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This unit is worth 33% of your final GCSE. You will sit an exam
for this unit.
This guide provides you with the basic information that you
need. You will need to complete all classwork activities to
ensure that you understand the key points in this guide.
• Travel is how people get to their chosen destination and how they
travel around the area they are visiting. It is the key factor that
allows people to become tourists.
This means tourism has become much more important to countries in all
parts of the world. This is because people spend a lot of money on
tourism and this creates jobs etc.
Holiday
Examples of this might be 2 weeks in Majorca soaking up the sun or one
week in Skegness enjoying the seaside.
Sightseeing
This involves exploring the sights of a location and taking in the
atmosphere e.g. a day trip to the Lake District to see the lakes and
mountains.
Visiting an Attraction
There are thousands of these in the UK and range from seaside funfairs
to art galleries, historic country houses to theme parks and shopping
malls.
Business Tourism
Many people travel within the UK and internationally for business
purposes e.g.
Business Meetings
Exhibitions and trade fairs
Conferences and conventions
There are seven key components (parts of the travel and tourism
industry).
1. Travel Agents
The main aims of travel agents are:
• Sell holidays and linked products like insurance and car hire
• Provide information, mainly through brochures and computer
reservation systems.
• Advise clients using the knowledge that they have gained through
visits to the different resorts
Travel agents do not charge their customers for the service. The
companies whose products they sell pay them commission. These
include tour operators, airlines, rail companies, hotels, ferry companies
and car hire companies.
2. Tour Operators
Tour operators e.g. Thomas Cook and American Express usually produce
the brochures that you find in travel agents.
When working out the cost of a holiday package, a tour operator needs to
take into account the following:
• Marketing of brochures
• Employment and training of staff
• Market research
• Reservations
Some people like to arrange their own travel and accommodation, which is
not part of any package. These are known as independent travellers.
Guiding Services
Aim to make the tourist experience more interesting and informative.
For example, guided tours can be made around London on open-top buses.
The tour guide gives a running commentary, which usually includes
interesting stories about people and places on the route.
Catering
Tourists eating out want a wide choice of catering outlets. The standard
of catering in hotels will affect how much people enjoy their holidays.
6. Attractions
The reason why many people make trips is to see attractions. For
example, tourists go to Blackpool to see the Tower, visit the Pleasure
Beach and see the lights.
The more attractions an area has, the more tourists will visit the area.
This will benefit the local economy.
1. Package Holidays
This is a ‘total tourism product’.
It includes:
• Transport to the destination
• Accommodation
• Sometimes other services such as tours or golf course fees.
• The ‘all-inclusive’ package is becoming more popular. This also includes
meals and drinks.
• First organised by Thomas Cook, package holidays started in the
1950s and have increased in popularity.
• In the 1990s, 15 million people from the UK each year went on a
package overseas.
• They are put together by tour operators and sold by travel agents.
2. Independent Holidays
This is where people prefer to make their own travel arrangements, and
enjoy the freedom to organise their own itineraries.
This type of holiday has also grown since the 1970s. This shows that
more people like the flexibility in travel arrangements.
3. Domestic Holidays
These are taken by people from the UK and may involve short breaks or
day trips.
Short breaks are becoming more and more popular.
The West Country (Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Cornwall) is the most
popular destination for UK domestic holidays.
These holidays can also be booked through travel agents.
Inbound Tourism
• These are taken by visitors who come from overseas to visit the UK
and spend their holidays here.
• The highest number of visitors to the UK is from the USA.
Outbound Tourism
• Includes those people from the UK who spend their holidays overseas.
• This means their money is spent overseas, in countries such as France
and the USA, and this provides economic benefits to these countries.
• This type of holiday has risen to 28 million per year in the 1990s.
• This has caused domestic tourism to decrease.
• However, since 9/11, people feel safer with short-haul flights. The
political situation has affected the number of people taking long-haul
flights.
8. Short-Break Holidays
People who cannot afford the time or money for longer holidays take
these types of holidays. This type of holiday is often in addition to the
main holiday.
Short-break holidays are becoming more popular. The Channel Tunnel and
cheaper air and ferry prices have made it easier for people to spend the
weekend in France or Belgium.
