Electromagnetic least squares waves

CONSTANTIN UDRISTE, IONEL TEVY

University Politehnica of Bucharest
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Department of Mathematics-Informatics
Splaiul Independentei 313
060042, BUCHAREST, ROMANIA
udriste@mathem.pub.ro; vascatevy@yahoo.com
FLORIN MUNTEANU, DOREL ZUGRAVESCU
Institute of Geodynamics
Romanian Academy
Dr. Gerota 19-21
020032, BUCHAREST, ROMANIA
orin@geodin.ro; dorezugr@geodin.ro
Abstract: The aim of this paper is two-fold: (1) to describe the least squares approximations of the solutions
of Maxwell PDEs via their Euler-Lagrange prolongations, (2) to reveal the electromagnetic least squares waves.
Current interest in these areas is driven by the growth in wireless and ber-optic communications, information
technology, and materials science.
KeyWords: Electromagnetic least squares waves, Udriste-Maxwell Lagrangian, Maxwell PDEs. Mathematics
Subject Classication 2010: 49K20, 78M30; 35Q61.
1 Introduction
Herein is described an extraordinary result in sci-
ence: electromagnetic least squares waves, which
are more subtle than those in textbook or text paper
physics. These electromagnetic waves that compose
electromagnetic radiation can be imagined as a self-
propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and
magnetic elds. Plane diagram: the electric eld is in
a vertical plane and the magnetic eld in a horizon-
tal plane; the two types of elds in these waves are
always in phase with each other, and no matter how
powerful, have a ratio of electric to magnetic intensity
which is xed and never varies.
Section 2 recalls the classical wave PDEs derived
from the Maxwell equations. Section 3 gives the
Euler-Lagrange prolongation of the Maxwell PDEs
systemand their non-classical wave solutions. Section
4 describes the least squares monopole waves. Sec-
tion 5 addresses an open problem regarding our theory
in the context of differential forms on a Riemannian
manifold. Section 6 underlines the importance of the
least squares Lagrangian and least squares waves.
2 Classical electromagnetic waves
The electromagnetic ingredients are: E = electric eld
strength, B = magnetic eld strength, D = electric dis-
placement eld, H = magnetic displacement eld, =
electric charge density, b = magnetic charge density,

15th WSEAS International Conference on Automatic Con-

trol, Modelling & Simulation (ACMOS-13), Brasov, Romania,
June 1-3, 2013
= permeability, = permitivity, c = speed of light in
free space. They determine the Maxwell PDEs
curl E +
B
t
= 0, curl H
D
t
= 0
div E = 0, div H = 0, B = H, D = E
on R
3
R. The values of and for vacuum satisfy
=
1
c
2
. Taking the curl of the curl, the foregoing
equations give
curl curl E =

t
curl H =

2
E
t
2
,
curl curl H =

t
curl E =

2
H
t
2
.
Now we add the vector identity
( V ) = ( V )
2
V,
where V is any vector function of space, to create the
classical wave PDEs
E = grad div E curl curl E =
1
c
2

2
E
t
2
H = grad div H curl curl H =
1
c
2

2
H
t
2
,
i.e., the classical waves (CW) are solutions of the
PDEs
E =
1
c
2

2
E
t
2
, H =
1
c
2

2
H
t
2
. (CW)
2.1 Direct search of the classical waves
The second order PDEs (CW) admit waves solutions
of the form (see also, [2]-[3])
E(r, t) = E
0
e
i(
1
tk,r)
, H(r, t) = H
0
e
i(
1
tk,r)
,
where t is time (in seconds),
1
is the angular fre-
quency (in radians per second), k = (k
x
, k
y
, k
z
) is the
wave vector (in radians per meter) and r = (x, y, z)
is the position vector. Of course, we accept that the
electric eld, the magnetic eld, and direction of wave
propagation are all orthogonal, and the wave propa-
gates in the same direction as E
0
H
0
. The electro-
magnetic waves are transversal, i.e.,
div E = ik, E = 0, div H = ik, H = 0
E
t
= i
1
E,

