Iron is a constituent of haemoglobin, the component of blood which carries oxygen to every cell in the body; myoglobin, which

supplies oxygen to muscle cells; and a number of enzymes. There are reports of reduced physical performance in iron deficiency even before anaemia is present. Iron deficiency also has been associated with decreased immune function. Copper is an essential nutrient for all vertebrates. There are a number of coppercontaining proteins and enzymes, some of which are essential for the proper utilization of iron. Copper is involved in respiration and is an important blood antioxidant. It is also involved in protein metabolism, healing processes, maintenance of hair colour, and formation of the myelin sheaths which protect nerve fibres. Elevated cholesterol levels, impaired glucose tolerance, anaemia and heartrelated abnormalities have been observed in some subjects with below-average copper consumption. Zinc is found in all tissues. Its functions include enhancing the immune system, specifically the functions of the thymus gland and the spleen; involvement in the Krebs cycle and energy production; maintenance of healthy skin and taste buds; a component of insulin; a constituent of more than 2000 enzymes involved in digestion and metabolism including those for breakdown of alcohol, bone metabolism, protein digestion and phosphorus metabolism. Zinc can prevent toxaemia. and protects against birth defects. Signs of dietary zinc deficiency include susceptibility to infections, stress and fatigue, loss of appetite, growth retardation (including dwarfism), delayed sexual maturity, skin changes including acne and stretch marks, prostate disorders and immunological abnormalities Calcium is an essential chemical element largely concerned with the structure and rigidity of bones and teeth; a small portion is involved in blood clotting, transmission of impulses from nerve to muscles, and regulation of the parathyroid gland. The 1% of the body's calcium circulating in body fluids maintains correct acid-alkaline balance and regulates the heartbeat amongst other vital functions. Lack of calcium in the diet leads to a form of "leaching out" of bone mineral content (osteoporosis) and when vitamin D is also deficient, the condition known as rickets occurs. Phosphorus is an essential component of bone mineral and needs to be in correct balance with calcium for both of these minerals to be used effectively in the body. It also plays a role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Phosphorus deficiency results in bone loss and is characterized by weakness, anorexia, malaise, and pain. Deficiency in the calcium-phosphorus balance may result in conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis, pyorrhea, rickets and tooth decay.