Fast Computation of Steady-State Stability Limits for Real-time and Off-line Applications

presented at the 7th International Workshop on Electric Power Control Centers, May 25-28, 2003, Ortisei, Italy by

Savu C. Savulescu

ECI

Energy Concepts International, Inc.

Summary
How the electric industry works now Need for fast maximum loadability predictors TTC vs. stability envelope Two-Step Steady-State Stability Limit Evaluation Paradigm Paul Dimo's Simplified Steady-State Stability Approach Practical implementation

How the Industry Works Now

In the past, networks were dispatched to follow pre-planned scenarios
generation scheduled to meet forecasted load network security assessed off-line and in real-time

ystability conditions were predictable ybroad range of applicability of off-line operating guidelines

Today, networks are dispatched to accommodate short-term and spot energy transactions
driven by demand, price and availability between parties across multi-area networks

Need for Fast Maximum Loadability Predictors

Open Access Transmission mandated by law

but transmission providers can (and do) curtail transactions that may impact the operating reliability
ytransfer limits computed off-line may be very different from the actual system capability
need to recalculate limits as often as possible

A mechanism is needed to predict danger

instability phenomena develop rapidly

yno time to react yunits out of synchronism and voltage collapse

how far from instability is the current system state? allow time for remedial action if not far from blackout

High computational speed is a must

TTC vs. Stability Envelope

Steady-State Stability Limit (SSSL)
concept well understood (see next slide) the "limit" is given by the amount of MW (internal generation + imports) such that, for any loading smaller than SSSL, the system is "stable" in the sense of small signal stability maximum MW transfer, voltage instability and steadystate instability occur at the same point

ysingularity of the "dynamic state" Jacobian

Operating states near this point are not safe

NERC defines the Total Transfer Capability (TTC) as a safe operating limit

no violations of any kind

X MW SSSL = Maximum Power Transfer Capability = EV

_______

TSL

TTC - Total Transfer Capability Safe Operating Limit (Stability Envelope) Average Normal Operation

TTC vs. Stability Envelope (cont'd)

Transient Stability Limit (TSL) or TTC (NERC)

a "limit" in the sense defined above is difficult, if not impossible to determine

yit would require examining every possible mix of generation, load and voltages for a succession of increased MW levels until the system becomes unstable

TTC (TSL) is an elusive target however, intuitively, it can be asserted that

yTSL is always smaller than SSSL ywhen SSSL increases / decreases, so does TSL
probably some % level, e.g. TSL < 0.8 SSSL steady-state stability reserve

TTC vs. Stability Envelope (cont'd)

Instead of attempting to compute TTC ... Define a stability envelope as follows:
first, calculate the maximum power transfer limit then, for a given x% security margin (stability reserve) determine the safe system MW loading limit that corresponds to the current operating state

How to...
detailed analysis -- good for off-line studies, but not (or ... not yet) suitable for fast simulations fast approximate methods -- useful for quick decision making

ybut the speed must be predicated on solid theoretical ground

Two-Step Steady-State Stability Limit Evaluation Paradigm

Step 1: run a quick stability check
determine "how far from instability" identify "stability envelope"

ybased on a user-defined "x% security margin"

when evaluating MW transactions across multi-area systems, run stability checks on

yspecific areas within larger networks yinterchange interfaces between areas

Step 2: if needed, go to full analysis

cases situated outside the stability envelope may need to be evaluated in detail

Paul Dimo's Simplified Steady-State Stability Approach

Field-proven -- published in RGE in November 1961
used in production-grade studies for many years Prix Montefiore in 1981

Predicated on

short-circuit currents
yradial network of short-circuit admittances

practical steady-state stability criteria

ysimple algebraic computations instead of eigenvalues

simplified representation of generators

yall the machines are modeled -- constant e.m.f. behind x'd

fictitious load-center - Zero Power Balance Network

yFelix Wu (1978) identified theoretical conditions for correctness

case worsening procedure

yinstead of successive load-flows

Short-Circuit Currents
Barbier & Barret (1980)

used short-circuit currents to develop critical voltage and maximum power transfer formulae used short-circuit currents to formulate the dQ/dV criterion for steady-state stability

