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1. Greetings:
! (N ho!) is a popular greeting. In English, it means Hello,
Hi,How are you? and good day! etc. It may be used in the
morning, in the afternoon or in the evening. The answer to it is also
! (N ho!)
2. Adjectives as verbs:
When adjectives form the predicate, that is, when they say what the subject
is or is not, they function as verbs. That's why an adjective is also known
as a STATIVE VERB in Chinese. There is no additional word for to be'. For
instance:
Subject
predicate
T mng.
He is busy.
Wmen ho.
We are fine.
Note that the Chinese verb, be it a stative or an action verb, has no morphol
ogical
changes whatsoever resulting from person, gender, number, time, etc.. Thus:
W ho.
N ho.
T ho.
Wmen mng.
I am fine.
You are fine.
He is good.
We are busy.
3. Negation:
When you negate a Chinese sentence, you simply place the adverb before the pr
edicative
verb. For example:
T b mng.
He is not busy.
Wmen b ho.
Note that the tone of (bu), not' is fourth, except when the following word is i
the fourth tone, when it change to the second tone.
Wmen du b mng.
When two or more adverbs occur together, their order is governed by the rule
that the
modifier is applied directly before the expression to be modified. Thus a dis
tinction
should be noted about the position of the adverb between BEFORE and AFTER oth
er
adverbs such as . Before the adverbs and , it is a partial negation; and
after those adverbs, it is a total negation. Compare the following examples:
Tmen b du mng.
Tmen du b mng.
Gge b hn ho.
Gge hn b ho.
N mng ma?
T b ho ma?
(full)
Mng. Busy.
B mng. Not busy.
*
.....
*************************************
**************************************
n.
(by) the side,
n.
(on) the opposite side, across from
n.
in the middle
Note that direction words //////// can take both /, while takes on
only with .
2. When a location word is modified by a noun or a pronoun:
A noun or a pronoun such as ,,, can be used to modify a location word.
()
in front of the table
()
in(side) the library
()
next to her
()
across us
Points to note:
When a noun or a pronoun modifies a location word, the grammatical marker is opt
ional.
For
When a noun modifies a location word, which is a combination of one of the dire
ction words ,,,,, or , but never , ,, + suffix, the suffix can be o
. For example:
=
=
Place names such as ,,, never work with direction words , so it is INCORR
* *
*
etc.
English phrases such as in the dictionary, in his letter, and in the Chinese book
n translated into Chinese, more often than not, they become:
In the dictionary
=
In his letter
=
In Chinese book
=
Why? Because letter, dictionary and book are the medium of words. Instead of
se prefer . It's a way for them to show their respect to and worship of words,
which embody knowledge.
When a noun is modified by a location word:
A location word can be used to modify a noun. For example:
something/someone:
This is an idiomatic expression used for asking for direction. For example:
Excuse me, how can I get to the coffee house?
Wang, do you know how to get to New York?
Sorry, I do know how to get there.
The pattern ...:
The pattern ... means far from in English. For instance:
dorm?
Points to note:
In Chinese pattern the prepositional phrase formed with ...comes before the verb.
In Chinese, usually when a sentence has a prepositional phrase, negation falls b
efore the preposition. For example:
prep. phrase
But this is not the case with ...,Negation should go before the verb in this patte
rn.
The pattern ...()...:
The pattern ... ()... carries a subjunctive mood.
It is equivalent to the English pattern: If somebody had known something earlier,
he would (not) have? .
Let's look at some examples:
you to see
a movie.
If ( I ) had known that you went to New York,
I would have gone with you.
*************************************
"...."
""
"
"
"''? ''"
"''''"
"'one out of a hundred'"
""
""
The complement of degree:
( 1 ) Adjective or an adjective phrase as the complement of degree :
An adjective or an adjective phrase which follows the verb to express the degr
ee of the action
is known as THE COMPLEMENT OF DEGREE. For example:
Note that
1. The verb and adjective or an adjective phrase which function as the compleme
nt
of degree must always be joined by the structural particle .
2. The negation is formed by inserting between structural and the adjective
complement.
3. To form a simple question, a question particle such , can be added to the
end of the statement.
4. An affirmative/negative question is formed in the complement section.
5. To question the complement of degree, the question pronoun is used.
Summary:
Subject verb structural negation
English translation
particle
er brother learn?
Adjective
Question
Particle
She thinks to
I did not spe
Did your Mom
How well does
(2) When the verb has both an object and a complement of degree in a sentence, e
ither the verb
should be repeated or the object should be preposed. For example:
1.the verb is repeated:
Summary:
Subject Verb
f Degree
Structural Particle
The complement o
Note that the position of the object can be before or after the subject.
Summary:
Object Subject Object Verb
Structural Particle
Complement of degree
he your older
that book on
you recognize
your Mom come
brother?
the bed yours?
her?
tomorrow?
Note that in the examples, the emphasized parts are highlighted, which could a n
oun, a noun phrase,
a verb or a time word, etc.. No matter what it is, must be place right before th
e emphasized
element, and always appears at the end of the sentence.
3. The pattern V.()(O.):
The pattern V.()(object) means do some more (of) something. For example:
you
she
you
you
Note that:
1.In the subordinate clause, the subject can go before or after .
But the subject in the main clause can only appear BEFORE .
2.If the subjects in both clauses are the same, then one of them can be omitted.
3.Sometimes, the correlative adverb in the subordinate clause can be omitted.
+ O. verb complements:
Subj.
Prep. phr.
V.
O.
Subj.
Prep. phr.
V.
O.
From the above examples we can see that information as to where an action takes
place is
provided by the prepositional phrase + O.which appears BEFORE the verb. But we
also
came across the following sentences:
Subj.
V.
Complement
Subj.
V.
Complement
Where (in what place) did you make the recording of Lesson 16?
Where (on which tape) did you record Lesson 16?
************************************************
()
""
""
1.Common auxiliary verbs and their usage:
Verbs which assist the main verb in a sentence to express necessity, possibility
and willingness are known as
AUXILLARY VERBS. The six most commonly used auxiliary verbs, their meanings, the
ir negative verbs and examples
of their usage are listed below:
Aux. verb
Neg. form
Meaning
Examples
1.Express the grasp skill through learning
2. Express possibility
1.Express capability
2.Possibility provided b
y circumstances
He can teach you dance.
eat fish.
