CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN AZLAN SHAH CC302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING (HIGHWAY LABORATORY)

TITLE DATE OF PRACTICAL DUE DATE CLASS SESSION GROUP NUMBER

DKA3B JUNE 2012 A / B / C / D REGISTRATION NUMBER

NAME

NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS

LECTURERS NAME

NOOR AZLINA BT OMAR MARKING CRITERIAL Introduction (5%) Safety And Health Procedure (5%) Objective (5%) Theory (8%) Apparatus / Equipment (5%) Procedures (5%) Data Collections (5%) Analysis / Calculation (40%) Discussion (6%) Conclusion (6%) Tidy (7%) Reference (3%) TOTAL MARK (100%) GIVEN MARK

LECTURERS COMMENT

EXPERIMENT: 3 TITLE OBJECTIVE APPRATUS : SKID RESISTANCE TEST : To determine the skid resistance of a road surface : Skid resistance apparatus Brush Water spray Ruler

PROCEDURES

1. Select the spot in which the resistance of the texture has to be measured 2. Set the apparatus on the road so that the slider will swing on the surface. Level the base screws. 3. Raise the swing arm clear on the road and clamp in the horizontal position, release the arm and check that the pointer reads zero. 4. Check the sliding length of the rubber slider over the road surface by gently lowering the pendulum arm until the slider just touches the surface. 5. When passing the arm through the vertical, use the lifting handle so that the slider does not touch the road. 6. Set the sliding length between 125mm to 127mm 7. Place the pendulum arm in the horizontal and clamp in position 8. Release the pendulum by the pressing the button 9. Take care to catch the on its return swing before it hits the ground 10. Repeat the test, wetting the surface between swings 11. Record the mean of five successive readings, provided they do not differ by more than three units 12. Repeat the procedure on three different road surfaces 13. Record the temperature of the water on the road surface

RESULT

Type of surface

Temperature 1 100 80 69 51 2 95 76 65 60 Test 3 96 77 66 45

Dry surface Wet surface Dry cement surface Wet cement surface

27.7 27.5 30.3 32.3

Resistance (C) Average Ct 4 5 95 96 28 77 75 28 67 65 30 46 41 32

C20 29.80 29.75 32.58 35.28

Corrected temperature The scale on the apparatus are meant for 20 C. So, temperature correction must be done to obtain the real resistance value using formula below:

100

+ t * 120

Ct

Whereas: Ct C T = resistance at t c

= resistance at 20 c = wet surface temperature

SUGGESTED MINIMUM VALUES OF SKID RESISTANCE (Measured with the Portable Skid Tester) Category A Type of site Difficult site such as: Roundabout Bends with radius less than 150m on unrestricted roads. Gradient 1 in 20 or steeper of length greater than 100m Approaches to traffic light on unrestricted roads. Motorways, trunk and class 1 roads and heavily Trafficked road in urban areas (carrying more than 2000 vehicles per day). All another sites Minimum skid resistance (surface wet)

65

55 45

DISCUSSION

1. What is the main purpose of this skid resistance test and what are the contribution towards road surface maintenance? To measure of the resistance of the pavement surface to sliding or skidding of the vehicle. It is a relationship between the vertical force and the horizontal force developed as attire sliding along the pavement surface. Skid resistance is heavy hitter to microtexture and macrotexture. If both microtexture and macrotexture can be maintained at high levels, they can provide resistance to skidding on wet pavements. Increasing macrotexture also generally reduces the potential for splash and spray and increases skid resistance.

2. Why do we need to test on the wet? To identify the condition of the road surface because if wet condition the roughness or friction between the car tire and pavement or road surface become poor. So that, loss of control can occur and this will cause accident. To handle this case, pavement design process specifically include the selection and design of surface textures that reduce hydroplaning potential and provide improved surface friction for both wet and dry pavements, especially on higher speed roadways in urban areas.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, skid resistance is a force developed when a tire that is prevented from rotating slides along the road surface. In the wet condition skidding will occur easily when the water film covering the pavement act as lubricant and reduce the friction between the tire and pavement. There are several factor that influence skid resistance such as road pavement texture, aggregates characteristics and surface temperature. From this test, we knows types of surface influence the skidding resistance on the road surface. Dry surface have less skidding resistance than wet surface. So to reduce this problem, the tire design and condition like rubber compound, tread design, wetness and wear must in good condition.

REFERENCES

Highways (the location, design, construction & maintenance of pavements) by C.A OFLAHERTY www. Softening point test .com www. Highway engineering .com