjyKvkyfaom wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif
OD;Ektm;v$wfawmfOuUtjzpfwifajrSmuf&ef tqdkwifoGif; rdef@cGef;rGuf
=um;cJhonf// ,if;rdef@cGef;rGuf=um;csufrS tcsdK@udk aumufEkwfwifjyvdkay
onf//
u|Ekfyfwdk@ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;awmifay:wdkif;&if;om;rsm;[m
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@pepfatmufu vGwfajrSmufbdk@ ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;
aoG;pnf;ae=u&ayrnf// [dka&S;&mZ0ifu tjzpftysufawGudk
owd&+yD; ArmawG[m wdk@xufydk+yD;vlvnf;rsm;w,f/ ^m%fvnf;
omw,f// onfawmh wae@ae@rSm rawmfwqrsm;wdk@udk vlrsdK;i,f
qdk+yD; zdESdyfapmfum;vkyfrsm;aervm;qdk+yD; "rRmwmtwdkif; wxdwf
xdwaf wG;ylpdk;&drfvsuf &Sd=uygw,f//
ocifjr (om,m0wD aus;vufawmifydkif;) rjzpf&ygbl;
283
284
yifvHkrS wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
&Srf;jynfe,f/
yifvHknv
D mcHwGif
vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh oabmwl nDcJhonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udkif;/
(zqyv)y%mrnDvmcHwGif
rdrdwifoGif;cJhonfh
tajccHr(4)csufESifh
285
vrf;!$efcsuf(7)csufudkif;
wifoGif;&ef jyifqifcJhavonf//
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif
jrefrmjynfESifhu&ifeDjynfrdwfquftzGJ@ &efukef+rdK@
(1946)ckESpf/ {+yDv(30)&uf
286
yifvHknv
D mcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
(1947)ck/ azaz:0g&Dv(10)&ufae@ yifvHknv
D mcH}uD;
pwifusif;yv#ifusif;yjcif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rdef@cGef;ajym=um;
&mrSm awmifwef;e,frsm;udk +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfonfudk Armrsm;u
r}udKufa=umif;/ Armrsm;onf awmifwef;a'otwGuf ajymqdkjcif;
rSm ArmjynfESifhwef;wltqifhtwef; tcGifhta&;&apvdkaom
a=umifhjzpfa=umif; ArmvlrsdK;onf +Adwdo#u|efrjzpfvdka=umif;/
xdkenf;wl awmifwef;vlrsdK;rsm; +Adwdo#u|efjzpfonfudk Armu
r}udKufa=umif;/ xdkenf;wl awmifwef;vlrsdK;rsm;onf Armu|eftjzpf
rjzpfap&a=umif; a&S;OD;pGm ajym=um;oGm;onf//
xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;acgif;aqmif
}uD;rsm;. oabmwlnD qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;(5)csuftay: wcsufcsif;
tvdkuf atmufygtwdkif; jyefvnfaqG;aEG; &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;
onf//
(1) qHk;jzwfcsuf(1)ESifhywfoufI Armwdk@ESifhtqifhtwef;wl/
tcGifhtvrf;wl/ &ydkifcGifhwl/ 'Drdkua&pDususcHpm;cGifh&Sdap&rnf
qdkonft
h csufESifhywfoufI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u vGwf
vyfa&;&+yD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;jcif;
r&Sdap&efESifhtm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwl cHpm;cGifh&&Sdap&ef tpnf;
ta0;}uD;wGif tmrcHcsufay;a=umif; ajym=um;&m udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;u wcJeuf=obmay;=uonf//
(2) qHk;jzwfcsuf(2)ESifhywfoufI rltm;jzifhvufcH+yD; txl;ajym
qdkp&mrvdka=umif; ajym=um;onf// udk,pf m;vS,ftm;vHk;
uvnf; xyfrHaqG;aEG;=ujcif;r&Sdacs//
287
(3)
qHk;jzwfcsuf(3)ESifhywfoufI ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif
tusHK;r0ifonfh jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armfc&dkifESifhuomajrjyef@
a'orsm;rygbJ ucsifjynf[k jynfe,fwpfcktjzpf &yfwnf
Edkifvdrfhrnf[k rdrdr,Hk=unfa=umif;/ odk@aomf rdrdtaejzifh
vkyfydkifcGifh r&Sdaomfvnf; ucsifvlrsdK;rsm;vdkvm; awmif;w
vsuf&Sdonfh
ucsifjynfe,fjzpfvma&;udk
av;pm;I
rltm;jzifh rdrdaxmufcHa=umif;/ ,if;udpPudkvnf; &ufowW
ywf tenf;i,ftwGif; &efukefYusif;yrnfh(zqyv)
nDvmcHwGif rdrdudk,fwdkif tqdkwifoGif;rnfjzpfa=umif;
ajym=um;&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u wcJeuf=obmay;=u
onf//
(4) qHk;jzwfcsuf(4)ESifhywfoufI atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk
vufcHjcif;rjyK [laomudpPrSm ,ckaqG;aEG;aeonfh udpPESifh
pyfqdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh a0zefaqG;aEG;&ef rvdka=umif; ajym=um;
oGm;onf//
(5) qHk;jzwfcsuf(5) cGJxGucf GifhESifhywfoufI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
rltm;jzifhvufcH+yD; Ttpnf;ta0;u qHk;jzwfEdkifrnfr[kwf
a=umif;/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKwGif wifoGif;I qHk;jzwf&rnfh udpPjzpf
a=umif;wifjy&m trsm;vufcH=uonf//
288
(7)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vlrsdK;qdkwmbmvJ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$awmfrac:qdkrDESifh vGwfvyf
aomjrefrmEdkifiHray:xGef;rD (zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcHwGif vlrsdK;qdk
onfhta=umif;udkif;/ ,if;vlrsdK;rsm; &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
ta=umif;udkif; nDvmcHY wifjyzGifhqdkcJhavonf//
291
vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwmbmvJ
vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm
vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm &mZ0ift& jzpfyGm;vm+yD; wnfwnfwHhwhaH evmwJh
ol@bmompum;eJ@/ ol@e,fajreJ@/ ol@pD;yGm;a&;eJ@/ ol@,Ofaus;rSKynm
xHk;pH"avhawGeJ@nD!Gwfpnf;&Hk;xm;wJh vlaygif;pkbJvdk@ pwmvifu o&kyfaz:
jycJhw,f// 'Dae&mrSm vlaygif;pkqdkwm[m (A nation is not a racial or tribal
community of people)vdk@ twdtvif; az:jyxm;w,f// t"dy`g,fuawmh
vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm taoG;tqif;wlwJh (Race)wdk@ (Tribe)wdk@ac:wJh vlrsdK;pk
rsdK;r[kwfbl;// tJ'D(Race)wdk@rsm; aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfvdk@w,f &Sif;vif;
jyefw,f//
tJ'DrSmvJ pum;wl&Sd&HkeJ@ vlrsdK;}uD;rjzpfEdkifbl;wJh// pum;wrsdK;xJ
ajym=uwJh t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef[m vlrsdK;}uD;ESpfrsdK;jzpfaeaom txift&Sm;
bJ r[kwfvm;wJh// vlrsdK;jcm;wdkif; pum;rjcm;bl;// pum;wlwdkif;
vlwrsdK;wnf;r[kwfbl;// ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm qHkpnf;cGifhr&Sdv@dk &Sd,if
wrsdK;pDjzpfw,f// tJ'Dvdk qHkpnf;wJhae&mrSm wajrwnf;ae/ wa&wnf;
aomufwJh vlawGrS vlwrsdK; wnf;jzpfvmEdkifowJh// aemufpD;yGm;a&;rSmvJ
wOD;eJ@wOD; ausmaxmufaemufcHoabmrsdK; rSDcdk+yD; aygif;pnf;xm;rS
jzpfowJh// +yD;awmh vlwrsdK;&J@pdwf"gwf (National Character)vdk@qdkwJh
vl@,Ofaus;rSK"avhxHk;pHqdkwmudk rxm;vdk@rjzpfbl;wJh// tck'DtcsufawGu
wckavmufr&&HkeJ@bJ vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwJh *k%ft*Fgudk rxdkufwefbJjzpfoGm;Edkif
owJh// tJ'Dawmh 'Dtjcif;t&mawG tm;vHk;jynfhpHkrS vlrsdK;}uD; wrsdK;jzpfw,f
qdkbJ// 'Dae&mrSm (Common Language)qdkwJh pum;wlvdk@ qdkwmrSmvJ Oyrm
+Adwdo#vlrsdK;}uD;rsm; t*Fvdyfpum;tm;vHk; ajym=uw,f// em;vnf=uw,f//
293
EdkifiHawmf
aemuf+yD; (State) ('Dae&mrSmawmh vufeufEdkifiHawmfvdk@bJ
qdk=uygpdk@)// tJ'Dvufeuf EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh (Political Community)
EdkifiHa&;vlaygif;pHkeJ@ vlrsdK;}uD;aygif;pHk(National Community)udk em;r&SKyfap
vdkbl;vdk@ pwmvifu &Sif;xm;w,f// b,fvdkvq
J dk,if wlwmawGxJrSm
pum;wlrS vlrsdK;}uD;wrsdK;qdkwm jzpfEdkifr,f// odk@aomfv nf; vufeuf
EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;vlaygif;pHkxJrSmawmh pum;rwlayrJh wEdkifiHwnf;
jzpfEdkifw,fqdkwm az:jyxm;w,f//
(1)
vlrsdK;a&; vlenf;pk
aumif;+yD;/(1) 'DtcsufawGudk tajcjyK+yD;pOf;pm;,if u|efawmfwdk@
ArmjynfrSm (Nation or Nationality) vlrsdK;}uD;tjzpfeJ@ b,fESpfrsdK;&SdovJ
qdk&if pifppfajym&,ifawmh tm;vHk;wrsdK;wnf;bJ &SdEdkifr,f// ( Race, Trible)
qdkw[
Jh mrsdK;awmh&Sdoaygh/ 'grsdK;awGaum (Nation or Nationality)xJrSm r&Sdbl;
vm;qdkawmh &SdowJh/ olwdk@udk (National Mirority)vdk@ ac:w,f// vlrsdK;a&;
vlenf;pkawGvdk@ ac:w,fwJh// tJ tckeu|efawmfwdk@ ArmjynfrSm vlrsdK;}uD;vdk@
pifppfac:Edkifwm tm;vHk;aygif;ac:rS jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ u|efawmfbmjyKvdk@
ajym&ovJqdk&if txufrSm az:jycJhwt
Jh csufawGeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh vlaygif;pkqdkv@dk /
&Srf;vlrsdK;udk ajymr,fqdk,ifawmh ppfppfr[kwfbJ cyfavsmhavsmh oabmrsdK;
qdk vlrsdK;}uD;vdk@ ac:Edkifygvdrfhr,f// wjcm;vlrsdK;awGqdk,if rac:Edkifbl;//
294
uGJjym;csufawG
Orym - *sdef;azgvlrsdK;/ olwdk@rSm txufyg vlrsdK;}uD;t*FgjynfhjynfhpHkpHk
r&Sdbl;// txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm ol@csnf;rjzpfEdkifbl;// Oyrm - csif;/ csif;
usawmh ydkawmifqdk;oGm;ao;w,f// bmjyKvdk@vJqdk,if olwdk@rSm pum;wludk
r&Sdbl;// tcsif;csif;usawmh Armpum;,ifvJo;Hk / t*FvdyfawGpDrHcJhv@dk
ukvm;pum;,ifvJ oHk;ae&wmbJ// u&ifeDudk =unfh/ vlOD;a&uvJ rdk;+AJe,f
qdkwm xnfhygrS &Spfaomif;avmufbJ&Sdw,f// tJ'D&Spfaomif;avmufu
tcsif;csif;bmpum;oHk;ae&ovJqdk,if Armpum;udk oHk;&w,f// u&ifvlrsdK;
=unfhtHk;rvm;/ trsdK;(12)rsdK;avmufuGJ+yD; pum;qdk,ifvJ ( Principal
Language)t"du
pum;ESpfrsdK;awmif &Sdaew,f// tcsif;csif;usawmh
Armpum;bJ oHk;&wmbJ// &Srf;qdkwmvJ trSefuawmh Armpum;trsm;
tm;jzif em;vnf=uwmbJ// ,Ofaus;rSKqdk,if Armh,Ofaus;rSKeJ@wlwmawG
trsm;}uD;bJ// vlrsdK;}uD;tcsif;csif;qdk,ifawmh ( Nations are sovereigns and all
nations are equal)vdk@ vlrsdK;}uD;awG[m tcsKyftcsmtm%m&Sdw,f// twlwl
bJ/ wef;wlbJvdk@ pwmvifu qdkxm;w,f//
udk,fydkifjyXmef;EdkifcGifh
'gjzifh 'Dt"dy`g,fu b,fvdkoabmvJ// vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm tcsif;csif;
aygif;oif;ae,if (Regional Autonomy)qdkwJh e,fajrt& udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh&+yD; cGJxGucf Gifhyg &xdkufowJh// udk,fydkifjyXmef;EdkifcGifh vHk;0&xdkufowJh//
The right of self-determination means that a nation can arrange its life
accordiong to its own will. It has the right to arrange its own life on the basis
of autonomy.
