Sepc Esha Report June 2006

Project Shell Eastern Petrochemicals Complex: Ethylene Cracker Complex & Mono Ethylene Glycol Plant, Singapore
Environmental, Social and Health Assessment
June 2006
Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world
Project Shell Eastern Petrochemicals Complex: Ethylene Cracker Complex & Mono Ethylene Glycol Plant, Singapore
Environmental, Social and Health Assessment
Environmental Resources Management Pte. Ltd.

(273684-T)
180 Cecil Street #11-02 Bangkok Bank Building 069546 Singapore Telephone +65 6324 9636 Facsimile +65 6226 1636 Website: www.erm.com
Client
Project No
Shell Eastern Petroleum (Pte) Limited

Summary
0061053
Date
June 2006
Approved by
This report presents the Environmental, Social and Health Assessment (ESHA) of a proposed major petrochemicals investment project in Singapore. The project comprises a new Ethylene Cracker Complex on Pulau Ular, a new Mono Ethylene Glycol Plant on Jurong Island, and minor modifications to Shell Eastern Petroleums existing refinery on Pulau Bukom.
David Turberfield Managing Partner
P1 P
Revision
Issued for Public Release Issued for Public Release

Description
LS LS/ CAC
By
CAC CAC/ CP
Checked
DT DBE
Approved
29.01.07 22.12.06
Date
This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect or any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to any third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies upon the report at their own risk.
Distribution
Internal Public Confidential
Non-Technical Summary
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY
S-1
INTRODUCTION Shell Eastern Petroleum (Pte) Limited (SEPL) is planning a major petrochemicals development project in Singapore consisting of the following three elements:
An Ethylene Cracker Complex (ECC) to be built adjacent to the existing SEPL Bukom Refinery on Pulau Ular and on land reclaimed from the sea between Pulau Bukom Kechil, Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing; the Complex will be owned and operated by SEPL; A new Mono-Ethylene Glycols (MEG) Plant to be built on a vacant plot of land at the far eastern end of the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex I area on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island. The MEG Plant will take ethylene feedstock from the ECC via existing sub-sea pipelines; it will be owned and operated by SEPL, drawing services from Ethylene Glycols Singapore (EGS); and Modifications to the existing SEPL Bukom Refinery to support the above.
Together, these three elements are referred to as the Shell Eastern Petrochemicals Complex (SEPC) Project. A general project concept schematic is shown in Figure S-1; the location of the project is presented in Figure S-2. In accordance with Shell Group commitments, potential environmental, social and health impacts associated with all new major investment projects must be assessed and the results integrated into the design and execution of the project. This document presents a summary of the Environmental, Social and Health Assessment (ESHA) completed for the project prior to construction works beginning.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1
SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006
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Figure S-1
Overall Project Concept

Bukom Cluster Jurong
Bukom Refinery Refinery Modifications
Condensate Splitter Unit
Naphtha
Petrochemicals Complex 1 & 2
Condensate
EGS EO/EG Plant
Ethylene Oxide & Glycols
MEG Plant
Mono-Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Cracker Complex
Ethylene Propylene Hydro-treated C4s Benzene Butadiene
Styrene Monomer/ Propylene Oxide SM/PO Plant
Styrene Propylene Oxide
Existing Facilities Project Facilities Future Facilities
Other Future Plants
Polyethylene Other products
Figure S-2
Project Location/ Setting
MEG Plant
SINGAPORE Ethylene Cracker Complex
North
Pulau Hantu 1 km
S-2 S-2.1
ESHA STUDY SCOPE & APPROACH STUDY SCOPE The scope of project activities evaluated in this ESHA is limited to facilities and activities that are the direct responsibility of SEPL for implementation of the SEPC Project.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1 SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006
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The scope of project activities examined in this assessment includes:
Project activities associated with the construction and operation of the ECC, MEG Plant and required refinery modifications as shown in yellow in Figure S-1; Facilities and activities that are the direct responsibility of SEPL and form an integral part of the project; and High level review of potential cumulative impacts associated with this project and other future developments that are encouraged as a result.
The ESHA does not include:
Impacts associated with existing facilities or those from other future plants illustrated in purple/red in Figure S-1; Impacts from the reclamation of land between Pulau Ular, Pulau Bukom Kechil and Pulau Busing on which the ECC will be located. Reclamation works have been the subject of a separate impact assessment by Jurong Town Corportation (JTC) (DHI, 2005b & c). It is suggested that impacts associated with the Petrochemical Company of Singapore (PCS) facilities should undergo separate review by PCS; Impacts arising from common services provided by third parties which will be utilized by the MEG Plant (eg. wastewater treatment facilities etc; and Activities associated with the supply of NEWater to the ECCs cooling water tower, sourced from either the Singapore mainland or from Jurong Island. The eventual source of NEWater and how the NEWater will be conveyed to the ECC will be the responsibility of the Public Utilities Board (PUB) and is currently under consideration. It is suggested that impacts associated with the supply of NEWater be assessed by PUB and reviewed by SEPL.
S-2.2
STUDY APPROACH The assessment has been undertaken in line with Shell Group policies and guidelines with respect to impact assessment. It also reflects and determines compliance with Singapore regulatory requirements and with project-specific design criteria. The ESHA methodology is based on the following broad approach:
Establishment of an environmental baseline, highlighting receptors sensitive to potential impacts;
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Definition of the proposed development, identifying those activities and characteristics with the potential to contribute to, or cause impacts to, environmental, social and health receptors; Assessment of the likely extent and significance of the predicted impacts on specific receptors according to pre-defined criteria; and Development of mitigation and management measures to eliminate or otherwise minimise predicted adverse impacts and optimise positive aspects of the project. Mitigation measures and actions have, where necessary, been recommended to eliminate, or otherwise minimise, impacts to environmental, social and health receptors to levels that are As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP).
Where applicable, recommendations from the ESHA will be integrated into the Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP) and HSE-Management System (HSE-MS) for the project, including compliance monitoring, auditing and contingency planning. S-2.2.1 Assessment of Impact Significance Potential impacts were identified during the initial scoping phase of the assessment during which project activities (planned and unplanned) have been systematically examined in terms of their potential to interact with an environmental, social or public health receptor. The nature (positive/negative), type (direct, indirect etc.), duration (short term, medium term or permanent etc), extent (local, national, global) and magnitude (size/ strength) of identified impacts was then predicted, using where possible, quantification (eg. of emissions). It is important to note that impact prediction in this ESHA has taken into account any mitigation and control measures that are already included in the project design or plan. Predicted impacts were then evaluated to determine their significance or importance. The significance of the impact is determined by comparing the severity of the impact and the likelihood/frequency of occurrence; defined severity and likelihood criteria were used. The resulting significance levels are defined as follows (relative ranking of importance):
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Significance Positive Impact Negligible Impact
Definition An impact that is considered to represent an improvement on the baseline or introduces a new desirable factor Magnitude of change comparable to natural variation
Minor Impact
Detectable but not significant
Moderate Impact
Significant; amenable to mitigation; should be mitigated where practicable
Major Impact
Significant; amenable to mitigation; must be mitigated
Critical Impact
Intolerable; not amenable to mitigation; alternatives must be identified; "project stopper"
Impacts assessed as Negligible or Minor require no additional management or mitigation measures (on the basis that the magnitude of the impact is sufficiently small, or that the receptor is of low sensitivity and/or that adequate controls are already included in the project design). Impacts evaluated as Moderate or Major require the adoption of management or mitigation measures. Major impacts always require further management or mitigation measures to minimise or reduce the impact to an acceptable level. Impacts evaluated as Critical cannot be managed or mitigated and require the identification of alternatives (elimination of source of potential impact). S-2.2.2 Mitigation & Enhancement The impact assessment process is intended to reduce the negative impacts and enhance the benefits of an intended activity. Where identified impacts have been assessed as being of moderate, major or critical significance, mitigation measures have been recommended to reduce identified impacts to as low as reasonably practicable. S-2.3 LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS ESH performance standards, including specific design criteria, for this project have been drawn from:

Singapore regulations and standards; SEPL, Shell Group and Shell Downstream and Chemicals environmental, social and health standards and policies; Internationally accepted norms and standards; and International environmental agreements to which Singapore is a party.
The general principle adopted for the project, particularly in relation to prescriptive limits on wastes, emissions and discharges, has been that where several standards exist, the most stringent has been applied to the project. Compliance with Singapore legislation has been considered a minimum requirement.
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S-3 S-3.1 S-3.1.1
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT PROJECT CONTEXT & JUSTIFICATION Development Context This integrated petrochemicals development project builds on Shells existing large and long-term presence in Singapore and will bridge the Companys interests in the Bukom Refinery and downstream petrochemicals on Jurong Island. The project will also allow SEPL to exploit synergies resulting from the integrated operation of the Refinery and the ECC. The ECC will deliver commodity base chemicals: ethylene, propylene, mixed butylenes, benzene and butadiene to SEPLs existing Styrene Monomer/ Propylene Oxide (SM/PO) plants at Seraya Chemicals, to the new MEG Plant and to new 3rd party consumers on Jurong Island via existing sub-sea pipelines between the Bukom cluster and Jurong Island. Mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) is a major raw material for the production of polyester fibres for the textiles industry and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin for the packaging industry. Demand for both MEG and the products from other downstream consumers of the ECCs products is growing globally and enjoys specifically high growth rates in developing countries in Southeast Asia and in China. The purpose of this integrated petrochemicals project is to fulfil the growing need for these products in Asia and the global market place.
S-3.1.2
Project Location The Shell Group believes Singapore offers an attractive investment climate with supportive government policies and that it presents a low country risk. No other sites have been identified in Asia where the above mentioned combination of existing refinery assets and petrochemical opportunities can be combined so successfully, hence the Bukom cluster offers a unique opportunity to develop this integrated supersite concept.
S-3.1.3
No-development Option What if this Project Doesnt Happen Here? The no-development option would mean that this integrated project will not materialise, that SEPLs existing downstream petrochemical plants in Singapore will remain dependent on bought-in olefin feeds, and that the potential oil-chemical benefits in Bukom would not be realised by SEPL or the Shell Group.
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Given the Singapore Governments keen interest in further developing the petrochemical industry sector, it is almost certain that an alternative ethylene cracker project (probably on Jurong Island) would be developed by one of the other main players in Singapore resulting in the loss of this opportunity for the Shell Group. S-3.2 S-3.2.1 ETHYLENE CRACKER COMPLEX (ECC) Overview The ECC will be located on a ~22 ha plot of land located on Pulau Ular and on reclaimed land between Pulau Ular, Pulau Bukom Kechil and Pulau Busing. Process facilities will comprise an Ethylene Cracker Unit (ECU), a Selective Hydrogenation Unit for crude C4s (C4SHU), a potential Butadiene Unit (BDX) and a Pygas Hydrogenation Unit (PHU) which will include benzene extraction (BEU-1). The ECC will be integrated with the Bukom refinery from where it will receive its feedstocks, comprising heavy liquid feeds and refinery gases. No external feeds are foreseen. The ECC will produce the following:

Ethylene; Propylene; Hydro-treated C4s (or Butadiene and Raffinate-1); and Benzene.
All products will then be transported via existing sub-sea pipelines to Jurong Island to existing and new Shell and third party customers. All by-products will be returned to the Bukom Refinery. New tank farms will be provided for storage of liquid products, intermediate products, feedstocks and process materials; storage tanks will be located within bunded (diked) enclosures capable of containing at least the full inventory of the largest tank. The bunded area will be provided with a liquid repellent lining; rainwater accumulating in the enclosure will be drained to a sump where it will be checked for contamination. The ECC will make maximum use of existing facilities and utilities available in the Bukom Refinery; it will be largely self-sufficient with respect to electricity supply and will export surplus steam to the refinery. Cooling water duty will be provided by a cooling water tower using make-up water piped to the site from either from Singapore mainland or from Jurong Island. The source of the make-up water will be NEWater. Process and storage areas will be connected to segregated drainage systems for non-contaminated (areas where rainfall would not be contaminated),
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accidentally oil-contaminated (areas where rainwater could be accidentally contaminated) and oil contaminated wastewater streams (wastewater that is expected to be continuously contaminated). Primary and secondary wastewater treatment systems will be provided at the ECC for process wastewater, contaminated drainage and domestic sanitary wastewater (sewage). S-3.2.2 Emissions, Discharges and Wastes Key emissions and discharges to the environment from the ECC can be summarised as follows:
Emissions to air (CO2 ~ 2.4 million tonnes/yr, CO ~ 650 tonnes/yr, NOX ~ 2000 tonnes/yr, SO2 ~ 2 250 tonnes/yr, PM10 ~ 200 tonnes/yr) from cracking furnaces, steam boilers, flare, heaters, and the Vapour Destruction Package (VDP). Also trace emissions of benzene from the VDP; Emissions to water from stormwater run-off, treated effluent (process water, contaminated water & sanitary wastewater) and ~ 300-400 m3/hr of cooling water tower blowdown water; Non hazardous wastes (<200 tonnes/yr) including scrap metal, wood, packaging, containers and bags, wastewater treatment resin, activated carbon; Hazardous wastes (~ 590 tonnes/yr) including coke, tar, activated sludge, polymer, waste lube oils and waste catalysts; and Noise emissions (total predicted sound power level of ~127 dBA) largely generated by cooling water tower, flare, heaters, boilers and furnaces, steam turbines, generators, compressors, motors, coolers and pumps.
S-3.2.3
Operation & Workforce The ECC will operate for up to 8382 hours per year (~349 days/yr). An additional 125 operational personnel will be employed for operation, maintenance and technology.
S-3.3 S-3.3.1
MEG PLANT Overview The MEG plant will be located on a ~4.5 ha plot of land on the far eastern end of Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island. The plant will adopt Shells proprietary Ethylene Oxide/ Ethylene Glycol (EO/EG) OMEGA catalytic technology, producing ethylene carbonate (EC) as an intermediate product.
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Raw materials for the plant (ethylene, oxygen and methane) will be supplied to the plant by pipeline from the ECC and from third parties located on Jurong Island. MEG will be the main product of the plant; its annual production capacity is 750,000 tonnes. MEG will be exported to customers by ship using existing jetties in the PCS and from neighbouring logistics companies. Only limited storage will be provided on site; existing EGS storage will be used for some process materials and MEG while additional storage will be procured from neighbouring logistics companies. Utilities (electricity, steam, demin water and cooling water) for the MEG plant will be procured from existing utility companies and from the neighbouring PCS. Services to support MEG plant operation (eg. waste management, wastewater treatment etc) will be provided through common PCS-provided facilities and other third parties; assessment of these services is excluded from the scope of this ESHA. A Cooling Water Tower (CWT) will be added to the MEG plant; the environmental impact of the CWT will be assessed in an upcoming addendum to this ESHA. S-3.3.2 Emissions, Discharges & Wastes Key emissions and discharges to the environment from the MEG can be summarised as follows:
Emissions to air (CO2 ~12,280 tonnes/yr, CO <100 tonnes/yr and NOX ~110 tonnes/yr) from thermal oxidiser. In the event of incomplete combustion, it is possible that trace amounts of dioxins/ furans may be emitted from the thermal oxidiser. In the event of an emergency shutdown, there may be trace emissions of hydrocarbons and ethylene oxide; Emissions to water from stormwater run-off, process wastewater and cooling water tower blowdown water; these will all be routed to existing drainage and treatment facilities on Jurong Island prior to discharge; Non-hazardous wastes (<200 tonnes/yr) including scrap metal, wood, packaging, containers and bags, wastewater treatment resin, activated carbon; Hazardous wastes (~ 5,125 tonnes/yr) including heavy glycols, waste lube oils and filter elements; and Noise emissions (total predicted sound power level of ~118 dBA) largely generated by compressors, coolers, motors, pumps, blowers and fans.
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S-3.3.3
Operation & Workforce The MEG will be operated by SEPL drawing services from existing facilities in the PCS. It will operate for an average of 8400 hours per year (~350 days/yr) over a 4-year cycle. The MEG plant will require an additional 30 40 staff for its operation.
S-3.4 S-3.4.1
BUKOM REFINERY MODIFICATIONS Overview Tie-in and integration of the ECC with the Bukom refinery will require modification and new process units to be incorporated into the existing Bukom refinery; no additional land will, however, be required for this element of the project. Furthermore, there will be no change in the overall crude distilling capacity of the refinery. In summary, the following changes will be made to the refinery:

Addition of a new High Vacuum Unit, Sulphur Recovery Unit and Amine Gas Absorber; Modification/ revamping of existing hydrocracker; and Modification of existing Gasoil Hydrodesulphuriser.
No new storage tanks will be built in the refinery. Only limited demolition/ decommissioning of existing refinery facilities are planned. Revamping the hydrocracker will involve replacement of about 20 tonnes of pipework which will require disposal. No asbestos waste is expected during these modifications. Drainage systems, utilities and service provisions will remain unchanged and have therefore been excluded from the scope of this ESHA. S-3.4.2 Emissions, Discharges and Wastes Principal additional emissions and discharges generated by the operation of the new/ modified process units in the refinery include:
Emissions to air (CO2~ 106,000 tonnes/yr, NOX ~145 tonnes/yr, SO2 ~ 146 tonnes/yr, PM10~ 23 tonnes/yr) from High Vacuum Unit 5 furnace; and Emissions to water including an additional ~452 tonnes/day of process wastewater.
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S-3.4.3
Operation & Workforce No changes to operational hours or workforce are anticipated for the refinery; these are not therefore considered in the ESHA.
S-3.5
CONSTRUCTION An indicative implementation schedule for the project is presented in Figure S3. This schedule envisages basic design packages to be complete by mid 2006; the Final Investment Decision will be taken thereafter.
Figure S-3
Indicative Project Schedule

ECC Complex 2001 Concept 2002 2003 Definition 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Construction 2009
Feasibility
Feasibility & Definition
MEG Plant 2001 2002 Review Concept 2003 2004 2005 2006 Feasibility & Definition 2007 2008 Construction 2009
The schedule indicates a ~ 39-month period for site preparation, construction and plant start-up for the ECC and 32 months for the MEG Plant. This period is currently foreseen between the middle of 2006 and end 2009 with construction commencing in the 4th quarter of 2006. Construction activities will include the following steps:

Preparing for construction, including erection of temporary facilities; Piling and other civil & building works; Installing underground piping/ cabling/ main foundations, and site backfill; Erection of steel and civil structures, buildings; Installing equipment, piping, above ground cabling; Insulation and painting; Testing and pre-commissioning; and Commissioning.
S-3.5.1
Construction Workforce Peak anticipated workforce sizes are as follows:

ECC: 5,000 workers; MEG Plant: 1,500 workers; and Bukom Refinery Modifications: 2,000 workers.
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The peak construction period is expected to last about 1 year and according to current predictions, is expected to occur between Q3 2007 Q3 2008. The majority of the manual construction workforce will be foreign labour. Temporary facilities to accommodate some 3000 of the ECCs construction workforce will be established on reclaimed land between Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing. Remaining workers for the ECC and for the MEG will be housed in existing worker accommodation facilities in Singapore, including on Jurong Island. S-3.5.2 Temporary Facilities Areas for temporary construction facilities at the ECC site will be available on the reclaimed land between Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing and on the far western portion of Pulau Ular. The total area utilised for temporary facilities will be up to 300,000 m2. Temporary facilities for the MEG Plant will be located on Jurong and will include temporary offices, laydown, off-loading and warehousing. The total required area is estimated to be about 60,000 m2. Temporary toilet facilities will be provided around the new construction sites; existing facilities will be utilised for the refinery modifications. Each facility will have an integral holding tank which will be emptied using a mobile vacuum truck. The waste will then be disposed of through the workers camp sewage treatment facilities for the ECC site and in the case of the MEG project, to local sewage treatment facilities on or near to Jurong Island. S-4 S-4.1 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH CONDITIONS SITE SETTING & FUTURE DEVELOPMENT The ECC will be located on Pulau Ular and the new Pulau Ular Reclamation adjacent to the Bukom Refinery that will be completed by Jurong Town Corporation (JTC). The site is remotely located some 6 km from the nearest community areas. The MEG Plant will be located on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island, which is separated from mainland Singapore by the Jurong Straits; a causeway connects the island to the mainland. The nearest community areas to the MEG Plant site are also located about 6 km away on Singapore mainland. The Bukom Cluster and Jurong Island are both well developed petrochemical areas; land immediately surrounding the project sites is zoned for industrial use. The ECC site is neighboured by the existing SEPL Bukom Refinery and by storage and tanking facilities owned by Tankstore. The MEG plant lies adjacent to the sea (Selat Pandan) and is neighboured on its north, west and southern sides by tank storage, petrochemical logistics companies and other petrochemical facilities.
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Immediately to the south of the Bukom Cluster (~500m) lies Pulau Hantu and other small islands that are an acknowledged marine nature area and a popular recreational spot (water sports and diving). A key sensitivity in this area are coral reef communities and marine habitats they support; they are currently of reasonable condition. According to the Governments Concept Plan 2001 and its associated Master Plan 2003, key landuse changes of relevance to the project area planned for the next 40 50 years include:
Further reclamation of islands in the Bukom Cluster, including Pulau Hantu, to become a single, large island zoned for possible additional downstream petrochemical facilities; and Conversion of land to residential uses around Pandan Reservoir; this will bring communities to within 2 km of the MEG plant.
S-4.2
OVERVIEW OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Singapore experiences a monsoonal tropical maritime climate with uniform high temperatures (annual mean temperature is ~27 C), high humidity (annual average ~84%), abundant rainfall (> 2000 mm/year) and generally calm/ low wind conditions (winds are typically < 3 m/s). There are two distinct seasons, the Northeast Monsoon (December to March) and the Southwest Monsoon (June to September). These are separated by two relatively short inter-monsoon periods. Despite the aggregation of heavy industry in the project areas, ambient air quality data obtained from the National Environment Agency (NEA) indicate that air quality in Singapore is within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) longterm ambient standards. In general, Singapores coastal water quality remains good, even in the busier southern waters. Marine water quality data from the NEA (from stations around Pulau Sentosa) were generally in compliance with Singapores water quality criteria. Noise sensitive receptors closest to the ECC include Pulau Hantu (recreational users) and Pulau Anak Bukom. With the exception of neighbouring industrial premises, the closest noise sensitive receptors to the MEG lie <6 km away and are not therefore likely to be affected by project activities. Existing noise levels at Pulau Hantu were measured to range between 48 51 dBA Leq, 5mins.
S-4.3
OVERVIEW OF THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Pulau Hantu is the most ecologically sensitive resource in the vicinity of the ECC; the MEG Plant is remote from all sensitive ecological areas. The patch
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reefs to the west of Pulau Hantu are reportedly the richest in Singapore in terms of coral species diversity. Surveys indicate that sites off Pulau Hantu have living coral coverage of over 48% (2005) which is classified as fair quality. Coral reef fish communities around the southern and southwestern islands of Singapore have been under stress from human impact for a number of decades. Impacts include pressure from sport and subsistence fishing and from reclamation. Surveys of fish communities, benthic habitats, inter-tidal habitats, seagrass and mangrove habitats in the waters surrounding the project sites did not identify sensitive species or habitats of special importance for this project. S-4.4 OVERVIEW OF THE SOCIAL BASELINE Singaporeans enjoy a high standard of living (GDP is amongst the worlds highest), good healthcare facilities, education and other social services, high employment and high standards of environmental health. The total population of Singapore in 2006 was approximately 4.4 million; the Singapore resident population was approximately 3.6 million. Singapores construction industry is the largest employer of foreign work permit holders and currently employs approximately 180 000 foreigners; the majority are from Thailand, the Philippines, Bangladesh and India. Foreign construction workers enjoy protection under Singapores labour statutes. Employers are required to provide lodgings either on-site or off-site in approved housing facilities. The quality and management of on-site workers quarters is regulated through standards issued by the Building Control Authority (BCA); it is estimated that some 70% of construction workers live onsite. Off-site quarters are organised into dormitories with clean tap water and modern sanitation, including proper waste handling and disposal. Welfare, subsidised laundry, meals, medical benefits and recreation are largely the responsibilities of the employers. The closest recreational area to the new facilities is Pulau Hantu which is located about 500 m from the ECC southern boundary. Popular activities include scuba diving, swimming, picnicking, camping and beach activities. 1891 people landed on Pulau Hantu in 2005; divers/water sports participants do not usually land on the island itself however, so this figure illustrates only a proportion of the recreational use value of the Pulau Hantu area. S-4.5 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY HEALTH The state of health in Singapore is considered to be good by international standards. Rising standards of living, high standards of education, good
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housing, safe water supply and sanitation, a high level of medical services and the active promotion of preventive medicine are reported as key influences. Healthcare is delivered via a dual system: the Government manages the public system whilst a network of private hospitals and general practitioners (GPs) provide the private system. There are no public healthcare facilities on Pulau Bukom or on Jurong Island. SEPL operates a medical clinic on Pulau Bukom for the SEPL staff. A privately run medical group practice is available on Jurong Island. Healthcare for foreign construction workers is not provided free of charge and must be covered either by the employer or by the workers themselves. Many workers dormitories include healthcare facilities for their occupants or have healthcare (GP) facilities in the neighbourhood. Singapore tries to minimise the likelihood of communicable and infectious diseases entering the country through stringent immigration procedures. These include full health screening checks on all foreigners applying for a work permit in Singapore. Improved standards of living and environmental conditions in the last three decades have also led to a decrease in the incidence of infectious diseases in Singapore. S-4.6 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION & ENGAGEMENT SEPL recognises that stakeholders have an interest in its business; it is therefore committed to listen and respond to them. SEPL has developed and followed a programme of stakeholder engagement which began during the concept and feasibility stages of the project and continues through to the present. Key stakeholders likely to have an interest in, or be influenced by the project include shareholders, customers, employees, business partners and society at large. Specific stakeholders of relevance to the project were initially identified during ESHA scoping in 2002; the resulting engagement plan has been revisited and further developed over time as necessary. At this stage, formal consultation on ESH aspects of the project has been undertaken with the National Environment Agency (NEA), Ministry of Manpower (MOM), the Economic Development Board (EDB), the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) and the National Parks Board (NParks). SEPL has also maintained a keen interest, including regular and cooperative dialogue with the JTC regarding its reclamation proposals for Pulau Ular. SEPL actions have included:
Frequent communications and meetings between SEPLs Communication Team and JTCs External Affairs Department;
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Provision of advice to JTC regarding the engagement of stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the project; Regular dialogue with JTC regarding the preparation and public disclosure of the Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for the reclamation works; and Sponsorship of the Singapore Environment Councils Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage (NOAH) project, which will survey and document the existing marine habitats surrounding Pulau Hantu.
With reclamation works currently on going, SEPL is committed to continue its active engagement with JTC and other interest groups regarding the environmental management of reclamation activities and the protection of marine habitats around Pulau Hantu. S-5 S-5.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT SCOPE FOR ESH IMPACTS Scoping is the first stage of an impact assessment and aims to set the boundary conditions for the assessment, to identify potential interactions between the project and environmental, social and health resources/ receptors, and to prioritise these in terms of their potential to cause significant impacts. Scoping identified that the potential for significant adverse environmental and in particular, social and health impacts as a result of project execution are generally low for a number of reasons including the following:
The project sites are located within or adjacent to pre-existing refinery/ petrochemical developments in areas which have already been zoned for heavy industrial development projects; The ECC will be closely integrated with the existing Bukom Refinery facilities with only minor modifications to the latter. The MEG Plant will be closely integrated with the facilities within the PCS Complex. This close integration maximises the use of existing infrastructure and utilities supply systems thereby reducing the need for the development of project specific facilities; The proposed sites for the new project facilities are remotely located on islands off the southwest coast of Singapore. The nearest community areas/ major population centres are located more than 6 km away; Project construction workers will be housed in Worker Dormitories operated by the JTC and other private operators. Some workers will be housed in a temporary camp on reclaimed land between Pulau Busing and
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Pulau Ular (remote and isolated from the main populated areas). Temporary facilities for the MEG Plant will be located on Jurong. On the basis of the above, the scope for all aspects of the assessment, but especially the assessment of social and health issues has been significantly reduced as compared to that which would normally be covered for a Shell investment project of this size and nature in a greenfield location. S-5.2 SUMMARY OF ESH IMPACTS AND MITIGATION CONSTRUCTION The construction phase of the project has been evaluated to cause largely localized and temporary or short-term environmental and health impacts; these are summarised in Table S-2: Summary of Evaluated Impacts & Their Mitigation / Management Construction Phase. This assessment takes account of any in-place/ existing mitigation and control measures that have already been designed into the project or its management. These measures are listed in Table S-2 along with recommendations for monitoring. The assessment concludes that the majority of environmental, social and health impacts identified for the construction phase can be managed to within acceptable levels provided the mitigation and management measures identified are implemented and are effective in addressing the impact. The only residual negative impacts that have been evaluated to be of more significance (1) and therefore require vigilance during construction are:
Noise emissions at the ECC and MEG (minor moderate significance): these were largely associated with site preparation activities (piling) where impacts are predicted to affect recreation users and neighbouring industrial facilities respectively. Impacts will, however, be temporary and short in duration; with works scheduling and notification of potentially affected stakeholders, impacts can be controlled to ALARP levels; Reduction in the amenity value of Pulau Hantu resulting from ECC construction (minor moderate significance): construction generated noise, emissions and general activities may deter some visitors to the island. Impacts are, however, anticipated to be temporary and may be limited to the site preparation phase (when most noise and dust impacts are likely); and Reputational impacts resulting from the reclamation of Pulau Ular (minor moderate significance): these were associated with the reclamation of Pulau Ular and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems. While SEPL is not responsible for reclamation works, it may be implicated given its future use of the land; reclamation activities therefore require careful monitoring,
Section S-2.2.1 for explanation of significance levels.
(1) See
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close engagement with JTC must continue and wider stakeholder sentiment should also be carefully monitored.
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Table S-2
Summary of Evaluated Impacts & their Mitigation / Management Construction Phase

