Bun venit la cursul de Gramatica Limbii Engleze !

Lecia 1: Substantivul
1.1 Felul substantivelor
Substantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii:

substantive substantive substantive substantive

comune: cat, girl, lamp proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy colective: crowd, group, team

1.2. Genul
Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin: Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog Substantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin: Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nu este cunoscut (pronume: it/they): Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby Exceptii: tarile, navele, n majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule sunt de genul feminin. Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele care intra n aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe: Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor, profesoara). Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin: Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son daughter, uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king - queen

1.3. Numarul
Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul sau mai multe obiecte sau fiinte.

Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife, world, storm Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s la forma de singular: Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worlds

Pluralul substantivelor teminate n ch, o, sh, s, x se formeaza adaugnd es la singular. Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes, class+es=classes, potato+es=potatoes, bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes

1.3.1. Pluralul neregulat

Substantive terminate n consoana+y fac pluralul n ies: Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies Unele substantive terminate n o fac plural prin adaugarea unui s. Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos Unele substantive terminate n f sau fe vor suferi la plural schimbarea n ves. Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves, wolf - wolves Exceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves Cteva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth Pluralul substantivului child este children. Unele substantive ramn identice la plural Ex.: aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish

1.3.2 Pluralul substantivelor compuse n cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvnt va trece la plural. Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents Exceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sau woman vor primi semnul pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente. Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants n cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv + prepozitie / adverb + substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului. Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui s Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)

1.4. Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)

Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.

Nume de substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood Abstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, news, beauty, experience, horror, knowledge, friendship,theory, literature Alte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, weather

Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular: Ex.: This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful. Nu sunt precedate de a/an; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se foloseste: some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc. Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice of bread is hard. The piece of advice you gave me helped. Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfel devenind substantive comune si comportndu-se ca atare (primes a/an la singular, pot avea plural). Sens Unic / Sens Comun Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.) She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par n lapte.) Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.) We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic n padure.)

1.5. Forma posesiva

Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina n s: Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women's clothes Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina n s. Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence Numele proprii terminate n s vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie 's Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems n cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvnt va primi 's Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives 's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri. Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speech

Forma posesiva se foloseste n general cnd vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de asemenea n urmatoarele cazuri: o n expresii temporale Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes' break o n expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worth Ex.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps o n alte expresii uzuale: Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the plane's wings, the train's departure n cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului urmator atunci cnd sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta). Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's (office). The kids went to Bobby's (house). Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei of+substantiv. Aceasta constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata. Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house I took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went to buy the book.

1. Scrie femininul urmatoarelor substantive: actor, driver, elephant, guide, son, bull, nephew, cousin, dog, waiter, camel, manager, uncle, lion, bachelor (burlac, absolvent), widower, assistant, host, snake, player, bridegroom, doctor, teacher . 2. Scrie pluralul urmatoarelor substantive: knife, baby, child, country, aircraft, foot, key, kilo, woman, leaf, loaf, man, photo, piano, sheep, shelf, storey (palier, cat), story, thief, tooth, wife . 3. Rescrie urmatoarele constructii conform modelului: The luggage belonging to the travelers - The traveler's luggage The room belonging to the child The clothes belonging to the children The car belonging to Mr. Smith The luggage belonging to the VIP The flat belonging to her son-in-law The canteen used by the workers -

Important ! V rog s citii cu atenie Ghidul studentului la adresa: http://www.academiaonline.ro/index.php/InfoCentru/Ghidul_Studentului, special conceput pentru a rspunde tuturor ntrebrilor noilor cursani legate de modul de funcionare i de nvare n cadrul Academiei Online. Discut i comenteaz mpreun cu colegii i tutorul exerciiile fiecrei lecii i probleme de gramatic n spaiul Seminariilor Online. Nu uita c poi accesa doar leciile deschise sptmnal.

Lecia 2: Articolul
Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete nteles ntr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie nsotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:

Articolul hotart - the Articolul nehotart - a / an Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)

Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba n functie de numarul sau genul substantivului si se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat.