It has the right to enter into federal relation with other nations. It has
the right to complete secession. vkd@qdkxm;w,f// 'gayrJh qufajymxm;wm
&Sdao;w,f//
295
(1)
zqyvy%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcH](AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)
This of course does not mean that Social Semocrats will inport every
demand of a nation. A nation has the right even to return to the order of
things; but this does not mean that Social Democrats will subscribe to such a
decision if taken by any institution of the said nation +yD;awmh
In fighting for the right of nations to self-determination, the arm of the
Social Democrats is to put an end to the policy of national oppression, to
render it impossible, and thereby to remove the groungs of hostility and
reduce it to a minimum.
zqyvy%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcH ] (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)
u&ifvlrsdK; vlenf;pk
'gayrJh Oyrm u&ifvlrsdK;qdkv@dk &Sd,if vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pktjzpfeJ@
tcGifhta&;awG &oifhoavmuf r&bJ &Sdaew,fqdkwmjiif;vdk@ usKyfwdk@&rSm
r[kwfbl;// +yD;awmh olwdk@wawG[mvJ ArmawG&J@ q,fyHkwyHkavmuf
tzsif;qHk;&Sdvdrfhr,f// tJ'ga=umifh olwdk@udkawmh vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pktcGifh
ta&;awGudk ay;zdk@aumif;w,f// rGefvlrsdK; udpPqdk,ifawmh olwdk@rSm
tckvlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pktjzpfeJ@ rGefpmay/ rGefausmif;awG udpPavmufu vGJ&if
wjcm;epfemcsufawG r&Sdygbl;// rGef&,f/ Arm&,fcGJjcm;+yD; u&ifvdk oabm
xm;ovdk xm;apcsifvdk@awmh rjzpfEdkifbl;//
jynfaxmifpk xlaxmif=updk@
'Dawmh(1)vlrsdK;a&;jy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; u|efawmf awmfawmfpHkpHk
vifvif ajymjy+yD;wJhaemuf/ u|efawmfwdk@ Armjynfopfudk wnfaxmifawmh
jynfaxmifpkoabmwnfaxmifrvm;/ vlrsdK;}uD; wrsdK;wnf;bJqdkwJh
wdkif;jynfrsdK;(Unitary State) wnfaxmifrvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;udk ajzqdkvdk
w,f// u|efawmfhtjrift&qdk,ifawmh txufvlrsdK;a&;t& &oifh&xdkufwhJ
tcGifhta&;rsdK;awGudk pnf;urf;owfrSwfay;+yD;awmh (Unitary State)vlrsdK;}uD;
wrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrsdK;awmh axmifvdk@ rjzpfbl;// jynfaxmifpkoabmrsdK;bJ
298
300
tajccHrl (4)csuf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccH&rnfh (4)csufrSm (1) vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHjzpf&ygrnf/
(Independence)/
(2) tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkif&ygrnf/
(Soverneignty)/
(3) 'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiHjzpf&ygrnf/ (Republic)/
(4) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpf&ygrnf/
(Union State)/
vrf;!$efcsuf (7)csuf
vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGuf a&;qGJ&rnfh
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI vrf;!$efjyXmef;csuf
awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifhu&ifeDe,frsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrm
EdkifiHawmf olEdkifiHawmfom;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;
wdk@. tmoDoqENESifhavsmfnDpGm/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk
pDpOfa&;qGJ&eftvdk@iSg pHknDpka0;=uvsuf atmufyg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwf
=ua=umif;//
(1) EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf
jrefrmjynf
axmifpkEdkifiHawmf[k ac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfh
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'jzpfap&rnf// xdk@tjyif (2) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[k
owfrSwfaz:jyonfh woD;yk*~v jynfe,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;
301
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
&mZ0ifwGif
xif&Sm;cJhaom
TjrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf
urBmwGif rdrd.*k%fusufoa&ESifhavsmfpGm &oifh&xdkuf
aom tqifhtwef;okd@ a&muf&Sdap&rnfhjyif/ vlowW0gwdk@.
wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;usdK;csrf;omjynfh0a&;wdk@udk wm0ef
tav#muf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukefjznfhpGufxrf;&Gufum
jynfaxmifcsif;csif;qdkif&m
w&m;"rRESifhusifh0wfoduQmudk
tajccHjyKI urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;a&S@&Sv#uf EdkifiHwumESifh
rdwf0wfrysuf wGJbufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSKudk cdkif+rJaom
t"dXmefjzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh//
b,fvdkEdkifiHrsdK; wnfaqmufrvJ
onftqdkudk u|efawmfwifoGif;cJh&wJh ta=umif;uawmhum;/
u|efawmfwdk@ te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vlrsdK;pHku,
dk fpm;vS,fw@dk tp&Sdonf
tm;jzifh vma&mufpka0;+yD;awmh/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfqdk+yD;
u|efawmfwdk@ zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemuf Armjynf&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJzdk@qdk+yD; onfv$wfawmfrSm wm0efusvmygw,f//
,ckvm+yD; aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcgrSm b,fvdktajccHOya'ESifh u|efawmf
wdk@EdkifiH&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHt
k ajccHOya'udk b,fvdka&;qGJ&rnfvJqdkwmudk
yxrOD;pGm odxm;zdk@ vdkygvdrfhrnf// onfvdk tajccHtcsuftvufqdk+yD;
rodbJESifhu|efawmfwdk@ a&S@qufvuf+yD; Armjynf&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if wa,mufwaygufqdkwJh oabmrsdK;
jzpf+yD; bmr#tajccHr&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOf!$efjyxm;jcif;
r&Sdjzpf+yD;awmhum vdkcsif&mudk tjref&rSm r[kwfbl;// ,ck u|efawmfwif
oGif;wJhtqdk[m (Directive Resolution)aemuf onftpnf;ta0;rSmbJ
cef@&rnfh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJwJh tzGJ@toD;oD;udk vrf;!$ef
trSm ozG,fjzpfwJhtqdkom jzpfw,f// tJ'D aumfrwDtoD;oD;awGu
303
jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;&r,f
jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkwmudk u|efawmftxl;&Sif;jyaep&m
rvdkygbl// onfEdkifiHawmfudk jynfaxmifpkawG pkxm;rnfqdkwJh oabm
avmufygbJ// jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@ tckzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[m (Unitary Constitution)vlwrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrsdK;
r[kwfbJESifh vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkwJh t"dyg`,fa&mufoGm;ygw,f//
tJonfawmh u|efawmfuae+yD; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpf zGJ@pnf;tyf
w,fvdk@ tqdkwifoGif;wJhudpPrSm ,ck uGa&mufvm=uwJh trwfrif;rsm;u
ArmEdkifiHawmfudk onfvdk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf}uD;tjzpfESifh zGJ@pnf;tyf
w,fvdk@qdkwJh tajccHrl[m oifh-roifhudk onfv$wfawmf}uD;u pOf;pm;zdk@
ygbJ//
305
tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sd&r,f
yxroabmw&m;um (Theory)pmoabmavmufom jzpfygw,f//
'kwd,oabmuawmh vufawG@jzpfwJh oabmw&m;ygbJ// b,fvdk
vufawG@jzpfwJh
oabmw&m;rsdK;awGbmvJqdk&if
onfvGwfvyfwJh
EdkifiHawmfqdk+yD;awmh zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvdku=f uwJh EdkifiHawmftoD;oD;wdk@
&Sd=uayrnf// tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhjynfhpHkwJhEdkifiHawmf(Sovereign State)
tcsdK@EdkifiHawGuawmh
tJonfvdkr[kwv
f JESifh
jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;
qufoG,fwJh EdkifiHa&;pum;rSmqdkv#if (Vassal State)vdk@ qdkcH&ygw,f//
(Vassal)qdkv@dk &Sdwmu wynfhu|efEdkifiHawG oabmrsdK;bJ/ u|efayrnfhv@dk
(Colony)vnf; r[kwfbl;/ ol@bmomol/ ol@rif;ESifhol@csif;ESifh/ ol@tpdk;&ESifhbJ/
tjyifbef;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f//
odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiH}uD;wEdkifiH&J@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;rSK/ csKyfcs,frSKudk
txl;wvnfcHaewJh EdkifiHjzpfvdk@ (Vassal State)vdk@ ac:w,f// aemuf+yD;awmh
u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiH}uD;ESpfEdkifiH=um;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;&HkavmufjzpfwJh EdkifiH
awmfrsdK;vnf; &Sdygao;w,f// (Buffer State)tJ'Dvdk EdkifiHtrsdK;rsdK; vufawG@
tm;jzifh &Sdw,fqdkwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@&ygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ vdkcsif
wmuawmhum EdkifiH}uD;ESpfEdkifiH=um;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;&HkavmufjzpfwJh
(Buffer State)rsdK;vdk e,fjcm;EdkifiHuav;rsdK;vnf; rjzpfcsifbl;// aemuf+yD;awmh
EdkifiH}uD;wEdkifiH&J@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;rSK txl;wvnfcH&wJh(Vassal State)rsdK;vnf;
rjzpfcsifbl;/ u|efawmfwdk@ jzpfcsifwmuawmh qefr&Sd apmufpm;}uD;bJ
ac:ac:(&,foHrsm;) u|efawmfwdk@jzpfcsifwJh EdkifiHuawmhvGwfvyf+yD; tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mydkifwJh EkdifiHawmfjzpfcsifw,f// (=obmoHrsm;)
tJonf EdkifiHjzpfwJhtcgrSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHawmfrSm orRw
pepftm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&rnf// wjcm;pHepft& zGJ@pnf;wmudk u|efawmfwdk@
rvdkvm;ygbl;// orRwpHepfqdkwm[m u|efawmfwdk@ onfacwf onftcgu
rSomv#if u|efawmfwdk@ ArmpmrSm ay:vmwJhpum;yg// bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if
311
314
tcGifhtvrf;/ tqifhtwef;wl&r,f
tJonfvdk vlrSKa&;&mYif;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mYif;/ EdkifiHa&;&mYif;
w&m;r#wrSK&Sdapvsuf tcGifhta&;Oya'oufa&mufrSKwGif yuwdwlnDap&
rnfhjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfif;/ trsm;jynfolw@dk apmifhpnf;tyfaom
tusifhoduQmESifhaomfif; rqef@usifor# vGwfvyfpGm }uHpnfydkifcGifh/
xkwfaz:ajymqdkydkifcGifh/ ,Hk=unfydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfjyKcGifh/
pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh/ jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhw@dk &&Sdwnfap&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHkowfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf//
'guawmh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolvGwfvyfa&;yg&rnfqdkwJh t"dy`g,f
ygbJ// onfxJrSm tusOf;&Hk;+yD; vGwfvyfpGm }uHpnfydkifcGifh/ xkwfaz:ajymqdk
ydkifcGifh/ ,Hk=unfydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfjyKydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe
&SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh/ jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhv@dk qdkxm;ygw,f// aemuf
u|efawmfwdk@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJwt
Jh cguv#if onfhxuf
ydk+yD;awmh ususeeESifh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; u|efawmfwdk@ a&;&ygvdrfhr,f//
tJonftcgusv#if Oya'oabma&;qGJ&ygvdrfhr,f// onfawmhrS tusOf;
r#ESifh b,fvdktcGifhta&;rsdK;awGESifh vlwdkif;vlwdkif;&SdxdkufwJh tcGifhta&;
rsdK;awGvJ ay;xm;&r,fqdk+yD;awmh !Gef=um;jcif;r#om jzpfygw,f//
tJonfvdk !$ef=um;wJhae&mrSm onfvdkvGwfvyfrSKawGudk ay;wJh
ae&mrSm (Subject to Law & Public morality)w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfif;/ trsm;
jynfolwdk@. apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodumQ ESifhaomfif; rqef@usifor#
317
vlenf;pktcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f
onfrSmawmh rltm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ vlenf;pktwGufvnf;
pOf;pm;+yD;awmh vlenf;pkumuG,fbdk@ tcsufawGvnf; xnfh+yD;pOf;pm;cJhygvdk@
rSmcJhwJhoabmygbJ// trSefuawmh onftqdk[m aemufzGJ@pnf;rnfh
aumfrwDawGudk rSmcJhwpJh um;om jzpfygw,f// bmawGbmawG vkyfvmcJhyg
qdkwJh oabmawGygbJ//
eHygwf(6)uawmh vGwv
f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRw
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. e,fajrwdk@ waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwJhcdkif+rJa&;udkif;/
EdkifiHawmf. =unf;/ a&/ avwdk@udk tcsKyftjcmpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk if;
w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynf axmiftcsif;csif;Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sdap&rnf//
xdk@jyif 'guawmh vdkawmhvdkw,f// odk@aomfvnf; u|efawmfyk*~dKvf
oabmajym&rnfqdkv#if wrsdK;uawmh }uD;}uD;us,fus,fa&;wmrsdK;ygbJ//
trSefuawmh Oya'wwfwJh OD;csefxGef;wdk@vdk yk*~dKvfawGu }uD;us,fonf
xuf }uD;us,fatmif/ crf;em;onfxuf crf;em;atmif xnfhxm;wmyg//
'guawmh odyf&Sif;aep &m;rvdkygbl;// =unf;/ a&/ avonf txJrSm ygwJh
tcGifhta&;awG ydkifqdkif&r,f// aemuf+yD;awmh ( According to Justic and
International Law)
jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;Oya't& w&m;"rRESifhwuG
xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&r,f// u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwnf ae=umwmudk cef@cef@
nm;nm; wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif&rSmudk;// tJonfawmh u|efawmfwdk@[m
=unf;/ a&/ avwdk@udk tcsKyf tjcmpdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk if;/ w&m;"rRESifh
wuG jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&rnf// wrsdK;uawmh
Oya'a&;wJhtcgrSm wcrf;wem;a&;&rnfh tcsuftvufawGygbJ// ta&;
vnf;}uD;ygw,f// crf;crf;em;em;vnf; a&;bdk@vdkygw,f//
319
323
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (1947)
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH pdwf"gwfarG;&r,f
bmjyKvdk@vJqdkv#if onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; zGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya'awGudk qHk;jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf onftwdkif; twnfjzpfbdk@
rjzpfbdk@qdkwm[m b,ftay:rSmwnfovJ qdkv@dk &Sd&if u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;
tay:rSm wnf+yD;awmh rdrdtqifhtwef;&SdaewJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
tqifhtwef;udk pum;oabmESifhr[kwfbJ/ Oya'oabmESifhwu,fh
327
332
(pwkwydkfif;)
333
tcef; (16)
1947-ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD; q,fESpfausmfumvtwGif;
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJ&efudk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy tcsdef
qGJvmcJhaomfvnf; (zqyv)tzGJ@csKyfESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;onfh aemufydkif;wGif
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf ,drf;,dkifaeaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;
jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;
qGJ&ef awG@&Sdvmonf//
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
( // )/
( // )/
( // )/
(twGif;a&;rSL;)//
tajccHOya'ed'gef;jyifqif&ef
jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH}uD;rSwfwrf;pmtkyfyg-jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwf a&;tzGJ@.