Ought to
2. vs.
:
Both conjunctions means or in English. But, is mainly used in an alternative quest
ion
or in a subordinate clause following such verbs as , . For example:
The
The
(He
The
Note that after the appearances of , we can use both adjectives : ; a verb and an a
ective: ,
or both verbs where the second verb stands for a feeling or emotion: .
Summary of the pattern:
Subject
-----------------
Verb/adjective
-------------------
Verb/adjective.
---------------
**************************************
1.The Perfect Aspect and the aspectual particle :
In Chinese, the aspectual particle may occur after the predicate verb to indicate
the completion of an action.
The basic patterns are as follows:
Affirmative:
Subject Predicate verb Aspectual particle
Negative:
Subject Negation
()
Interrogative:
Subeject
OJ?
Object
()
Predicate verb
I ate.
He bought three books.
Teacher Che had have that bo
Aspectual Particle
Object Question format
Did you ea
Did he buy
Did Teache
Notes:
(1). The completion of an action has nothing to do with time. A perfect aspect o
f an action can happen in the future.
For example:
The adverbs ,,and can all be translated into English as again. Although they all i
icate the repetition
of an action or a state, they are used differently in a sentence.
indicate that the action is going to recur. For example:
I called her at three. She was not there. I'll
again at six.
indicates that the repeated action had already taken place. For example:
She went to the library this morning,
(She) went again this afternoon. So she is not here right now.
I called her yesterday. She was not in. I called her again today. She was still
not in.
Except for Wang, we'll all go to the get-together party for the Spring Festival.
Everyday he has class, except for the weekend.
Sometimes, in the expression can be omitted. For example:
Besides writing characters, I also read the text last night.
Except for wine, I did drink neither tea nor coffee at yesterday's party.
4.Time word + vs. time word +:
In a sentence, and can be placed after the time word and before the verb to ind
Note that time word, sometimes can also be an event which take place first. For
example:
()
()
()
()
Note that, there is always a aspectual particle placed after the first verb, whic
h indicates the first event
completes, before the second event takes place.
Summary:
Subject
Time phrase
1995
Adverb /
Verb phrase
English translation
My Mom came hear as early as 19
My younger brother did not come
.
****************************************
Note that:
(1). An auxiliary verb such as , can be used to express the intent:
(2). Aspectual particle can be used to express the completed aspect:
(3). When the verb has an object,
a)the verb has to be repeated:
b)you can also treat the object and the complement as a unit of quantified objec
t, and structure
the sentence thus:
How
How
How
How
How
long
long
long
many
many
2. Model Particle :
Model particle is also known as sentence particle . Unlike the aspectual , which
mes
after the verb, model particle is always found at the end of the sentence. The m
odel particle can
be used to express various different shade of meaning. In the previous lessons,
we have encountered
... pattern. In this pattern, model particle works with the adverb to indicate
excessiveness. For example:
In this lesson, we learn to use model particle to indicate that the event expres
sed in the narrative
sentence has already taken place or accomplished. For example:
Note that:
(1) Both aspectual and model can be present in a sentence.
(2) But when comes after the verb and at the end of the sentence as well, it func
tions both as
an aspectual and model particle. For example:
(3) The model particle can be used to indicate that the action or event referred
to is something
which took place in the past, but past happenings do not always take the model p
article.
Compare the below two sentences:
When I went to see him, he was making the call.
When I went to see him, he had made the call.
(4) The negative form of the sentence with model particle indicating accomplishe
d event is
made by putting the adverb ( ) in front of the verb and at the same time droppin
g the .
For example:
Did he go home?
To form an affirmative-negative question, you can juxtapose the affirmative and
negative form.
For example:
Affirmative
Negative
Question
Affirmative- Negative
Verb
Object
Particle
()
3. Sequential actions:
We came across such a sentence pattern in Lesson 27. In this sentence there wer
actions
taking place: action 1 ; action 2 . Action 1 takes place before action 2 ,so it ha
s an aspectual
particle right after the verb to indicate that the action 2 takes place only afte
r action 1 is
accomplished. Let's see some more examples:
()
Summary:
Subject
Verb1 + (object)
()
Verb2+ (object)
Note that this pattern can be used to refer to events that either talk about fut
ure plans or habitual
behaviors. If one wants to talk about the events that happened in the past, one
should add model
particle at the end of the sentence.
For example:
Yesterday she saw a movie (then) went home.
This morning after got out of the class I went to the coffee house.
Summary:
Subject
Verb1 + (object)
()
Verb2+ (object)
*************************************
"
"
subj.
v.
subj.
v.
subj.
pred. adj.
Note:
(1)To form a question, one can add or to the end of the sentence.
For example:
/
Is your Dad getting up soon?
/
Are you about to return to Taiwan?
The affirmative answer to the question is or .The negative answer will be
()or () .
For example:
/
(2) If there is a time phrase such as ,,in the sentence to indicate the specific tim
e when
the action is going to take place, ONLY
... can be used.
For example:
Don't eat!
Please don't drink tea.
Let's not go.
Note that to soften the tone of an imperative sentence, one can add the particle
to the end of the sentence.
For example:
3.The expression :
The expression is often used as a rhetorical question. It translates into English
roughly as
Would it be OK? For example:
********************************
1. The Preposition
The preposition means "from" . It is used to form a prepositional
structure indicating distance in space or time. The two commonly used
structures are:
(1) A B (A is far away from B)
(2) A B (A is very close to B)
For example:
(1) A
1.)
Here is far away from Beijing, (it takes) over about 10 hours
(to travel to Beijing).
2.)
China is far away from here, do their parents worry about them?
3.)
Now is far away from winter, why do you want to buy a leather jacket?
(2) A B
(A is very close to B)
1.)
My home is very close to my university, therefore, I don't live on
campus.
2.)
The Mother's Day is very close to my mom's birthday, I would like to
buy a gift for my mom.
2. The Prepositional Phrase
......
Because Xiaoding's parents are traveling with them this time to China,
Xueyou's parents do not worry about them at all.
2.)
