Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
On October 2, Ford presented the first "ready to go into production" version of its Fuel Cell Car "Focus FCEV Hybrid" in Aachen, Germany. The new car is a hybrid vehicle, which runs without producing any type of toxic emissions and attains a level of fuel efficiency that far exceeds any modern internal combustion engine.
Ford Focus Hybridised Fuel Cell Vehicle (Source: Ford Motor Company)
With a maximum efficiency of 90 percent, the Ford Focus FCEV Hybrid offers the highest specific output (power-from-fuel-ratio) of any known propulsion system. Ford researchers have achieved this significant increase in fuel efficiency by combining two previously independent systems into a sophisticated hybrid electric powertrain. In most driving modes, the new 92-hp (68 kW) Ballard Mk 902 fuel cell stack provides the sole source of electrical energy for the Ford Focus FCEV powertrain. However, a new design of battery pack will kick in whenever higher levels of power are needed. This 216-volt unit serves as the starter battery for the entire system and also provides additional thrust during acceleration. Whenever the driver requires fast acceleration, the Ford Focus FCE's energy management system will go into a boost
www.fuelcelltoday.com
mode, switching the battery into parallel with the fuel cell to supply an additional 18 kW (25 hp) of propulsion. This means that the vehicle's energy management system can deliver better performance than today's fuel cell technology provides on its own because both systems are operating frequently in or close to their "sweet spot." This modern hybrid-switching concept offers the benefit of sleek dimensions. Both the battery and the fuel cell stack are slim components, which have been refined for optimal efficiency. Additionally, the 96-kilogram, 92-hp (68 kW) Ballard Mk 902 fuel cell stack is a relatively lightweight unit, though the entire propulsion system, comprising gas supply, control unit and the fuel cell stack itself, has a total weight of about 220 kilograms. Engineers are continuing to work on reducing even further the weight of the entire unit. The Ford Focus FCEV Hybrid can reach its maximum speed of 128 kph in about 25 seconds. Adding a manual gearbox could attain a higher speed of around 185 kph. In order to achieve optimal overall efficiency, engineers decided against the use of a manual gearbox and capped the top speed of the Ford Focus FCEV Hybrid at 128 kph. This limit is set by the electric drive motor, which has a maximum speed of 12,500 revolutions per minute. The fuel cell stack resembles a large gas-powered generator supplying electrical energy generated in a cold-combustion process to the electric motor. The fuel cell stack used in the Ford Focus FCEV takes in pure gaseous hydrogen to produce the electrical energy that powers the electric motor. The fuel cell powertrain of the Focus FCEV Hybrid comprises the fuel cell stack, its gas and air control system and electric controls for propulsion power. The entire powertrain has been combined into a 220kilogram block assembly, which is flat enough to fit into the vehicle's underbody structure. As Ford moves closer to production, for the first time in history, they have assigned a fuel cell vehicle a development code. The Focus FCV, or C264 to give it its code name, is an indication of the company's serious commitment to advanced research and development of this technology. More than 90 years after the launch of its multimillion selling Model T, Ford is developing the C 264 fuel cell version of the Ford
www.fuelcelltoday.com
Detail of the Engine Compartment of Ford's hybridized version of the Focus Fuel Cell Vehicle (Source: Ford Motor Company)
www.fuelcelltoday.com
www.fuelcelltoday.com
performance leaps from ten to 90 percent of the nominal power in less than one second. To enable the Ford Focus FCV to accelerate without the slight delay (known as "turbo lag"), the control of the current powertrain includes the use of battery power when accelerating. Particularly impressive is the incredibly high efficiency of the new Ballard Mk 902 PEM fuel cell, which reaches nearly 60 to 90 percent. Thanks to the new hybrid-switching concept, the Ballard 902 fuel cell stack is capable of operating within the "sweet spot," of optimal levels of efficiency. Conversion of the calorific power of hydrogen to compare with petrol, results in fuel economy of approximately 4,6 litres per 100 kilometres. The exact ECE consumption rates for the Ford Focus FC are: urban 5.58 l/100 km, extra-urban 3.88 l/100 km, combined 4.6 l/100 km.
www.fuelcelltoday.com
Technical Specifications
Fuel Cell System Fuel cell stack Max. Power Fuel Weight Max. Operating temperature Operating pressure Battery Ballard Mk 902 (PEM Fuel Cell) 68 kW / 92 hp Gaseous hydrogen / air 96 kg 85 C 2 bar Sanyo high-performance battery (NiMH 216 volts, 1.14 kWh)
www.fuelcelltoday.com
Powertrain Electric motor, type Max. perm. power Max. torque Max. efficiency Transaxle Ecostar alternating three-phase current motor 65 kW / 88 hp 230 Nm 91 % integrated single-speed planetoid
Motor management / traction inverter module Type Max. current Min./max. / nominal voltage Weight Focus FC Vehicle Wheelbase Total length Width Curb weight Weight distribution front/rear Fuel tank capacity Performance/ fuel economy Acceleration 0 to 100 kph Max. speed Fuel economy (petrol equivalent) 13.5 s 128 kph / 80 mph 5.35 l/100 km (urban), 3.88 l/100 km (extra urban) 4.58 l/100 km (combined) 320 km zero 2615 mm 4338 mm 1758 mm 1600 kg 51 / 49 % 178 l; hydrogen at 350 bar 3-phase direct-current 330 A 250 / 420 / 315 V 16 kg
Range Emissions
www.fuelcelltoday.com