Impact Significance Negligible In Place Design Controls Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase Monitoring
ESHA Sec. Site Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 7.2.1 All Change in Landuse
(#) Temporary land requirements reduced to minimum required (#) Conduct a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey to (#) Layout of new facilities optimised to minimise land requirements whilst characterise subsurface conditions and assess potential recognising safety/ equipment separation criteria asset and occupational health risks posed by UXO before any construction works begin (#) Implement good site practices including: - Dampening exposed soil areas and on-site roads with water - Keeping exposed site areas to minimum required for construction - Revegetating or hard surfacing completed areas as soon as practicable - Providing vehicle wheel-wash facilities - Imposing vehicle on-site speed restrictions to reduce dust generation - Providing truck loads with secure load covers - Maintaining good standard of housekeeping (#) Turn off equipment when not in use (#) Comply with legal requirements for van & vehicle exhausts (#) Optimise works scheduling to minimise number of generated vehicle/ materials transport trips (#) Regularly maintain/ inspect equipment/ vehicles (#) Ensure batching plants comply with emissions limits (#) Provision of temporary site drainage and run-off control systems (#) Provision of silt traps where site space availability is sufficient (#) Removal of construction materials that block or obstruct drainage channels (#) Removal of debris/ garbage from accidentally entering drainage channels (#) Provision of refuse traps on drain channel outfalls (#) Control of on-site fuel storage, re-fuelling and vehicle maintenance activities (#) Control of on-site storage of hazardous materials -
7.3
All
Air pollution (dust / exhaust emissions)
Minor
7.4.2
All
Marine water quality site run off
Minor
7.4.3
All
Marine water quality sanitary effluents
Minor
(#) Dedicated sewage treatment system for construction workers camp on Pulau Busing (#) Provision of temporary toilet facilities strategically positioned around construction work sites (#) Disposal of sanitary waste from ECC construction site through labour camp sewage treatment system (#) Disposal of sanitary waste from MEG construction site through local sewage treatment facilities on or near to Jurong Island (#) Collection of canteen wastewater in collection pits; accumulated wastewater pumped into tankers for transport to sewage treatment facilities within Bukom Refinery, ECC workers camp or Jurong Island as appropriate (#) Management of sanitary & sewage wastewater in accordance with Sewage & Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations, 1999 and other applicable legislation
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA REV P1
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ESHA Sec. Site Ref. 7.5.2 All
Impact Soil erosion
Impact Significance Negligible
In Place Design Controls -
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Provision of effective construction site run-off controls (#) Provision of effective fugitive dust controls
Monitoring -
7.5.3
All
Soil & Groundwater contamination
Negligible Minor
(#) Management of refuelling, fuel loading/ unloading, lube oil change-outs, waste storage and disposal activities (#) Development and implementation of spill response and clean-up procedures (#) Development and implementation of waste management plans/ off-site waste disposal (#) Development and implementation of hazardous materials handling and storage procedures (#) Hardware control measures for storage facilities/ equipment maintenance areas including: - Bunded temporary fuel storage tanks - Hard surfaced re-fuelling areas with collection devices - Drip collection devices - Provision of secure materials storage areas
7.6.2
All
Non-hazardous waste generation & disposal
Minor
(#) Minimise generation of wastes (#) Re-use or recycling of wastes where possible (#) Safe and appropriate disposal of remaining wastes by licensed contractors (#) Development and implementation of solid waste management plans to manage the collection, recycling and disposal of all construction wastes in an environmentally responsible manner (#) Storage of general municipal/ industrial waste in containers of sufficient capacity and collected regularly by reputable contractor (#) Reuse of excavated material and inert wastes on site as structural fill or for landscaping wherever practicable (#) Segregation of wastes on-site to facilitate recycling/ disposal (#) Recycling of scrap metals (#) No burning of any construction waste on site
7.6.3
All
Hazardous waste generation & disposal
Negligible
(#) Development and implementation of waste management plans (#) Waste segregation (#) Provision of appropriate/ secure storage (#) Labelling of containers (#) Disposal via licensed contractors (Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors)
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ESHA Sec. Site Ref. 7.7.2 ECC
Impact Noise disturbance to recreation-users at Pulau Hantu
Impact Significance Moderate
7.7.3
MEG
Noise disturbance to facilities directly neighbouring the MEG site
Minor Moderate
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Use only well-maintained construction equipment (#) Service and inspect equipment regularly during construction programme (#) Provide silencers or mufflers for construction equipment exhausts and ensure their proper maintenance (#) Shut-down machines and equipment (eg. trucks) that are in intermittent use (or throttle down to minimum) (#) Orientate construction equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction to direct noise away from nearby receivers (#) Schedule on-site activities to reduce potential for simultaneous occurrence/ overlap of especially noisy activities (#) Provide temporary noise screens, enclosures and barriers (#) Give due warning to recreational diving community prior to activities that may give rise to high underwater noise levels (piling) (#) Use only well-maintained construction equipment (#) Service and inspect equipment regularly during construction programme (#) Provide silencers or mufflers for construction equipment exhausts and ensure their proper maintenance (#) Shut-down machines and equipment (eg. trucks) that are in intermittent use (or throttle down to minimum) (#) Orientate construction equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction to direct noise away from nearby receivers (#) Schedule on-site activities to reduce potential for simultaneous occurrence/ overlap of especially noisy activities (#) Provide temporary noise screens, enclosures and barriers (#) Schedule pile driving operations to minimise concurrent operation (#) As above (7.3, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.5.2, 7.6.2 and 7.6.3)
Monitoring (#) Daytime noise monitoring at affected premises (Tankstore & Bukom Refinery) in accordance with legal requirements (#) Ambient noise levels on Pulau Hantu
(#) Noise monitoring at adjacent premises in accordance with legal requirements
7.8.1
All
Impacts on marine water quality & marine ecology
Negligible Minor
7.8.2
ECC
Reputational impacts associated with reclamation of Pulau Ular
Minor Moderate
(#) Frequent communications and meetings between SEPL's Communication Team and JTC's External Affairs Department (#) Provision of advice to JTC regarding the engagement of stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations (#) Regular dialogue with JTC regarding the preparation and public disclosure of the Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for the reclamation works (#) Sponsoring the Singapore Environment Council's "Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage" project
(#) Close observation of implementation of mitigation and (#) Review of media, internet management practices adopted by JTC throughout (blogs) and stakeholder interest reclamation works in the project (#) Ensure monitoring results demonstrate effectiveness of mitigation measures implemented (#) Close monitoring of stakeholder sentiment (#) Maintain regular and open dialogue with interested parties
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ESHA Sec. Site Ref. 7.9 All
Impact Landscape and visual impact
Impact Significance Minor
In Place Design Controls (#) Facilities design is according to international engineering standards
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Minimise areas used for construction lay-down and temporary use (#) Site housekeeping to ensure both construction sites are maintained in clean and tidy condition
Monitoring -
Social Impacts 7.10.2 All
Creation of employment and income
Positive (Moderate)
(#) Maximise employment of multi-skilled foreign labourers (#) Encourage cultural exchange, imposing flat and transparent management structures amongst the workforce, encouraging skills exchange
7.10.3
All
Generation of revenue and employment for foreign worker dormitories
Positive (Negligible)
(#) When selecting accommodation for construction workers, contractors are required to ensure that: - No complaints have been received from surrounding communities about the dormitory - Management is committed to ensuring strict security, access and behavioural controls - Sufficient and appropriate services, amenities and recreational facilities are available to reduce likelihood of residents seeking services elsewhere - Dormitory management continually maintains a clean and pleasant living environment (#) Utilities use at worker camp will be reduced through resource conservation measures eg. low energy appliances, water saving appliances, recycling
7.10.3
All
Exacerbation of existing animosities and racism associated with a foreign (manual) labour force
Negligible
(#) Maximise employment of multi-skilled foreign labourers (#) Employ measures to break down barriers and reduce any animosities that may arise between Singaporeans and foreign work colleagues (eg. a Conflict Resolution System) (#) Encourage cultural exchange, imposing flat and transparent management structures amongst the workforce, encouraging skills exchange
7.10.3
ECC
Security risks for existing facilities on Pulau Busing
Negligible
(#) All workers required to act responsibly and uphold high standards of behaviour (#) Design, construction and management of worker camp on Bukom Cluster in full compliance with MOM, BCA and Shell standards (#) Liaise with SEPL Refinery and Tankstore management to ensure any security concerns are addressed
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Impact In Place Design Controls Significance Creation of demand for Positive (Minor) construction-related services Creation of demand for construction materials and supplies Reduced amenity value of Pulau Hantu/ Recreation impacts Positive (Moderate) -
Impact
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Monitoring Construction Phase (#) Maximise the sourcing of services from local, Singaporean suppliers (#) Source materials and equipment from reputable suppliers offering competitive rates and conditions, placing preference on contracting local suppliers (#) Review of media, internet (#) As under 7.3, 7.4, 7.7 and 7.9 above (blogs) and stakeholder interest (#) Monitor impacts associated with reclamation (see under in the project 7.8.2) (#) Maintain close dialogue with JTC on management of environmental impacts associated with Pulau Ular reclamation works (#) Engage with Sentosa Development Corporation, recreation providers and scientific and recreational dive groups to ensure impacts are maintained to within acceptable levels (#) Actively engage with SEC's Noah Project on results and findings (#) Comply with Shell's road transport HSE requirements and Shell's existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures (#) Transport vehicles required to comply with road traffic regulations, Singapore's vehicle roadworthiness requirements and requirements of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (#) Plan transport routes and schedule traffic movements to minimise interference with existing traffic (#) Ensure high standard of maintenance for all construction vehicles (#) Examine driver/ captains' records for any previous traffic violations or accidents prior to employment / contracting
7.10.6
All
7.10.7
ECC
Minor Moderate
(#) Sponsorship of Singapore Environment Council's project aimed initially at surveying natural marine heritage surrounding Pulau Hantu
7.10.8
All
Marine and road traffic congestion
Negligible
Health Impacts 7.11.2 All
Respiratory illness consequent of air pollutant/ dust levels Olfactory and psychological stress caused by elevated noise and vibration levels (MEG only)
Negligible
(#) As described for the control of air emissions (see 7.3 above) (#) As described for the control of noise (see 7.7 above)
7.11.3
MEG
Negligible Minor
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Impact Significance Spread of vector-borne Negligible diseases
Impact
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Ensure compliance with relevant legal requirements including those covering provision of sanitation facilities at workplaces and hygiene standards in worker accommodation (Environmental Public Health Act, 2002) and legal requirements covering control of vectors (Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act, 1998) (#) Provide portable toilets on construction sites with contractual agreements for provision of maintenance of high standards of cleanliness and hygiene (#) Provide integral holding tanks for sanitary effluent collection (#) Implement good site management practices to minimise areas of standing water (#) Implement a waste management plan to ensure suitable storage and collection of wastes for disposal (#) Create awareness with workers to ensure standards are followed
Monitoring (#) Maintain records of any incidents or pests/ vectors or any occurrence of parasitic/ bacterial disease maintained and immediate eradication and preventive measure taken
7.11.5
All
Spread of communicable diseases (eg. tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis A and B, common colds, influenza, etc.) Traffic accidents Demands on existing health infrastructure
Negligible Minor
(#) Stringent health screening criteria for all foreign workers under Immigration Act, 1963
(#) Monitor incident (rate) (#) Provide all workers with access to primary medical individual cases and follow up facilities (#) Conduct regular health checks on staff during employment (#) Enforce worker conduct standards (#) Provide health awareness to all workers on employment
7.11.6 7.11.7
All All
Negligible Minor Negligible
(#) As described for the control of traffic congestion (see 7.10.8 above) (#) Ensure foreign worker dormitories selected for use are serviced by either in-house or local clinic (#) Health professional hired to support temporary construction camp for ECC construction (#) Ensure medical emergency provisions are sufficient
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S-5.3
SUMMARY OF ESH IMPACTS AND MITIGATION OPERATION Similar to the construction phase, the assessment of impacts during project operation concludes that the majority of environmental, social and health impacts associated for this phase can be managed to within acceptable levels provided the mitigation and management measures identified are implemented and are effective. A summary of the assessment, including in place controls, recommended mitigation/ management and monitoring is provided in Table S-3. Key results and recommendations are discussed below. The only residual negative impacts that have been evaluated to approach/be of moderate significance and therefore require vigilance and/or action, are:
Generation of greenhouse gases (moderate significance): the project is predicted to generate ~2.6 million tonnes CO2-eq/yr, largely from the ECC and modified Bukom refinery. This is equivalent to 2.6% of national CO2 emissions (2002 basis) which from one project, is considered significant. Singapore is not obligated to set GHG emission control targets under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), however Shell Group companies are mindful of the concerns over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. Efforts to sell a substantial portion of MEGs waste CO2 stream to downstream users are therefore strongly recommended. While in overall project terms the MEGs contribution to GHG emissions is small, sale of waste CO2 streams from the other project facilities is not expected to be economically feasible at present. It is, however, recommended that the feasibility is regularly reviewed throughout project implementation. Generation of hazardous wastes for disposal (moderate significance): the project will generate ~5,900 tonnes/yr of hazardous waste, representing a contribution of ~6% to total Singapore toxic industrial waste generation (2000 basis). The majority (89%) of this waste stream is comprised of heavy glycols generated by the MEG. The significance of the evaluated impact could be reduced to minor if a customer/ alternate use for this waste stream were identified. It is therefore recommended that efforts are made both prior to, and if necessary, during project implementation to identify a suitable alternate use for this waste stream. Noise impacts generated by the ECC (moderate significance): operation of the ECC, and in particular its proposed cooling water tower, is predicted to generate boundary noise levels of up to 76 dBA and increase noise levels experienced at nearby Pulau Hantu by 7 dBA. Boundary noise predictions exceed Singapore noise standards; noise levels predicted for Pulau Hantu are also considered somewhat excessive for its current active recreational use. Predicted noise levels are not expected to impact on wildlife. Feasible noise attenuation options (eg. use of low noise cooling fans in the cooling water tower) are not justified given the negligible reduction in total plant sound power levels they are likely to achieve (reduction of < 1 dBA). It
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should furthermore be noted that the evaluation of noise impacts has assumed boundary noise criteria for industrial premises apply for the southern ECC boundary, based on the future planned development of Pulau Hantu into industrial land; this assumption, however, requires acceptance by the NEA and N-Parks. No impacts were evaluated to be of major or critical significance.
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Table S-3
Summary of Evaluated Impacts & their Mitigation / Management Operational Phase

