Small Wind Turbines

Locallymanufacturedopensourcehardwaresmallwind turbinesforsustainableruralelectrification
KostasLatoufis|NTUANationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens| WSSW3rdWorldSummitforSmallWind|1516March2012|Husum
KostasLatoufis NTUA
NTUANationalTechnical UniversityofAthens
Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation
PresentationOutline 1.Sustainableruralelectrification 2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:Locallymanufactured smallwindturbines 3.Opensourcehardwareapplications 4.Opensourcehardwaresmallwindturbines(OSHSWT) 5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests 6.Conclusions
KostasLatoufis NTUAPage2
1.Sustainableruralelectrification Whyiselectrificationofruralcommunitiesimportant?
Energyaccesseducation,health,reductionofmanuallaborof women,lighting,communications,entertainment Incomegenerationsmalleconomicactivitieslikewoodandiron workshops,smallcommercialshops,batterychargingcenters,agro processingworksuchasgrinding Communityempowermentdiscouragesimmigrationtobigurban centersorabroad,reducesdependency,increasesselfsufficiency Environmentalbenefitsreductionindieselconsumptionwhenusing renewableenergysources

1.Sustainableruralelectrification Whatarethecharacteristicsofruralelectrificationapplications?
Remoteaccesshighinstallationandmaintenancecosts,limited communications,longdowntimeinfailures Limitedeconomicresourcescommunity selffinanceveryrare,usuallyNGOfunding, sometimesgovernmentfunding Social/Culturalbarriersacceptanceofthe technology,languagebarriers,educational Smallwindturbinetransportedbyboat barriers photoblueEnergyNicargua Abundanceinrenewableenergyresourceswind,solar,hydro, biogas,biomassetc
1.Sustainableruralelectrification Howcansustainableruralelectrificationbeachieved?
Appropriatetechnologylowinitialcosts,localmaterials,smallscale, simplicity,manufacturinginvillageworkshops,collectivecommunity work,opportunitiesformodificationandinnovation,incomegeneration, flexibility,environmentallyfriendly Technologytransferappropriatetools,localtrainingcenters,long termcommittedtrainers Localeconomicactivitysmallscaleworkshopswoodandiron,small shops,batterychargingcenters,agroprocessingwork Improvementoflivingconditionshealth,education,lighting

2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT Developmentoflocallymanufacturedsmallwindturbines
2000ITDGandHughPiggottpublishthe PMGManual(Peru,SriLanka,Nepal) 2005HowtoBuildaWindTurbine:The AxialFluxWindmillPlansbyHughPiggott 2008AWindTurbineRecipebook:The AxialFluxWindmillPlansbyHughPiggott 2008HomebrewWindPowerbyDan BartmannandDanFinkofOtherPower 2011WindEmpowermentAssociation