2.1. Articolul hotart (the)

Articolul hotart se foloseste:

naintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat n contextul respectiv Ex.: An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk, and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose. Atunci cnd att vorbitorul ct si ascultatorul cunosc notiunea exprimata de substantiv, desi nu a mai fost mentionat n context. Ex.: - Where's the bathroom? - It's on the first floor. n propozitii sau fraze n care definim sau identificam anumite persoane sau obiecte: Ex.: The man we met yesterday at the bus station. The girl in red is her neighbor. Referitor la obiecte pe care le consideram unice: Ex.: the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house).

naintea superlativului sau numeralelor ordinale first, second, thirds, etc si only: Ex.: the best day, the first week, the last chapter, the only way naintea unor adjective pentru a te referi n general la un grup de oameni care au n comun o anumita nsusire (sunt frumosi, tineri, batrni, japonezi, etc): Ex.: the young, the beautiful, the old, the best, the Japanese, the British Nume de locuri geografice, oceane, ruri, mari, deserturi, munti, regiuni: Ex.: the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic Se foloseste naintea unor nume proprii (muzee, institutii celebre, hoteluri, ziare, orchestre, grupuri muzicale, vapoare, nume de famili la plural,etc): Ex.: the National Gallery, the Royal Shakespeare, the Savoy, the Beatles, the Spice Girls, the Guardian, the Telegraph, the Daily, the Titanic, the Tower of London, the House of Parliament, the Smiths Decade, secole, grupe de ani: Ex.: My parents went to University in the seventies.

2.2. Articolul nehotart (a / an)

Se foloseste a naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana si an naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u) Ex.: a boy, an apple, a car, an orange, a house, an opera Exceptii: An nainte de un h mut - an hour, an honor. A nainte de u sau eu atunci cnd se pronunta ca you: a European, a university, a unit Articolul nehotart se foloseste:

Pentru a te referi la ceva pentru prima data: Ex.: Would you like a drink? I've finally got a good job. Pentru a te referi la un anume membru al unui grup sau clase: Exemple: o cu nume de profesii: John is an engineer. Mary is training to be a nurse. o cu nationalitati si religii: John is an Englishman. Kate is a Catholic. o cu instrumente muzicale: Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived. o cu numele zilelor: I was born on a Thursday. o pentru a desemna un fel de, sau un exemplu de: The mouse had a tiny nose. It was a very strange car

cu substantice la singular, dupa cuvinte cum ar fi what si such: What a bluff! He is such a prodigious young man. o atunci cnd te referi la un singur obiect sau persoana, echivaleaza cu one: I'd like an orange and two lemons please. The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting. Retineti ca se spune a hundred, a thousand, a million.
o

2.3. a / an si one

Atunci cnd numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie a/an fie one pentru singular: Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pounds You can take an/ one hour for lunch. Dar a/an si one nu nseamna ntotdeauna acelasi lucru: Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box). One box is no good, we need two boxes.

2.4. Articolul zero

Nu se foloseste articol n urmatoarele cazuri: Cu nume de tari (la singular) Ex.: Germany is an important economic power. He's just returned from Argentina. (nsa: I'm visiting the United States next week.)

Cu numele limbilor: Ex.: French is spoken in Tahiti. English uses many words of Latin origin. Cu numele meselor: Ex.: Lunch is at midday. Dinner is in the evening. Breakfast is the first meal of the day. Cu numele persoanelor (la singular): Ex.: John's coming to the party. George King is my uncle. (nsa: We're having lunch with the Morgans tomorrow. ) Cu titluri si nume: Ex.: Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son. President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend. (nsa: the Queen of England, the Pope.) Dupa cazul posesiv format cu 's: Ex.: His sister's car. Laura's basket.