Impact Significance Minor In Place Design Controls Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase Monitoring
ESHA Sec. Site Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 8.2.2 All Air quality impacts associated with NOX emissions
(#) Low NOX burners for furnaces and boilers (#) Heat recovery from Cracking Furnaces for steam raising/ power generation (#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Shell design NOX emission limits of 125 mg/Nm3 for gas firing and 350 mg/Nm3 for liquid firing (#) Provisions for further NOX reductions (catalytic process)
(#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) (#) Stack testing on (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project commissioning specifications (#) Stack emissions monitoring (#) Review opportunity to reduce HVU5 emissions rates to achieve Project emissions standards (#) Complete cumulative dispersion modelling of emissions from the current project, in addition to existing and future planned emissions (especially for the Bukom Cluster)
8.2.3
All
Air quality impacts associated with SO2 emissions
Minor
(#) Use of self-generated fuel gas with a very low sulphur content as primary gaseous fuel for Cracking Furnaces, Pygas 2nd Stage Heater and other minor users (flare pilots, VDP etc.) (#) Control of SO2 emissions from Bukom Refinery via Sulphur Bubble (#) Provision of 4 Sulphur Recovery Units for Bukom Refinery and an additional unit as part of Refinery Modifications
(#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project specifications (#) Agree increase in sulphur bubble
(#) Stack testing on commissioning (#) Stack emissions monitoring
8.2.4
All
Air quality impacts associated with CO emissions
Negligible
(#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Shell design CO emission limits of 100 - 175 mg/Nm3
(#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project specifications
8.2.5
All
Air quality impacts associated with PM10 emissions
Negligible
(#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Furnaces fired on self-generated fuel gas (#) Shell design PM10 emission limits of 5 mg/Nm3 for gas firing and 50 mg/Nm3 for liquid firing
8.2.7
All
Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
Moderate
(#) Heat recovery from Cracking Furnaces to raise steam for electrical power (#) Secure sale of waste CO2 stream from MEG Plant (letter of generation/ plant steam supply interest already signed with buyer) (#) Use of energy efficient equipment & systems (#) Ensure achievement of maximum plant energy efficiency (#) High combustion efficiencies for fuel burning equipment (#) Minimise hydrocarbon/ fugitive emissions
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ESHA Sec. Site Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 8.2.8 All Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants
In Place Design Controls
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase
Monitoring
(#) Incorporation of following control measures into design of new facilities: (#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) - Fugitive emission controls (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project - VDP (providing both recovery and thermal destruction stages) specifications - Thermal oxidation of CO2 stream in MEG Plant - Design of point source emissions containing benzene to comply with 5 mg/Nm3 limit - Design of point source emissions containing ethylene oxide to comply with 5 mg/Nm3 limit (#) Complete destruction of dioxins and furans and their "chemical building blocks" during combustion through: - High combustion temperature to maximise destruction of waste stream - Adequate combustion time to maximise destruction of waste stream - High combustion turbulence to distribute heat evenly and ensure complete destruction of waste stream (#) Preventing conditions that favour formation of dioxins and furans immediately following combustion
(#) Stack monitoring of thermal oxidiser & VDP
8.2.9
ECC
Reduction in air quality as a result of start-up flaring Reduction in air quality as a result of emergency venting & flaring Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of noncontaminated storm water Reduction in water quality (Discharge of treated effluent)
Negligible
(#) HP flare with design combustion efficiency of 98.5% No additional measures required (#) Design of flare to achieve smokeless combustion at up to maximum startup flaring rate of 131,000 kg/hr (#) Design of HP flare with high combustion efficiency to safely dispose of relief/ blow down loads (#) Operate plants to minimise requirement for emergency venting & flaring
8.2.10
ECC
Minor
8.3.1
All
Negligible
(#) Provision of a segregated drainage system at both the ECC and MEG
(#) Adoption of good site management practices to minimise potential for pollutants and debris build-up in non-contaminated areas
(#) HSE site audits
8.3.2
ECC
Minor
(#) Extensive controls including: - Segregated drainage/ collection systems - Wastewater Steam Stripper for benzene contaminated effluent primary treatment - Condensate recycling - IAF unit for oil contaminated effluent primary treatment - Activated sludge based biotreater system for secondary treatment of contaminated effluents - Final treated effluent sand filtration package (#) Provision of segregated drainage and collection system to ensure all potentially contaminated effluents are contained and routed to treatment (#) Collection of first flush rainfall run-off in a holding basin prior to transfer to treatment (#) Routing of collected contaminated effluents via pipeline to SembCorp Utilities effluent treatment facility
(#) Ensure facilities design complies with design and legal standards
(#) Discharge quality monitoring
8.3.3
MEG
Reduction in water quality (discharge of treated effluent)
Minor
(#) Ensure that SembCorp facilities have sufficient incremental capacity to treat effluents from MEG to meet legal discharge standards
(#) Measure quantities of effluent routed offsite for treatment
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ESHA Sec. Site Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 8.3.4 Refinery Reduction in water quality (discharge of additional treated effluent) Reduction in water quality (discharge of additional sewage effluent) Reduction in water quality (Accidental spills and leaks of hazardous materials)
Monitoring
(#) Use of existing wastewater treatment facilities at Bukom Refinery to treat No additional measures required additional effluent loading
(#) Measure quantities of effluent routed offsite for treatment
8.3.5
All
Negligible
(#) Use of existing treatment systems to treat sewage generated by new facilities
No additional measures required
8.3.6
All
Minor
Provision of following design measures: (#) Segregated drainage systems (#) Concrete catchment systems to provide physical barrier against permeation of contaminants and to route surface run-off/ spillages to purpose designed drainage collection and treatment systems (#) Collection of first flush run-off from potentially contaminated areas (#) Bunded storage tank enclosures/ bund draining procedures (#) Emergency basin to collect potentially contaminated firewater (#) Level control and alarms on storage facilities
(#) Implement the following procedural and operational control measures - Routine inspection and preventative maintenance of process and utility systems - Hazardous materials handling and storage procedures - Materials loading/ offloading procedures - MPA spill contingency plan for Singapore Port (#) Require transport contractors to comply with Shell HSE management procedures (#) Require marine transportation activities to operate in accordance with Shell's existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures and requirements of Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) (#) Ensure implementation of shipboard and transport contractor emergency response/ contingency plans (#) Confirm compliance with Singapore legal and project design (#) Discharge quality monitoring standards for water discharge quality (#) Consider treatment of cooling water tower blowdown prior to its discharge
8.3.7.1
ECC
Damage to marine Negligible - Minor (#) Design requirements necessitate compliance with Singapore discharge ecosystems (discharge standards of blow down water from (#) Discharge of blowdown water at ~35C cooling water tower)
8.4.4
All
Contamination of soil and groundwater (Leaks and spills of environmentally hazardous materials)
Minor
(#) Provision of both primary and secondary containment systems for all operational areas where hazardous materials are processed and stored (#) Location of tank farms for material and intermediate product storage within product-resistant bunded enclosures capable of containing 100% of contents of largest tank within the enclosure (#) Impermeable floor of bunded enclosures to prevent permeation of contaminant into the ground (#) Provision of concrete catchment systems to process and utility areas as physical barrier against permeation of contaminants and to route surface runoff/ spillages to purpose designed drainage collection and treatment systems (#) Minimise number of discontinuities in concrete floors, due to drains, cabling, etc. (#) Design of drains and underground piping that will allow inspection and maintenance (#) Provision of level alarms to warn of possible overfilling (#) Application of materials selection guidelines to design (#) Provision of membrane below tank bottoms with leak detection
Provision of following procedural and operational control measures: (#) Routine inspection & maintenance programmes to ensure process/ storage system integrity is maintained (#) Management of lube oil change-out, waste storage and disposal activities (#) In-place spill response and clean-up procedures (#) Waste management plans/ off-site waste disposal (#) Hazardous materials handling and storage procedures
(#) Groundwater monitoring
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Impact Generation and disposal of nonhazardous waste
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Management of wastes in accordance with Shell's waste management procedures including: - Minimisation - Re-use/ recycling where possible - Safe and appropriate disposal (#) Management of hazardous wastes in accordance with established Waste Management Plans (WMPs) and procedures to include: - Waste segregation - Provision of appropriate/ secure storage - Labelling of containers - Disposal via licensed contractors - Operational control procedures (#) Identify customers / alternate use for MEG heavy glycol waste
Monitoring (#) Inventorise wastes generated and sent for offsite reuse / recycling & disposal
8.5.3
All
Generation and disposal of hazardous waste
Moderate
(#) Inventorise wastes generated and sent for offsite reuse / recycling & disposal (#) Periodic audit of Toxic Industrial Waste contractors, including ultimate disposal
8.6.1
ECC
Noise pollution
Moderate
In place engineering and management controls including: (#) Use of "standard low noise plant" design (#) Specification of maximum equipment noise limits and work area noise levels (#) Selection of low noise equipment and noise enclosures, silencers and screening
(#) Boundary noise monitoring (#) Verification of noise prediction through plant and site survey on plant commissioning (#) Verification of predicted noise levels at Pulau Hantu (#) Ensure acceptance of boundary noise criteria by NEA & NParks
8.6.2
MEG
Noise pollution
Minor
In place engineering and management controls including: (#) Verification of noise prediction through an on-site survey (#) Use of "standard low noise plant" design during plant commissioning (#) Specification of maximum equipment noise limits (max. 85 dBA at 1 m) and work area noise levels (#) Selection of low noise equipment and noise enclosures, silencers and screening (#) Inclusion of noise enclosure for compressor K 8301
(#) Boundary noise monitoring
8.7
ECC
Ecological impacts (Discharge of drainage effluents) Ecological impacts (Discharge of cooling water tower blow down) Change in landscape character due to presence of ECC on Pulau Ular
Negligible
(#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2
(#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2
(#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2
8.7
ECC
Negligible
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
8.8.2
ECC
Minor
(#) Location of developments within areas in existing use for heavy industries
(#) Maintain high standard of housekeeping at ECC site
(#) Regular HSE audits
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ESHA Sec. Site Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 8.8.3 All Visual/ aesthetic impact due to presence of ECC and MEG Plant
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Maintain high standard of housekeeping at ECC site
Monitoring
(#) Design and colour scheme of new facilities in accordance with local requirements and Shell Design Engineering Practices (DEP)
Provision of chemical feedstocks to further boost economy of Singapore Creation of jobs and development of skills within the workforce
Positive (Moderate Major)
(#) Houdini project in line with Government's strategic plan to expand and No further mitigation required grow the petrochemicals sector in Singapore (#) Houdini project and future developments catalysed by the project are part of wider, well publicised development plans that have taken account of ESH impacts (#) Favour employment of Singapore nationals for project operation (#) Support development of skills amongst the workforce
8.9.3
All
Positive (Minor) -
8.9.4
ECC
Demand for industrial water supply for ECC's cooling water tower
Minor
(#) Self-generation of utilities for ECC (eg. Electrical power, steam, fuel gas, No further mitigation required etc.) (#) Use of NEWater (recycled grey water) for ECC cooling water supply (cooling water tower option) (#) Tying in of MEG to utilities and services provided for PCS tenants -
8.9.5
ECC
Reduced recreational value of Pulau Hantu area resulting from ECC operation
Minor
(#) As under 8.6 (Noise), 8.3 (Marine ecology) and 8.8 (#) Review of media, internet (Aesthetics) (blogs) and stakeholder interest (#) Monitor sentiments of recreation and dive groups that use in the project Pulau Hantu throughout project operation (#) Maintain open and collaborative dialogue channels to enable concerns to be raised by recreation and dive groups that use Pulau Hantu (#) Use existing efficient ferry services serving Bukom Refinery -
8.9.6
All
Increased congestion as a result of project generated marine and road traffic
Negligible
(#) Transportation of ECC products via pipeline to MEG Plant (#) Transportation of MEG Plant products via pipeline to other parts of Jurong Island and exportation by ship using existing jetties (#) No processing of additional volume of petroleum products (#) Transport of larger quantity of finished product by pipeline
Health impacts associated with air and noise emissions and exposure to hazardous materials/ substances Legionella outbreak resulting from cooling water tower (Public Health Concerns)