trSKaqmiftzGJ@rS xdkpOfu wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;
e,fpyfa'oqdkonfrSm
atmufusaemufusovdkjzpfaeonf//
vGwfvyfa&;yl;aygif;,l&mwGif &Srf;onf &Srf;taejzifh/ ucsifonf ucsif
taejzifh/ csif;onf csif;taejzifh axmufcHonfjzpfI vGwfvyfaom
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHrjzpfay:atmif jrefrmjynfESifh&Srf;jynfwdk@tm; aoG;cGJ
onfh t*Fvdyf. pDrHudef;rsm; ysufjym;&onf// ,if;tpm; atmufyged'gef;udk
xnfhoGif;&rnfrSm
xdk@a=umifh e,fpyfa'orsm;qdkonftpm; &Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/
u&ifjynf/ u,m;jynfESifh csif;jynfwdk@ tygt0if[laom pum;&yfudk
xnfhoGif;tyfonf//
jynfaxmifpkppfppfqdkonfrSm vGwfvyfaom jynfolrsm;wdk@onf
tajctaet& jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;+yD; jynfrsm;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@udk
if;wdk@.jynfrsm;twGif;tkyfcsKyfI jynftrsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfh ta&;}uD;
onfhudpPrsm;udk A[dktpdk;&tm; tkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf// xdk@a=umifh
340
e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;
jynfaxmifpkppfppftvdk&SdonfrSm
trSefpifppf OD;csefxGef;,lqouJho@dk Armrsm;tay:oHo,&SdI r,HkouFmI
r[kwfay// urBmhacgif;aqmifrsm;csxm;onfh vlr sdK;wdkif; udk,=fh urRm
udk,fzefwD;cGifh(Right of the Nation to self-deterninatin)rlt& udk,=fh urRm
udk,fzefwD;vdk =uaoma=umifh jzpfonf//
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqdkonfrSm urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
udkyif =unfh=unfh jynfaxmifpk(ac:)jynfe,frsm; oabmwlpkaygif;zGJ@pnf;
aom pHepfjzpfonf// ,ck Armjynfrtm; A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh waygif;
wpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;vdkufayonf//
TzGJ@pnf;yHkpepfuom a'ocHvlrsdK;rsm;u Armrsm;tay: r,HkouF
aompdwfydkI jzpfay:aponf// wef;wlnDr#rSKudk ysufpD;aponf//
TzGJ@pnf;yHkpepfonf wae@aomtcg jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJap
Edkifaom ta=umif;t&if;vnf; jzpfayonf//
xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifhonft
h cg cdkif+rJaom/
wef;wlnDr#aom
jynfaxmifpkjzpfay:a&;twGuf
Armjynfrtm;
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if oD;jcm;jynfe,ftjzpf zGJ@pnf;&rnfjzpfavonf//
odk@jzpfI jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;onf wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;aom vrf;!$efcsufudk ,ck awmif}uD;nDvmcH
wGifvnf; vrf;!$efcsuftjzpf qufvufcH,l=uavonf//
(1)
yifvHkpdwf"gwf&Sifoefaz:aqmifa&; (cGefrmudkbef;)
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; aumfrwDzGJ@pnf;jcif;
rlrSm
u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqdkonfh
acgif;pOfjzifh
qufwdkuaf &;om;cJhonf//
awmif}uD;nDvmcHwGif wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf (1947)
ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHkyg yk'frwydk'fcsif;udk avhvmoHk;oyfI ,ck t&Sdt&Sdwdkif;
jyifqif&efrjzpfEdkifawmhI ed'gef;rSpI topfa&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=u&
jyefavonf//
&Srf;/ ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u&if/ csif;jynfe,facgif;aqmifudk,pf m;vS,frsm;ESifh
&cdkif/ rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk
jynfaxmifpkppfppfjzifh jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwfjcif;
awmif}uD;nDvmcHrS (1947)ck/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef rjzpfEdkifojzifh jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfrljzifh a&;qGJoGm;Edkif&ef atmufygtwdkif; tajccHrltwdkif; qHk;jzwfxm;
a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf//
vGwfvyfa&;&,lpOfu
344
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;
}udK;udkifaumfrwD (&Srf;jynfe,f).
qHk;jzwfcsuf
------------------------------------
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnfhtkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif/
jynfe,fESifhvlrsdK;pk wef;wlnDr#rSKtwGuf vHkavmufpGm jyXmef;xm;jcif;
r&Sda=umif;//
xdk@a=umifh jynfe,fESifhvlrsdK;pkwdkif; wef;wlnDr#ap&eftwGuf/ tajccH
Oya'tm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;qGJ&ef T}udK;udkif
aumfrwDu oabmwlnD=ua=umif;//
,if;okd@ tajccHOya'tm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfjyKjyif
a&;qGJonft
h cg atmufyg wef;wlnDr#rSK. tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;udk
xnfhoGif;a&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwf=ua=umif;//
1//
OD;wif{onf yifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJholESifh tajccH
Oya'rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@0if jzpfouJho@dk OD;xGef;jrifhESifh
OD;xGeftHkw@dk rSmvnf; tajccHOya'rl=urf; a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@0if
rsm; jzpf=uonf//
2//
xdkaqmifyg;rsm;udk pkaygif;I jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS wef;wl
aom&Srf;jynf/ &efukef/ jrefrmh AsL[mpmyHkESdyfwdkuf/ (1961)
xkwfa0cJhonf// aemifudk;um;v#if OD;xGef;jrifh/ wef;wlaom
&Srf;jynf[k !$ef;rnf//
345
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;) wifoGif;aompmwef;
,if;awmif}uD;nDvmcHwGif ordkif;0ifwifusef&pfcJhaom pmwef;rSm
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)wifoGif;aompmwef;yif jzpfavonf// odk@jzpfI
(1962)ck/ rwfv(2)&ufae@/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%m odrf;aomtcg
orwref;0if;armif/
0ef}uD;OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifhOD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)wdk@onf
axmifxJwGif (7)ESpfausmf/ (8)ESpfeD;yg;pD toD;oD;aecJh=u&ayonf//
awmif}uD;nDvmcHwGif OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;) wifoGif;aompmwef;
rSm jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS wef;wlaom &Srf;jynfyif jzpfonf// ,if;pmwef;
twGif;rS pmwef;i,faygif;rSm av;apmifvnf; yg0ifonf// ,if;wdk@rSm
1//
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m; pmwef;i,f/
2//
tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS jynfaxmifpkpepfudk avhvmoHk;oyf
ESdKif;,SOfjcif;/
3//
jrefrmjynfaxmifpk (zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;)/
4//
u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpk wdk@ yg0if=uayonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf yifvHkpmcsKyfudkif;/ (zqyv)y%mr
nDvmcHwGif
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mY
vlrsdK;pkrsm;qdkif&m
tajccHOya'rlESifh vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udkif;/ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. tESpfom&ESifh t"dy`g,frsm;udkif; udk,fwkid f
&Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh yk*~dKvfyif jzpfavonf// tvm;wlyif awmif}uD;
nDvmcHY OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; uG,fvGef+yD;
aemufY vGwfvyfa&;oufwef; q,fESpftwGif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH. tjzpf
tysufrsm;ay:Y axmuf&SKv#uf ,ae@rSpI tem*gwfjynfaxmifp
jrefrmEdkifiHudk rnfodk@rnfyHk wnfaqmufoihfonfudk wifjyxm;jcif;yif
jzpfavonf//
(aemufydkif; wae&mY OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;). pmwef;rsm;udk
oD;oef@az:jy ygrnf//)
346
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOay'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;
}udK;udkifaumfrwD(&Srf;jynf).