Paul Dimo (1961)

Next slides illustrate the concept of "short-circuit currents" - the system "as seen" from a load bus
physically, the currents flow from generators to load mathematically, generators are connected to each load bus through short-circuit admittances

Ieq = Ish-c - Ysh-c Vload Iload = Ish-c - Ish-c no-load

(Barbier-Barret) (Dimo)

Sample Power System

L1

L2

Sample System Replaced with the Short-Circuit Currents

System "seen" from L1 2 1 G 1 System "seen" from L2 2 G

L1

L2

Another View of the Short-Circuit Currents Model -- the REI Net

m 1 G 1 m

Ii = Yim Em - Yii Vi Yii = Yim + Yio

Ishc-noload

Iload

Ii = Yim Em - ( Yii + Yio) Vi

Ii = Ii-sc - Ii-o

The Zero Power Balance Network Concept

adding a network without losses to obtain a Single Load Center

i Y o-j

Loads

Synchronous Machines Other Injections

O'
Fictitious Ground

YFL V FL

I' FL
Single Load Center

I FL S Ground

FL

Steady-State Stability Criteria

steady-state stability criteria
exact -- eigenvalues of the characteristic equation algebraic -- singularity of the Jacobian matrix (J) for the "dynamic state equations" practical -- dQ/dV, dP/d and dP/dV

yVenikov, Dimo: under certain conditions, the dQ/dV and J criteria are equivalent ysuitable for the short-circuit currents model
Suggested reading: V. Venikov, "Transient Processes in Electrical Power Systems", MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1977 Barbier, C., Barret, J.P., "An Analysis of Phenomena of Voltage Collapse on a Transmission System", RGE, Paris, Vol. 89, 10, 672-690 Dimo, Paul, "Etude de la Stabilite Statique et du Reglage de Tension", Revue Generale de l'Electricite RGE, Paris, 1961, Vol. 70, 11, 552-556

Steady-State Stability Criteria (cont'd)

For m generators connected radially to a load bus through shortcircuit admittances, dQ/dV can be computed with the formula

dQ/dV = (YmEm/cosm) - 2(Ym + Yload)V

Yload = Qload/VV = e.m.f. behind transient or synchronous reactance of Em the machine m = internal angle of machine m m = admittance between machine m and the single-load bus Ym V = voltage magnitude at the single-load bus

Practical Implementation

Near-Blackout Event August 22, 2002 ETESA, Panama

15:14:37 hours - lighting strike on 220 kV circuit -- permanent short-circuit 15:15:00 hours -- loss of generation 15:18:43 hours -- three more units are lost load shedding request not honored by DisCos severe reduction of MVAr 15:26:00 to 15:27:00 hours three units come back on line voltage starts to improve

1950s Practical Steady-State Stability Criteria - Venikov, Markovici, Moscow, USSR 1961 Short-Circuit Currents Method Steady-State Stability Analysis - Dimo, RGE, Paris 1980 Short-Circuit Currents Method Voltage Stability Analysis - Barret, Barbier, RGE, Paris
1990-1992 Steady-State Stability Monitor Prototype - EPRI, Palo Alto, CA Sponsorship from Southern Company Services, Birmingham, AL 1993 Method Presented at IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, NY 1994 QuickStab announcement -- first experimental installations at Southern Company Services, Birmingham, AL IREQ HydroQuebec, Montreal, Canada

QuickStab -- production-grade off-line and real-time 1998-2000 CPTEE, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Off-line and Real-time) OPSIS, Caracas, Venezuela (Real-time on Compaq Unix) Southern Company Services (Windows NT & SUN Solaris) TTI, Guatemala (Off-line on Windows 98)

MultiArea QuickStab (MultiArea Transfer Capability Analyzer) 2001-2002 ETESA, Panama: Off-line on Windows 2000 Real-time on Compaq Unix MultiArea QuickStab on the Web 2002-2003 ETESA, Panama -- TRANSELECTRICA, Romania

2003 -- QuickStab Professional