Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013

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Fernando Victor V. de Vera, ECE, M.Tech
fvictor.devera@gmail.com
fvictordevera@yahoo.com
University of the East - Manila Campus
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department
VECTOR ALGEBRA
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VECTOR ANALYSIS
Mathematical subject which is concerned with
fundamental operations on vectors in space.
SCALAR QUANTITIES quantities with magnitude only.
VECTOR QUANTITIES quantities with magnitude and
direction.
TENSOR considered as a multidimensional array of
numbers, which are known as its scalar components or
simply components.
COMPLEX SCALAR also referred to as phasor.
FIELD a function of a vector which connects an arbitrary
origin to any point in space. Examples are vector field and
scalar field.
COPLANAR VECTORS - vectors lying on the same plane.

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Example No.
Give 5 examples
each of Scalar and
Vector Quantities.

Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Example No.
Scalar Quantities
Time
Mass
Distance
Temperature
Entropy
Electric Potential
Population
Etc
Vector Quantities
Force
Field Intensity
Velocity
Acceleration
Increase/Decrease in
Temperature
Momentum
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Notations Used in Vector Analysis
A, B, C, etc vectors (or scalars)
a
A
, a
B
, a
C
unit vectors
a
x
, a
y
, a
z
unit vectors in the direction of x, y
and z axes.
R
AB
, R
BC
, R
SP
Vector from one point to
another.
r
A
, r
B
, r
S
Vector from the origin to a point.


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Vector in Space
Using the Cartesian
coordinates, a vector in space
is drawn as an ARROW, where
its:
LENGTH is the magnitude and
ARROW is the direction
The vector is described as:
r
A
= A
x
o
x
+A

+A
z
o
z

Where Ax, Ay and Az are the
COMPONENTS of the vector
z
y
x
A(Ax,Ay,Az)
Ax
Ay
Az
rA
ax
az
ay
Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Magnitude and Direction
Consider a vector: A = A
x
o
x
+A

+ A
z
o
z

The MAGNITUDE of a vector is denoted as A .
A = A
x
2
+A

2
+A
z
2

UNIT VECTOR is the direction of a vector and
denoted as o
A
.
o
A
=
A
A


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Example No.
Consider the following points in space: A(3, -5,
2), B(0, 3, -1) and C(-1, 4, 8). Find the distance
and direction from origin to points A, B, C.
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Laws of Vector Algebra
If A, B and C are vectors; and m and n are scalars,
then:
1. Commutative Law
A. For Addition A+B = B+A
B. For Multiplication mA = Am
2. Associative Law
A. For Addition A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
B. For Multiplication m(nA) = (mn)A
3. Distributive Property
(m+n)A = mA + nA m(A+B) = mA + mB
Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
PROPERTIES OF VECTORS (addition and
subtraction)

A +B +C = A +B +C = A + B +C

A B = A + B

NOTE: Vectors can be added or subtracted if they
are defined at the same point.

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Practice Exercises
Given vectors A= - ax + 6az and B = 2ax 5ay +
4az. Determine the following:
a) |A + 2B|
b) 2B 3A
c) The component of A in the direction y.
d) A unit vector parallel to 2A B.
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Types of Vectors
Positional Vector
A vector from the origin
to a point.
r
A
= A
x
o
x
+ A

+A
z
o
z

r
B
= B
x
o
x
+ B

+ B
z
o
z


Displacement Vector
A vector from one point
to another.
R
AB
= r
B
r
A

z
y
x
rA
rB
A(Ax,Ay,Az)
B(Bx,By,Bz)
RAB
Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Resultant Vector
The sum of two vectors
is their resultant.

A = A
x
o
x
+ A

+ A
z
o
z

B = B
x
o
x
+ B

+ B
z
o
z


R
1
= A + B


z
y
x
A
RT = A + B
B
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Example No.
Consider the following points in space: A(3, -5,
2), B(0, 3, -1) and C(-1, 4, 8). Find:
A. Position vectors rA, rB and rC.
B. Vectors from A to B and from B to C.
C. The resultant vector of RAB and RBC.
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Vector and Scalar Fields
VECTOR FIELD
An assignment of a vector to each point in a
subset of Euclidean space (any coordinate
system).
Example: R = Sxyc
-z
2o
x
o

SCALAR FIELD
Similar to a vector field, of course without
direction
Example: S = 4yz
2
sinSx
Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Example No.
Consider the vector field A = 2x e^(-y) (sin z ax
cos z ay + az). Find at P(3, 0.2, pi/3):
a) The vector A
b) Magnitude of A
c) Direction of vector A
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Vector Multiplication
Scalar Multiplication
Dot Product
Cross Product
Scalar Triple Product
Vector Triple Product
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Scalar Multiplication
Consider s as a scalar quantity and A, B and C
as vector quantities.

sA = sA
x
o
x
+sA

+ sA
z
o
z


s A + B C = sA + sB sC

Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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DOT Product
Also known as scalar product.

A B = A B us 0
AB

Where:
0
AB
is the angle between vectors A and B.