2
E
t
2
=
2
1
E,
E
x
= ik
x
E,

2
E
x
2
= k
2
x
E, rot E = iE k
H
t
= i
1
H,

2
H
t
2
=
2
2
H,
H
x
= ik
x
H,

2
H
x
2
= k
2
x
H, rot H = iH k.
Theorem 1 The wave vector k is related to the angu-
lar frequency by [[k[[ =

1
c
=
2

1
, where [[k[[ is
the wave number and
1
is the wave length.
Proof Replacing into the wave PDEs, we nd the
second order equation
[[k[[
2

1
c
2

2
1
= 0.
The pair
E(r, t) = E
0
e
i(
1
tk,r)
, H(r, t) = H
0
e
i(
1
tk,r)
veries the Maxwell equations if and only if
H
0
k =
1
E
0
.
3 Udriste-Maxwell Lagrangian and
least squares waves
The electric eld strength E, the magnetic eld
strength B, the electric displacement eld D, the mag-
netic displacement eld H, the permeability , the
permitivity , the speed of light c determine the over-
determined Maxwell PDEs system
curl E +
H
t
= 0, curl H
E
t
= 0,
div E = 0, div H = 0
(8 PDEs with 6 unknowns-components of the electro-
magnetic vector elds E, H) dened on R
3
R. The
Maxwell PDEs are symmetric under the exchange of
E and H. More precisely, they are invariant under
E H, H E and . This symmetry is
called the electric-magnetic duality, and the exchange
of electric and magnetic elds is known as the duality
transformation. The electric-magnetic duality simply
implies that a theory that describes a vacuum consist-
ing only of the electric and magnetic elds, E
1
and H
1
respectively, has the same physical interpretation as
another theory that describes a vacuum with the elec-
tric eld E
2
= H
1
and the magnetic eld H
2
= E
1
.
We underline that in classical physics, a vacuum is an
empty space without any particles.
The foregoing Maxwell PDEs system and the Eu-
clidean scalar product (metric) determine the least
squares Udriste-Maxwell Lagrangian (see [1], [5]-
[11])
L =
1
2

curl E +
H
t

2
+

curl H
E
t

2
+(div E)
2
+ (div H)
2

.
The expression of the Lagrangian
L(x, y, z, t; E; H; E
x
, E
y
, E
z
, E
t
; H
x
, H
y
, H
z
, H
t
)
in coordinates is
L =
1
2

(E
3
y
E
2
z
+ H
1
t
)
2
+ (E
1
z
E
3
x
+ H
2
t
)
2
+(E
2
x
E
1
y
+ H
3
t
)
2
+ (H
3
y
H
2
z
E
1
t
)
2
+(H
1
z
H
3
x
E
2
t
)
2
+ (H
2
x
H
1
y
E
3
t
)
2
+(E
1
x
+ E
2
y
+ E
3
z
)
2
+ (H
1
x
+ H
2
y
+ H
3
z
)
2

.
Since the partial derivatives of this Lagrangian are
L
E
1
x
= E
1
x
+E
2
y
+E
3
z
,
L
E
1
y
= (E
2
x
E
1
y
+H
3
t
),
L
E
1
z
= E
1
z
E
3
x
+H
2
t
,
L
E
1
t
= (H
3
y
H
2
z
E
1
t
),
L
H
1
x
= H
1
x
+H
2
y
+H
3
z
,
L
H
1
y
= (H
2
x
H
1
y
E
3
t
),
L
H
1
z
= H
1
z
H
3
x
E
2
t
,
L
H
1
t
= (E
3
y
E
2
z
+H
1
t
),
we write easily the Euler-Lagrange PDEs.
Theorem 2 The Euler-Lagrange PDEs associated to
the Lagrangian L are
E +
2

2
E
t
2
= ( + )

t
(curl H),
H +
2

2
H
t
2
= ( + )

t
(curl E). (NCW)
Properties. (1) These PDEs represent the Euler-
Lagrange prolongation of the Maxwell PDEs system,
i.e., the solutions of Maxwell PDEs (Maxwell ow)
are also solutions of this second order system.
(2) The PDEs system in the Theorem is sym-
metric (i) under the duality transformation E H,
H E, (this symmetry is called the
electric-magnetic duality, and the exchange of elec-
tric and magnetic elds in this way is known as the
duality transformation) or (ii) under the duality trans-
formation E H, t t, , which underline
the reversibility of time.
3.1 Direct search of the non-classical waves
For the electromagnetic PDEs system (NCW)
in Theorem 2, we search solutions of wave
type E(r, t) = c
0
e
i(
2
tp,r)
and H(r, t) =
1
0
e
i(
2
tp,r)
, where t is time (in seconds),
2
is
the angular frequency (in radians per second), p =
(p
x
, p
y
, p
z
) is the wave vector (in radians per meter)
and r = (x, y, z).
By direct calculations, we get
H
t
= i
2
H,