Shihai likes Chinese History very much, he feels that Chinese History is
not boring at all.
***************************
and there is no need to repeat the verb. The structure should be:
O + S + V + duration of time
For example:
1.)
Chinese, Xiaoding will study for two years.
2.)
The plane, Xiaoding and Xueyou were on for seventeen hours.
--As can be observed in the above examples, verbs in sentences with time
measure words indicating duration can take different aspects.
The following are structures and examples of the use
of time complements (that is, time measure words that indicate
the duration of time)in combination with the perfective aspect used
to refer to the past, the present, and the future aspects of action.
a. The perfective in reference to the past. The structure should be:
S + (V) + O + V + + duration of time
or O + S + V + + duration of time
For example:
1.)
(huo4zhe3: or)
Today Shihai has studied Chinese for one and a half hours.
2.)
Chinese, Shihai has studied for one and a half hours.
b. The perfective in reference to the present. The structure should be:
S + V + O + V + duration of time
or O + S + V + duration of time
For example:
1.)
Every day Shihai studies Chinese for one and a half hours.
2.)
Chinese, Shihai studies for one and a half hours every day.
C. The perfective in reference to the future. The structure should be:
S + / + V + O + V + duration of time
or O + S + / + V + duration of time
1.)/
Tomorrow Shihai will study Chinese for one and a half hours.
2.)/
Chinese, Shihai will study for one and a half hours tomorrow.
(3.) Using the structure to indicate the point of time or the
duration of time in a sentence. This pattern allows the object
to be placed after the verb and time phrase. The structure should be:
S + V + point of time/duration of time + + O
The "point of time/duration of time + " structure can be seen
as a structure that modifies the object of a sentence.
For example:
1.)
Xiaoding and Xueyou took/will take the 10:50am plane.
2.)
Shihai goes to the 3:30pm Chinese class every day.
3.)
Xiaoding and Xueyou had a seventeen hour flight.
4.)
Shihai studies one and a half hours of Chinese every day.
(4.) Asking questions about the point of time or duration of time.
a. When asking questions about the point of time, the question word is
"" or "" which are place where the time word normally goes
in the sentence. For example:
1.)
When is Xiaoding and Xueyou's plane going to take off?
2.)
At what time did they arrive in Beijing University?
3.)
At what time does Shihai have his Chinese class?
b. When asking questions about the duration of time, the question word is
"" or "" which are place where the time complement normally
goes in the sentence. For example:
1.)
From the airport to Beijing University, for how long did the car drive?
2.)
For how long has Xiaoding studied Chinese?
3.)
How long were Xiaoding and Xueyou on the plane?
2. The Approximate Number Indicators--"" and ""
"" and "" are two approximate number indicators in Chinese that
appear with measure words in counting. However, the positions and the
meaning implications of these two characters are different.
(1.)When is used by itself, it refers to an approximate number that
is less than ten. For example:
1.)
10-90
100-900
1,000-9,000
10,000-90,000
b. When is placed after the number words, it is placed after "" or
"". It cannot
Phrase
.
.
.
(2.) When is used to ask questions about numbers, the phrase "" is
used to ask about approximate numbers that are expected to be more than
ten. For example:
1.)
A: How many Chinese books does the East Asian Library in your university
have?
B: (It) has 50,000 Chinese books.
a. can never be placed right before number words such as
.
b. can be placed after number words such as and it is
always followed by measure words.
Phrase
Range of number
()
11-19
()
21-29
()
31-39
.
.
.
.
.
.
()
101-109
()
111-119
()
121-129
()
201-299
()
3001-3999
()
40001-49999
(3.) The use of the approximate number indicators "" and ""
with the four major time units (TU) """""" and "/".
a. When is combined with the four major time units ""
"""" and "/"
number + TU
+ TU
+ number + TU
number() + + TU
*Note: and are measure words, whereas and are nouns taking
as their measure word.
b. When is combined with the four major time units ""
1. The Aspect Particle "" Indicating Past Experience
(1.)The aspect particle "" is used to indicate past experience. It
is placed after the verb. In sentences with two verbal constructions in
a series, "" is usually placed after the second verb. The sentence
patterns for the aspect particle "" should be:
S + V + "" + O
or S + V1 + O1 + V2 + "" + O
For examples:
1.)
I have had a physical exam recently.
2.)
I have had (the experience of eating) Chinese food.
3.)
Last week I went to (or had the experience of going to) see a friend.
4.)
Xiaoding went to the Beijing University Hospital to have a physical exam
yesterday.
(2.)The negative and interogative forms of the aspect particle ""
a. The negative form of the aspect particle "" is as follows:
S + () + V + "" + O ()
or S + () +V1 + O1 + V2 + "" + O()
For examples:
1.)()()
Xueyou has not yet been to the Beijing University Hospital to have a
physical exam.
2.)()()
Teacher Wang's wife has not yet been to the U.S. to see Teacher Wang.
b. The interogative forms of the aspect particle "" are as follows:
1.)General questions using the question word at the end of an
affirmative sentence.
S + V + "" + O +
or S + V1 + O1 + V2 + "" + O +
For examples:
1.)
Have you had a physical exam in the U.S. recently?
2.)
Has Xiaoding been to the Beijing University Hospital to see a doctor?
For examples:
1.)
Xiaoding has had the experience of seeing a Chinese doctor.
2.)
Xiaoding and Xueyou have had the experience of going to the Beijing
Univeristy to study Chinese.
2. The Action Measure Words """"""
When counting the number of times that an action takes place, an
action measure word is used together with numerals. The unit of
numeral + action measure word is usually placed after the verb and
functions as a complement. While both "" and "" mark the number of
times that an action takes place, "" is different from "" in that it
emphasizes the entire process of an action. As to "", it is an
action measure word that indicates the quickness or short duration of an
action. Sometimes, the action measure word "" also indicates the
casual manner of an action.
The aspects of the verb can be past aspect or future aspect. The patterns
are as follows:
a. The past aspect of verb
S + V + Past Aspect Particle (,) + Numeral + Action Measure Word + O
For examples:
1.)
Last year I had a physical exam once.
2.)
The nurse did a complete medical check-up (including tempreture, blood pressure,
weight, height, etc.) for Xiaoding.