Locallymanufacturedsmallwindturbine inElAlumbrePeruphotoPracticalaction andGreenEmpowerment Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation
2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT Descriptionoftheconstructionprocessrotorblades
Materialssoftwoodfromconifertrees Toolschisel,drawknife,files,plane,spoke shave,handsaw,calipers,square Techniqueshandcarvingandmeasurements
CurvingtheairfoilphotoNea GuineacollectiveGreece
AWindTurbineRecipebook:TheAxialFluxWindmillPlansbyHughPiggott
2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT DescriptionoftheconstructionprocessaxialfluxPMgenerator
Materialsneodymiummagnets,enameledcopperwire,steel,trailer hub,polyesterresins,plywood Toolsjigsaw,drillpress,electricarcwelder,anglegrinder,handdrill, handmadecoilwinder Techniquesplywoodmoulds,welding
ThePMrotor,thestatorcastinresin,assemblyandthefinishedgeneratorphotosESCANDASpain
2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT Descriptionoftheconstructionprocessfurlingtail
Materialssteel,plywood Toolselectricarcwelder,anglegrinder,handdrill Techniqueswelding
FurlingtailhingephotoblueEnergyNicaragua
FullyfurledtailphotoOtherPowerUS Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation
2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT Descriptionoftheconstructionprocessguyedtiltuptower
Materialssteelpipes,steelwirerope,turnbuckles,steelanchors, cement Toolsropehoist,ginpole Techniqueswelding,towertiltup
TiltupusingaginpolephotoCometmePalestaine
LocallyconstructedSWTinstalledphotoWindAidPeru Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation
2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT Analyticalcostofmaterialsfora2.4mdiameterSWTin2011
Forthe2.4mdiameterSWT,ratedpower850Wat10m/ssourceNTUA
2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT Overallcostofmaterialsfordifferentratedpowers
AWindTurbineRecipebook:TheAxialFluxWindmillPlansbyHughPiggott
2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:LocallymanufacturedSWT Currentstatusoflocallymanufacturedsmallwindturbines
VillageelectrificationmorethantwentyNGOslocallyconstructing SWTworldwide Constructionworkshopsmorethaneightgroupsorganizing constructionworkshopsworldwide WindEmpowermentassociationmission:sharing financialandhumanresources,performingjoint technicalresearchandsharingtechnicalinformation, understandingbusinessandsocialmodelsforeffectiveapplications Fieldexperiencemorethan1000applicationsoftheHughPiggott design,valuablecollectiveexperience
3.Opensourcehardwareapplications Opensourceapplications
OpensourcesoftwareGNU,Linux community OpensourcelicensesGPL,Copyleft, Creativecommons,CERNOSH OpensourcehardwareArduino,RepRap, Opensourceecology
RepRap.org OSH3Dprinter
OpenSource Ecology.org OSHtractor
3.Opensourcehardwareapplications Advantages,preconditionsanddisadvantagesofOSH
Advantageseasiertomaintain,adaptedtolocalconditions,low cost,opendesignincreasesreconfigurabilityandfacilitates debugging,sharedresearchcosts Preconditionsactivecommunityofdesignersandusers,lowcost designs,atestedandtrustedpreexistingdesign,participantsneedto havetechnicalbackgroundsandskills,mediumsforinformation sharing Disadvantageslanguagebarriers,culturalbarriers,lackofinternet access,lackofcollaborationinfrastructuresuchasopendesigntools, lackoffunding
4.Opensourcehardwaresmallwindturbines(OSHSWT) Evolutionofappropriatetechnologytoopensourcehardware
MediumsforeffectiveinformationsharingDiscussionforums Technicalinnovationsinfieldlines.com
MultidiscmachinestoincreasepowerphotouserChrisOslon
FerritemagnetstoreducegeneratorcostphotouserXOKE Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation
MediumsforeffectiveinformationsharingBlogs Designtoolsforfurlingtailcalculationsandbladedimensioning
BladedesignersourceHughPiggott'sblogatscoraigwind.co.uk
Activecommunityofdesignersandusers Individualsandgroupscommunicationthroughforumsandblogs UniversitiesandresearchcentersTUDelft,Berkley,NTUA,KAPEG WindEmpowermentassociationresearchanddevelopmentcorner
WindtunneltestingphotoTUDelftNetherlands
StaticbladetestsforlocaltimberphotoKAPEGNepal Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation
Testedlowcostpreexistingdesign Morethan1000applicationsoftheHugh Piggottdesignanditsvariations
AppropriateOSHlicenses LackofappropriatelicensesforOSHSWT SinglecaseofOSHSWT ZoetropeverticalaxisopensourceSWT

ZoetropeopensourceSWT photoAppliedSciences
5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests Windtunneltestsona1.2mdiameterHughPiggott(HP)SWT
Experimentalmeasurementsoftheaerodynamiccoefficient
Maximiumvalueofcp=0.37attipspeed ratio=6sourceNTUA
5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests Generatortestsona2.4mdiameterHPSWTat48VDC
UsingavariablespeedDCmotordrive
ExperimentalsetupphotoNTUA
Terminalvoltageandlinecurrentwith3phaseloadatratedRPM
SinusoidalwaveformsofcurrentandvoltageandvoltageFFTsourceNTUA
Linecurrentduring48VDCbatteryconnectionloadedatratedcurrent
HarmonicsinthecurrentwaveformduetothethreephaserectifierandcurrentFFTsourceNTUA
5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests Fieldtestsona2.4mdiameterHPSWTforgridconnection
Power performance measurements accordingtothe IEC61400121 sourceNTUA
Powercurve(cutin2.5m/s,ratedwindspeed11m/s,furling)
PowerperformancemeasurementsaccordingtotheIEC61400121sourceNTUA
Database
Windgustof45m/sis neededtoaccelerate therotorfromstandstill sourceNTUA
Database
Furlingcontrol regulatespower productionabove10 11m/swindsand requiresanaverageof 3secondsto commenceregulation sourceNTUA
Database
Itispossibleto encounterpower surgesfromwindgusts ofupto3timesthe ratedpowersource NTUA
5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests FEASimulationsandlowcostoptimizationsfora3kWSWT
FiniteElementMethodMagneticsFEMM Optimizationofpermanentmagnetdimensionsforlowcostgenerator
MagnetostaticproblemsolvedusingFEMMandthenenteredintoMATLABforsimulatingrotationsourceNTUA
5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests FEASimulationsandlowcostoptimizationsfora3kWSWT
Constructionandexperimentalmeasurementsofa3kWaxialflux generatoroptimizedforlowcostat223Euro/KWin2010
3000 simulated measured 2500
ElecticPower(W)
2000
1500
1000
500
1.5
2.5 Current(A)
3.5
Simulatedandexperimentalresultsshoweda maximumdeviationof5%inpowersourceNTUA
3kWgeneratorattestbenchsourceNTUA
5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests Summaryofmostimportantexperimentalandfieldtestresults
Goodaerodynamiccoefficientcpof0.37closetothedesigntipspeed ratioof6 Turnspercoilandfluxlinkagearesimilarinallcoilsproducingthe sameRMSvoltagevaluesoneachphasewitha2%deviation Waveformsareverysinusoidalanddistortionisintroducedbythe rectifierandthebatteryconnectionproducingharmonicsandnoise Cutinwindspeedislowat2.5m/sandratedwindspeedisreachedat 11m/sasthefurlingtailpowerregulationstarts Constructionwasperformedbystudentswhohadnoprevious workshopexperienceandthuslowconstructionskills
5.Conclusions
Tested,lowcostandtrusteddesignwithappropriatedesignmanuals Simpleandflexibledesignthatproducesrobustmachines Activecommunityofusersanddesignerswithtechnicalbackgrounds andskills Requirescollectiveunskilledlaborandwithperspectivesfor communityincomegeneration Stillneedtoovercome:languagebarriers,culturalbarriers,lackof internetaccess,lackofcollaborationinfrastructuresuchasopen designtools,lackofappropriateOSHlicenses
Thankyouforyourattention!
latoufis@power.ece.ntua.gr