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
,if;odk@ tajccHOya'tm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfjyKjyif
a&;qGJonfhtcg atmufyg wef;wlnDr#rSK tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;udk
xnf;oGif;a&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwf=ua=umif;//
1//
Armjynfe,f zGJ@pnf;a&;/
2//
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefv$wfawmfESpf&yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;/
3//
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfodk@jynfe,fwdkif; nDr#aomudk,fpm;vS,f
apv$wfa&;/
4//
A[dk&fjynfaxmifpktm;
atmufygXmersm;v$Jtyf+yD;/
usef&Sdaom tm%mrsm;ESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jynfe,f
rsm;odk@ v$Jtyf&ef/
(u) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/
(c) jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;/
(*) jynfaxmifpkbma&;/
(C) aiG'*Fg;ESifhaiGpuULxkwfvkyfa&;/
(i) pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
(p) rD;&xm;/ ava=umif;/ a&a=umif;qufoG,fa&;/
(q) jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;/
347
jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@
,m,DtrSKaqmiftzGJ@
1// p0fcGefcsdK (rdk;rdwfapmfbGm}uD;)
(OuU)/
2// p0f0 (u,m;jynfe,facgif;aqmif)
('k-OuU)/
3// 'l0gcGefzHk; (ucsifjynfe,facgif;aqmif)
('k-OuU)/
4// p0fxGef;{(omrdkif;cef;apmfbGm;}uD;) (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)/
5// OD;vSaz jynfol@v$wfawmftrwf)
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
6// OD;pdk;armif (tynz &Srf;jynf)
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
7// p0fcGefatmif (abmfapmfbGm;}uD;)
(jyef=um;a&;rSL;)/
8// OD;vS+idrf; (u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f) (bma&;rSL;)/
348
349
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@. zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrltay:
aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf/
azaz:0g&Dv (24)&uf/ yxrae@ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pwifjcif;
(1962)ck/ azaz:0g&Dv(24)&ufae@/ &efukef+rdK@/ jynfvrf;toH
vGifhcef;raqmifY jrefrmEdkifiHvlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfaxmifpkrlESifhywfoufaom
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;udk pwifusif;yonf//
jrefrmEdkifiHvlrsdK;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;wGif (yxp/ zqyv/
yrnw/ &yvz)ponfh EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif jynfe,f
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tpdk;&wdkifyifcHtzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;pHknDpGm
wufa&mufvm=uonf//
jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku obmywdtjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; tcrf;
tem;rSL;tjzpf OD;oef;pdefu aqmif&Gufonf//
(jynfaxmifpku&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf(U.K.L)onf
awmif}uD;
(jynfe,faygif;pHk)nDvmcHodk@ udk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;(5)OD; wufa&mufcJh=uI
&efukef+rdK@/ jynfvrf;toHvGifh&HkwGif u|efawmfwOD;wnf; wufa &mufcJhonf//
xdkrSawmwGif;a&mufI aemufydkif; jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf(U.N.L.D,L.A)zGJ@pnf;aomtcg u|efawmfonf obmywd
wOD;jzpfvmonf// u|efawmfonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'topfa&;qGJa&;udk awmif}uD;/ &efukef jrefrmhtoHESifhawmwGif;
(vGwfajrmufa'o)txd yg0ifvmcJhayonf//)
obmywdtzGifhrdef@cGef; ajym=um;+yD;onfaemuf tcrf;tem;rSL;rS
&Srf;jynfe,fOuU}uD;/ 0ef}uD;owdk; r[moa&pnfol0ef}uD;p0fcGefcsdKu
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm;zuf'&,frludk wifjyygcifAsm;[k zdwfac:
350
'DtajccHoHk;&yfudk oabmwlcJhwt
Jh wGuf/ urBmausmf
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkifcJh=uygw,f// tJ'Dvdk jynfe,frsm;eJ@
jynfr[m wpdwfxJw0rf;xJ&Sda=umif; jyoEdkifcJhv@dk bJ/ t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&[m jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk vGufv$wfvku
d f&ygw,f//
yifvHknv
D mcH}uD;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyf/ csKyfqdk+yD;aemuf (Mr
Reese William)acgif;aqmif+yD;/ jynfrjynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;yg0if
wJh pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDrSm txufyg tajccHrloHk;&yftwdkif; jynfreJ@
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufbdk@ wnDw!Gwfwnf;vJ oufaocHcJhygw,f//
tJ'Dvdk wnDw!GwfxJ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhwt
Jh wGuf e,fcsJ@
orm;&J@ aoG;cGJa&;vkyfief;[m/ ysufjy,foGm;+yD; jrefrmjynf&J@
vGwfvyfa&;udk tjrefqHk;urBmodk@ a=unmvmEdkifcJhygw,f//
(1947)ckESpf/ arvrSm usif;ycJhwJh (zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSK
nDvmcHrSmvJbJ vlrsdK;pkwdkif; wef;wl&&Sda&;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkrSmvJ
tJ'Dwef;wla&;tay: tajccHwJh jynfaxmifpkppfppf jzpfbdk@ vrf;pOfcs
rSwfcJhygw,f//
vuf&SdtajccHOya'}uD; a&;qGJbdk@qdk+yD; wdkif;jynfjyKv$wf
awmfrSm jynfracgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;eJ@
jynfe,facgif;aqmifudk,pf m;vS,frsm;u 0dkif;0ef;pOf;pm;=uwJhtcg
tESpfom&jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ vrf;!$ef(7)csuf tusOf;csKyf
udk az:jycGifhay; apvdkygw,f//
tJ'gubmvJqdk&if (1) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwJh zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jzpfap&r,f// (2) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mtjynfhtpHk&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;yg0ifaom jynfaxmifpkzGJ@
pnf;ap&r,f// (3) tm%mrsm;[m wdkif;oljynfom;awGqDu
qif;oufvmap&r,f// (4) vlrSKa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;wdk@rSm
353
360
(0ef}uD;p0fcGefcsdK rdef@cGef;)
tcef; (17)
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%modrf;+yD
orRw}uD; OD;odef;pdef
a':atmifqef;pk=unf
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;
'kwd,ae@ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;wGif twdkuftcHygwDrsm;jzpf=uaom
(zqyv)tzGJ@csKyfESifh (yrnw)tzGJ@. oabmxm;rsm; wifjy+yD;onfaemuf
(1) &yvz/ (2) yxptzGJ@udk,fpm;vS,f wOD;pDESifh twdkifyifcHtzGJ@udk,fpm;
a'gufwmOD;bOD;aqG;aEG;&efESifh
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;
wwd,ae@tjzpf
rwfv(7)&ufae@wGif qufvufusif;y&ef owfrSwfvu
dk fonf//
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vHk; aqG;aEG;+yDonfhtcg 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek
em,utjzpfOD;aqmif+yD; (1) jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,
f(6)OD;/ (2) r'nwudk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;/ (3) zqyv udk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;/
(4) &yvzudk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;/ (5) yxpudk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;ESifh tpdk;&
twdkifyifcHtzGJ@0if vl}uD;rsm;yg0ifaom aumfrwDwckudkvnf; zGJ@pnf;oGm;
&ef owfrSwfvu
dk fonf//
'kwd,ae@tjzpf jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHudk rwfv(1)&ufae@/ nOfhY
jynfvrf;&Sd toHvGifh&HkwGif usif;yonf// xdktpnf;ta0;odk@ jynfaxmifpk
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfrS u|efawmfwOD;wnf; wufa&mufygonf//
tcrf;tem;wGif tkef;Edk@acgufqGJjzifh {nfhy&dowfrsm;tm; {nfhcHau|;arG;
onf// xdkae@n. aESmif;ydkif; nOfhoef;acgifausmfv#if tm%modrf;rnfudk
361
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)
wifoGif;aompmwef;
u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpkpepf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk jyifqif=u&mY rludk rysufpD;
apbJ jyifqif=u&rnf[k tpdk;&u pnf;urf;owf(1) rSwfxm;onfhtwGuf
xdkrlESifhywfoufI jy\emay:cJhonf// tajccHOya'. rlqdkwm
bmvJ[kar;=ujref;=uonf// Oya'yg&*lwOD;u jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya'. rl[m qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;bJ jzpfonf[k
363
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk xdkrl(7)csufESifhtnDt!Gwf
a&;qGJxm;a=umif; OD;Eku wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif &Sif;vif;cJh+yD;
jzpfonf// xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'rlESifhywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@onf
tjiif;yGm;aep&m/ pdwfwGif pEdk;paemifhjzpfaep&m rvdkawmhay//
vuf&SdtajccHOya'udk u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpk
pepfodk@ jyifqifajymif;vJ&mY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csay;cJhaom tajccH
rlrsm;ESifhqef@usifp&m xdcdkufp&m[k u|efawmf,lqygonf//
(Constitution)udk jrefrmbmomjzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'[k ac:a0:xm;&m t"dy`g,ftjynfh t0az:jyxm;+yD;jzpfonf//
EdkifiHawmftm; b,fvdkyHkpHjzifh zGJ@pnf;I rl/ b,fvdkpnf;rsOf;jzifh
tkyfcsKyfrnfponfwdk@udk a&;qGJxm;aom tajccHOya'onf ( Constitution)
yif jzpfonf//
rpPwmatmfpwifu tajccHOya'onf tpdk;&taqmufttHku kd
wnfaqmufay;onf[kqdkonf// rpPwm'Dap;url EdkifiH.tcsKyftjcm
tm%mrsm;udk cGJa0&mwGifif;/ vufawG@usifho;Hk &mwGifif; wdkuf&dkuf
364
365
'Drdkua&pDqdkwm
tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfoljynfom;rsm;xHwGif wnf&Sdv#if
omreftm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD[I
l em;vnf=uonf// odk@&mwGif t&G,fa&muf
olwdkif; rJqENay;I tpdk;&tzGJ@tm; a&G;aumuf wifajrSmufcGifh&jcif;tm;jzifh
'Drdkua&pDonf jynfh0+yD[k r,lqEdkifao;ay/ a&G;aumufwifajrSmufxm;
aom tpdk;&tzGJ@tm; jynfoljynfom;rsm;u wenf;enf;jzifh jyefvnf
csKyfudkifxm;EdkifrS 'Drdkua&pDonf jynfhpHkonf[k qdkEdkifavonf//
'Drdkua&pDudk vufawG@usifho;Hk &mY 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH[I
l ac:wGifaom
EdkifiHrsm;wGifyif wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH wlnDrSKr&Sd=uacs// t*FvefwGif usifho;Hk
aom 'Drdkua&pDonf tar&duefwGif usifho;Hk aom 'Drdkua&pDESifh jcm;em;
onf// xdkenf;wlpGm urBmay:wGif 'Drdkua&pDtjynfhtpHkqHk;qdkonfh
qGpfZmvef EdkifiHwGif usifho;Hk onfh 'Drdkua&pDrSm t*Fvef/ tar&duefwkd@wGif
usifo
h Hk;onfh 'Drdkua&pDESifhrwljcm;em;jyefonf//
wzeft*Fvef/ jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qGpfZmveftp&Sdonfh taemuf
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifho;Hk onfh 'Drdkua&pDESifhta&S@'Drdkua&pD[kac:onfh
qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh jynfol@'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhoHk;onfh 'Drdku&pDESifh
tajccHtm;jzifh jcm;em;jyefonf//
'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;yHkpepf
'Drdkua&pDtay: tajccHI zGJ@pnf;xm;aom tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfrsm;wGif
(Federal)ac: jynfaxmifpkpepfESifh(Unitary)ac: wjynfaxmifpHepf(0g)
tpdk;&wzGJ@wnf;[lI (2)rsdK; (2)pm; &Sd=uonf//
qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ qGpfZmvef/ uae'g/
,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/ =opa=w;vD;,m;tp&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;rSm jynfaxmifpk
pepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;=uonf// +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,H/ csufudk
366
jynfaxmifpkpHepf
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqdkonfrSm tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom
EdkifiHrsm;/ wef;wl&nfwl qENtav#muf yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;um A[dkjynfaxmif
pkESifhjynfe,frsm;ta=umif; tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm; twdtus cGJa0ay;
xm;aom pHepfjzpfonf//
yx0Dtaetxm;jcm;em;rSKa=umifhif;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;
rwlnDrSKa=umifhif;/ vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;jcm;em;rSKa=umifhif; jynfaxmifpkpHepfudk
a&G;cs,fzGJ@pnf;=uonf//
jynfaxmifpkpHepfwGif yg0ifzGJ@pnf;aom jynfe,frsm;. vlOD;a&
tenf;trsm;/ e,ftus,ft0ef;ponfwdk@onf wef;wlnDr#rSKtwGuf
twm;tqD;jzpfp&m ta=umif;r&Sdacs//
u|efawmfwdk@ &Srf;jynfwGif Armonf vlOD;a&;rsm;jym;I ArmESifh
aygif;v#if tpOft+rJ epfemaernf[k ,lqolrsm;&SdbdouJhodk@ jrefrmjynf
wGifvnf; e,fpyfa'ojynfe,frsm;wGif vlOD;a&tvGefenf;ojzifh ArmESifh
wef;wltcGifhta&; ray;xdkuf[k ,lqolrsm;&Sd=uonf//
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif eDAm;'g;jynfe,fonf vlOD;a&woef;
ydkydkom &Sdonf// 0dkif,dkrif;ESifh 'Jvm;0J,m;wGif ESpfodef;cGJpDom &Sd=uonf//
e,l;a,mufjynfe,frSm (13)oef;cGJ&Sdonf//
367
tm%mcGJa0enf;
qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkwGifvnf; (CANTON)ac: jynfe,f(22)ck
&Sdonfhteuf Zl;&pfESifhbef; jynfe,frsm;rSm e,f}uD;rsm;jzpf+yD; aA;av;rSm
e,fi,fuav;omjzpfonf//
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifvnf;
&k&Sm;jynfe,fpkorRwEdkifiHonf
tvGef}uD;rm;+yD; tufpwdk;eD; ,m;orRwEdkifiHrSm tvGefao;i,fygonf//
jynfe,ft}uD;ti,f/ vlOD;a&;tenf;trsm;rSm jynfaxmifpkpHepf
zGJ@pnf;a&;wGif ta&;r}uD;yg// A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifhjynfe,ftpdk;&
t=um; tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm; r#r#wwcGJa0rSKomv#if ta&;}uD;
ygonf//
jynfaxmifpkpHepfwGif tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0yHk cGJa0enf;rSm
(3)rsdK; (3)pm;&Sdonf//
(1) jynfaxmifpkppfppfEdkifiHrsm;wGif (Extreme type of federal
system)A[djk ynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifhqdkifaom tm%mESifh
tcGifhta&;rsm;om ay;xm;+yD; useftm%mESifhtcGifhta&;
rsm;tm;vHk; (Residual Powers)udk jynfe,frsm;wGif
tyfESif;xm;onf//
(2) jynfaxmifpkrppfwppfEdkifiHrsm;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk
taysmhpm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif (Weak type of federal system)
jynfe,frsm;tm; toifhtwifh tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;
cGJa0ay;+yD;
useftm%mESifhtcGifh
ta&;tm;vHk;udk
A[dkjynfaxmifpku odrf;ydkufxm; onf//
Oyrm ] uae'g/ awmiftz&dujynfaxmifpk/ jynfaxmif
pkjrefrmEdkifiH//
368
(3)
jynfaxmifpkygvDref
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefrsm;wGif v$wfawmf(2)&yfyg0if=up+rJjzpfonf//
xdkv$wfawmf(2)&yfudk wdkifjynftrsdK;rsdK;wGif trnfemrtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ac:wGif
=uonf// vG,fulap&ef txufv$wfawmfESifh atmufv$wfawmf[I
l yif
ac:a0:=uygpdk@//
atmufv$wfawmfudk vlOD;a&;ay: tajcwnfI a&G;aumuf
wifajrSmuf=uonf// (Proportional Representation) jynfe,frsm;onf
vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf trwfOD;a&;apv$wfcGifh&=uonf/ txufv$wf
awmfonf jynfe,frsm; }uD;onf-i,fonfr[l/ wlnDaom trwfOD;a&
apv$wf=uonf// txufv$wfawmfonf jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,f
rsm;tm;}uD;Edkifi,f!SOf;qJrsdK; r&Sdap&ef atmufv$wfawmftm; rJwif;ay;&ef
twGuf zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzpfonf// wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;tm; umuG,f&ef
zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf//
xdk@a=umifh v$wfawmf(2)&yfudk oabmw&m;tm;jzifh wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhtm%mwlxm;=uonf// odk@&mwGif vufawG@tm;jzifh v$wfawmf(2)&yf
onf tcGifhtm%mcsif;rwl=uay//
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif txufv$wfawmfonf atmufv$wf
awmfxufydkI tcGifhtm%m&Sdonf// ydkI*k%f&Sdonf// atmufv$wfawmf
trwfrsm;onf wae@wGif txufv$wfawmftrwfjzpfap&ef ar#mfrSef;=u
onf//
370
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
jynfaxmifpktpdk;wGif orRwtm; tm%mtvHk;pHk tyfESif;aom
tpdk;&ESifh ygvDreftm; tm%mtyfESif;aom tpdk;&[lI (2)rsdK; (2)pm;
&Sdonf//
tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf orRwtm; tm%mtyfESif;
aom
tpdk;&trsdK;tpm;jzpf+yD;/
tjcm;jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rsm;onf
ygvDreftm; tm%mtyfESif;aomtpdk;&trsdK;tpm;jzpf=uonf//
371
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkorRwa&G;aumufyHk
a&G;aumufenf;rSm
urBmay:wGif rnfonfhEdkifiHESifhrSrwl wrljcm;ayonf// tar&duef
orRwa&G;aumufyHk a&G;aumufenf;udka&S@wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ta=umif; avhvmonfhtcg tus,faz:jyygOD;rnf//
tar&dueforRwonf jynfaxmifpkygvDrefv$wfawmfw&yf&yf.