Note:
A B = B A

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Dot Product Between a
x
, a
y
, a
z

a
x
a
y
a
z

a
x
1 0 0
a
y
0 1 0
a
z
0 0 1
o
z

o
x

o

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DOT Product Formula
Consider two vectors A = A
x
o
x
+A

+A
z
o
z

and B = B
x
o
x
+B

+B
z
o
z
. Then:
A B = A
x
B
x
o
x
o
x
+A
x
B

o
x
o

+A
x
B
z
o
x
o
z
+A

B
x
o

o
x
+A

+A

B
z
o

o
z
+A
z
B
x
o
z
o
x
+A
z
B

o
z
o

+A
z
B
z
o
z
o
z


A B = A
x
B
x
+A
y
B
y
+A
z
B
z


Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Scalar and Vector Projection
Length of projection or scalar component of B in
unit direction A.

B a
A
= B us 0
AB


Vector projection or vector component of B in
unit direction A.

B a
A
a
A
= B a
A
us 0
AB


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Example No.
Given the points 2,S, 1 , B S, 2,4 and the
position vector r
C
= 4ax az, find the
following:
a) a) a) a) R
AB
R
AC

b) Find the 0 between R
AB
and R
AC
.
c) Length of projection of R
AB
on R
AC
.
d) Vector projection of R
AB
on R
AC
.

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Practice Exercises
Three points S(2, -6, 1), T(-3, 0 -4) and Q(5, -1,
8) forms a triangle. Find the length of the
sides and all the internal angles.
Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Cross Product
Vector product.
A B = a
N
A B stn0
AB


Where:
0
AB
is the angle between vectors A and B.
a
N
is the direction normal to the plane where the vectors
A and B lies, following the right hand principle.

Note:
A B B A
A B = (B A)

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Cross Product Between a
x
, a
y
, a
z

o
z

o
x

o

a
x
a
y
a
z

a
x
0 o
z
o

a
y
o
z
0 o
x

a
z
o

o
x
0
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Cross Product Formula
Consider two vectors A = A
x
o
x
+A

+ A
z
o
z
and B = B
x
o
x
+B

+
B
z
o
z
. Then,

A B = A
x
B
x
o
x
o
x
+ A
x
B

o
x
o

+A
x
B
z
o
x
o
z

+A

B
x
o

o
x
+ A

+ A

B
z
o

o
z
+A
z
B
x
o
z
o
x
+ A
z
B

o
z
o

+A
z
B
z
o
z
o
z


A B = A
x
B

o
z
A
x
B
z
o

B
x
o
z
+A

B
z
o
x
+ A
z
B
x
o

A
z
B

o
x



A B = A

B
z
A
z
B

o
x
+ A
z
B
x
A
x
B
z
o

+ A
x
B

B
x
o
z



Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Cross Product Formula

A B = A

B
z
A
z
B

o
x
+ A
z
B
x
A
x
B
z
o

+ A
x
B

B
x
o
z



A B =
a
x
a
y
a
z
A
x
A
y
A
z
B
x
B
y
B
z

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Example No.
A triangle is defined by three points in space
A 2, S,1 , B S, 2,4 onJ C(4,u, 1). Find:
a) a) a) a) R
AB
R
AC

b) Find the area of the triangle.
c) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane which the
triangle is located.

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Example No.
Identify (and prove) the following operations
are valid or invalid given that A, B and C are
vector quantities and m and n are scalar
quantities.
a) (A.B)+|C|
b) (mA x nB)
c) m(B.C)a
A
d) (ma
A
x na
B
).C

Vector Analysis (1st Sem, 2013-2014) 6/24/2013
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Example No.
Which of the following identities is not valid?
a) R
1
(R
2
+ R
3
) = R
1
R
2
+ R
2
R
3

b) R
1
x (R
2
+ R
3
) = R
1
x R
2
+ R
1
x R
3

c) R
1
R
2
= R
2
R
1

d) R
3
(R
1
X R
2
) = - R
2
(R
1
X R
3
)
e) a
1
a
2
= cos
12
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Practice Exercises
1. Given that A=ax+kay-2az and B=ax-3ay+kaz
are 40degrees apart, find k.
2. Find the component of (4ax-3ay) along
(7ay+10az)
3. Find the projection of A=3ax-ay+7az along
the z axis.
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Scalar and Vector Triple Products
Scalar Triple Product
A.(BxC) = B. (CxA) = C. (A x B)
A.(BxC) =
Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz


Vector Triple Product
A x (B x C )= B (A. C ) C( A.B)
BAC-CAB principle

Note: (A.B) C is not cquol to A (B.C)
(A.B) C = C (A.B)

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Geometrical Application of the
Triple Scalar Product
Suppose that the three
vectors A, B and C lie
along three adjacent
edges of a parallelepiped:
Then the volume:
volume = A B C

Note that when the
vectors are coplanar,
A B C = u


The area of the base:
A
busc
= B C
The perpendicular height:
Beight =
A B C
B C

z
x
y
A
B
C
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Example No.
Consider the vectors: P = 2ax + ay az; Q = 3ax
7ay + 4az; R = -ax + 2az. Find:
a) The scalar triple product of P, Q and R
respectively
b) The vector triple product of P, Q and R
respectively.
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Practice Exercises
Consider the three vectors A=ax-2ay-az;
B=3ax+ay-7az and C=5ax-6az. If the vectors
are adjacent sides of a parallelepiped, find:
a) The volume of the solid.
b) The base area.
c) The perpendicular height.
d) The longest diagonal.