Small Wind Turbines

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Locallymanufacturedopensourcehardwaresmallwind turbinesforsustainableruralelectrification

PresentationOutline 1.Sustainableruralelectrification 2.Anappropriatetechnologycasestudy:Locallymanufactured smallwindturbines 3.Opensourcehardwareapplications 4.Opensourcehardwaresmallwindturbines(OSHSWT) 5.PerformanceofOSHSWTinlaboratoryandfieldtests 6.Conclusions

2000ITDGandHughPiggottpublishthe PMGManual(Peru,SriLanka,Nepal) 2005HowtoBuildaWindTurbine:The AxialFluxWindmillPlansbyHughPiggott 2008AWindTurbineRecipebook:The AxialFluxWindmillPlansbyHughPiggott 2008HomebrewWindPowerbyDan BartmannandDanFinkofOtherPower 2011WindEmpowermentAssociation

Materialssoftwoodfromconifertrees Toolschisel,drawknife,files,plane,spoke shave,handsaw,calipers,square Techniqueshandcarvingandmeasurements

Materialsneodymiummagnets,enameledcopperwire,steel,trailer hub,polyesterresins,plywood Toolsjigsaw,drillpress,electricarcwelder,anglegrinder,handdrill, handmadecoilwinder Techniquesplywoodmoulds,welding

Materialssteel,plywood Toolselectricarcwelder,anglegrinder,handdrill Techniqueswelding

FullyfurledtailphotoOtherPowerUS Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation

Materialssteelpipes,steelwirerope,turnbuckles,steelanchors, cement Toolsropehoist,ginpole Techniqueswelding,towertiltup

LocallyconstructedSWTinstalledphotoWindAidPeru Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation

OpensourcesoftwareGNU,Linux community OpensourcelicensesGPL,Copyleft, Creativecommons,CERNOSH OpensourcehardwareArduino,RepRap, Opensourceecology

OpenSource Ecology.org OSHtractor

FerritemagnetstoreducegeneratorcostphotouserXOKE Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation

Activecommunityofdesignersandusers Individualsandgroupscommunicationthroughforumsandblogs UniversitiesandresearchcentersTUDelft,Berkley,NTUA,KAPEG WindEmpowermentassociationresearchanddevelopmentcorner

StaticbladetestsforlocaltimberphotoKAPEGNepal Memberorganizationofthe WindEmpowermentAssociation

Testedlowcostpreexistingdesign Morethan1000applicationsoftheHugh Piggottdesignanditsvariations

AppropriateOSHlicenses LackofappropriatelicensesforOSHSWT SinglecaseofOSHSWT ZoetropeverticalaxisopensourceSWT

Power performance measurements accordingtothe IEC61400121 sourceNTUA

Windgustof45m/sis neededtoaccelerate therotorfromstandstill sourceNTUA

Furlingcontrol regulatespower productionabove10 11m/swindsand requiresanaverageof 3secondsto commenceregulation sourceNTUA

Itispossibleto encounterpower surgesfromwindgusts ofupto3timesthe ratedpowersource NTUA

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