In the UK, City Breaks to London offer mini-package holidays that include
transport, accommodation, theatre tickets and sightseeing tours.
Methods of Travel
1. Air Travel
2. Rail Travel
• Particularly used for domestic tourism – leisure and business.
• A quick and convenient way of travelling between cities.
• Offer facilities and services such as: sleeping accommodation,
restaurant cars, serving snacks and meals, bars and telephones.
• Offer different classes of travel according to the price paid for the
ticket
• There has been a recent growth in private steam railways that attract
visitors to nostalgic rail journeys in areas such as Minehead,
Somerset.
• The Channel Tunnel has had many important outcomes e.g. takes 40%
of cross-Channel passenger; 5000 people employed to staff the
tunnel; thousands of other jobs created in engineering, transport and
tourism.
Advantages
• Fast over long distances
• Rarely need to book in advance
• Choice of joining points
• Catering on many trains
• Least impact on the environment
Disadvantages
• Restricted to rail routes
• Restricted to timetable service
• Luggage limited to what you can carry
• Often more expensive than road journeys
• Standing room only on busy trains
3. Ferry Travel
As the UK is an island, ferries are a popular way of travelling, especially
for European visitors coming to the UK.
Advantages
• Sometimes the only form of transport available e.g. Isle of Wight
• Vehicle ferries can take private cars
4. Road
• This is a very popular form of transport, whether it is by coach, taxi
or car.
• Long distance journeys can be made by motorway so that travelling
time is reduced.
• Many UK attractions are near to motorways e.g. Lake District
• ‘A’ roads and ‘B’ roads serve the other directions that tourists need to
take.
Advantages
• Goes straight into town/city
• Choice of ‘joining’ points
• Low cost
• All passengers must have a seat
• Many services have catering and on-board toilets
Disadvantages
• Restricted to service routes
• Restricted to timetable service
• Luggage limited to what you can carry
• Seat can be guaranteed only through booking
• Slower than rail/air.
3. Travel by car
• Car is the most popular method of transport for tourists. In the USA,
85% of all holiday travel is by car.
• There has also been an increase in the purchase of camping gear and
caravans.
• There has been a large increase in services such as roadside catering
and motels.
1. Coastal Areas
There are 2 categories of coastal areas: seaside towns and heritage
coasts.
SEASIDE TOWNS
• Most popular in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.
• Tourists tended to travel by train, stay in a guesthouse and would
paddle in the sea; visit bingo halls and the amusements.
• They allowed people to escape from cities and proved to be very
popular with factory workers, miners etc.
• These seaside resorts fell in popularity in the 1980s because low
priced overseas packages to Spain became available to more people.
• Since the 1980s, seaside resorts have tried to change their image.
All-year-round entertainment was developed and holiday camps
became fully modernised family entertainment centres.
HERITAGE COASTS
• 32% of scenic English coastline is conserved as Heritage Coast.
• There are 44 Heritage Coasts in England and Wales.
• They were set up because of concerns that the numbers of visitors
were harming important sites around the coast.
• Natural beauty is protected and accessibility for visitors is improved.
• A plan was set up to create footpaths, clean up seawater and remove
litter.
• Examples of Heritage Coasts are Beachy Head in Sussex and
Flamborough Head.
2. National Parks
Note: This section links to the work you have done on The Leisure
Sector.
1. Information centres and leaflets, books that tell you all about the
Park and places to visit.
2. Ranger or warden who helps to conserve the park.
3. Facilities that make it easier for people to visit e.g. footpaths.
4. Car parks and picnic sites
5. Help voluntary conservation and wildlife groups.
There are a number of reasons why towns and cities become tourist
centres. It could be because of its location in a tourist area (e.g. Keswick
in the Lake District), cultural links (e.g. Stratford-upon-Avon with its
connection to Shakespeare), sports events (e.g. tennis in Wimbledon
attracts more tourists to London).
5. Theme Parks
Your information from the work you have done on The Leisure Sector can
be used here.
This category includes stately homes, castles and abbeys, cathedrals and
churches, and anything which has historical significance e.g. Stonehenge.