Topic: Magnetism and Electrostatics Circuits I.

Magnetic Circuits Magnetism is the property of a material to attract and repel other materials. Magnet is a substance that attracts pieces of iron. The phenomenon by which this attraction takes place is called magnetism. Methods of Magnetization: 1. Wrapping 2. Stroking 3. Placing in contact Types of Magnet: 1. Natural Magnets 2. Artificial Magnets a. Temporary Magnet b. Permanent Magnet Artificially Magnetized Material: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Iron Nickel Cobalt Steel Alloy (Permalloy, Hipernik, Perminvar, Alnico)

The Coulomb's Law 1st Law: The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to their strengths. 2nd Law: The force of attraction or repulsion between two poles is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The Law of Magnetism 1st Law: Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. 2nd Law: A magnetic field always tends to arrange itself so that the greatest numbers of lines of force are created. Electrical and Magnetic Units ELECTRICAL UNITS Quantity Symbol EMF V Field Strength Current I Current Density J Resistance R Resistivity Conductance G Conductivity Relative Conductivity MAGNETIC UNITS Quantity Symbol Unit MMF Fm At Magnetization H A/m Magnetic Flux Wb Flux Density B T Reluctance Rm H Reluctivity V M/H Permeance Pm H Permeability H/M Relative Permeability r numeric

Unit V V/m A A/m2 -m S S/m -

Permeability is a measure of ease with which magnetic flux lines can be established in the material.

= r o

where:

o = 4 x 10 7 ampere - meter

weber

H or m

Note: relative permeability is the ratio of permeability of any dielectric to that of vacuum.

Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel A. de Bien, ECE

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Ohm's Law of Magnetic Circuits

mmf NI = R = R

NI l r o AN

; Weber

where: R = reluctance of the magnetic circuit, it is the reciprocal of permeance. Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

1 WL = 2 LI 2 ; Joules
Magnetizing Force (Magnetic Field Strength or Magnetic Field Intensity)

NI H= l = l
note:

At m

B = H ; permeability
Magnetic Units Quantity Magnetomotive Force Definition Force that sets up or tends to set magnetic flux. Number of magnetic lines of Unit CGS Gilbert (Gb) mmf = 0.4 NI Maxwells (Mx) 0.4 NI = R Gauss (G) Mx/cm2 =/A MKS Ampere - Turn (At) mmf = NI Weber (Wb) mmf = R Tesla (T) Wb/m2 =/A

Magnetic Flux force in a magnetic field. Number of lines per unit area through any substance in a plane but always at right angle to the lines of flux. MMF per unit length of path of the magnetic flux.

Magnetic Flux Density Magnetic Field Intensity (Magnetizing Force or Magnetic Potential Gradient) Reluctance Permeance

Oerste (Oe) Gb/cm

Ampere - Turn per meter NI mmf H= l = l At/Wb mmf R= Wb/At

Property of material to oppose flux. Reciprocal of Reluctance

G/Mx

1/R

Material Classifications: 1. Diamagnetic Materials are those that have permeability slightly less than that of free space. Examples; Bismuth, Antimony, Zinc, Mercury, Gold, and Silver.

2. Paramagnetic Materials are those that have permeability slightly greater than of free space. Examples: Aluminum, Platinum, Manganese, and Chromium. 3. Ferromagnetic Materials are those that have high permeability (hundreds or even thousands that of free space). Examples: Iron, Nickel, Steel, Cobalt, and Alloys. Sample Problems: 1. If a 20 V potential is applied across a relay coil with 50 turns having 1 ohm of resistance, the total magneto motive producing magnetic flux in the circuit is ________.

2. What is the reluctance of a magnetic path having a length of 2 x 10 -3 m2. The relative permeability is 100.

Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel A. de Bien, ECE

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3. Calculate the permeability of a magnetic material that has a relative permeability of 300. 4. Calculate the flux density that will be produced by the field intensity of 2000 At/m for a permeability of 126 x 10 -6 T/At/m. 5. A solenoid 25 cm long is wound with 200 turns, what is the value of the field inside the solenoid, when carrying a current of 2A?

6. Two similar poles, each of 1 Wb, placed 1 m apart in air will experience force of _________. II. Electrostatics Electrostatics it is the study of the behavior of static electricity. Gauss Theorem: (Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777) The total electric flux extending from a closed surface is equal to the algebraic sum of the charges inside the closed surface.

= Q ; Wb = Coul
where: 1 Wb = 108 Mx = 108 lines of force 1 Mx = 1 line of force Coulomb's Laws of Electrostatics 1st Law of Electrostatics: Unlike charges attract each other while like charges repel each other. 2nd Law of Electrostatics: The force of attraction, or repulsion between charges is directly proportional to the product of the two charges but inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. Electric Flux Density (D) It is defined as the electric flux per unit area.