3.)
Teacher Liu met Xueyou for a little while yesterday.
b. The future aspect of verb
S + Future Aspect Particle () + V + Numeral + Action Measure Word + O
1.)
Teacher Wang's wife would like to go to the U.S. one time.
2.)
I would like to read through (from the first page to the last page) this
famous Chinese novel.
3.)
Teacher Liu asked Xueyou to go the his office for a little while.
3. The Structure "......"
The Structure "......" means "not...but/rather". It is used when
the speaker would like to explain that situation B is different from
situation Aand situation B is the one that really happens. The basic
pattern is:
+ Situation A, + Situation B
For examples:
1.)
For seeing a doctor in China, (people) do not call the doctor('s office)
to make an appointment, rather, (people) go to the hospital directly.
2.)
After Xiaoding graduated from college, she did not look for a job, rather,
she went to a graduate school.
3.)
This summer, Dawei did not go home and see his mom and dad, rather, he
went on to take classes in school.
******************************
18
It has started to snow outside. (It was not snowing just a moment ago.)
2.) ()
We should go (now). (It was early before, and we could sit for a while.)
3.) ()
The rain has stopped now. (It was still raining just a moment ago.)
4.) ()
He has started to like drinking Longjing tea. (He didn't like to drink
Longjing tea before.)
5.) ()
I can speak Chinese (now). (I couldn't speak Chinese before.)
2. Subjectless Sentences
(1.) In Chinese, when describing natural phenomena, especially when
describing the weather, people usually use subjectless sentences. The reason w
hy
people use subjectless sentences, as can be observed in the following
examples , is because when describing natural phenomena, the subject can
not be specified into a particular agent. (Note that English supplies
the subject "it", which is not done in Chinese.)
For examples:
1.)
It will snow tomorrow. You should wear more clothes.
2.)
It started to get windy outside. It was very cold.
3.)
It rained yesterday, and it is sunny today. The weather changes a lot.
4.)
It is very foggy today. Be careful when you drive.
(2.) Another commonly used type of subjectless sentences is one that
indicates existence. This type of sentences begin with or
, corresponding to the "there is/are..." or "there is not/are not..."
pattern in English. However, this type of subjectless sentences is
usually only about people, not about matter or things. The pattern of
this type of subjectless sentences is:
+ Verb / + Noun (about people) + Verb
+ Verb /
+ Noun (about people) + Verb
For example:
1.)
Someone is knocking at the door. Probably it is Xueyou.
2.)
Some student called Teacher Lin on the phone.
3.)
one brought an umbrella. Fortunately, it is not raining hard.
4.)
None of the students has seen this movie.
3. Adjectival Comparisons
To compare the degree of an adjective, the degree adverbs (even),
(more) and (most) are used. To express the meaning of something/
somebody is better than something else/somebody else, the pattern
" + n./pron. + () + adj." is used. To express the meaning that
something/somebody is the best, the pattern " + adj." is used.
(1.) + n./pron. + () + adj.
For example:
1.)
The summer in Beijing is hotter that the summer in New York.
2.)
Red leaves in the fall in Beijing are even redder than flowers
in the spring.
3.)
The summer break of American college students is even longer than
the summer break of Chinese college students.
4.)
The winter in Beijing is colder than the winter in Shanghai.
(2.) + adj.
For example:
1.)
The fall is the best season in Beijing.
2.)
The spring in the south of China is the most beautiful (season).
3.)
Teacher Lin is the youngest teacher in the Chinese Department.
4.)
Shanghai is the most modernized city in China.
4. The Structure ...
The structure ...is used when the speaker would like to
express the meaning of "something/somebody (becoming) more and more...".
The basic pattern is:
something/somebody + + adj.
For example:
1.)
In recent years, the summer in Beijing hass become hotter and hotter.
2.)
Xiaoding's Chinese oral speaking is getting better and better.
3.)
In recent years, more and more Chinese students have come to study in
the U.S.
5. The Structure......
The structure......is a commonly used conditional pattern,
meaning "if...then...". is followed by a conditional clause, and
is followed by a result clause.
For example:
1.)
If it rains in the summer, it (the weather) will become much cooler.
2.)
If you go to Beijing in October, you will see the red leaves in the
Frangrant Hill.
3.)
If you have grammar question, (you can) call me.
6. The Structure ......
The structure ......means "both...and", "as well as". It is
used when the speaker would like to talk about two situations that occur
concurrently or two things/features that are of the same importance.
For example:
1.)
The present Beijing is an ancient city as well as a rapidly developing
1. The Continuous Aspect of an Action--the Use of
The aspect particle is placed after the verb in a sentence to
indicate the continuation of an action. The subject of the sentence
can be a person or a place. The sentence pattern is as follows:
S + V + + O
(1.) The pattern is used to describe the continous aspect of an
action by a person/people or the continous aspect of a state about
a person/people.
For example:
1.)
Renmei is waiting for Xueyou in the dorm.
2.)
Xueyou is looking at the new pictures Renmei took in Beijing.
3.)
Teacher Wang is drinking the Longjing tea (he) brought from China.
(2.) The pattern is also used to describe the continous aspect of an
action or the continous aspect of a state effecting a place.
For example:
1.)
Many pictures are placed on Xiaoding's desk.
2.)
Xiaoding's father's name is written down on the envelope.
3.)
Two American students live in this dorm.
(3.) In sentences with series of verbal structures, the aspect particle
is placed after the first verb to describe the state or manner in
which the second action is carried out.
For example:
1.)
Xiaoding asked Teacher Lin while holding a picture: "Is this picture of
you taken in the Beijing University Library?"
2.)(yo4u e2r yua2n, kindergarten)
Kaikai is wearing blue clothes to go to the kindergarten.
3.)
Shihai is carrying a Chinese grammar book to go to Teacher Wang's place
and ask questions.
(4.) When a verb is followed by the aspect particle to indicate the
continuation of an action of a state, the verb does not take complements.
For example:
Xiaoding and Xueyou are sitting there listening to Teacher Wang talk.
It is incorrect to add a complement to the sentence in the following
way:
*
(5.) The differences between the continuous aspect of an action using the
particle and the progressive aspect of an action using the particle
//.
a. The continuous aspect of an action usually implies that the action is
in progress, and therefore, the particles , , or and the word
are often used with the particle .