trwfjzpf&efrvdk/ wdkif;ol jynfom;u wdkuf&dkufa&G;aumufwifajrSmufonf//
orRwonf rdrd.tpdk;&tzGJ@udk rdrdpdwf}udKuftwdkif; trwfr[kwfolrsm;
xJrS cef@tyfxm;onf// orRwtpdk;&onf ygvDreftm; wm0efrcHay//
ygvDref. Oya'=urf;ESifhjyXmef;csufrsm;udk y,fcs&ef orRwwGif ADwdt
k m%m
&Sdavonf// orRwu ADwdktm%mjzifh y,fcsvdkufaom Oya'=urf;rsm;udk
v$wfawmf(2)&yfu (3)yHk (2)yHkrJjzifh jyefI qHk;jzwfv#if orRwu oabm
rwlaomfvnf; twnfjzpfavonf// Tenf;jzifh orRwtm%mudk
ygvDrefu odrf;uGyfxm;onf// tjcm;jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rsm;onf ygvDref
tm; tm%mtyfESif;aom tpdk;&rsm;jzpfonf// tpdk;&tzGJ@onf ygvDreftm;
wm0efcH&onf// wenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&tzGJ@onf ygvDref. tm%m
atmufwGif&Sdonf//
0ef}uD;csKyfESifh0ef}uD;rsm;onf
ygvDreftrwfrsm;
jzpf&onf// ygvDrefwGif rJqENtrsm;pk. axmufcHrSK&rSom tpdk;&tzGJ@onf
wnfwHhcdkif+rJEdkifavonf//
jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifrSK
urBmay:&Sd jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;wGif (jrefrmjynfrSty) A[dkjynf
axmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm;twGuf w&m;&Hk;rsm;oD;jcm;&Sd=uonf// A[dkjynf
axmifpktwGuf tjrifhqHk;w&m;&Hk;(w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf)rS aemufqHk;w&m;
&Hk;txd wpifwzGJ@&SdouJo
h dk@ jynfe,frsm;wGifvnf; tjrifhqHk;w&m;&Hk;
(w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf)rS aemufqHk;w&m;&Hk;txd wpifwzGJ@oD;jcm;pD &Sd=u
onf//
jynfaxmifpkw&m;&Hk;rsm;onf
jynfaxmifpkESifhoufqdkifaom
372
tajccHOya'jyifqifenf;
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tajccHOya'
udk (2)rsdK; (2)pm;cGJjcm; =uonf// tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm;jyKouJhodk@
ygvDrefrS tvG,fwuljyifqifEdkifv#if if;tajccHOya'udk jyifqifvG,fap
aom tajccHOya'(Flexible Constitution)[kac:onf +AdwdefjynfESifhtDwvD
jynfwGif tajccHOya'udk omrefOya'rsm; twnfjyKjyifqifouJhodk@ ygvD
refu jyifEdkifaom tm%m&Sd=uonf//
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif (Oyrm tar&duef/ jyifopf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H/
qGpfZmvef/ jrefrmEdkifiH) tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm;enf;wl jyifqifEdkif
cGifh r&Sdacs//
tajccHOya'jyifqifEdkifaomenf;udk tajccHOya'wGif txl;owf
rSwfjyXmef;xm;avonf// xdktajccHOya'rsdK;udk =uyfwnf;aom tajccH
Oya'(Rigid Constitution)[k ac:wGif=uonf//
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH tajccHOya'rsm;udk txl;ojzifh tvG,f
wuljyifqifjcif; rjyKEdkif&ef jyXmef;xm;=uonf// xdka=umifh jynfaxmifpk
ygvDref tajccHOya'rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzihf =uyfwnf;aom tajccH
Oya'rsm; jzpf=uonf//
373
cGJxGufcGifh
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkonfrSm
vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifpkrsm;qEN
tav#muf
yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfay&m/
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh
qENtav#muf jyefvnfcGJxGufEdkifcGifhvnf; &Sd&ayrnf// odk@aomf ,ck
rsufarSmufumvwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpkESifh
jrefrmjynfaxmifpkwdk@. tajccHOya'rsm;wGifom jynfe,frsm; cGJxGuv
f dku
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm; jyXmef;az:jyxm;avonf//
wjynfaxmifpHepf
u|efawmfwkd@vdkvm;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrsdK;rSr&v#if vuf&Sd
jynfaxmifpkrppfwppftwdkif; qufaernfhtpm; cGJxGuf+yD; oD;jcm;
orRwEdkifiHxlaxmifv#if xlaxmif/ odk@r[kwf (Unitary)ac: wjynfaxmif
pepfvkyfypfvdkuf[I
l pdwfvu
dk frmefyg ajymqdkaomyk*~dKvftcsdK@ &Srf;jynfwGif
&Sd=uonf//
(Unitary)ac: wjynfaxmifpepf(0g)tpdk;&wzGJ@qdkonfrSm tm%mESifh
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk A[kdtpdk;&onf wOD;wnf;tm%mydkiftjzpfjzifh toHk;jyK
onf// rdrdoabmav#muf a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;+yD; tm%m
tyfESif;vdku tyfESif;Edkifonf// a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;odk@ tyfESif;
xm;aom tm%mrsm;udkvnf; tcsdefra&G; jynfvnf&kyfodrf;Edkifavonf//
a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;rxm;bJ wdkif;rif;}uD;/ c&dkif0efrsm;rSwqifh tkyfcsKyfap
vdkuvnf; tkyfcsKyfapEdkifavonf// wenf;tm;jzifhqdkv#if wjynfaxmif
pepfwGif a'oEW&tpdk;&onf A[dktpdk;&. vufckwfwGif;rS a&uJho@dk oGefv kd
oGef/ arSmufvdkarSmufEdkifaomb0wGif usa&mufaeonf// usm;oem;rS
EGm;csrf;om b0rsdK;yifjzpfonf// wjynfaxmifpHepfrSm oabmw&m;a&;
tm;jzifh ,if;odk@jzpfaomfvnf; vufawG@tkyfcsKyf=u&mwGif +Adwdef/ jyifopf/
374
zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif; jynfaxmifpk
awmif}uD;jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHwGif
OD;xGef;jrifhwifoGif;aom
pmwef;av;apmifteuf yxrwapmifrSm jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
pmwef;jzpfI 'kwd,pmwef;rSm vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtm; vufawG@
usus qef;ppfa0zefxm;aom pmwef;yifjzpfonf// odk@jzpfI jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfr[kwfyJ zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif; jynfaxmifpktjzpf ac:qdkxm;avonf//
zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;
u|efawmfwdk@
jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'udk
tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;(3)enf;jzifh
pHcsdefudk
=unfhv#if
jynfaxmifpkrppfwppftrsdK;tpm; (0g) jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;jzpfa=umif;
txufwGif az:jycJh+yD; jzpfygonf// odk@&mwGif xyfavmif;I zGJ@pnf;yHk
yHkpHESifhcsdefxdk;=unfhygrl jynfaxmifpk taysmhpm;yif r[kwaf wmhbJ zg;wydkif;
ig;wydkif;pepftjzpf awG@jrif&ayrnf// u|efawmfwdk@wGif usOf;ajrmif;aom
vlrsdK;a&;0g'w&m;zHk;v$rf;aeI ,if;uJhodk@ awG@jrif=uonf r[kwfyg//
375
377
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
(1) ArmjynfrESifhjynfaxmifpkpHepft& yl;aygif;rnf/
(2) ,if;odk@ yl;aygif;onfhtcg (u) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef;wl jzpf&rnf/
(c) &Srf;jynftm; vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;&rnf/
(*) cGJxGuv
f dku tcsdefra&G; cGJxGucf Gifh ay;&rnf/
(3) A[dktpdk;&tm; atmufygXmersm; v$Jtyfay;rnf/
(u) EdkifiHjcm;a&;/
(c) umuG,fa&;/
(*) pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;/
(C) vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/
(i) aiGpuULESifhaiG'*Fg;xkwfvkyfa&;/
(p) qdyfurf;taumufawmfcGef/
(&yv). jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;onf &Srf;jynfvlxktwGif;
euf&SdKif;pGm 0ifoGm;onf// Armqdkv#if tvGefrkef;+yD; ArmjynfESifhraygif;
vdkaom yk*~dKvfrsm;uyifv#if Tjynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk vufcH
vm=uonf// (&yv). jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;onf &Srf;jynfe,f edrdwfrS
ausmfvGefum e,fpyfa'owav#mufvHk;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf// &Srf;/ ucsif/
csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom awmifwef;om;pnf;vH;k
nD!Gwfa&; OD;pD;tzGJ@csKyf (S.C.O.U.H.P)uvnf; jynf axmifpkoabm
w&m;udk vufcHvm=uonf//
378
wdk@ygvDref
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkygvDrefzGJ@pnf;yHkrSmvnf; obm0rusay/
tjcm;jynfaxmifpkygvDrefrsm;wGif v$wfawmf(2)&yfxm;&Sdjcif;rSm atmuf
v$wfawmfonf 'Drdkua&pDoabmt& tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfol
vlxkxHrS qif;ouf&rnfqdkonft
h wdkif; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;
jyK&efjzpf+yD; txufv$wfawmfrSm jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;t& jynfe,f
rsm;tm;udk,fpm; jyK&ef jzpfayonf//
jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,frsm;tm; tEdkifusifhrSKr&Sdap&ef txuf
v$wfawmfodk@ udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tnDtr#apv$wf=uonf// v$wfawmf
w&yf&yfonf tm%mudk tvGeftuJtoHk;rjyKEdkif&eftwGuf v$wfawmf
w&yfu tjcm;v$wfawmfw&yftm; xdef;uGyfEdkif&ef tcGifhtm%mwl
ay;xm;=uonf//
u|efawmfwdk@. txufv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,frsm;onf trwfOD;a&
tnDtr# apv$wfEdkifcGifh r&Sd=uyg// Armjynfe,f[lI oD;jcm;r&Sdjcif;onfyif
jynfaxmifpktxufv$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;rSKudk }uD;pGm&kyfqif;ysufapavonf//
383
tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;
jynfaxmifpkppfppfEdkifiHrsm;wGif A[kjd ynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifh
qdkifaom tcGifhtm%mrsm;omay;+yD; useftm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u
odrf;ydkufxm;=uonf// uae'gjynfaxmifpkwGifom A[dkjynfaxmifpk
tm;vnf; tm%muef@owfay;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk A[du
k
odrf;ydkufxm;onf//
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGif jynfaxmifpkOya'
jyKpm&if;/ jynfe,fOya'jyK pm&if;[lI cGJjcm;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk
A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&odk@ ay;tyfxm;&m uae'g jynfaxmifpkESifhtm%m
cGJa0enf;wGif twlwlyif jzpfonf// tajccHOya'rlESifhywfoufI &Sif;jypOf
OD;csefxGef;u uae'gjynfaxmifpkvrf;pOfudk vdkufxm;a=umif; 0efcHcJhav
onf//
xdkvrf;pOfudk rvdkufIvnf; rjzpfay/ Armjynfe,f[I
l oD;jcm;
zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r&Sd jzpfav&m/ jynfaxmifpkppfppfrltwdkif; A[dkudk tm%m
vHk;0uef@owfay;vdkuf+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfe,frsm;tm;
ay;vdkufv#if ArmjynfytwGuf tkyfcsKyfI jzpfEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfacs//
384
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
u|efawmfwdk@
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@rsdK;udk
tjcm;rnfonfh
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwGifrSmrS rawG@&yg//
jynfaxmifpkppfppfjzpfonfh tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H/
=opa=w;vD;,m;wdk@wGifif;/ jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;jzpfonfh uae'gwGifif;
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@wGif u|efawmfwdk@tpdk;&tzGJ@uJho@dk jynfe,f0ef}uD;
Xmersm;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sd=uyg//
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,fOuUrsm;onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@wGif
jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifae=uonf// u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpkwGif
EdkifiHawmforRwonf jy&kyfr#omjzpf+yD; tm%mt&SdqHk;yk*~dKvfrSm EdkifiHawmf
0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfonf//
yk'fr56(2)t& EdkifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyfu trnfwifoGif;
aom yk*~dKvfwdk@udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@0if tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf
cef@xm;&rnf//
yk'fr 56 (3)t& EdkifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyf. t}uHay;csuf
t& jynfaxmifpktpdk;&0ef}uD;wOD;OD;. &mxl;ESKwfxGufpmudk vufcH&rnf//
odk@wnf;r[kwf &mxl;rS &yfpJap&rnf//
u|efawmfwdk@. t&pum;qdkv#if 0ef}uD;csKyfu }udKufESpfoufI