Cu numele profesiilor: Ex.: Engineering is a useful career. He'll probably go into medicine. Cu nume de magazine: Ex.: I'll get the card at Smith's. Can you go to Boots for me? Cu ani: Ex.: 1948 was a wonderful year. Do you remember 1995? Cu substantive unice (uncountable nouns): Ex.: Milk is often added to tea in England. War is destructive. Cu numele unor munti, lacuri si insule: Ex.: Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska. She lives near Lake Windermere. Have you visited Long Island? Cu majoritatea numelor de strazi , orase, statii pentru mijloacele de transport si aeroporturi: Ex.: Victoria Station is in the centre of London. Can you direct me to Bond Street? She lives in Florence. They're flying from Heathrow. n unele expresii invariabile: Ex.: by car, at school, at work, at University, in church, in prison, in bed, by train, by air, on foot, on holiday, on air (in broadcasting)

1. Completeaza cu a sau an acolo unde este cazul: Bill is ____ author. He writes ___ travel books. He makes ____ lot of money. We had ____ lunch with him yesterday. It was ____ excellent lunch. The meal cost him ____ hundred and ____ fifty pounds. What ____ expensive restaurant! He gave the waiter ____ twenty pounds. That was ____ good tip. 2. Alege a sau the: One day we set out to climb () a/the highest hill in the area. The campers in () a/the next tent lent us their map. They told us to follow one of () a/the routes marked on () a/the map. But Tom said that he was sure that there was () a/the better way. () A/the way that we chose was so steep that we had to stop for () a/the long rest on the way up. But we got to () a/the top in () a/the end.

3. Completeaza cu the acolo unde este cazul: We have ____ soup for ____supper. After ____ meal Tom and I play ____ chess. Bill prefers ____ cards. ____ game he likes best is bridge. He says that ____ chess requires ____ patience and he is not patient. He also says that ____life is too short to waste in this way.

Lecia 3: Adjectivul
3.1. Forma adjectivului
Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu si schimba forma n functie de gen sau numar. Ex.: A hot potato, some hot potatoes. Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosi very, really: Ex.: A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.

3.2. Pozitia adjectivului

De obicei adjectivul se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat: Ex.: A good movie. Dupa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, to keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc: Ex.: The movie is good. You seem upset. This cheese tastes different. Dupa substantiv n expresii fixe: Ex.: the Princess Royal, the President elect, the court martial Cteva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor (=unfortunate) stau numai n fata substantivului determinat: Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting. That poor woman was living in a garage. Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry Ex.: He's asleep. I'm alone. Unele adjective si schimba sensul n functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectivele involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate n fata substantivului sau dupa acesta. Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people who have something to do with the matter) They had an involved discussion on the matter. (detailed, complex) I am a concerned mother. (worried, anxious) The list of the students present is outside, on the door. (students who were there) The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. (current)

3.3. Functiile adjectivului

Adjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. Adjectivele pot exprima:

Sentimente sau calitati: Ex.: They make an original couple. She is a single mother. Nationalitatea sau originea: Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother is Argentinean and his father is Canadian. I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas. Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect: Ex.: The table is long. The steel tray was a gift. Vrsta: Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one. He is still very young, almost a boy. Dimensiuni, marime si masuri: Ex.: "Gone with the Wind" is a very long film. That boy is too tall. Culoarea: Ex.: I have a red jacket to go with my new white skirt. Materie / material: Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt. It was a silver tray, not a steel tray. Forma: Ex.: A rectangular envelope. A round table. Judecati, pareri sau opinii: Ex.: Grammar is fascinating. The show was entertaining.

3.4. Ordinea adjectivelor

Atunci cnd se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv, ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine este: Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming Size Age/Temperature Shape Colour small, huge, tiny old, hot, young, little round, square, rectangular red, blonde, black

Origin Material

Swedish, Victorian, Chinese plastic, wooden, silver

Exemple: a green round plastic bucket an elegant little French clock a small round wooden table

3.5. Gradele de comparatie ale adjectivelor

3.5.1. Formarea comparativului si superlativului Exista trei grade de comparatie ale adjectivelor: pozitiv (nalt), comparativ (mai nalt), superlativ (cel mai nalt). n limba engleza, comparativul si superlativul se formeaza astfel: Numar de silabe (Pozitiv) Comparativ Superlativ o silaba tall + -er taller + -est tallest

Adjectivele formate dintr-o silaba [consoana + o vocala + consoana] vor dubla consoana finala: fat big sad doua silabe fatter bigger sadder + -er SAU more + adj fattest biggest saddest + -est SAU most + adj