For example:
1.)
Xueyou's hand is holding a map of Beijing.
2.)
When Xueyou came to see Teacher Lin, it was raining outside.
b. The continuous aspect of an action emphasizes and describes the static
aspect of an action or a state, and the aspect particle is placed
after the verb (or the first verb in sentences with series of verbal
structures). As to the progressive aspect of an action, it emphasizes
the active aspect of an action, and the aspect particles , , or
are placed before the verb.
For example:
1.)
Xueyou is holding a map of China (right this moment).
2.)
Xueyou has been holding a map of China.
(6.) The negative and interrogative forms of the patterns that indicate
the continuous aspect of an action.
a. The negation form of the patterns that indicate the continuous aspect
Xiaoding brought some pictures from the U.S. Some were pictures that
Xiaoding and Xueyou took with Teacher Wang, some others were pictures
of their school.
2.)
I went to the bookstore and bought many Chinese books yesterday. Some
were Chinese novels, some others were Chinese grammar books and
dictionaries.
3.)
(guo2jia1ji1gua1n, the government agencies)
Xiaoding knew many Chinese friends. Some were students of Beijing
University, some others were young people working in corporations or
government agencies.
5. The Structure /...()
The structure /... means "the same as...". The negative form
of it, the structure /... means "not the same as...". The
structure /...() is used when the speaker wants to talk about
the same characteristic/situation that applies to two different people/
things. The basic pattern is:
S1 + / + S2 + ()
Note: the first subject of a sentence using the structure /...
can be a noun, a simple noun phrase or a complex noun phrase modified by
an attributive clause. The second subject of the sentence can be of the
similar structure as that of the subject; it can also be simply a noun,
or a simple noun phrase.
For example:
1.)
The English spoken by Americans is different from the one spoken by the
British.
2.)
The way Chinese write letters is different from the one the Americans
do.
3.)
My Chinese book is the same as that of my friend's.
****************************
(
)
()
()
GRE
GRE
,
,
GRE
Now American college students are having summer break. They will start
school after Labor Day.
(2.) The continuous aspect of action using .
The continuous aspect is used to indicate the continuation of an action
or the result of an action. When used with approriate time words, the
aspect particle can indicate the past, the present or the future
continuous aspect of an action.
For example:
1.)
Yesterday when I went to Xiaoding's place, she was listening to Chinese
folk songs.
2.)
Xiaoding's dorm is very clean. On the wall there hangs her mom and dad's
picture.
3.)(she4ngda4nla3ore2n, Santa
Claus)
In the morning on Christmas Day, children's bedside will be placed with
gifts that Santa Claus gives them.
4.)
Xiaoding's mom, looking at the pictures Xiaoding sent from Beijing,
smiled happily.
(3.) The impending aspect of action using (/)......
The impending aspect is used to indicate that an action is going to
take place soon. The structure (/)...... is used to express
the impending aspect of action.
For example:
1.)
Xiaoding's mom and dad are coming to Beijing to see her (soon).
2.)
The final is coming up. Shihai is reviewing Chinese very carefully.
3.)
It is going to rain. Let's go to the Summer Palace tomorrow.
4.)
The plane is about to arrive in Beijing. Xiaoding and Xueyou are both very
excited.
(4.) The perfect aspect of action using .
The perfect aspect is used to indicate the realization or completion of
an action. When used with approriate time words, the aspect particle
can indicate the past, the present or the future perfect aspect of
an action.
For example:
1.)
Xiaoding and Xueyou went to the Great Wall with Teacher Lin last Sunday.
2.) (ke3nni2di2, Kennedy)
Tomorrow at this time, my mom's plane will have arrived at JFK
Airport.
3.)
Before coming to China, Renmei had taken many Chinese courses.
4.)
Yesterday we sent a letter and pictures to mom and dad.
(5.) The past experience using .
The aspect particle is used to indicate the past experience of an
action. For sentences using the aspect particle , if the speaker
would like to indicate that the event referred to has already taken
place and is relevant to the present situation, the modal particle
(not the aspect particle )can be added at the end of the sentences.
For example:
1.)
Yesterday Xiaoding and Xueyou had taken the exam.
2.)
Xueyou went to the hospital and had a physical exam last week.
3.)
Xiaoding's dad and mom both have been to China.
4.)
Xiaofang has had the experience of working in a foreign invested company.
2. A Summary of the Structural Particles .
(1.) is usually used together with adjectives/pronouns/nouns as an
attributive modifier.
The pattern is:
ADJ/PRON/N + + N
For example:
1.)
Zhang Guohua and Wang Xiaofang are both students of Beijing University.
2.)
Shanghai is a very modernized city.
3.)
Xueyou and Xiaoding like their speaking class' teacher very much.
(2.) is usually used together with adjective as an aderbial modifier.
The pattern is:
ADJ + + V
For example:
1.)
Xiaoding told Teacher Lin happily, this weekend, she and Xueyou would
go to the Temple of Heaven with their Chinese friends.
2.)
In order to understand the American culture better, Guohua would like to
go to the U.S. to study.
3.)
In class, all students listen to the teacher attentively and take
notes carefully.
,
"
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Sentence Patterns:
for example
For example, at first he would always be ignored by the salespeople
when he went shopping in stores.
1.
Xiaoyu get along well with her classmates. For example, they
often go to restaurants together.
2.
Beijing is kind of similar with New York. For instance, the
residents of the both cities love to go to theater.
+
after doing something
at most
3.
The new teacher is quite young. He looks at mot
thirty years old.
as
However, as a foreign student, it is far not enough to
have only learned pinyin and vocabulary.
1.
As a teacher of Chinese, Mr. Ma feels responsible
to help his students to master Chinese language.
2.
As the hosts, we should respect the guests' habit.
although
Although he did not make any grammatical mistake,
the Chinese friend on the other end of the telephone
would still feel uncomfortable.
1.
Even though Xiao Zhang studies very hard, his
grade has not been very good.
2.
Although some American students love to study
Chinese, sometimes they are still not used to
some of Chinese rituals and customs.
very, extremely
even
gradually
Sentence Patterns:
1.