2
H
t
2
=
2
2
H,
H
x
= ip
x
H,

2
H
x
2
= p
2
x
H, rot H = iH p
E
t
= i
2
E,

2
E
t
2
=
2
2
E,
E
x
= ip
x
E,

2
E
x
2
= p
2
x
E, rot E = iE p.
Replacing in the PDEs system (NCW), we nd the
conditions
([[p[[
2
+
2

2
2
)c
0
= ( + )
2
1
0
p,
([[p[[
2
+
2

2
2
)1
0
= ( + )
2
c
0
p.
It follows that the vectors c
0
, 1
0
, p determine an
orthogonal frame. Moreover,
1
0
p = c
0
, c
0
p = 1
0
and hence the essential condition that relates the wave
vector and the angular frequency is
[[p[[
2
+
2

2
2
= ( + )
2
.
The conditions [[p[[
2
=

2
2
c
2
and =
2
are
equivalent (classical electromagnetic waves). If ,=

2
, then the waves
E(r, t) = c
0
e
i(
2
tp,r)
, H(r, t) = 1
0
e
i(
2
tp,r)
are called non-classical electromagnetic waves. Al-
though the physical signicance of these waves is not
enough clear, we are sure that they have a fundamental
role in electromagnetism.
Theorem 3 A solution (E, H) of the PDEs system
(NCW) is solution of the Maxwell system if and only
if E and H are solutions of the PDEs (CW).
Remark The electric eld, the magnetic eld,
and direction of wave propagation are all orthogo-
nal, and the wave propagates in the same direction as
c
0
1
0
. The electromagnetic non-classical waves are
transversal, i.e.,
div E = p, E = 0, div H = ip, H = 0.
Corollary If E and H are solutions of the
Maxwell system, than the wave vector p is related to
the angular frequency
2
by
[[p[[
2

1
c
2

2
2
= 0,

c
=
2

2
,
where [[p[[ is the wave number and
2
is the wave
length.
Corollary The classical electromagnetic waves
are solutions of the PDEs system (NCW). The
non-classical electromagnetic waves do not verify the
PDEs (CW).
Corollary A classical wave has the same angular
frequency with a non-classical wave if and only if
the elliptic relation

2
c
2
[[k[[
2
+ [[p[[
2
= ( + )
holds.
The connection between classical and non-
classical waves is normal, because here the Euler-
Lagrange equations are prolongations of the Maxwell
equations. The main observations are: (1) the clas-
sical wave equations separate the electric eld and
magnetic eld, (2) the non-classical wave equations
(Euler-Lagrange equations) combine the electric eld
and magnetic eld.
4 Least squares monopole waves
On the physical source space R
3
R, we use ingredi-
ents from the electromagnetic target space. Their list
include: E = electric eld strength, B = magnetic eld
strength, D = electric displacement eld, H = mag-
netic displacement eld, j = density of electric cur-
rent, = electric charge density, b = magnetic charge
density, = permeability, = permitivity, c = speed of
light.
For relaxation phenomena, the vectorial inter-
nal variables and monopole existence, the extended
Maxwell PDEs (8 rst order PDEs with 12 unknowns
= components of the vector elds E, D, H, B) are
curl E +
1
c
B
t
= 0, curl H
1
c
D
t
=
1
c
j,
div D = , div B = b,
with constitutive laws of materials (9 conditions that
can be approximated by 9 almost algebraic equations)
D = E, B = H, j = E. The least squares La-
grangian determined by the extended Maxwell PDEs
and by the Euclidean metric (Udriste-Maxwell La-
grangian) is
2L =

curl E +
1
c
B
t

2
+

curl H
1
c
D
t

1
c
j

2
+(divD)
2
+(divBb)
2
+(D E)
2
+ (B H)
2
+ (j E)
2
.
In coordinates, the Lagrangian
L(x, y, z, t; E, H, B, D, j; E
x
, H
x
, B
x
, D
x
, j
x
, etc)
can be written
2L = (E
3
y
E
2
z
+
1
c
B
1
t
) + (E
1
z
E
3
x
+
1
c
B
2
t
)
+(E
2
x
E
1
y
+
1
c
B
3
t
) + (H
3
y
H
2
z