+ Adjectivele terminate n: -y, -ly, -ow + Adjectivele terminate n: -le, -er sau -ure + Urmatoarele adjective: handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet happy yellow simple tender happier/ more happy yellower/ more yellow simpler/ more simple tenderer/ more tender happiest/ most happy yellowest/ most yellow simplest/ most simple tenderest/ most tender

Daca nu esti sigur, foloseste more + adj SAU most + adj. Nota: Adjectivele terminate n -y ca de exemplu happy, pretty, busy, sunny, lucky etc. vor nlocui -y cu -ier sau -iest la forma comparativa si superlativa:

busy trei sau mai multe silabe important expensive

busier more + adj more important more expensive

busiest most + adj most important most expensive

Exemple: a. A cat is fast, a tiger is faster but a cheetah is the fastest. b. A car is heavy, a truck is heavier, but a train is the heaviest. c. A park bench is comfortable, a restaurant chair is more comfortable, but a sofa is the most comfortable. 3.5.2. Forme neregulate Urmatoarele adjective au forme de comparativ si superlativ total neregulate: Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ good bad little old much / many far better worse less older / elder more further / farther best worst least oldest / eldest most furthest / farthest

3.5.3. Comparatia adjectivelor

the + superlative Ex.: This is the oldest theater in London. comparative + than - pentru a compara diferentele dintre doua obiecte, evenimente sau fiinte: Ex.: He makes fewer mistakes than you do. Thailand is sunnier than Norway. Albert is more intelligent than Arthur. as + adjective + as - constructie folosita pentru a compara oameni, locuri, fiinte, evenimete sau obiecte, ntre care nu exista diferente: Ex.: Peter is 24 years old. John is 24 years old. Peter is as old as John. Ramona is as happy as Raphael. A tiger is as dangerous as a lion. not as + adjective + as - putem arata diferentele dintre doua substantive folosind contructia not so/as ...as: Ex.: Mont Blanc is not as high as Mount Everest. Norway is not as sunny as Thailand

1. Scrie comparativul si superlativul urmatoarelor adjective: happy, brave, busy, clever, dry, bad, fat, many, beautiful, difficult, exciting, far, good. 2. Completeaza cu as, the sau than, dupa caz: - What about this one? - It's better ____ the one we saw in Harrods. - It's bigger ____ the one in our local shop. - But it's more expensive ____ the others. - Do we want one ____ big ___ that? - Yes, ____ bigger, ____ better. Let's buy it. It's ____ best we've seen so far. 3. Completeaza spatiile libere cu forma de comparativ sau superlativ a adjectivelor din paranteza (adauga si than acolo unde este cazul): The 8 o'clock train is much (fast) ____ the 7.30 one. Of course it is (crowded) _____ the 7.30 train and the tickets are (expensive) _____. You get (cheap) _____ fares before 8 o'clock. Still, it's the (quick) _____ way of getting to Bath, unless you want to fly, and getting to the airport is much (difficult) ____ getting to the station.

Lecia 4: Adverbul
Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, cnd, ct de frecvent sau n ce msura are loc o actiune.

4.1. Functia adverbelor

Astfel, adverbele determina n general verbe: Ex.: The bus moved slowly. (cum?) I am going home tomorrow. (cnd?) Adverbele pot determina si adjective: You look absolutely fabulous! Sau alte adverbe: She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly. Sau chiar propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.

4.2. Forma adverbelor

4.2.1. Adverbele se formeaza de cele mai multe ori prin adaugarea unui -ly la forma de singular a adjectivului: Adjectiv Adverb Exemple (Adjectiv + ly) careful quick slow carefully quickly slowly He carefully picked up a tie. Time goes quickly. He walked slowly to the door.