In China, David has to learn how to deal with different people.
2.
I've had business with him more than one. However, I still don't understa
nd him very well.
whether or not
Whether or not foreigners can have a further communication with their Chinese
partners depends, to a
great extent, on their "score".
1.
Whether or not you will be a good student depends on the degree of your e
ffort.
2.
I am not sure as well if teacher Wang could answer this question.
not as
(He) did not earn as much as others said.
1.
David's life in China is not as monotonous as other people imagined.
2.
The song is not as bad as Xiao Wang and others described.
as if to fear that
He spoke very slowly and pronounced extremely clearly, as if that he feared th
at David would
not understand him.
1.
When Xiaoqiu was performing on the stage, Shiqi looked at her nervously,
as if to fear that she
would have a bad performance.
2.
Anna closely followed David, as if she was afraid that David would run aw
ay.
considered to be
1.
If I were her, I would not have bought that expensive a dress.
2.
Generally speaking, Chinese people would not be that impolite in treating
foreigners.
Even though the guests repeatedly praised (the food prepared by the host), the
host would only
reply: "The food is not good enough. Please make it do for your self."
1.
The New Year is coming. Xiao Wang invited David to his again and again.
2.
Anna repeatedly asked her mother to speak a little slowly.
***************************************
*
Sentence Patterns:
after
After having lived in Beijing for some time, David gradually noticed
that "eating"; is extremely important to Chinese people.
1.
After having come to China, David was so excited that he couldn't sleep.
2.
After having met Xiaoqiu, Shiqi never went to movie theater alone.
for, to
to follow
Sometimes in the morning David followed the Beijing grandpa in the next door
to walk birds in the park.
1
David often goes shopping together with his Chinese classmates.
2
Brother's homework got an "excellent". Dad said: "Good job." Mom said fol
lowing
Dad: "I'll make something delicious for you at the dinner."
to mean
There is a idiom in China: "People make food their Heaven." It means that comm
on people
respect food just as they esteem the sacred Heaven.
1.
"Short" means "not tall".
2.
What the teacher has just said was to ask you to study diligently.
The common people have paid great respect to food, regarding it as sacred Heav
en.
1.
The students respect their teachers as they do to their parents.
2.
I am sorry. I thought you were another person.
One can see that having food to eat is the important basis of the maintenance
of social stability.
1.
David has already studied Chinese for ten years. We can see that, among Ame
rican,
there are some people who do like China.
2.
The job is not yet finished by the nine people for a year. It is, obvious
ly, very complicated.
+
to have something
to have something to eat is important basis for the maintenance of social stab
ility.
1.
To have something to read is the biggest desire of many children living i
n the countryside.
2.
both.. and
,:?
Sentence Patterns:
When you need to ask a favor from someone, you have to bring some gifts to the
host.
1.
Being with Chinese most of the time, an American can't avoid their influe
nce.
2.
You have to spend some money for a gift.
to use, to take
It has always been unavoidable that (the guests) bring some gifts to the host
to
show their sincerity.
1.
David gave his teacher of Chinese a bucket of fresh flowers to express his
thankfulness.
2.
Wang Wen wrote an article to verify his ideas.
indeed, really
not necessarily
to regard
despite
,
Despite the politeness, the gift has to be taken in whatever circumstances.
1.
Despite his scolding, the father still loves his son.
2.
It's OK that we are friends, but we must follow the rules to do the job.
otherwise
generally, usually
Generally the gift will not be opened immediately after it has been given to t
he host.
1.
In U. S., if students have an argument with the teacher, the teacher usua
lly will
not get angry.
2.
I usually get up at 8 am and go to classes at 9.
*********************************
Sentence Patterns:
To David, what is the most troublesome with having a meal is to pay the bill.
1.
What present to give to them made Wang Wen feel if he was having a headac
he.
2.
What makes me feel bothered is that my friends always come to visit me at
my busiest time.
even
Consequently the Chinese friend even didn't have the money to buy the subway t
icket on his way home.
1.
David can't even speak English once he gets nervous.
2.
The mother hasn't seen her daughter for a couple of years and can't even
recognize her own daughter.
+
can't afford
only, just, merely
Only then David has understood that his friend just wanted to be polite to him
.
1.
I only wanted to let you know that I did it for your own good.
2.
Wang Wen just liked to show his thankfulness by giving the present.
, , , etc.
Repetition of verb
To some extent, it will bring some trouble to a foreigner who wants to enter C
hinese society.
1.
To move to New York will make (us) live somewhat closer to Chinese consula
te.
2.
It is somewhat inconvenient to drive in China.
********************************
Sentence Patterns:
+ +
whether something is done
The others can ask you very naturally how old you are and if you are married.
1.
I asked him if he has any child.
2.
Hello, Xiao Wang. How are you doing recently? Are you getting better now.
Did you go to work?
They would adjust their manner of talking according to the age, identity, soci
al status and other
information of the other part.
1.
The teacher will decide which class the students will go to based on their
scores of the exam.
2.
We can see that he is a serious person based on his handwriting.
Sometimes the Chinese people are lovely for their honesty. However, sometimes
they are
frighteningly practical.
1.
This winter is kind of weird. Sometime its quite warm, sometime it's very
cold.
2.
Sometimes David speaks Chinese fluently, sometimes he also makes mistakes.
******************************
,,
Sentence Patterns:
The local residents already ignored them long ago as if didn't see them.
1.
I read this book many times. I memorized its story long time ago.
2.
Although he has never been to that city before, he knew its history long t
ime ago.
for
It's a good exercise for them.
1.
For many westerners, Chinese is a difficult language.
2.
David was awarded a scholarship from Beijing University. For him, it's a v
ery good opportunity.
no matter, regardless of
Chinese people, no matter what job they have, are all concerned about importan
t government affairs.
1.
No matter who he is, everybody has chance to study.
2.
Regardless of their quality, the goods are sold at the same price here.
to be welcome by
These topics are not welcome by the others.
1.
Foreign students were welcomed by the Chinese students in the school.
2.
Merchandise of low quality is not welcome.
Only very few people would be willing to share with him their opinions.
1.
I rarely drink coffee.
2.
When he was sick, very few people went to pay him a visit.