a&G;cs,folrsm;om 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpf&+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu tvdkr&Sdonfw
h ae@wGif
0ef}uD;&mxl;rS ESKwfxGufay;&rnf// u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;vnf;
0ef}uD;csKyfu oabmwlrS 0ef}uD;jzpfEdkifonf// 0ef}uD;csKyfu oabmrwl
385
tajccHOya'jyif=updk@
&Srf;jynfe,f. epfemcsuf/ rauseyfcsufrsm;ajyvnfap&ef vuf&Sd
tajccHOya'udk jynfvnfpDppfI jyifqif=u&ayrnf// ,if;odk@ jyifqifonfh
tcg txufwGif u|efawmfavhvmqef;ppfxm;aom csdK@,Gif;csuf}uD;
(5)csufudk OD;wnf+yD; jyifqif=u&ayvdrfhrnf//
387
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1//
jrefrmjynfe,f/
2//
&Srf;jynfe,f/
3//
ucsifjynfe,f/
4//
u&ifjynfe,f/
5//
u,m;jynfe,f/
6//
csif;jynfe,f/
388
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
7//
&cdkifjynfe,f/
8//
rGefjynfe,f rsm;yg0if=urnf//
Tjynfe,frsm;onf wef;wl&nfwljzpf=u+yD; A[dk
jynfaxmifpkodk@ v$Jtyfxm;aom tm%mrsm;rSty
vHk;0tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=u
rnf// (qGpfZmvefESifhtar&duef jynfaxmifpkrsm;
uJho@dk )
jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif
oD;jcm;tajccHOya'rsm;/
oD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGJ@rsm;/ oD;jcm;tpdk;&tzGJ@rsm; &Sd=u
rnf//
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif jynfol@v$wfawmfESifh vlrsdK;
pkv$wfawmf[I
l v$wfawmf(2)&yfyg0ifrnf// jynfol@
v$wfawmfudk vlOD;a&;tvdkuf a&G;aumufwif
ajrSmufI vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,frsm;onf
udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&tnDtr#
apv$wf=urnf//
v$wfawmf(2)&yfpvHk; wef;wltm%m&Sd=urnf//
v$wfawmf(2)&yfyl;wGJusif;yaom tpnf;ta0;rS
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@ESifhEdkifiH
awmforRwudk
a&G;aumufwifajrSmufrnf//
tpdk;&tzGJ@yHkpHrSm
qGpfZmveftpdk;& ESifh cyfqifqifjzpfrnf// odk@aomf
jrefrmjynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@onf
ygvDrefudk
wm0efcH&rnf/
tpdk;&tzGJ@0ef}uD;rsm;onf
ygvDreftrwfrsm;om jzpf&rnf//
atmufygXmersm;udk
jynfaxmifpkXmersm;tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;rnf//
389
1//
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/
2//
umuG,fa&;/
3//
aiGpuULESifh aiG'*Fg;xkwfvkyfa&;/
4//
pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
5//
rD;&xm;ESifh ava=umif;qufoG,fa&;/
6//
qdyfurf;cGefaumufcHa&;/
7//
jynfaxmifpkbma&;/
8//
jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;/
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@onf jynfaxmifpkppfppftpdk;&tzGJ@jzpfav&m
jynfe,f0ef}uD;Xmersm; yg0ifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay//
(7) jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk;onf (Complete Autonomy)
vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
&Sd=urnf//
jynfe,f
tcsif;csif;uaomfif;/
jynfaxmifpkuaomfif;
jynfe,f twGif;a&;udpPwGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifcGifh
r&Sdacs//
jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;t}uD;trSL;rsm;udk
jynfe,forRwrsm;[k ac:wGifaprnf//
(8) jynfe,fwdkif;onf jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGuEf dkifaom
tcGifhta&;&Sd=urnf//
(9) qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkrSmuJho@dk jynfaxmifpkt+rJ
wef;ppfwyfxm;&Sda&;r&Sda&;udk jynfaxmifpkygvDref
u tav;teufpOf;pm;rnf//
390
391
OD;xGef;jrifh (pm)
tcef; (18)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHk
(1962)ckESpf/ rwfv(1)&ufae@nOfh/ &efukef+rdK@/ jynfvrf;&Sd jrefrmh
toHtaqmuftOD;wGif usif;yaom jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHY xdkpOfu
(r'nw)acgif;aqmif 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifwifoGif;aom tem*gwfzGJ@pnf ;yHk
a&;qGJa&;pmwef;rSm pdwf0ifwpm;avhvmoifhaom pmwef;wapmifvnf;
jzpfayonf//
qef;[mvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGw
J dkufwt
Jh cgrSmvnf; 'DvdkyJ wdkif;&if;om;
wef;wla&;eJ@ wef;wla&;tay: tajccHwJh pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;r&rD (1947)
ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12)&ufae@ yifvHknDvmcHrSm twnfjyKcJhygw,f//
'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS vlrsdK;awG&J@ wef;wla&;udk vkyfay;cJhwJh
oabmr[kwfygbl;// vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vkyfaewJh wqufwnf; wdkif;&if;
om;vlrsdK;awG&J@ pnf;&Hk;a&;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ wef;wla&;udk vkyfaewm
xif&Sm;ygw,f// 'gayr,fh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tygt0if
jynfolw&yfvHk;[m acgif;aqmif}uD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk txl;ojzifh
u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;[m rdrdwkd@&J@ uH=urRmudk zefwD;Edkif
w,fvdk@ yHktyfcJhygw,f// 'gayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;+yD;wJh aemufydkif;
rSm u|efawmfwdk@&J@ uH=urRm[m oleJ@twl usqHk;oGmw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf=uyg
w,f//
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdk&if (1947)ckESpf/ yifvHknv
D mcHt& wdkif;&if;om;
pnf;vHk;rSKudk wnfaqmufwm[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&SdpOf (1947)ckESpf/
arv(10)&ufrS (31)&ufae@txd=umwJh yifvHk+rdK@rSm usif;ywJh jynfvHk;u|wf
nDvmcH/ jynfvHk;u|wf nDvmcHyJ ac:rvm;/ (1947)ckESpf/ ( Convention)wck
ac:+yD; oludk,w
f dkifa&;qGJwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk wifoGif;cJh
ygw,f// 'gudk (zqyv)tzGJ@csKyfuvnf; vufcHw,f//
Oya'=urf;taeeJ@ vufcHcJhygw,f// 'gayr,fh olusqHk;oGm;+yD;wJh
aemufydkif;rSm 'DOya'=urf;[m b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@ jzpfoGm;ovJqdkwm eJeJawmh
&Sif;jycsifygw,f//
olusqHk;oGm;+yD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm (1947)ckESpf/ pufbmv(24)
&ufae@rSm ac:,lwJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHkudk twnfjyKzdk@ wifjyvmygw,f// tJ'DwifwJhtay:rSm a0zefcsuf
&Sdw,f// t"dy`g,fuawmh Armvdka&;xm;wm &SmrawG@vdk@yg/ b,fvdka&;xm;
ovJqdkawmh
397
405
tcef; (19)
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa=unmcsuf
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. trsdK;om;'Drdku&pDtzGJ@csKyf ESifhwidk f;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (U.N.L.D)wdk@. awG@qHk;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif a':pkrS
tenf;i,fajym=um;+yD; EdkifaiGodrf;rS wifjyajymqdk+yD; aemufwGif ESpfzGJ@
aygif;I Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;yl;wGJa=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefavonf//
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa=unmcsuf. tESpfom&rSm (1961)ckESpf/
awmif}uD;+rdK@/ jynfe,faygif;pHka=unmcsuf. Tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfav
onf//
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wJGa=unmcsuf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. vufiif;EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@. oabmxm;a=unmcsuf
1//
1352-ckESpf/ awmfovif;vqef;(10)&uf
1990-ck jynfhESpf/ =o*kwfv(19)&uf
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxG;axG;a&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr
&SifwGif w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zGJ@pnf;xm;aom(1) wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwD(21)ygwD/ (aemufqufwGJ pm&if;&SK)wdk@ pkpnf;xlaxmifxm;onfh jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;
406
2//
3//
4//
tESpf(50)jynfh jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem;
ESpf(50)jynfh/ jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf ordkif;0ifrdef@cGef;w&yfudk ajym=um;cJhavonf// zcifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhjynfe,facgif;aqmifrs;/ vlrsdK;pkacgif; aqmifrsm;yg0ifcsKyfqdk
aom yifvHkpmcsKyfESifhtwl/ xdkpOfu rJoa&mxESD;aESmyGJwGif oabmwl
nDcsuf pmwef;udkyg xnfhoGif;I av;eufpGm ajym=um;cJhavonf//
,if;wdk@rSm
410
tESpf(50)jynfh jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem;
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;. rdef@cGef;
tck 'DudkuGa&mufvmwJh y&dowfudka&m usrwdk@&J@ jynfaxmif
pkae@udk ao;odrfapatmifvdk@ jynfolvlxku vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyGJuae+yD;awmh EdkifiH&J@tem*wfOD;aqmifzdk@ rJay;cJhwJh EdkifiHa&;
tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ vkyfaqmifrSKudk ao;odrfatmifvdk@vkyfwJh tcuftcJawG
=um;xJuae+yD;awmh ta0;uae+yD;axmufcHwJh usrwdk@&J@ jynfolvlxk
tm;vHk;udk aus;Zl;wifav;pm;a=umif; usrajymcsifygw,f//
'Dae@qdk&if yifvHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhaom tESpf(50)wif;wif;
jynfhyg+yD;/ 'DpmcsKyfudk oabmwl+yD; csKyfqdkcJhwJh usrwdk@acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;/
wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&J@ pmcsKyf[m puULay:rSm a&;xdk;xm;wJh
pmcsKyfr#om r[kwfygbl;// jynfaxmifpkudk vdkvm;,Hk=unfwJh jrefrmEdkifiHol
EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u aoG;pnf;nD!GwfrSKudk ,Hk=unfygw,fqdk+yD;awmh
ESvHk;om;ay:rSm xdk;xm;wJh uwdu0wf jzpfygw,f// jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiH[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHtaeeJ@ &yfwnfEdkifcJhwm[m
tckqdk&if &mpkESpf0ufcef@ jzpfyg+yD// 'gayr,fh ppfrSefwJh wdkif;&if;om;
nD!GwfrSKudk usrwdk@ rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhao;wma=umifhrdk@vdk@ 'D[mudk
jynfaxmifpktppfvdk@ac:&rSm tifrwefrS cufaeygw,f//
usrwdk@ ppfrSefwJh aoG;pnf;nD!GwfrSK&&Sdzdk@qdkwm bmvdkvJqdkawmh
usrwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; tm;vHk;[m rdrdwdk@&J@ ar#mfrSef;csufawG/
&nfrSef;csufawG/ pdk;&drfcsufawG/ em=unf;csufawG/ rauseyfrSKawGudk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; tEW&m,fr&SdbJeJ@ wifjyay;EdkifwJh pepfwck&Sdzdk@ vdkygw,f//
'Dpepfwck&SdrSmomv#if usrwdk@=um;xJrSm &SdaewJhem;vnf;rSK
vGJrSm;aewmawG/ rauseyfwmawGudk uG,faysmufoGm;atmif vkyfEdkifrSm
411
(u)
(c)
(*)
(C)
(1)
(ESpf(50)jynfh/ jynfaxmifpkae@)
415
(yrydkif;)
416
tcef; (20)
jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdkwnfaqmufrvJ
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;
(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;(zqyv)y%mrnDvmcHESifhyxrt}udrf
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif wifoGif;cJhonhf vlrsdK;pkrsm;
qdkif&m ydkifqdkifcGifhESifhjynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdkzGJ@pnf;&rnf
qdkonfh pmwef;rsm;/
(2) awmif}uD;/
jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHwGif
OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}uD;)wifoGif;cJhonfh rdrdwdk@tvdk&Sdaom jynfaxmifpk
pmwef;/
(3) &efukef+rdK@/ toHvGifh&HkwGif 'kwd,t}udrfusif;ycJhonfh
jynfe,faygifpHk;nDvmcHY 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifwifoGif;cJhaom
tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJa&;pmwef;/
(4) (U.N.L.D)ESifh (N.L.D)awG@qHkyGJwGif obmywd(EdkifaiGodrf;).