Modificari ortografice:

Daca adjectivul se termina in -y, acesta se va inlocui cu -i + -ly. Ex.: easy - easily, angry - angrily, lucky - luckily Cnd avem un -le terminal (-able, -ible, -le), dispare -e si este inlocuit cu -y. Ex.: probable - probably, terrible - terribly, gentle - gently Adjectivele terminate in -ic adauga -ally. Ex.: basic - basically, economic - economically, tragic - tragically Exceptie: public - publicly Forme neregulate Ex.: true - truly, due - duly, whole - wholly

4.2.2. Unele adverbe au aceeasi forma ca si adjectivele: Ex.: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, wrong Compara: This is a hard exercise. (adjectiv) He works hard. (adverb)

We saw many high buildings. (adjectiv) The bird flew high in the sky. (adverb) 4.2.3. Unor adjective le corespund doua forme adverbiale, care au sensuri diferite: Adjectiv Forme Exemple adverbiale deep 1. deep 2. deeply He looked deep into her eyes. (adanc) She is deeply in love. (profund, pna peste cap) You can dial New York direct. (n mod direct) He went there directly. (direct, fara ntrziere) My mother came in first, then my brothers and sisters. (nti) Firstly, I would like to welcome you here. (n primul rnd)

direct

1. direct 2. directly

first

1. first 2. firstly

Alte exemple: hard, light, just, last, late, most, near, prett, right, round, short, wrong.

Well / Good Well este adverbul care corespunde formei adjectivale good. They are good swimmers. They swim well. She is a good pianist. She plays the piano well.

4.3. Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor

Adverbele formeaza comparativul si superlativul la fel ca si adjectivele (vezi: 3.5. Gradele de comparatie ale adjectivelor):

Adauga -er pentru comparativ si -est pentru superlativ la adverbele dintr-o singura silaba: hard - harder - hardest

Adauga more pentru comparativ si most pentru superlativ la adverbele formate din doua sau mai multe silabe si la cele terminate in -ly: seriously - more seriously - most seriously Unele adverbe au forme neregulate la comparativ si superlativ: badly worse - worst, little - less - least, well - better - best, much - more most

Uneori most poate avea sensul de very: We were most grateful for your help. I am most impressed by this application.

4.4. Clasificarea adverbelor

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Adverbe Adverbe Adverbe Adverbe Adverbe de de de de de mod loc si directie timp, durata si frecventa probabilitate grad

4.4.1. Adverbe de mod Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia. Exemple: He swims well. (dupa verb) He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly. She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively. James coughed loudly to attract her attention. He plays the flute beautifully. (dupa complement) He ate the chocolate cake greedily.

1. Adverbul de mod nu se aseaza ntre verb si complement: Incorect: He ate greedily the chocolate cake. Corect: He ate the chocolate cake greedily. 2. Pozitia adverbului n propozitie este foarte importanta mai ales atunci cnd exista mai multe verbe n propozitie. Daca adverbul este asezat dupa o propozitie, atunci acesta modifica ntregul sens exprimat n propozitie. Observa diferentele de sens n functie de locul adverbului n propozitie:

He quietly asked me to leave the house. (= cererea lui a fost facuta n liniste) He asked me to leave the house quietly. (= plecarea a fost facuta n liniste)

4.4.2. Adverbe de loc si directie Ne arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau complementul sau. Exemple: Dupa verb: I looked everywhere. John looked ...away, up, down, around... I'm going ...home, out, back... Dupa complement: They built a house nearby. She took the child outside. A. Here / there. Cu verbe de miscare, here exprima ideea de nspre/ cu / mpreuna cu vorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participarea vorbitorului: Ex.: Come here (= spre mine) It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi) Put it there (= departe de mine) It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi) Expresii cu here/ there: down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under there, up here, up there. B. Adverbele de loc terminate n -wards - exprima ideea de miscare ntr-o anumita directie: Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards, eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards . Cats don't usually walk backwards. The ship sailed westwards.

Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfel nct va fi ntotdeauna urmat de un substantiv sau pronume: Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me. C. Adverbe care exprima att locul ct si directia : ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.

4.4.3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa Arata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii. Ex.: Cnd: today, yesterday, later, now, last year Durata, pentru ct timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last year Ct de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfrsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la nceputul ei: Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday. Later the boy understood the story. Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei: Ex.: She stayed in the house all day. My mother lived in France for a year .

For este intotdeauna urmat de o expresie de durata: for three days, for a week, for several years, for two centuries . Since este intotdeauna urmat expresia unui moment punctual n timp: since Monday, since 1997, since the last war. Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fata verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have, may, must): I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal) You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must) I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului principal forgotten) Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la sfarsitul prepozitiei: This magazine is published monthly. He visits his mother once a week. Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly, sometimes, usually.

Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative: Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.

They haven't met him yet. Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sau interogative. I am still hungry. Do you still work for the BBC? Ordinea adverbelor de timp Daca este nevoie de mai multe adverbe de timp in aceeasi propozitie ordinea lor va fi: Ordinea Exemple 1: adverbe de durata 2: adverbe de frecventa 3: adverbe de timp 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day. 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year. 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year. 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3) last year.

4.4.4. Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitate Acestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly, really. Se aseaza in propozitie intre verbul auxiliar si verbul principal. Ex.: He has certainly forgotten the meeting. Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza n debutul frazei: Ex.: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

Surely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este convins de adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surely you've got a bicycle? 4.4.5. Adverbe de grad Aceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb, adjectiv sau adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely . Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina, fie in fata verbului principal:

Ex.: The water was extremely cold. He was just leaving. She has almost finished. Enough, very, too Enough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupa adjectiv sau adverb: Is your coffee hot enough? (adjectiv) He didn't work hard enough. (adverb) Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fata adjectivului sau adverbului: This coffee is too hot. (adjective) He works too hard. (adverb) Very intareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora: The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv) He worked very quickly. (adverb)

Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very: Very exprima un fapt: He speaks very quickly. Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me to understand). Alte adverbe asemanatoare lui very: extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite, fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly .

1. Alege adjectivul sau adverbul din paranteza pentru a completa corect fiecare pereche de propozitii: a. It's an ___ question. You should be able to answer it quite ___. (easy/ easily) b. I can type a bit but I'm very ___ . I'm afraid I can only type very ___. (slow/ slowly) c. Mr Robbins shouted ___ at the children. The children made Mr Robbins very ___. (angry/ angrily) d. Mary sang ___ at the concert last night. She sang a ____ song at the concert last night. (beautiful/ beautifully) e. What was wrong with Bill? He looked very ___ . Bill shook his head ___. (sad/ sadly)

2. Completeaza urmatoarele propozitii cu ago, since, sau for: a. Columbus discovered America about six hundred years ___. b. Ghana has been an independent country ___ 1957. c. Russia has been a republic ___ over seventy years. d. Oxford has been a center of learning ___ more than a thousand years. e. Most British universities were founded less than fifty years ___. 3. Completeaza urmatoarele propozitii cu: still, yet, already, any longer, any more. a. John doesn't live in London ___ . He's moved to Bristol. b. The children haven't gone to bed ___ . They're ___ watching television. c. - Is Anne ___ here? - No, she has ___ left. d. Becky hasn't gone to university ___. She's ____ at school. e. Have you started your new job ___ or are you ___ working in London? f. Thanks for your help. I won't trouble you ___.

Lecia 5: Pronumele
5.1. Functia pronumelui
Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu caracterizeaza nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau actiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor. Ex.: John did all the work. He did all the work. Who did all the work?

5.2. Forma pronumelui

Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de: Numar: singular - this; plural - these Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ - her Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - it Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one).

5.3. Clasificarea pronumelor

Dupa continut si functie pronumele pot fi: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Personale Reflexive Nehotarate Demonstrative Relative De ntarire Interogative Reciproce

5.3.1. Pronumele personale Nominativ I you Singular he she it Genitiv mine yours his hers its Dativ (to) me (to) you (to) him (to) her (to) it Acuzativ me you him her it

we Plural you they

ours yours theirs

(to) us (to) you (to) them

us you them

I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula.

Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vine de la it is sau it has! Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee I gave him the book. He ran the London Marathon. It's a pleasure to him. I only played against her once. These books are ours. Is this pen yours or mine? You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre oameni in general. Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain. They say she's very clever. It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta: It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau in contructii pasive) Ex.: It's 7 o'clock. It was spring. Is it Monday? How hot it is! How far is it to the station? It demostrativ Ex.: Who is it? It's the postman. It's the children. 5.3.2. Pronumele reflexive Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana. Forme: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me. She fell off the ladder and injured herself. You can do these tasks by yourself or with a partner. After five minutes, it will automatically turn itself down. Let's buy ourselves a chair for the garden. They built the house themselves. 5.3.3. Pronumele nehotarate