************************************
Sentence Patterns:
Sentence Patterns:
used to refer to the highest degree
It couldn't be more appropriate to use the idiom to describe some daily situat
ions
that David ran into.
1.
There would not be more suitable dress for her like this one.
2.
For me there is no dictionary better than this one.
1.
I have no choice but to do certain things.
2.
When I was sick, I had to take medicine every day.
especially
once
Once the owner of the booth knew that David is an American, they would offer h
im
a price that somewhat higher than usual.
1.
Once you have learned how to speak Chinese, you can talk with Chinese peop
le.
2.
Wang Wen find a job once he graduates from college.
have a lot of
(
(Americans) have a lot of dollars in their pockets.
1.
His father is a university professor, so there are a lot of books in his h
ome.
2.
David's Chinese is very good. He has a lot of Chinese friends.
**************************************
Sentence Patterns:
Not many students ask questions, and one can rarely hear opinions different fr
om that
of the instructors as well.
1.
Students rarely come late to this class, and only few of them do not take
the class seriously.
2.
Americans are rarely seen in the small city. English is seldom heard as we
ll.
Even he noticed the instructor's mistake, he would not dare to point it out im
mediately.
1.
He will not find any job even after he graduates.
2.
David makes mistakes once in a while, even thought he speaks Chinese very
well.
As to the foreigners in China, it all right no matter how much they like to be
in the limelight.
1.
If I studied diligently, my grade would not be this awful.
2.
As for this problem, we can have a meeting to discuss it.
******************************
()
,,
,,
Sentence Patterns:
An address often reflects the strict hierarchy and the concepts of superiority
and inferiority.
1.
Today's young people often don't want to work as a teacher.
2.
Oftentimes, taxi drivers like to chat with passengers in their cars.
already
be used to
Except for titles, one can address others using their profession.
1.
In school, the students greet Mr. Li using the address "teacher".
2.
When they got married, their friends used fresh flowers to congratulate th
em.
We can call them "teacher" without exception.
1.
When studying new texts, he did not read all the words that he didn't know
without exception.
2.
In some big stores, merchandise is without exception more expensive than t
hat in other places.
similar to
Then it is very likely that he regarded you as one of his own people.
1.
Most probably he isn't coming.
2.
He didn't say a word all the time. Most probably he already agreed on it.
***********************************
Sentence Patterns:
make .. as the prerequisite, presuppose
The prosperity and flourishing of a society presupposes that its people be wel
l-fed and well-clothed.
1
The prerequisite of mastering a foreign language is to study hard.
2
Good health presupposes being well-fed.
make, cause
be called
______________________________________________________________________________
19990819
Sentence Patterns:
(We) look back at the way that China's clothing industry has gone through for
half of a century.
1.
The exams are coming. Mark has found all the books he read during the sem
ester.
2.
She told us about all the movies she saw last year.
be warmly
Regardless of their sexes, ages, and professions, people all wore the same kin
d of clothes.
1.
Whether or not they speak Chinese, people all come to this instructor's c
lass, no matter
they are students of this school or not.
2.
Regardless how much money we have and how far we live, we all like to eat
out at that restaurant.
may.., also may..
(They) can spend nearly ten thousand yuan to buy a leather coat, or they can s
pend several thousand
yuan on a suit.
1.
When you go to a park, you may dress up, or you may dress very casually.
2.
When we do something wrong, we may say "Sorry", we may also say "Excuse m
e".
**********************************
Sentence Patterns:
The traditional celebrations would last from New Year's Eve to the Lantern Fes
tival
on the 15th of lunar January.
1.
Xiaoyu had been studying from last night till this morning.
2.
He traveled from the east of China all the way to the west of China.
every time, whenever
On every New Year's Eve, people have family reunion to celebrate.
1.
Wang Wen gets homesick on Mid-Autumn Festival.
2.
Whenever the new semester begins, my brother is unhappy.
when
When the New Year comes, fire crackers and fireworks upsurge the happiness and
joy
of the festival.
1.
I did not know what to say when I first met him.
2.
When David arrived in China, people were celebrating the New Year.
relate to ..
This festival has something to do with the great Chinese writer, Qu Yuan.
1.
What teacher Wang taught today is relevant to the Chinese history.
2.
This problem is relevant to one of your articles.
therefore ..
The 15th of lunar August is the mid-day of the autumn, therefore it is called
Mid-Autumn Festival.
1.
Xiaqiu did not come to school yesterday because she was sick.
2.
Mark hadn't studied Chinese, therefore he cannot understand anything in C
hina.
**********************************
______________________________________________________________________________
Sentence Patterns:
compared to
Compared to the rigid naming system in Europe, the way that Chinese name their
children seems to
be much more flexible.
1.
Compared with where David lives, my home is much closer to the school.
2.
Compared with the American's eating habits, Chinese prefer to eat vegetab
les.
much more
quite, fairly
Among them, Baobao, Beibei, Xiaoguai, Maomao, and so on, are quite popular.
1.
In China, there are a lot of students studying English at school.
2.
______________________________________________________________________________
13
Sentence Patterns:
Number +
over, and more
One day, (I) saw two teenager newsboys squatting on their heels and playing to
gether at the bus stop.
1.
There are over twenty students in our class.
2.
His father is over fifty.
no .. not ..
everybody, all
is (are) done by
It is grown at my home.
1.
My sister presented this gift to her professor.
2.
I introduced David to teacher Li.
can only do
26
Sentence Patterns:
It is as large as Belgium.
1.
I am of the same age as Wang Wen.
2.
David is as tall as Mark.
some .. others ..
unfortunately
Unfortunately, most of the Hutongs in Beijing have been changed into high buil
dings.
1.
Anna had a great time in China. Unfortunately, she is leaving soon.
2.
Unfortunately I do not have much time to help with your Chinese.
..
reach
There is a corridor in the garden, which is more than seven hundred meters lon
g.
1.
The Great Wall is more than ten thousand li long, therefore it is called
the Great Wall of
ten thousand li.
2.
The population in China is more than twelve billion.
+
never .., absolutely not
******************************
______________________________________________________________________________
199909
Sentence Patterns:
not at all
This new city is not inferior at all compared to other world class cities.
1.