pmwef;ESifhESpf(50)jynfh/ jynfaxmifpkae@wGif a':atmifqef;
pk=unfajym=um;csufrsm;udk toD;oD;az:jycJh+yD; jzpfonf//
,ckyrydkif;wGif (U.N.L.D.L.A)twGif;a&;rSL; qvdkif;vsef
zkef;. jynfaxmifpkrltajccHpmwef;ESifh tjcm;ta&;}uD;
aom pmwef;rsm;udk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygrnf//
cGefrmudkbef;(u,m;)trwf/
qvdkif;vsefzkef;/
EdkifxGef;a0ESifh
u|efawmfwdk@onf &efukef+rdK@(Adkvfatmifausmf) vrf;rSmuxJu qHkcJh=u
olrsm; jzpf=uonf// ,ck awmwGif;a&mufI (U.N.L.D. L.A) zGJ@pnf;aom
417
418
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Sovereign State
(vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqdkif
aom EdkifiHawmf)
- vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqdkifaom EdkifiHawmfudk
xlaxmif&rnfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcm(1)tm%m
[lor#wdk@onf jynfolvlxkxHrSom qif;oufvmap&
rnf//
Voluntary Association (vGwfvyfaom qENoabmESifh
tnD yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@.vGwfvyfaom
oabmqENESifhtnD jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;tjzpf yg0ifcGifh &Sdap&rnf/
Equality (wef;wla&;)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkdif;onf EdkifiHa&;t&jzpfap/ vlrsdK;a&;
t&jzpfap wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&; &Sd&rnf//
Self-determination (udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSK
a&;ESifh,Ofaus;rSKponfh utoD;oD;wGif udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0 &Sdap&rnf//
Federal Principles (zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkppfppfrl)
- jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif tm%mwl v$wfawmfESpf&yf
xm;&Sda&;tygt0if udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&Sdaom
jynfe,frsm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;&rnf//
419
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Minority
Rights
(vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
umuG,fjcif;)
- jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;twGif; aexdkif=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;.
tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf
vHkavmufaom tumtuG,frsm; jyXmef;ay;&rnf//
Democracy and Fundamental Rights ('Drdkua&pDESifh
tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;)
- jynfaxmifpktwGif; rSDwif;aexdkifaom EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf
vlrsdK;ra&G;/ bmomra&G;/ vdifcGJjcm;rSKr&SdapbJ 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0cHpm;ydkifcGifh &Sdap&rnf//
Multi-party Democracy System (ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;
ap&rnf//
Secular State (bmoma&;udk tajcrcHaom EdkifiHawmf)
- EdkifiHa&;ESifhbmoma&;a&mpyfjcif; r&SdapbJ/ bmoma&;udk
tajcrcHaom EdkifiHawmf jzpfap&rnf/./
Secession Right (cGJxGuc
f Gifh)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfaom
oabmqENESifhtnD jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftjzpfrS cGJxGuf
vdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf[al om tcsufrsm;jzpf
a=umif; awG@&SdEdkifygonf//
420
(2)
Voluntary
Association
(vGwfvyfaom qENoabmESifhtnD
yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu usifho;Hk cJhaom
vrf;!GeftajccHrlrsm;teuf ta&;t}uD;qHk;aom tajccHrlwckrSm
(Voluntary Association)[kac:onfh wdik f;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;u rdrdwdk@.
424
vGwfvyfaom
qENoabmxm;ESifhtnD
topfzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifrnfh
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. tzGJ@0ifjynfaxmifrsm;tjzpf yg0ifap&rnf
[laomtcsufyif jzpfygonf// ,if;tcsufonf jynfaxmifpkpepfxl
axmif&mwGif r&SdrjzpftajccH&rnfh rlwckjzpfaom ( Coming together)
twlwuGyl;aygif;yg0ifvmjcif;[laomtajccHrlESifhtxl;udkufnaD eygonf/
jynfaxmifpkpepfonf vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifrsm;(0g)vGwf
vyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaom jynfaxmifrsm;udk oD;jcm;xlaxmif
cGifh&Sdaom jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygif;IzGJ@pnf;onfhjynfaxmifrsm;udk aygif;pnf;
xm;onfhjynfaxifpkpepfyif jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhjynfaxmifrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppf
=unfhygu udkvdkeDacwfrwdkifcifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomvlrsdK;rsm;/ wdkif;jynf
rsm;/ jynfaxmifrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk awG@&Sdrnf jzpfygonf// +Adwdo#udkvedk D
tpdk;&uvnf; ,ae@jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;udk wdkif;jynfwck/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpf w}udrfwcgwnf;wGif twlwuG
odrf;ydkufcJhjcif; r[kwfay// oD;jcm;vlrsdK;oD;jcm;wdkif;jynftjzpf oD;jcm;tcsdef
rsm;wGif oD;jcm;pD odrf;ydkufcJhjcif;om jzpfygonf// Oyrm Arm (0g)jrefrmrif;
wdk@. aemufqHk;aejynfawmf rEWav;udk wwd,t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJt+yD;
(1885)ckESpfwGif oD;jcm;odrf;ydkufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh udkvedk Dacwf
wav#mufvvHk;wGif xdkvlrsdK;udk oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rsm;jzifh
oD;jcm;pDtkyfcsKyfcJhygonf//
'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;& (txl;ojzifhavbmygwD)u
if;. udkvedk De,frsm;udk vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef pOf;pm;vmaomtcg udkvedk D
rwdkifcifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhuv
dk dkeDacwfwav#mufvHk;
oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkrsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhaom vlrsdK;rsm;udk oD;jcm;pDjzifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef ordkif;uawmif;qdkvmcJhygonf// odk@&mwGif xdkvlrsdK;
rsm;ESifhjynfaxmifrsm; oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfa&;r,lyJ/ twlwuG yl;aygif;I
425
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfudk
xlaxmif&eftwGuf
vGwfvyfa&;udkyg
twlwuG&,l&ef yifvHknv
D mcHwGif oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uyg
onf// xdka=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyf. ed'gef;wGif
Believing that freedom will be more speedily achieved by the Shans,
the Kachins and the Chins by their immediate co-operation with the Interim
Burmese Government[k a&;om;cJhygonf//
Equality (wef;wla&;)
jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif
EdkifiHa&;wef;wlcGifhudk
enf;ESpfenf;jzifh
vufawG@taumiftxnf az:avh&Sdygonf// yxrenf;rSm EdkifiHa&;t&
tcGifhta&;&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,enf;rSm EdkifiHa&;
t& wef;wlaom jynfe,frsm;pkaygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;aom
tcg jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf. txufv$wfawmf/ atmufv$wfawmfwGif
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlaom jynfol@v$wf
awmfudk,pf m;vS,frsm;udk apv$wfjcif;yif jzpfygonf// Todk@jzifh trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfudk az:aqmifavh
&Sdygonf//
(4)
Self-determination (udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh)
EdkifiHa&;wef;wlcGifhESifhoabmw&m;jcif;twleD;pyfI
xyfwlta&;}uD;aom jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tjcm;vrf;!Gef
rlw&yfrSm trsdK;om;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh (National Selfdetermination)yif jzpfygonf// trsdK;om;rsm;udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhonf vlrsdK;
tvdkufcHpm;&&Sdrnfh pkaygif;tcGifhta&;rsm; (Collective Rights)xJwGif
432
vufwiftar&durS
vGwfvyfpwdkif;jynfrsm;twGuf
toufaoG;
a=umozG,f ta&;}uD;aom EdkifiHa&;armif;ESiftm;wck jzpfcJhygonf//
odk@&mwGif ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&mYaomfif;/
vufawG@usifho;Hk taumif txnfaz:&mYaomfif; jyifopfawmfvSefa&;
tpOftmvt& jzpfay:vmcJhaom vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ EdkifiHawmfwckqdkonfh
tajccHrlwGif zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifv#uf&SdonfhtrsdK;om;EdkifiH[lonfh wjynf
axmifpepfwGif usifho;Hk yHkusifho;Hk enf;ESifh tar&duefawmfvSefa&;tpOf
tvmt& jzpfay:cJhaom vlrsdK;aygif;pHka&maESmI jynfaxmifrsm;udk
pkaygif;xm;onfh
jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif
usifhoHk;yHkusifhoHk;enf;ESifh
t"dy`g,fjcif;rwl=uay// wenf;tm;jzifhqdkygu vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdaom
vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
jynfaxmifrsm;yl;aygif;I
jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfwckudk twlwuG xlaxmifvm=uaomtcg
ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifh[laom
t"dy`g,fonf
trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf
xlaxmifjcif;jzifh tqHk;owfI r&awmhay//
(1776)ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk xlaxmif;+yD;/ (1789)
ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh
topfwzef
rGrf;rHjyifqifjyXmef;aomtcg
ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifh
if;.vdk&if; tESpfcsKyfjzpfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mrsm;. t"dy`g,fudk
wenf;tm;jzifh zGifhqdkvmcJh=uygonf// tar&duef jynfaxmifpkonf
vGwfvyfI tcsKyftm%mydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdaom udkvedk De,f(13)e,f yl;aygif;I
zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpfygonf// tqdkyg udkvedk D
(13)e,fwdk@onf +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&,l+yD; oD;jcm;pDjzifh
rdrdwkd@.
trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk
xlaxmifcGifh&Sif=uaomfvnf;
xdko@dk oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfaom trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf rsm;xlaxmifjcif;rjyKyJ
yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwckudk twlwuG xlaxmif&ef oabmwlcJh
=uygonf// xdka=umifh if;udkvedk De,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@. tcsKyftjcmtm%m
434
The original idea was that the Union States should have their own
separate Constitutions, their own organs of State, Parliament, Government and
Judiciary (1)
Burma)wGif
,if;tqdkonf
qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif
usifhoHk;cJhaomrlpepfESifh
txl;eD;pyfcJha=umif;udk awG@&rnfjzpfygonf// trSefpifppf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
ol.jynfaxmifpkrlESifh jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHkOya'(rl=urf;)rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJh pOfu
(1933)ckESpf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;
tudk;tum; jyKcJha=umif; awG@&SdEdkifygonf// 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;aom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif
441
udk,fydkit
f kyfcsKyf& e,fajrESifhtrsdK;om; e,fy,frsm;udk oD;jcm;owfrSwf&rnfhtpm;
a'oEW&tpdk;&(Local Government)rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;jcif;tm;jzifh if;vlenf;pkrsm;
tcGit
fh a&;udk umuG,fjyXmef;ay;avh&Sdygonf//
(7)
(8)
('Drdkua&pDtcGifh ta&;
(9)
tajcrcHaom EdkifiHawmfjzpfap&rnf)
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwckudk
twlwuGxlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcJh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk
avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhygu vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ bmompum;aygif;pHk/ ,Ofaus;rSK
aygif;pHkESifhu;dk uG,f,Hk=unfrSK bmoma&;aygif;pHkrS vm=uonfudk awG@&rnf
jzpfygonf// xdk@a=umifh xdkuo
Jh dk@ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ udk;uG,frSKbmomaygif;pHk
a&maESmaexdkifaom wdkif;jynfwGif rnfonfhbmomudkr# EdkifiHawmf
bmomtjzpf rjyXmef;oifhay// xdkenf;wl bmoma&;udk tajccHaom
EdkifiHa&;pepfudkvnf; tvsOf;r# rwnfaqmufoifhay//
odk@aomf vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumvwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdaomtcg
Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyXmef;oifah =umif; tqdkjyKcsufrsm;
ay:cJhygonf// Oyrm 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKu Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmf
bmomtjzpf rjyXmef;Edkifygu vGwfvyfa&;onf tESpfom&uif;rJhaom
twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;r#om jzpfoGm;rnf jzpfa=umif; xkwfaz:ajym
qdkcJhbl;ygonf// odk@&mwGif vGwfvyfa&;zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
xdktqdkudk vHk;0y,fcsufcJhonft
h jyif bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ra&m
oifha=umif; atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhygonf// Religion is
xdk@tjyif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifa&;qGJ+yD;
(1947)ckESpf/
arvwGif usif;ycJhaom (zqyv) nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;cJhonfh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@