D= A
where: D = flux density, Tesla (T) or Wb/m2 = electric flux, Weber (Wb) A = plate area, m2 Electric Field Strength () The electric field strength or intensity at a point is the force acting on a unit positive charge at that point.

F = Q ; Newton / Coulomb
The electric field strength or intensity between capacitor plates is the ratio of the voltage across the plates to he distance between them.

V =d

; Volt / meter

Permittivity () is the ratio of electric flux density to he electric field strength. It is he measure of how the dielectric will permit the establishment of flux lines within the dielectric.

D weber F = ; volt - meter or m

Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel A. de Bien, ECE

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 = r o where: o = 8.854 x 10 12 m
note: Relative permittivity (or dielectric constant) is the ratio of permittivity of any dielectric to that of vacuum. Sample Problems: 1. If the relative permittivity of a material is 10, then its permittivity is ________.

2. The electric field intensity between two parallel plate air capacitor is 20 N/C. If an insulating slab of relative permittivity is 5 is placed between the plates, then electric field density will be______ . III. Capacitance and Inductance A. Capacitance a measure of how ell a capacitor can store electrical charge. 1. Electrically capacitance is the charge per unit volt.

Q C=V
where: C = capacitance (Farad) Q = charge of body (Coulomb) V = voltage across the capacitor (volts)

2.

Physically (based on construction) Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor a. Uniform Dielectric Medium

A C = r o d ; Farad
where: A = area of each plate in m2 d = thickness of dielectric medium in meter = relative permittivity of the medium

b. Complete Dielectric Medium c. Dielectric Medium Partly Air d. Capacitance of Multiple Plate Capacitances 3. Capacitance in Series and Parallel Connection a. Series Connection

1 1 1 1 1 Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 + + Cn Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 + + V n Qt = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = = Qn
b. Parallel Connection

Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 + + Cn Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = = V n Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + + Qn

Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel A. de Bien, ECE

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4. Energy stored in a Capacitor WC =

1 1 Q2 2= CV QV = 2 2 2C ; Joules

5. Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity) of Materials

Dielectric Material Vacuum Air Teflon Paper, paraffin Rubber Transformer Oil Mica Porcelain Bakelite Glass Distilled Water Barium - Strontium Titanite (Ceramic)

o (Average Value)
1.00 1.0006 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 80.0 7500.00

B. Inductance is the property of AC circuits that opposes any change in the amount of current. Its unit is Henry. 1. Expression of Self Inductance

L=
where:

N r o AN2 = ; Henry l l

A = is the area of cross section of the core in m2. l = is the length of the core in m. = is the magnetic flux in Wb r = is the relative permittivity of the core o = is the permeability in a vacuum = 4 x 10 7 H/m = is the absolute permeability of a material. 2. Expression of Mutual Inductance M = k L1 L2 = where: k = coefficient of coupling L1, L2 = respective self inductance of the two coils N1, N2 = respective number of turns 3. Inductance in Series and Parallel Connection a. Inductance in Series - When M assists L1 and L2 L = L1 + L2 + 2M - When M opposes L1 and L2 L = L1 + L2 - 2M b. Inductance in Parallel - When M assists L1 and L2 L = L1 + L2 - 2M - When M opposes L1 and L2 L = L1 + L2 + 2M

r o AN1 N2 ; Henry l

L1 L2 - M2

L1 L2 - M2

Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel A. de Bien, ECE

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Sample Problems: 1. How many electrons accumulate on the negative plate of a 4 F capacitor when it is connected across a 16 v battery?

2. Three capacitors have capacitances C1 = 2 F, C2 = 6 F. What is the total capacitance of the combination when connected in parallel and series? 3. How much energy is stored in a 10 F capacitor that is charged to have a voltage of 12 V? 4. Two coils of inductances 4 h and 6 H are connected in parallel. If their mutual inductance is 3 H, calculate the equivalent inductance of the combination if mutual inductance assist and if mutual inductance opposes the self inductance respectively.

Important Terms: 1. Choke A term applied to an inductor, due to the ability of an inductor to resist a change in the current through it.

2. Coercitivity Amount of magnetizing force to counter balance the residual magnetism of a magnetic material. 3. Curie Temperature (named after Pierre Curie) is the critical temperature such that when ferromagnets are heated above a certain temperature their ability to possess permanent magnetism disappears. 4. Dielectric Strength (breakdown voltage) It is the indication of the voltage required per unit length to establish conduction in a dielectric. 5. Residual Magnetism Quantity of magnetism retained by a magnetic material after withdrawal of the magnetizing force.

6. Retentivity Property of magnetic materials of retaining magnetism after withdrawal of magnetizing force.

Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel A. de Bien, ECE

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