1
c
D
1
t

1
c
j
1
)
2
+(H
1
z
H
3
x

1
c
D
2
t

1
c
j
2
)
2
+(H
2
x
H
1
y

1
c
D
3
t

1
c
j
3
)
2
+(D
1
x
+D
2
y
+D
3
z
)
2
+(B
1
x
+B
2
y
+B
3
z
b)
2
+(D
1
E
1
)
2
+(D
2
E
2
)
2
+(D E
3
)
2
+ (B
1
H
1
)
2
+ (B
2
H
2
)
2
+(B
3
H
3
)
2
+ (j
1
E
1
)
2
+(j
2
E
2
)
2
+ (j
3
E
3
)
2
.
The partial derivatives of this Lagrangian are
L
E
1
= (j
1
E),
L
E
1
x
= 0,
L
E
1
t
= 0;
L
E
1
y
= (E
2
x
E
1
y
+
1
c
B
3
t
),
L
E
1
z
= (E
1
z
E
3
x
+
1
c
B
2
t
);
L
B
1
y
= 0,
L
B
1
z
= 0;
L
B
1
= B
1
H
1
;
L
B
1
x
= B
1
x
+B
2
y
+B
3
z
b,
L
B
1
t
=
1
c
(E
3
y
E
2
z
+
1
c
B
1
t
);
L
D
1
= (D
1
E
1
),
L
D
1
x
= D
1
x
+D
2
y
+D
3
z
;
L
D
1
t
=
1
c
(H
3
y
H
1
z

1
c
D
1
t

1
c
j
1
),
L
D
1
y
= 0;
L
D
1
z
= 0,
L
H
1
= (B
1
H
1
),
L
H
1
x
= 0;
L
H
1
t
= 0,
L
H
1
y
= (H
2
x
H
1
y

1
c
D
3
t

1
c
j
3
);
L
H
1
z
= H
1
z
H
3
x

1
c
D
2
t

1
c
j
2
;
L
j
1
=
1
c
(H
3
y
H
1
z

1
c
D
1
t

1
c
j
1
) + j
1
E
1
;
L
j
1
x
= 0,
L
j
1
t
= 0,
L
j
1
y
= 0,
L
j
1
z
= 0.
Theorem 4 The Euler-Lagrange prolongations of the
extended Maxwell PDEs are
E grad(div E)
1
c

t
curl B +(j E) = 0,
BHgrad(divBb)
1
c

t
curlE
1
c
2
B
tt
= 0,
H grad(div H) +
1
c

t
curl D +
1
c
curl j
+(B H) = 0,
j E
1
c
curl H +
1
c
2
D
t
+
1
c
2
j = 0.
5 Open problems
Let us formulate the Udriste-Maxwell theory in terms
of differential forms [10]. In this sense, it is well-
known that E, H are differential 1-forms, J, D, B are
differential 2-forms, and b are differential 3-forms,
and the star operator from D = E, B = H
is the Hodge operator. If d is the exterior derivative
operator, and
t
is the time derivative operator, then
the extended Maxwells equations for static media are
coupled PDEs of rst order,
dE =
t
B, dH = J +
t
D, dD = , dB = b
dened on R
3
R. Furthermore, some real problems
require to replace the Euclidean manifold (R
3
,
ij
)
with a Riemannian manifold (R
3
, g
ij
). In this context
the least squares Lagrangian can be written
2L = [[dE +
t
B[[
2
+ [[dH J
t
D[[
2
+[[dD [[
2
+ [[dB b[[
2
.
Find interpretations for the extremals of L which are
not solutions of Maxwell equations.
6 Conclusions
This paper studies the extremals of the least squares
Lagrangian associated to Maxwell PDEs. Between
these extremals we have the least squares (non-
classical) waves, but also other solutions whose inter-
pretation is an open problem.
Acknowledgements: Partially supported by Uni-
versity Politehnica of Bucharest, by Institute of Geo-
dynamics Sabba S. Stefanescu of the Romanian
Academy and by Academy of Romanian Scientists.
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