Minor
Controls that are in place or part of project design include: (#) Air emission controls to ensure that standards set for the project by Shell and Government of Singapore are met; controls aim to prevent damage to human health and the environment (#) Inclusion of noise attenuation measure to ensure compliance with site boundary noise requirements
(#) Implementation of operational controls including: - the implementation of hazardous waste management plans, - good hazardous material management procedures, - mandatory use of personal protective equipment, - control of noise within the workplace
(#) HSE site audits
8.10.3
ECC
Negligible - Minor (#) Design and construction of project facilities in accordance with Singapore (#) Chlorination of the Cooling Water Tower system using 2 ppm (#) Check for existence of legionella bacteria and international design standards hypochlorite & shock dosing if required (#) Clean all cells of Cooling Water Tower every two years (#) Legionella management program in accordance with Shell requirements (#) Review potential for occupational health issues in Health Risk Assessment
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Impact
Impact In Place Design Controls Significance Physical injury, disability Negligible - Minor (#) Design and construction of project facilities in accordance with Singapore and loss of life as a and international design standards result of major accident hazards
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Monitoring Phase (#) Identification and assessment of potential hazards as part of QRA and HEMP and inclusion of measures necessary to minimise any identified risks (#) Strictly control access to project sites (#) Provide a health, safety and emergency response briefing to any visitors to project sites (#) Supervision of visitors on site at all times (#) Commission only reputable transport providers to transport employees and products to/ from the plants
NTS-32
S-5.4
CUMULATIVE IMPACTS In addition to the impacts determined for the project in isolation, the scope of this ESHA includes a high level consideration of potential cumulative impacts associated with the implementation of this project, in combination with existing industrial developments and known planned projects. Impacts to air, the marine environment, waste disposal, major accident hazards, employment, economic development and traffic congestion have been considered: existing planning and pollution control requirements in Singapore are expected to be able to address potential cumulative impacts. Nevertheless, SEPL as an organisation is increasing its own impact on the environment of Singapore through the current project and its concept plans to further develop on the Bukom Cluster. In line with Shell Group policy, it is therefore recommended that SEPL examines in greater depth its own wider cumulative ESH impacts associated with its existing facilities, this project and its future planned developments.
S-6
EHS MANAGEMENT Effective environmental management and monitoring activities throughout the lifetime of the project will be essential in order to ensure that project environmental, social and health objectives are achieved and that construction and operational activities are carried out in an environmentally acceptable manner. This ESHA has illustrated a number of design control measures, management actions and procedures that will be put in place in order to protect environmental, social and health resources and receptors from negative impacts and enhance the benefits associated with implementation of the project. The mechanisms for ensuring that these control, mitigation and management measures are implemented are described within an internal Environmental, Social and Health Management Plan (ESH-MP). Furthermore, SEPL will integrate the results of this ESHA into existing HSE Management Systems (HSE-MS) which will be extended to manage existing and additional project activities and to implement stated ESH policies. In addition to overall policy and strategic objectives, the HSE-MS comprises:
Leadership and commitment; Organisational aspects, including responsibilities, standards, document management; The Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP), which identifies and assesses hazards and effects and develops the measures to control them and for recovery in the event of release of a hazard; and
NTS-33
The plandocheckfeedback loop for the control and recovery measures developed as part of HEMP. The impacts identified during the ESHA will be fed into the HSE-MS Hazards and Effects Register.
S-7
OVERALL CONCLUSION Provided the proposed and recommended mitigation and control measures described in this ESHA are incorporated into project design and are effective, and ESH management of the sites and facilities is addressed in the ways described in this report, it is concluded that the ESH impacts associated with the development of the SEPC project can be maintained to within acceptable levels.
NTS-34
Main Report
CONTENTS
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12
INTRODUCTION PROJECT OVERVIEW PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ESHA OBJECTIVES REPORT STRUCTURE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, STANDARDS & GUIDELINES INTRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS TO ASSESS EHS IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY SOCIAL ISSUES PROJECT DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION PROJECT OVERVIEW ETHYLENE CRACKER COMPLEX FACILITIES DESCRIPTION MEG PLANT FACILITIES DESCRIPTION BUKOM REFINERY MODIFICATIONS FACILITIES DESCRIPTION EMISSIONS, EFFLUENTS AND WASTE INVENTORY PLANT INSTRUMENTATION, MONITORING & CONTROL SYSTEMS SAFETY SYSTEMS FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS PROJECT PLANNING SCHEDULE CONSTRUCTION, COMMISSIONING & START-UP OPERATIONAL WORKFORCE
1-1 1-1 1-2 1-4 1-5 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-9 2-11 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-5 3-11 3-13 3-14 3-23 3-24 3-24 3-24 3-25 3-28
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS INTRODUCTION SITE SETTING LAND USE CLIMATE, METEOROLOGY AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY SURFACE WATER RESOURCES & WATER QUALITY NOISE & VIBRATION LANDSCAPE AND TOPOGRAPHY GEOLOGY, SOILS, HYDROGEOLOGY AND SEISMICITY BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE HEALTH PROFILE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES & UTILITIES ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORICAL & CULTURAL HERITAGE MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS NATURAL HAZARDS
4-1 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-7 4-19 4-27 4-30 4-31 4-34 4-43 4-51 4-61 4-67 4-69 4-70 4-70
5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
ASSESSMENT APPROACH & METHOD INTRODUCTION ESHA PROCESS ASSESSMENT SCOPING INFORMATION/ DATA COLLECTION IDENTIFICATION & ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS IMPLEMENTATION (ESHA REPORT & ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT PLAN) STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
5-1 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-9 6-1
6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11
SHELLS POSITION 6-1 APPROACH TO STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 6-1 STAKEHOLDER CONCERNS 6-2 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION 6-2 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION TO DATE 6-3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT REGARDING PULAU ULAR RECLAMATION 6-5 ESH ASSESSMENT CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION LAND TAKE/ LAND USE AIR EMISSIONS & AIR QUALITY LIQUID EFFLUENTS/ DISCHARGES TO SEA SOILS & GROUNDWATER WASTE MANAGEMENT NOISE & VIBRATION MARINE ECOLOGY LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACTS SOCIAL IMPACTS HEALTH IMPACTS SUMMARY OF IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION ESH ASSESSMENT OPERATIONAL PHASE INTRODUCTION AIR EMISSIONS & AIR QUALITY AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS/ DISCHARGES TO SEA SOIL & GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION WASTE MANAGEMENT NOISE & VIBRATION MARINE ECOLOGY LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACTS SOCIAL IMPACTS HEALTH IMPACTS SUMMARY OF OPERATIONAL PHASE IMPACTS 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-4 7-6 7-9 7-12 7-16 7-22 7-25 7-26 7-37 7-45 8-1 8-1 8-1 8-16 8-26 8-28 8-32 8-36 8-36 8-39 8-45 8-50
9 9.1 9.2
CUMULATIVE IMPACTS INTRODUCTION EXISTING SOURCES OF IMPACT
9-1 9-1 9-1
9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 12
OTHER PLANNED PROJECTS POTENTIAL IMPACTS PLANNING FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SEPL FACILITIES ESH MITIGATION AND MONITORING INTRODUCTION ESH CONTROL AND MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING CHECK & FEEDBACK SUMMARY & CONCLUSION SUMMARY SUMMARY OF ESH EVALUATED IMPACTS OVERALL CONCLUSION REFERENCES
9-2 9-3 9-5 9-6 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-2 11-1 11-1 11-2 11-4 12-1
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
g ALARP AOC ASL ASU BDEP BDX BEU BOD CCS CDC CDU CGO CH4 CO CO2 COD CPO DCS dBA DEG DFD DHI ECR EDB EDP EGS EPD EBS EC ECC ECU EG EO EOC EPCA EPHA ESD ESHA ESH-MP GDP GT H2 H2O H2S HAP HAT HC HCU HDS HEMP HGV HSE HSE-MS HVU5 IAF IPS Microgramme As low as reasonably practicable Accidentally oil contaminated Above sea level Air splitter unit Basic Design and Engineering Package Butadiene Extraction Plant Benzene Extraction Unit Biological oxygen demand Central Control System Communicable Diseases Centre Crude Distillation Unit Cracked gas oil Methane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chemical oxygen demand Chlorine produced oxidants Distributed Control Systems Decibel (A-weighted) Di-ethylene glycol Designated Factory Doctor DHI Water & Environment Ethylene cracker residue Economic Development Board Emergency depressurising Ethylene Glycols Singapore Environmental Protection Division Environmental baseline studies Ethylene carbonate Ethylene Cracker Complex Ethylene Cracker Unit Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide End of cycle Environmental Pollution Control Act Environmental Public Health Act Emergency shut down Environmental, Social & Health Assessment Environmental, Social & Health Management Plan Gross Domestic Product Gross Tonnes Hydrogen Water Hydrogen sulphide Hazardous air pollutants Highest astronomical tide Hydrocarbon Hydrocracker Unit Hydrodesulphuriser Hazards and Effects Management Process Heavy goods vehicle Health, Safety & Environment Health, Safety & Environment Management System High Vacuum Unit No.5 Induced Air Floatation Instrumented Protective System
JTC km LAT LE LLOD LO LOP m MAC MAPD MEG MEK MEWR mg MOH MOM MPA MSD MTBE MW N2 NaOH NC NCC NE NEA NMHC NO2 NOX NTU NUS OC PCC PCD PCS PET PHU PM10 PPE ppm PPS PSI PUB PWL QRA SBA SCW SD SDC SEPL SGP SHU SM/PO SO2 SOC SPC SPL SRC SRU SSC
Jurong Town Corporation Kilometre Lowest astronomical tide Light Ends Last Line of Defence Lower olefins Lower Olefins Plant Metres Marine Aquaculture Centre Methyl-Acetylene and Propadiene Mono-ethylene glycol Methyl ethyl ketone Ministry of Environment and Water Resources Milligramme Ministry of Health Ministry of Manpower Maritime & Port Authority of Singapore Meteorological Service Division Methyl tertiary butyl ether Megawatt Nitrogen Sodium hydroxide Non-contaminated Non-contaminated condensate Northeast National Environment Agency Non-methane hydrocarbon Nitrogen dioxide Oxides of nitrogen Nanyang Technological University National University of Singapore Oil contaminated Potentially contaminated condensate Pollution Control Department Petrochemical Company of Singapore Polyethylene terephthalate Pygas Hydrogenation Unit Respirable particulates Personal protective equipment Parts per million Pygas Processing Section Pollutant Standard Index Public Utilities Board Sound power level Quantitative Risk Assessment Secondary butyl alcohol Seawater cooling water Sustainable development Sentosa Development Corporation Shell Eastern Petroleum (Pte) Limited Singapore Green Plan C4 Selective Hydrogenation Unit Styrene Monomer/Propylene Oxide Sulphur dioxide Start of cycle Singapore Petrochemicals Complex Sound pressure level Singapore Refining Company Sulphur Recovery Unit Singapore Science Centre
ii
SUT SW SWD T TAQMMS TDS TEG TIW TSS URA USEPA UXO VDP WHO WPD WWS
SembCorp Utilities Southwest Seawater distiller Metric tonnes Telemetric Air Quality Monitoring and Management Systems Total dissolved solids Tri-ethylene glycol Toxic Industrial Waste Total suspended solids Urban Redevelopment Authority United State Environmental Protection Agency Unexploded Ordnance Vapour Destruction Package World Health Organisation Waste Permits Department Waste Water Stripper
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT All units of measurement presented in this report are metric unless otherwise stated. The following should be noted: Unit . K M B Comment Decimal point 1/1 000 000 (10-6) 1000 (103) 1 000 000 (106) 1 000 000 000 (109)
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INTRODUCTION
1.1
PROJECT OVERVIEW Shell Eastern Petroleum (Pte) Limited (SEPL) is planning a major petrochemicals development project in Singapore consisting of the following three elements:
A new Ethylene Cracker Complex or ECC is to be built adjacent to the existing SEPL Bukom Refinery on the Bukom cluster and on future reclaimed land between Pulau Bukom Kechil, Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing. The complex will thermally crack heavy hydrocarbons to produce the main products of ethylene, propylene, hydro-treated C4s and benzene. The Complex will be owned and operated by SEPL; A new Mono-Ethylene Glycols (MEG) Plant (MEG Plant) to be built on a vacant plot of land at the far eastern end of the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex I area on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island. The MEG Plant will take ethylene feedstock from the ECC via existing subsea pipelines. The plant will produce ethylene carbonate (EC) as an intermediate product and final products of MEG. The plant will be owned and operated by SEPL, drawing services from Ethylene Glycols Singapore (EGS); and Modifications to the existing SEPL Refinery on Pulau Bukom (Bukom Refinery) to support the above.
A number of existing and new downstream facilities such as a Styrene Monomer/ Polypropylene Oxide (SM/PO) Plant and other Polypropylene and Polyethylene Production Plants will receive feed from the new Shell facilities. Any new plants will be developed by 3rd parties. The locations of the project components are mapped in Figure 1.1a and a general project concept schematic is shown in Figure 1.1b.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SECTION 1-2 REV P1REV P1
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MEG Plant
SINGAPORE
North
Ethylene Cracker Complex 1 km
Figure 1.1a Project Setting Plan