Mark's Chinese is not worse at all than that of his Chinese classmates.
2.
I earn no less than my neighbors do.
upon ..
Upon the 30's of the 20th century, this city was known as Paris of the East.
1.
Upon the 19th century, America began to purchase lands from other Europea
n countries.
2.
At the beginning of the 80's, the goods on the market gradually became ab
undant in China.
at the speed of ..
New private enterprises are born at the speed of 5 companies per hour.
1.
He finished reading this novel at the speed of 30 pages per day.
2.
Chinese economy grows 10 percent every year.
From this point, the formation of the Great Citizen is proportional to the spa
ce where they live.
1.
Wang Wen's mother is from Zhejiang. From this point, Wang Wen can be rega
rded as a half southerner.
2.
The classes taught by Mr. Li have been always interesting. From this poin
t, I think he is
a good teacher.
**************************
Sentence Patterns:
remind
not to be bothered
Motorcycles can make use of every bit of space, not bothered by traffic.
1.
I am going to stay at home after my graduation so as not to be bothered
by work.
2.
Shiqi always takes taxi to work so as to avoid riding a bicycle.
According to the Taiwan Government, the income differences in Taiwan are the s
mallest among some
developed regions in Asia.
1.
According to the president, this university has a long history.
2.
As far as I know, he hasn't finished his homework.
199611
200
Sentence Patterns:
It was not easy at all for him to find the restroom, but he still needs to pay
a fee.
1
David got lost in the village. When he found a pedestrian with a lot of e
ffort, the person
turned out not to speak Mandarin at all.
2
We were extremely hungry. After we had spent so much time and finally fou
nd a restaurant, we
still needed to wait in a long line.
no wonder
but .. more ..
lie in
The advantage of Guangzhou is that it is both well developed and full of freed
om.
1
It is the traffic congestion that causes the inconvenience in Beijing.
2
The advantage of motorcycles lies in their flexibility.
only .. no ..
Isn't it
?
Isn't it fair competition?
1.
His friend is willing to help him go abroad. Isn't it a good opportunity
for him?
2.
There are a lot of Chinese stores and restaurants in the U.S.. Isn't it q
uite convenient?
******************************
20
?
23
20
1994
Sentence Patterns:
from .. angle
Indeed, sometimes this female employee of a joint venture would criticize vari
ous
services in her hometown from the perspective of someone who lives in Shenzhe
n.
1.
From the perspective of a foreigner, Shiqi realized that a lot of problem
s had not been
solved in China.
2.
The elder sister always criticizes her younger brothers and sisters from
their
parents' perspective.
without exception
The authors are all female writers from small mid-west cities in America.
1.
All the foreign students in this class are from America.
2.
When the night comes, the people in the park will be all young lovers.
cannot help
at least
mob
______________________________________________________________________________
1994
Sentence Patterns:
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
naturally
1.
2.
only/merely .. then
mob
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
on the contrary
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
as a matter of fact
1.
2.
1.
2.
how could
1.
2.
****************************
______________________________________________________________________________
1996
Sentence Patterns:
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
for instance
1.
2.
1.
2.
only, merely
1.
2.
1.
2.
especially, extremely
1.
2.
1.
2.
only
1.
2.
take/regard .. as ..
1.
2.
almost, nearly
1.
2.
1.
2.
blindly, stubbornly
1.
2.
1.
2.
that which
1.
2.
***********************
Jimmy
Hello! Doctor
go downtown
Sure! have a look see!
Sure!Plenty of dough
waste paper friends
salad dish
old-time
hunch
what'd you call O.K.
fool O yeah sucker
headache
Make it snappy!
headache State
Tessie
Anita Juanita Nita
How
To Gain A Husband And Keep Him
Nita
Miss Prym
piggy wiggy
______________________________________________________________________________
1995
Sentence Patterns:
as usual
1.
2.
must not
1.
2.
might as well
1.
2.
also, too, as well
1.
2.
whether or not
1.
2.
concrete, substantial
1.
2.
1.
2.
not yet
1.
2.
1.
2.
relinquish, give up
1.
2.
passable
1.
2.
be really not
1.
2.
not yet
1.
2.
1.
2.
be equal to
1.
2.
cannot match
1.
2.
consider as
1.
2.
1.
2.
*******************************
;
______________________________________________________________________________
1991
Sentence Patterns:
think/consider/believe erroneously
1.
2.
before .. now ..
1.
2.
1.
2.
again and again, repeatedly
1.
2.
henceforth, thereupon
1.
2.
1.
2.
unexpectedly
1.
2.
without explanation
1.
2.
almost, nearly
1.
2.
to seek one's agreement
1.
2.
simply, really
1.
2.
unfortunately, pitifully
1.
2.
******************************
TOFEL GRE ETS
TOFEL
YES! YES!
TA
TA
B
Imadeit
mute button
______________________________________________________________________________
Sentence Patterns:
whenever, every time
1.
2.
1.
2.
have connections/backing
1.
2.
vie to be first
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
fortunately, luckily
TA
1.
2.
how
1.
2.
be determined by
1.
2.
**********************************
?
()
______________________________________________________________________________
1997
Sentence Patterns:
use .. as measurement
1.
2.
1.
2.
be afraid, fear
1.
2.
at least
1.
2.
in comparison
1.
2.
absolutely (not)
1.
2.
be inconsistent with
1.
2.
immediately, at once
1.
2.
generally speaking
1.
2.
generally speaking
1.
2.
so-called
1.
2.
the problem is ..
1.
2.
only, merely
1.
2.
*******************************
????
---------
machtsichtbar
--------
--------
______________________________________________________________________________
http://www.xys.org
Sentence Patterns:
to involve, to touch upon
1.
2.
opinions vary
1.
2.
through
1.
2.
usually
1.
2.
merely
1.
2.
rather than
1.
2.
therefore
1.
2.
not necessarily
1.
2.
absolutely, definitely
1.
2.
just right
1.
2.
must
1.
2.
**********************************
______________________________________________________________________________
http://www.xys.org
Sentence Patterns:
1.
2.
1.
2.
function as
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
to put it short
1.
2.
1.
2.
*********************************
______________________________________________________________________________
Sentence Patterns:
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
...
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.