pnf;tkyfcsKyftajccHOya'(rl=urf;)wGif atmufygtwdkif; jyXmef;az:jycJh
ygonf//
445
448
454
tcef; (21)
jynfaxmifpkqdkif&m taxGaxGwifjycsuf
orRw}uD;OD;odef;pdef/
OuUa':atmifqef;pk=unf/
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)ESifhqvdkif;vsefrkef;wdk@onf
wnfaqmufoifhaom jynfaxmifpk. tajccHrlrsm;udk toD;oD;wifjycJh
=uayonf/ ,ck qufvufwifjyvdkonfrSm jynfaxmifpkESifhwdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifhqdkif&mwOD;csif;pD. todtjrifrsm;ESifh tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk
wifjytyfygonf//
tem*gwfjynfaxmifpktwGuf
txufArmjynf/ aejynfawmf/ rEWav;+rdK@udk (1885)ckESpfrSm
e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwdk@ odrf;,l+yD; bk&ifoDaygrif;udk ac:,loGm;ygw,f// Armjynf
tvHk;pHkudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;a=umif;udk (1886)ckESpf/ Zefem0g&Dv(1)&ufae@rSm
a=unmcsuf xkyfygw,f// (1)
(1896)ckESpfrSm e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwdk@u csif;awmfwef;a'o( Chin
Hills)udk odrf;,lcJhovdk ta&S@bufawmifwef;rSm&SdwJh &Srf;jynfeJu&ifeDjynf
udkawmh (1887)ckESpf/ Zefem0g&Dv(3)&ufrSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ppfwyfu
ppftiftm;(310)eJ@ aoewf/ tajrmufvufeufrsm;wyfqif+yD; &Srf;jynfeJ@
455
yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wla&;ESifhu,
dk fydkifqHk;jzwfzefwD;ydkifcGifh (1)
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf atmifqef;-twWvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdkEdkif
&ef qufoG,fawGY qHka&;(Lobby)vkyfay;cJholrSm &cdkifOya'ynm&Sif
OD;aratmif.orD;/ ArmtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfudk pwifwnfaxmifay;cJhol
a':jrpdefyifjzpfonf// ,if;tcsdefu &cdkifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwWvDtpdk;&
awG@qHka&;udk yxrqufoG,fxm;aomfvnf; &cdkifta&;xuf &cdkifjynf
461
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
,if;aemuf Armudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhawmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@(wpnz)wdk@ azaz:0g&Dv (12)&ufae@rSm yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
csKyfqdkcJh=uonf// ,if;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;rSom csif;/ ucsif/ &Srf;wdk@u Armh
vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcHcJh=uonf// odk@aomfvnf; txuf
az:jyyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;u wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh( Selfidentity) udk tcdkiftrm az:xkwfjyo tmrcHxm;cJhonf//
aemuf u,m;jynfuvJ olwdk@udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm twdtus az:xkwfxm;
onf// u&iftrsdK;om;wdk@qdkv#if (1948)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(5/ 6/ 7)&ufrSm
464
Armjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;/
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefv$wfawmf(2)ckudk tm%mwlay;a&;/
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwdk@ jynfe,fwdkif;u nDr#aomudk,fpm;
vS,fv$wfa&;/
A[kdjynfaxmifpktm; atmufygXmersm;udk v$Jtyf+yD; usef&Sd
onfhtm%mrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jynfe,frsm;odk@
v$Jtyf&ef/
(u) EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;/
(c) jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;/
(*) jynfaxmifpkbma&;/
465
(C)
(i)
(p)
(q)
(Z)
(ps)
aiG'*Fg;ESifh aiGpuULxkwv
f kyfa&;/
pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
rD;&xm;vrf;/ a&vrf;a=umif;qufoG,fEdkifa&;/
jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;/
yifv,fqdyfurf;tcGefaumufa&;/
jynfaxmifpkbmawmfudk r#wpGm cGJa0a&;wdk@jzpf
onf//
Tawmif}uD;nDvmcHodk@ &cdkifjynfrS OD;armifOD;ausmf/ OD;omxGef;OD;/
udkomausmf(AHkayguf)polwdk@ wufcJh=uonf//
,if;&Srf;rl(0g) jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk wifjyvdkufonfhtcg vlrsdK;}uD;
0g'&Sdaom ArmEdkifiHa&;orm;wdkif;/ Armjynfe,fjzpf&rnfudk vufrcH=u//
wef;wltcGifhta&;ay;&rnfh jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk vHk;0raxmufcHEdkifcJh=u//
vlrsdK;}uD;acsmifAef0g'udk udkifpGJxm;aom Armhwyfrawmfqdkv#if vHk;0rcHEdkif
jzpfcJh&onf// ,if;a=umifh &Srf;rludk ta=umif;jyK+yD; (1962)ckESpf/ rwfv(2)
&ufae@/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;acgif;aqmifaom Armhwyfrawmfu tm%modrf;ydkuf
cJhonf// &Srf;acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;udkvnf; zrf;csKyfvdkuo
f nf// &cdkif0ef}uD;
OD;b+rdKifudkvnf; zrf;csKyfvdkufonf// ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;
Armhppftm%m&Sifpepfudk tpm;xdk;vmonf// Armhvl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;rSm
vJ 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; wajz;ajz;csKyf+idrf; qdwfokOf;cJh&onf//
olwyg;udk zdESdyfu|efjyKvdkonfhvlrsdK;wGif rdrdudk,Ef SdKufuvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;qHk;&SHK;&onfqdkonfh
EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;tqdktrdef@
twdkif; Armhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; qHk;&SHK;cJh&onf//
odk@jzpfI (1962)ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(7)&ufae@/ &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;
oydwfup cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJonf (1974) ckESpf/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;/
oabFmusif;tvkyform;ta&;tcif;/ (1988)ck ta&;tcif;/ a&$0ga&mif
awmfvSef;pojzifh vlxk/ &[ef;xkvSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm; ,ae@xd qufwdkuf
jzpfay:ae&jcif;. t&if;cHta=umif;w&m;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyf tajccHwdkif;&if;
466
yifvHkrS vGwfvyfa&;odk@
(*gr%D)
(1947)ckESpf/ yifvHknv
D mcH&J@ yifrtESpfom&u ArmeJ@&Srf;/ ucsif/
csif;e,fajrawG twlwuG vGwfvyfa&;,lzdk@eJ@(1) &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;e,fajr
(3)ckudk udkyfydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tjynhft0ay;zdk@ jzpfcJygw,f// tJ'Dtajctae
uae wdk;csJ@+yD;aemifrSm e,fajr(3)ckwifru wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;udk udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;/ wefwltcGifhta&;ay;zdk@yg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &nf&G,fcJh
wmyg// 'gayrJh uHraumif;ta=umif; rvSpGmbJ yxrydkif;jzpfwJh twlwuG
vGwfvyfa&;,lzdk@om taumiftxnfaz:cJh+yD; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tjynfh
t0ay;a&;u ysufjy,foGm;cJhygw,f//
t"dujy\emu yifvHk;pmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsuf[m yifvHkOya'
(Law)tqifhudk a&mufrvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f// (1947)ckESpf/ tajccHOya'
a&;qGJ&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;r&SdawmhwJhaemufydkif; uvdrfuuspfvkyfol
wcsdK@a=umifh yifvHkoabmwlpmcsKyfuae tajccHOya'tjzpf a&mufrvm
cJhwmyg// 'ga=umifhvnf; jrefrmjynfrSm wdkif;&if;om;jy\em[m jynfwGif;
ppfrD;txd }uD;xGm;aygufuGJcJh&ygw,f//
'gayrJh tifrwef}uD;us,fxif&Sm;wJh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vHk;0vufvGwf
py,f ys,fzsufzdk@ rvG,fwJhtwGuf vGwfvyfa&;&wJh (1948)ckESpfuae/
(1958)ckESpfavmuftxdawmh &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;e,fajrawGudk udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyf a&;tjynfht0r[kwfawmif tawmf}uD;ay;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f//
wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;qdkif&m Oya'jzpfrvmwJhtwGuf usefwJhwidk f;&if;om;
tm;vHk;uvnf; yifvHkt&omrcHpm;cJh&ygbl;// 'ga=umifh (1948-49)
ckESpfupvdk@ yifvHkpmcsKyfyg udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ uif;vGwfcJhwJh u&if/
u&ifeD/ rGef/ &cdkif/ ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;awG ay:xGuf
vmcJh+yD; &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; wdkif;&if;om;awGuawmh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk
twdkif;twm }uD;}uD;rm;rm; cHpm;ae&vdk@ olykefrxcJhygbl;//
468
'gayrJh
yifvHkpmcsKyf-yifvHkpdwf"gwf[m
yifvHkOya'tjzpf
tcdkiftcef@rjzpfcJhwt
Jh wGuf tm%m&vlrsdK;}uD;0g'awG[m wpwpeJ@
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;awGudk vSdKufpm;+zdKzsufvmEdkifcJhygw,f// 'ga=umifh (1958)
ckESpfrSm &Srf;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;/ (1961)ckESpfrSm ucsifvufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;/ (1964)ckESpfrSm csif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ay:vm&Hkru
(1961)ckESpfrSmyJ zuf'&,frlawmif;qdkwJh awmif}uD;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkuGefz&ifh
usif;y&wJh tajcqdkufcJhygw,f//
(1947)ckESpf/ yifvHkpmcsKyf[m jynfr/ &Srf;jynf/ ucsifeJ@csif;awmif
wef;a'oawG&J@ tm%mydkifawGt=um; oabmwlcsKyfqdkwmjzpfvdk@ Oya'
rjzpfao;ayr,fh tm%moufa&mufrSKwpHkw&m &SdcJhygw,f// 'ga=umifh
tckw}udrf (2011)ckESpfrSmvnf; tm%moufa&mufrSK&Sdzdk@qdk&if tm%m&Sd
olawG=um;rSm aqG;aEG;oabmwl nDrSKcsrSwfzdk@ vkdygw,f// tm%mr&SdolawG
aqG;aEG;oabmwlcsrSwf&ifawmh yifvHkpmcsKyftqifhra&mufbJ 'kwd,
ajrmuf/ Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;/ a=unmcsufom jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f//
U.N.L.Dwdk@u
1990-
e,fpyfrSm vkyfcJhwJh
rme,fyavm/ r,foa&mxeJ@olrGJuvd;k
pmcsKyfawGvdk rSdefaysmuf
oGm;zdk@vnf; rsm;ygw,f// a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwkid fuvnf; (1989)
ckESpfrSm yifvHkeJ@ywfoufvdk@ ajymcJh&mrS vlxkuESif;tyfwJh tm%m&xm;wJh
tpdk;&uyJ vkyfEdkifwJh nDvmcHvdk@ ajymcJhzl;ygw,f//
(20)&mpkwkef;u vkyfcJhwJh yifvHkpmcsKyf[m (21)&mpkrSm jyifqifzdk@
vdkae+yD;vm;/ wdkif;&if;om;a&;&meJ@ywfoufvdk@ (21)&mpkeJ@ (20)&mpk
bmawGuGmovJqdkwmvnf; qifjcifoHk;oyfzdk@ vdkygw,f// (1947)ckESpf/
yifvHkpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;teuf twlwuG vGwfvyfa&;,la&;qdkwJh
tcsufudkawmh twlwuG tm%m&Sifpepfz,f&Sm;a&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepf
xlaxmifa&;vdk@ tck(21)&mpkrSm tpm;xdk; jyifqifzdk@vdkwmuvGJ+yD; 'kwd,
yifrtcsufjzpfwJh tjynfht0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;a&;uawmh bmrS
469
abm&pf,Jhvq
f ifvrf;udk ra&mufEdkifao;cifrSm a&S@ajy; odk@r[kwf
=um;umvtqifhtjzpf tqiftajyqHk; ajz&Sif;enf;jzpfEdkifwmuawmh
w&kwfjynf&J@ a[mifaumif/ rumtdkyHkpH udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfygvdrfhr,f//
a[mifaumiftxl;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya't& a[mifaumif[m trnfcH
tm;jzifh w&kwfEdkifiHvufatmuf a&mufwmuvGJv@dk vufawG@rSm vGwfvyf
wJEh dkifiHwckeJ@rjcm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtjynfht0&xm;wm[m aemifjrefrm
jynf&J@ wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm; avhvmtwk,lp&m jzpfaeygw,f//
w&kwfjynfu wdbuf/ pifusef;jynfe,fawGudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
ay;wJh Oya'a[mif;uawmh wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;udk zdESdyfvGef;vdk@
wdbuf/ pifusef;/ twGif;rGef*dkvD;,m;wdk@rSm qef@usif tHkuGrSKawG rzHk;Edkif
rzdEdkifay:aewm tm;vHk;todygyJ// 'gayrJh a[mifaumiftxl;tkyfcsKyf
a&;a'o Oya'uawmh a[mifaumifom;awGudk zuf'&,fEdkifiHr[kwfwJh
w&kwfjynfxJrSm tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef/ *smr%Dwdk@u zuf'&,fjynf
e,fawGavmufeD;eD; tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pDF&ifa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHa&;/ bma&;/ aiGa&;a=u;a&;/
vlrSKa&;/ vHk+cHKa&; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhawG (EdkifiHjcm;awGeJ@ umuG,fa&;u
vGJv@dk ) tHh=oavmufatmif ay;xm;ygw,f// a[mifaumifrSm w&kwf
uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf qENjyvdk@&+yD;/ w&kwfwjynfvHk;udk
ydwfqdk@xm;wJh tifwmeufqifqmuif;vGwfe,fajrvnf; jzpfygw,f//
tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifwJh tar&duef&J@vGwfvyfaom tm&StoH&Hk;zGifhcGifh/
xyfqifhv$ifhpcef;xm;&SdcGifh&xm;wJh e,fajr/ w&kwfjynfrrSm tvGeftrif;
zdESdyfcH&wJh zgvHka*gif;bmoma&;*dk%f; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vSKyf&Sm;vdk@&wJh
e,fajr jzpfygw,f// A[dktpdk;&vHk;0eD;eD; pGufzufcGifhr&SdwJh e,fajrjzpfygw,f//
'ga=umifhvnf;
ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@
(K.I.O)udk,fYu
a[mifaumifudk,yf dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;rsdK;udk
pdwf0ifpm;vdkvm;wJhta=umif;
ajymaeovdk (U.W.S.A)0wdkif;&if;om;awGuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;tm;us
aewJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; jzpfygw,f//
471
472
'DZifbm (26)//
// jrefrmEdkifiHrSm awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&wufwJhtcsdefu
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1//
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497