ERM
Figure 1.1b
Overall Project Concept Schematic

Bukom Cluster Jurong
Bukom Refinery Refinery Modifications
Condensate Splitter Unit
Naphtha
Petrochemicals Complex 1 & 2
Condensate
EGS EO/EG Plant
Ethylene Oxide & Glycols
MEG Plant
Mono-Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Cracker Complex
Ethylene Propylene Hydro-treated C4s Benzene Butadiene
Styrene Monomer/ Propylene Oxide SM/PO Plant
Styrene Propylene Oxide
Existing Facilities Project Facilities Future Facilities
Other Future Plants
Polyethylene Other products
1.2 1.2.1
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION Development Context The concept to develop the ECC was first initiated in 1998/1999 and is based on Shells practice in Europe and the US of cracking attractive feedstocks available from the refinery in a world-scale facility close to large scale customers. Conceptual work started in the second quarter of 2000 as a joint Shell Oil Products/ Shell Chemicals project. The Concept Phase was completed in quarter one, 2002 when it was decided to proceed with the Feasibility Phase. The MEG Plant project began in 1998 as a means of upgrading the smaller scale operation of EGS in Singapore, and to serve the growing glycols markets in Southeast Asia and China. The MEG Plant concept forms an integral part of the overall project. This integrated petrochemicals development project builds on Shells existing large and long-term presence in Singapore. It bridges Shells interests in its refinery on Bukom and its interests in downstream petrochemicals development facilities on Jurong Island; the project will also allow Shell to exploit synergies resulting from the integrated operation of the Bukom Refinery and the ECC. The concept is based on close integration with the existing refinery for feeds and by-product returns and results in substantial capital expenditure (CAPEX) and cost savings from using existing facilities and infrastructure. The ECC will deliver commodity base chemicals such as ethylene, propylene, mixed butenes and benzene to various customers. These include Shells existing SM/PO plants at Seraya Chemicals, to the proposed MEG Plant and to
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SECTION 1-2 REV P1REV P1 SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006
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new third party consumers on Jurong Island via existing sub-sea pipelines between Bukom and Jurong Island. MEG is a major raw material for the production of polyester fibres for the textiles industry and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin for the packaging industry. Demand for both MEG and the products from other downstream consumers of the ECCs products is growing in line with, or faster than, the global economy and enjoys specifically high growth rates in Southeast Asia and in China. This integrated petrochemicals project therefore aims to fulfil the growing need for these products in Asia and the global market place. 1.2.2 Project Location Singapore is already the centre for Shell Oil Products and Shell Chemicals manufacturing activities in South East Asia. Shell believes Singapore offers an attractive investment climate with supportive government policies and that it presents a low country risk. No other sites have been identified in Asia where the above mentioned combination of existing refinery assets and petrochemical opportunities can be combined so successfully, hence Bukom offers a unique opportunity to develop this integrated supersite concept. An alternative of building the ECC on Jurong Island was previously considered. However, the Jurong Island location for the complex lacked the integration potential associated with the Bukom site. The new MEG Plant will be built on a vacant plot of land at the far eastern end of the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex I area on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island. It will make maximum use of existing facilities and infrastructure within the PCS and specifically from the existing EGS complex (eg. control room, staff etc). 1.2.3 No-development Option What if this Project Doesnt Happen Here? The no-development option is that the integrated ECC and MEG Plant project does not materialise. Under this option, Shells existing downstream petrochemical plants in Singapore would remain dependent on outside olefin feeds, and that the potential oil-chemical benefits on Bukom would not be realised. In the absence of the project, it was possible that the land reclamation around Pulau Ular would be delayed. This reclamation has now started and regardless of SEPLs decision, was anticipated as part of the Singapore Governments long-term plans for future large-scale industrial development on the Bukom island cluster.
1-3
Under the no-project option, the Bukom Refinery would likely pursue other options. Given the Singapore Governments keen interest in further developing the petrochemical industry sector, it is almost certain that an alternative ethylene cracker project (probably on Jurong Island) would be developed by one of the other main players in Singapore resulting in the loss of this opportunity for Shell. 1.2.4 Technology State of the art technology (in terms of economic attractiveness and environmental performance) will be applied for both the ECC and the MEG Plant. In terms of the ECC, the following technology providers have been selected:

Ethylene Cracker Unit (ECU): ABB Lummus; Selective Hydrogenation Unit for crude C4s (C4SHU): Axens; Pygas Processing Unit (PPS): Axens (Pygas hydrogenation) and Krupp Uhde (benzene extraction); and Butadiene Extraction Plant (BDX): ABB Lummus.
Shell is a world leader in MEG production technology and the process chosen for the MEG Plant is based on Shell proprietary technology. Two alternative technologies were considered offering different levels of selectivity of converting EO to MEG. The selected process offers the highest level of conversion selectivity. 1.3 ESHA OBJECTIVES The Royal Dutch Shell plc companies are committed to safeguarding human life, environmental protection, contributing to sustainable development and conserving biodiversity. In accordance with Shell Group commitments, potential environmental, social and health aspects associated with all new projects and major facility developments must be assessed and the results integrated into the design and execution of the project. Whilst SEPL is not required to provide an ESHA of the Project to the Singapore Government, the E SHA will be required for internal evaluation of the project. The overall objectives of the ESHA are to:
Establish and describe the profile of the existing environmental, health and social conditions in the study area; Identify environmental, social and health hazards during construction, commissioning, operation and abandonment of the proposed facilities; Assess the significance of the hazards and to mitigate the negative effects and enhance/ maximise the positive effects;
1-4
Recommend items for the Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP) and the HSE-MS, where applicable for the project, including compliance monitoring, auditing and contingency planning; and Provide the basis for consultation and communication with regulatory authorities, the public and other stakeholders (as appropriate).
This report presents the findings of the ESHA and sets out the mitigation measures and actions required to eliminate, or otherwise minimise, impacts to environmental, social and health receptors to levels that are As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). 1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE The remainder of this report is structured as follows:
Section 2 provides an overview of the Singaporean and international legal framework within which this ESHA has been undertaken and with which the project will comply; Section 3 provides a technical description of the project facilities including details of the process and utilities, emissions, effluents and wastes; Section 4 describes the existing environmental, social and health profile for the study area (baseline); Section 5 details the ESH assessment approach, methodology and study scope; Section 6 reports on stakeholder engagement; Section 7 presents the evaluation of construction phase impacts; Section 8 presents the evaluation of operational phase impacts; Section 9 reports on potential cumulative impacts; Section 10 describes an outline ESH Management Plan; and Section 11 provides a summary and conclusion of the assessment.
References are then provided in Section 12.
1-5
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
2.1
INTRODUCTION Legislation, standards and guidelines applicable to this ESHA include:

Singaporean legislation and guidelines; International conventions and agreements; and Shell Group policies and guidelines.
In line with Shell Group policy, SEPL have prepared a set a minimum health, safety and environmental standards for the design of Shell Eastern Petrochemicals Complex (SEPC) project components including minimum performance standards. These standards ensure that project design is in line with currently accepted HSE principles and policies and in particular that the project adheres to:

All relevant Singapore statutory/ legal requirements; Policies and guidelines issued by Shell; Internationally accepted norms and standards; and International agreements to which Singapore is a party and treaties which Singapore has signed.
These standards are reproduced in a separate document - Shells HSE Standards for the SEPC Project (SEPL, 2005). Key legal standards of relevance to this ESHA are summarised below. 2.2 REQUIREMENTS TO ASSESS EHS IMPACTS Singapore does not require that a compulsory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) be carried out for major industrial developments. However, for special or potentially polluting industries, such as major petrochemical facilities, the NEA may require the project developer to carry out a Pollution Control Study (PCS) under the Environmental Pollution Control Act, 1999. The Royal Dutch/ Shell Group companies are committed to pursuing the goal of no harm to people and to protecting the environment. Shell requires that Impact Assessments, examining environmental, social and health implications, be prepared for all new projects and major facility developments. The impact assessment must include an examination of potential impacts on biodiversity. Furthermore, Group standards require consideration of environmental risks as part of the process of identifying HSE critical features which are then subject to a Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP). The aim of this process is to demonstrate that HSE risks have been reduced to tolerable and as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) levels.
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2.3 2.3.1
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Overview of Legislation and Standards of Singapore Environmental protection in Singapore is regulated under the Environmental Pollution Control Act 1999, or EPCA, which came into effect on 1st April 1999. It governs environmental management and pollution control. The Act, and its provisions, are administered and enforced by the National Environment Agency (NEA)(1). Numerous regulations have been issued under the umbrella of the EPCA including:

EPCA (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations S 156 / 99; EPCA (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations - S.157 / 99; EPCA (Hazardous Substances) Regulations - S 159 / 99; EPCA (Trade Effluent) Regulations S 160 / 99; EPCA (Vehicular Emissions) Regulations S 291 / 99; EPCA (Composition of Fines) Regulations S 292 / 99; EPCA (Prohibition on the Use of Open Fires) Order S 161 / 99; EPCA (Air Impurities) Regulations S 593 / 00; EPCA (Ozone Depleting Substances) Regulations S 604 / 00; EPCA (Amendment of Second Schedule Hazardous Substances List) Order 2004; and EPCA (Amendment on Hazardous Substances Regulations) 2005 S 77/ 2005, incorporating the flammable substances regulated by SCDF under Fire Safety (Petroleum & Flammable Materials) regulations 2005.
In addition to the EPCA, the following Acts are also relevant to environmental protection:

Factories Act 1973; Hazardous Waste (Control of Export , Import & Transit) Act; Prevention of Pollution of the Sea Act PPSA (Reporting of Pollution Incidents) Regulations; Sewage & Drainage Act; Wild Animals and Birds Act 1965; Fisheries Act 1966; and National Parks Board Act 1996.
Many of the laws also give Government ministries the power to issue directions on environmental protection and pollution control as required. This has led to the development of numerous Codes of Practice issued by NEA and other government agencies, including the following:

1
Code of Practice on Pollution Control (NEA); Code of Practice on Environmental Health (NEA);
The NEA was established in May 2002, under the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (MEWR). The task of implementation / enforcement is now NEA's responsibility.
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Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage (PUB); Code of Practice on Sanitary Plumbing and Drainage System (PUB); Standard Specification for Sewerage Works (PUB); and Sewerage Procedures and Requirements (PUB).
The above codes and standards detail more specific requirements with regard to pollution control and related issues. NEA also issues a number of critical construction and operating permits covering, amongst other things, pollutant discharges and control of use of hazardous substances. 2.3.2 Global and Regional Agreements for Environmental Protection Singapore is signatory to a number of international conventions and agreements related to environmental protection including:

Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (1987); Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (1989); Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal. (1996); International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973 , modified 1978 Protocol); Kyoto Protocol United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; and Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
2.3.3
Atmospheric Emissions The Pollution Control Department (PCD) under the Environmental Protection Division (EPD) of the NEA is responsible for the prevention and control of air pollution in Singapore. Part IV of the EPCA, the Environmental Pollution Control (Air Impurities) Regulations 2001 and the Environmental Pollution Control (Prohibition on the Use of Open Fires) Order 1999, regulate the emissions of air pollutants from industrial and trade premises. Provisions in the EPCA include the requirement that occupiers of industrial or trade premises install and maintain air pollution control equipment and ensure that air impurities emitted from their premises do not exceed the specified standards. Stack gas emissions standards for industrial facilities are specified under the Environmental Pollution Control (Air Impurities) Regulations 2001. They are listed together with air emissions standards set by Shell for the project in Shells HSE Standards for the SEPC Project. The project standards seek to meet Singaporean requirements and in a number of cases substantially improve on these.
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2.3.4 2.3.4.1
Ambient Air Quality Standards Singapore Regulations Singapore does not have specific enforced ambient air quality standards, however the NEA makes reference to the US EPA Primary Air Quality Standards and the World Health Organisation (WHO) long-term goals for reporting ambient air quality status. These standards and goals are presented in Table 2.3a.
Table 2.3a
USEPA and WHO Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant Gaseous SO2* CO NO2 Ozone Particulate Pollutants PM10 PM2.5 Lead Averaging Time USEPA Primary Air Quality Standard 80 g/m3 365 g/m3 10 mg/m3 40 mg/m3 100 g/m3 235 g/m3 157 g/m3 50 g/m3 150 g/m3 15 g/m3 65 g/m3 1.5 g/m3 WHO Recommended Guidelines 20 g/m3 10 mg/m3 30 mg/m3 40 g/m3 120 g/m3 0.5 g/m3
Annual mean 24-hour 8 Hour 1 Hour Annual mean 1 hour 8 hour Annual mean 24 hour Annual mean 24 hour 3 months 1 year
* WHO recommended guidelines for SO2 have been updated in late 2005. This reflects the new 2005 WHO values. Source: NEA Environmental Protection Division 2004 Annual Report
2.3.5
Liquid Effluent Discharge Standards The Pollution Control Department (PCD) of the NEA and Sewerage Department of PUB have prime responsibility for the regulation of liquid effluent being discharged into waterways and into the sewer system, respectively. The main legislative instruments governing water pollution are:

Environmental Pollution Control Act (Part V Water Pollution Control) 1999; Environmental Pollution Control (Trade Effluent) Regulations 1999; and Sewerage & Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations 1999.
The Environmental Pollution Control (Trade Effluent) Regulations 1999 stipulate that no trade effluent can be discharged into watercourses or land without obtaining prior permission from the NEA. The regulations also stipulate that facilities discharging liquid/trade effluents are also required by law to install sampling test points, inspection chambers, flow-meters, and recording and other apparatuses. Effluent standards and permitting requirements are provided in the regulations and all wastewater must be treated to the stipulated standards prior to their discharge, depending on the watercourse being discharged into.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SECTION 1-2 REV P1REV P1 SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006
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For the ECC, liquid effluents are treated on site by the wastewater treatment systems before being discharged to sea. This is deemed as a discharge into a watercourse other than a controlled watercourse, under the Environmental Pollution Control (Trade Effluent) Regulations. Effluent discharge standards applicable to this project are presented in Shells HSE Standards for the SEPC Project. Shell standards to be achieved for the project are also provided. 2.3.6 Ambient Water Quality Standards The NEA conducts regular water quality monitoring in and around the waters of Singapore. Inland water bodies comprise streams in the catchment areas (where water is collected to produce drinking water), and in non-water catchment areas. Coastal areas include waters along the Straits of Johor, Straits of Singapore and around the main offshore islands. Singapores water quality criteria for inland/ coastal waters is summarised in Table 2.3b. Table 2.3b Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Criteria Dissolved Oxygen Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Faecal coliforms Parameter >2 mg/l <10 mg/l <200 mg/l <1000 per 100 ml
Source: NEA Environmental Protection Division Annual Report 2004
2.3.7
Noise Emission Standards Noise limits are specified under the EPCA, Environmental Pollution Control (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations 1999 and the Environmental Pollution Control (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations 1999. Part VIII of the EPCA defines the authority of the Director to control noise from the construction of buildings and other works, and also from workplaces. The Director has the authority to give notice in writing to impose requirements or order works to be stopped. Failure to comply with notices will result in prosecution. Noise levels from construction, demolition and related activities are subject to levels presented in Table 2.3c. In order to ensure compliance with these standards, operators of construction sites are required to monitor noise levels as follows:
Between 7.00 am and 7.00 pm: (a) 50 metres from the boundary of the construction site if an affected building is located within 50 metres of that boundary; and
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(b)
1 metre away from the outside of an affected building if the affected building is more than 50 metres away from the boundary of the construction site;
Between 7.00 pm and 7.00 am: (a) 1 metre away from the outside of any affected building regardless of the distance between the affected building and the boundary of the construction site.
Readings are to be adjusted based on other noise sources in the area. Table 2.3c Maximum Permissible Noise Levels (Construction sites)
Type of receptor Hospital, school, institution of higher learning, home for the aged or sick, hospital Other buildings Period Equivalent continuous noise level over a period of 12 hours, in decibels (A) Equivalent continuous noise level over 5 minutes, in decibels (A) Equivalent continuous noise level over a period of 12 hours, in decibels (A) Equivalent continuous noise level over 5 minutes, in decibels (A) 7AM to 7PM 60 7PM to 7AM 50
75 75
55 65
90
70
Source: Environmental Pollution Control (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations
The Environmental Pollution Control (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations (1999) stipulate the maximum permitted noise level at the boundary of factory premises adjoining different types of premises. More stringent limits are set where the adjoining premises are noise sensitive premises or residential premises. Quantitative limits are set for noise levels at the boundary of factories. A summary of long and short-term maximum permissible noise levels is provided in Tables 2.3d-e. Table 2.3d Maximum Permissible Noise Levels (Part I, period limits) - Boundary
Affected Premises[1] Day (07.00 19.00) (dBA)[2,3] 60 65 70 Evening (19.00 23.00) (dBA) 55 60 65 Night (23.00 07.00) (dBA) 50 55 60
Noise sensitive Residential Commercial Notes 1. Noise sensitive: recreational areas, nature park, educational, hospital etc; commercial: trade, business or commercial use 2. Equivalent continuous noise level over the specified period, eg, during day, evening and night periods noted above. 3. Limits apply on the boundary which faces the affected premise Source: Environmental Pollution Control (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations
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Table 2.3e
Maximum Permissible Noise Levels (Part II, five minute limits) - Boundary
Affected Premises Day (07.00 19.00) dBA(Note 1) 65 70 75 75 Evening (19.00 23.00) dBA 60 65 70 70 Night (23.00 07.00) dBA 55 60 65 65
Noise sensitive Residential Commercial Factory Notes 1. Equivalent continuous noise level over 5 minutes
Source: Environmental Pollution Control (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations
Factory limits would apply for the MEG facility; SEPL have also sought NEAs clarification that the Cracker Complex is to meet the same standards given its zoning as industrial use. 2.3.8 Solid Waste Management and Control Singapore legislation that governs the management and disposal of solid wastes including wastes considered hazardous include:

Environmental Public Health Act 1987; Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations 1988; and Environmental Public Health (General Waste Collection) Regulations 1989.
Singapore legislation governing the transport of hazardous waste include:

Hazardous Waste (Control of Export and Import Transit) Act 1997; and Hazardous Waste (Control of Export and Import Transit) Regulations 1998.
Moreover, Singapore accedes to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal. 2.3.8.1 Hazardous Wastes For wastes generated and managed within Singapore, NEA has set out a list of specific wastes, which are classified as Toxic Industrial Wastes (TIWs) under the Environmental Public Health Act (EPHA). Handling, transport and disposal of TIWs are governed by legislation listed in Section 2.3.8. The categories of toxic waste are listed in Table 2.3f.
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Table 2.3f
Toxic Industrial Waste Categories

Acids Alkalis Antimony and its Compounds Arsenic and its Compounds Asbestos Cadmium and its Compounds Chromium Compounds Copper Compounds Cyanides Fluoride Compounds Isocyanates Laboratory Wastes Lead Compounds Mercury and its Compounds Metal Catalysts Nickel Compounds Organic Compounds containing Halogen Organic Compounds not containing Halogen Other Wastes Pathogenic Wastes Phenolic Compounds PCBs and PCTs PVCs Silver Compounds Used, Contaminated Oil Zinc Compounds
Source: Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Wastes) Regulations
2.3.8.2
General Waste Handling of general waste is governed by the Environmental Public Health (General Waste) Regulation. The regulation requires that general waste must be collected, transported and disposed off by a licensed contractor. Project principles for hazardous and non hazardous waste management are provided in Shells HSE Standards for the SEPC Project.
2.3.9
Control of Chemicals and Hazardous Substances The Pollution Control Department (PCD) of NEA is responsible for overseeing the control of chemicals in Singapore. However, co-ordination with other governmental agencies is necessary since the control of chemicals covers a wide spectrum of environmental, health and safety concerns. Various legislative instruments, including those described in Section 2.3.8 for hazardous wastes, regulate their control. Of particular relevance here, the Environmental Pollution Control Act 1999 (Part VII) and the Environmental Pollution Control (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 1999 covers the management, use, exposure, transportation and sale of hazardous substances.
2.3.9.1
Environmental Pollution Control Act 1999, Part VII In accordance with Section 26 of this Act, the NEA may at its discretion require the owner of any installation or facility that carries out activities involving the storage, handling and use of hazardous substances to conduct a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) of its operations. A QRA for the project is under preparation and will be presented to the NEA in accordance with these requirements.
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2.3.9.2
Environmental Pollution Control (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 1999 The Regulations detail specific procedures and requirements to help ensure safe handling, management and transport of hazardous substances. Over 100 chemicals have been classified as Hazardous Substances and are hence subject to special requirements. Project standards for chemicals use and management are described in Shells HSE Standards for the SEPC Project.
2.3.10
Land Contamination Issues EPCA Part VI (Land Pollution Control) highlights the possibility of the authorities creating legally binding regulations to control the pollution of land. Accordingly, the NEA has issued guidance under the Code of Practice on Pollution Control to conduct environmental baseline studies (EBSs) in order to assess the extent of land contamination by polluting activities. Petrochemical complexes and oil refineries are designated as polluting activities. An EBS is especially recommended for sites that once housed polluting industries and are being redeveloped, rezoned or reused for a nonpolluting activity. The NEA does not require an EBS if the land is to remain industrial. However, JTC has its own EBS requirement, and may dictate an EBS to be conducted on renewal or transfer of a lease. Project standards for the prevention of soil and groundwater contamination are provided in Shells HSE Standards for the SEPC Project.
2.3.11
Protection of Wildlife The Singapore Green Plan (SGP), released in 1992 and updated to meet new environmental challenges of the period 2002-2012 (Singapore Green Plan 2012 or SGP 2012), maps out the strategic directions for Singapore to preserve, protect and enhance the environment. Some 5 per cent of total land has been preserved as nature sites, areas which represent a wide range of natural habitats found in Singapore. Main regulations pertaining to the protection of wildlife in Singapore are:

Wild Animal and Bird Act 1965; National Parks Board Act 1996; Fisheries Act 1966; and Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act 1989.
2.4
PUBLIC& OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Singapore has enacted legislation governing public health and safety and health and safety in the workplace, as summarised below.
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2.4.1
Environmental Public Health Act 1987 The principal legislation governing public health in Singapore is the Environmental Public Health Act (EPHA) 1987 (Revised 2002). This Act and its regulations make provisions for sanitation, control of purity of water supplies, building works health and safety and so on.
2.4.2
Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act 1998 - Destruction of Vectors The Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act 1998 prevents the proliferation of vectors. Section 15 of the Act prohibits the creation or cause of any condition favourable to the propagation and harbouring of vectors. Authorities have the power to direct the owner or occupier of premises to carry out vector control work under Section 17. A registered vector control operator or licensed vector control technician shall carry out such vector control work.
2.4.3
Infectious Diseases Act 1977 - Notification of Infectious Diseases The Act guards against the spread of infectious diseases by stipulating that any person or medical practitioner who has reason to suspect or is aware of any person, who is a carrier or sufferer of an infectious disease, must report to the authorities. The diseases considered infectious are listed under the First Schedule of the Infectious Diseases Act.
2.4.4
Factories Act 1973 (Part VII) In order to prevent the spread of diseases from factories to the public arena, the Factories Act Part VII stipulates that any disease contracted at a factory(2) and diagnosed as an industrial disease must be reported to the authorities by a registered medical practitioner. The diseases covered under this Act are listed in the Sixth Schedule. The occupier or owner of the factory premises is required to submit a written notice to the authorities, specifying the occurrence of the disease and other particulars.
2.4.5
Factories (Medical Examinations) Regulations 1985 Under the Factories (Medical Examinations) Regulations 1985, workers in workplaces deemed as factories under the Factories Act 1973 must undergo specific medical examinations. These statutory medical examinations aim to prevent special risk workers from developing serious occupational diseases that would then place a burden on Singapores health care system. The examinations are particularly for those workers employed in any occupation involving the manufacture, use or handling, or exposure to the substances listed in Table 2.4a. For most hazards, the examinations are to be carried out annually and only by Designated Factory Doctors (DFDs), who have training in occupational
2
The definition includes 'any premises in which building operations or works of engineering construction are being carried on', and applies to the construction of the Ethylene Cracker Complex and the EO/EG Plant.
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medicine and are registered with the Ministry of Manpower (MOM). Workers must be suspended from work if the medical examination results are abnormal. Table 2.4a Exposure to Substances Requiring Medical Examinations
Arsenic Asbestos Benzene Cadmium Raw cotton Lead Manganese Mercury Noise Organophosphates Perchloroethylene Silica Tar, pitch, bitumen, creosote Trichloroethylene Vinyl chloride Any occupation or process carried on in compressed air
Source: Factories (Medical Examinations) Regulations 1985
2.4.6
Immigration Act 1963 Medical Screening upon Arrival in Singapore All foreign workers intending to work in Singapore or who have been issued permits/ pass or certificates for employment must submit to the immigration authorities and the Work Permits Department (WPD) a medical examination by an authorised medical officer. Failure to do so within 14 days of arrival in Singapore will result in the work permit being cancelled. In the event that a worker is found to be carrying a communicable or infectious disease, he/ she is to stop work and will be repatriated to his/ her country of origin. The decision on who bears the cost of the medical exams is between the employer and the employment agency supplying the foreign workers.
2.4.7
Workplace Safety and Health (General Provisions) Regulations 2006 The Workplace Safety and Health (General Provisions) Regulations 2006 lists general provisions for protection of worker health and safety, and lists the permissible levels of exposure (PEL) to toxic substances.
2.5 2.5.1
SOCIAL ISSUES Employment Act 1968 The primary legislation controlling employment standards and conditions in Singapore is the Employment Act 1968. The provisions of the Employment Act cover most classes of employees (3), including foreign construction workers. Key provisions of the Act include:
"Employee" means a person who has entered into or works under a contract of service with an employer and includes a workman and any officer or employee of the Government included in a category, class or description of such officers or employees declared by the President to be employees for the purposes of this Act or any Part or section thereof; but does not include any seaman, domestic worker, or any person employed in a managerial, executive or confidential position or any person belonging to any other class of persons whom the Minister may, from time to time by notification in the Gazette, declare not to be employees for the purposes of this (Employment) Act.
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Minimum working age; Terms for salary payment; Maximum working hours; and Maternity leave benefits.
2.5.2
Employment of Foreign Workers Act 1991 The Act regulates the employment of foreign workers in Singapore. Its stipulations include:

Requirements for work permits for foreign workers; Payment of levies for the employment of foreign workers; Inspection of working premises; and Prosecution for violations of the Act.
2.5.3
Standard for Workers' Quarters on Construction Sites Beginning in June 2004, employers who house foreign workers off-site must provide approved housing in the form of purpose-built dormitories or in quarters constructed on land approved by URA and other relevant authorities. Off-site housing must also comply with requirements of the NEA, Public Utility Board (PUB), Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), and Building and Construction Authority (BCA). Failure to meet the requirements for housing is deemed to be in breach of work permit regulations. The MOM makes available a list of approved dormitories that meet the requirements of various government agencies. Shell has also issued its own internal worker camp standards (Shell Best Practice Guide)(4), applicable to both construction sites (ie. temporary) or within the factory/ warehouse site (ie. permanent). Shells standards specify guidance on the construction and provision of living and sleeping rooms, toilets, washing facilities and mess rooms.
2.5.4
Fundamental International Labour Organisation Conventions Singapore has ratified a number of conventions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). These Conventions aim to improve working conditions and standards worldwide.
Shell Confidential Document: Appendix 3 of the Best Practice Guide 11, HSE Management of Construction
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1
INTRODUCTION A description of the following key aspects of the ECC and MEG Plant developments are presented in this section:

Project overview and nature of products; Project scope and facilities layout; Materials use, transport, characteristics and storage; Process and utility system description; Product storage and export; Waste, emissions and discharges; Project activities and scheduling; and Project HSE design standards, targets & objectives.
Information about the modifications to the existing Bukom Refinery is also provided where relevant. 3.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW The total integrated project consists of the ECC, the MEG Plant and Bukom Refinery modifications as illustrated in Figure 1.1b. 3.2.1 Ethylene Cracker Complex (ECC) The ECC will be built next to the existing Bukom Refinery on the Pulau Bukom cluster and on newly reclaimed land between Pulau Bukom Kechil, Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing (see Section 3.2.3). An illustration of existing facilities on the Bukom cluster is presented in Figure 3.2a. The project will be owned and operated by Shell. The Complex will be integrated with, and will receive all its feedstocks from, the Bukom Refinery. The primary feedstocks to the ECU will be heavy liquid feeds and refinery gases. Integration of the Complex with the Bukom Refinery will require some modifications and installation of additional process units in the refinery. The project will make maximum use of existing facilities in the refinery but will include provisions for large-scale utilities generation (eg. electrical power, steam, etc.). The ECC will produce the following:

Ethylene; Propylene; Hydro-treated C4s (or Butadiene and Raffinate-1); and

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Jurong Island Pulau Hantu Pulau Busing Pulau Ular
Pulau Bukom Kechil
Pulau Bukom
Figure 3.2a Bukom Cluster (View Westwards)

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Benzene.
All products will be transported via existing subsea pipelines to Jurong Island to existing and new Shell and third party customers. All by-products will be returned to the Bukom Refinery. 3.2.2 MEG Plant The MEG Plant will be built on a vacant plot of land at the far eastern end of the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex I area on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island. The facility will be owned and operated by SEPL, drawing services from Ethylene Glycols Singapore (EGS). Utilities for the new MEG Plant will be procured from existing utility companies and from adjacent Petrochemical Corporation of Singapore (PCS) facilities. The MEG plant will adopt Shell proprietary technology (OMEGA process). The produced MEG will be exported by ship using existing jetties in the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex and from neighbouring logistics companies. 3.2.3 Pulau Ular Reclamation The Pular Ular Reclamation will result in the reclamation of the sea between Pulau Bukom Kechil, Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing. The reclamation footprint is shown in Figure 3.2b. JTC is responsible for the Pulau Ular Reclamation which is being undertaken specifically to provide new land for this project; reclamation activities commenced in February 2006. The total area to be reclaimed is about 55 ha, which will require a total fill quantity of about 9 million m3. Some 2275 m of seawall will be constructed to encompass the area to be reclaimed. 3.2.4 Nature of Produced Materials General details on the nature and applications of the various products that will be produced by the proposed facilities are provided in the following sections. 3.2.4.1 Ethylene Ethylene (also known as ethene) is a cornerstone of the petrochemical industry and is essential for the production of countless modern-day items and materials. The applications of ethylene are numerous and ethylene derivatives are widely traded around the world. Polyethylenes of various densities account for more than 50% of the worlds ethylene demand. The primary use of polyethylene is in film applications for packaging, carrier bags and trash liners.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA REV P1 SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006
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North
Pulau Bukom Besar
Pulau Busing
Pulau Ular New Reclamation
Pulau Bukom Kechil
Pulau Hantu
Not to Scale
Figure 3.2b Pulau Ular Reclamation Footprint

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Ethylene has the chemical formula C2H4; it is a colourless, odourless and flammable gas. 3.2.4.2 Propylene Propylene is also one of the major building blocks of the petrochemical industry. Propylene is a key component of countless end use products; examples include automobile lights, disk brake pads and bumpers, carpets, CDs, clear film food wrap, flexible foams used in bedding and furniture, moulded plastic goods such as buckets, food containers, kitchen utensils, paints, protective coatings and synthetic fibres. Propylene has the chemical formula C3H6; it is a colourless and flammable gas with a mild odour. 3.2.4.3 Hydro-treated C4s (Butenes) Butenes are used in the manufacture of a variety of chemical products. Major markets for butenes include polyethylene, polybutene, butylene oxide, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), iso-octane, and the C4 solvents: secondary butyl alcohol (SBA), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and oxo-solvents used as PVC plasticisers. Butene has the chemical formula C4H6. At atmospheric conditions, butene is a colourless gas and is highly flammable. 3.2.4.4 Benzene Benzene is a very important basic chemical, being converted into many intermediates and polymers. It is the major raw material for the production of the following:

Styrene, from which polystyrene is then made; Cumene, from which phenol and bisphenol A, the precursors of epoxy resins and polycarbonates, are made; and Cyclohexane, the precursor of caprolactam and adipic acid, which in turn feed into nylon production.
These end products are then used to manufacture a vast range of everyday items such as clothing, packaging, paints, adhesives, unbreakable windows, plywood, computer casings, compact discs and many more. Benzene has the chemical formula C6H6. It is a clear, colourless and volatile liquid, with a characteristic aromatic odour; benzene is also carcinogenic.
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3.2.4.5
Butadiene Butadiene (also known as 1,3-butadiene) is used primarily as a monomer in the production of a wide range of polymers and co-polymers. It is also used in the production of several intermediate chemicals. The largest single use for butadiene is in the production of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) which is used in the manufacture of automobile tyres, adhesives, sealants, coatings and in rubber articles such as shoe soles. Polybutadiene is also used in tyres and can be used as an intermediate in the production of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). ABS is widely used in items such as telephones, computer casings and other appliances. Other polymers made from butadiene include styrene-butadiene latex, used for example in carpet backings and adhesives; nitrile rubber, used in hoses, fuel line, gasket seals, gloves and footwear; and styrene-butadiene block copolymers which are used in many end-uses ranging from asphalt modifiers (road and roofing construction applications), to adhesives, footwear and toys. Chemical intermediates made from butadiene include adiponitrile and chloropene which are used, respectively, in the manufacture of nylon and neoprene. Butadiene has a chemical formula C4H6. It is a colourless gas and is highly flammable.
3.2.4.6
Mono-Ethylene Glycol (MEG) Mono, di- and tri-ethylene glycols are the first three members of a homologous series of dihydroxyalcohols. They are colourless, essentially odourless and stable liquids with low viscosities and high boiling points. The three glycols have many similar chemical properties. Differences in their applications are due mainly to variations in physical properties such as viscosity, hygroscopicity and boiling point. Mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) is the most widely used chemical from the glycol family; it is a major raw material for the production of polyester fibres for the textiles industry and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin for the packaging industry. It is also used as a plasticiser ingredient and as a defoamer, disinfectant and humectant and as an ingredient of anti-freeze solutions, heat transfer media, hydraulic fluids, cutting oils and lubricants. MEG has the chemical formula C2H6O2 and is a colourless, viscous liquid. It is classified as being not environmentally dangerous.
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3.3 3.3.1
ETHYLENE CRACKER COMPLEX FACILITIES DESCRIPTION ECC-Site Location The ECC will be located on a ~22 ha plot of land located on Pulau Ular and on reclaimed land between Pulau Ular, Pulau Bukom Kechil and Pulau Busing. Process facilities will comprise an Ethylene Cracker Unit (ECU), a Selective Hydrogenation Unit for crude C4s (C4SHU), a potential Butadiene Unit (BDX) and a Pygas Hydrogenation Unit (PHU) which will include benzene extraction (BEU-1) (see Figure 3.3a).
3.3.2
ECC Raw Materials Supply The feedstocks to the ECC will be heavy liquid feeds and refinery gases derived from the Bukom Refinery which will be routed directly to the production facilities via interconnecting pipelines; no external feeds are foreseen. A range of catalysts and proprietary chemicals and additives will also be required in the production process and supporting utilities.
3.3.3
ECC Process Description This section provides a brief overview of the processes in the five production plants which make up the ECC. A simplified block flow diagram for the ECC is presented in Figure 3.3b.
3.3.3.1
Ethylene Cracker Unit (ECU) The Ethylene Cracker Unit (ECU) will apply thermal cracking of heavy liquids and gas feeds from the Bukom Refinery to produce the primary products ethylene and propylene. The ECU will be divided into two main sections, the Pyrolysis Section (or furnace section) and the Fractionation and Recovery Section. In the Pyrolysis Section, the ECU feeds from the refinery will be pre-heated and mixed with dilution steam. This combined stream will then be cracked in one Cracking Furnace that will be fired on fuel gas produced in the Gasoline Fractionator/ Stripper of the ECU (fuel gas is a mixture of hydrogen and methane). In place measures to control emissions from the furnaces will include:

Low NOX burners; High efficiency furnace design; Design emission limits for NOX, CO and PM; Self-generated fuel gas with a very low sulphur content will be used as the primary gaseous fuel for the furnaces; and Provisions will also be included for further NOX reductions (catalytic process) as considered necessary.
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Pulau Busing Bukom Refinery

Reclamation
Proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex
Pulau Bukom Besar
Pulau Bukom Kechil
Pulau Hantu
Not to Scale
Figure 3.3a Project Location Plan Ethylene Cracker Complex

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Fuel gas H2 Feed Methane Ethylene Cracker Complex
Fuel oil Ethylene product Ethane
Propylene product Propane (C3) Butane-Butene product Crude C4 C4 SHU Off-gas (fuel)
Butadiene Unit Crude pygas Gasoline
Butadiene product
PHU + BEU
Benzene product C6 raffinate C7 mogas (to refinery) C5 to storage
Figure 3.3b Ethylene Cracker Complex - Block Flow Schematic

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The charge gas stream from the top of the Gasoline Fractionator will be routed to the Quench Tower where it will be compressed and subsequently caustically washed to remove hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Spent caustic will be routed to the Caustic Treatment facilities; charge gas from the top of the Caustic/ Water Wash Tower will be dried, expanded and cooled in a series of heat-exchangers; hydrogen (H2) will be separated from the charge gas stream in this stage of the process. A large fraction of the hydrogen produced will be used in the ECC; the remainder will be exported to the Bukom Refinery. Ethylene, propylene, propane, crude C4 and pyrolysis gasoline products will be separated out in a series of distillation columns, namely:

Demethaniser; Ethylene fractionator; Deethaniser; Depropaniser; Propyelene fractionator; Debutaniser.
3.3.3.2
C4 Selective Hydrogenation Unit The C4 Selective Hydrogenation Unit (C4SHU) will be used to selectively hydrogenate the 1,3-butadiene in the crude C4 from the ECU to butylenes (BB product). The gas stream then undergoes stripping to separate the BB product from the off-gas which is used as fuel.
3.3.3.3
Pygas Hydrogenation Unit (PHU) and Benzene Extraction Unit (BEU-1) There will be two processes in the PHU hydrogenation of pygas and hydrogenation of platformate heartcut. The hydrogenation of pygas from the ECU will involve converting all diolefins in the pygas stream into mono-olefins in the first stage hydrogenation step and subsequently to saturates in the second stage hydrogenation. C5, hydro-desulphurised C6 C8 and C9+ products are produced in the interim. Platformate heartcut will be hydrogenated using hydrogen from the ECU and mixed with product from the second stage hydrogenation step of the pygas hydrogenation process. The combined stream will then be stabilised and routed to the BEU-1 for separation into benzene product and other (ie. C6 and C7+) streams.
3.3.3.4
Butadiene Unit The crude C4 stream from the ECU will undergo extractive distillation where solvent is recovered and an overhead product, termed Raffinate-1, is produced. A crude butadiene stream will then be fed from the extractive distillation stage into the butadiene purification stage, where pure butadiene product is obtained together with other bottoms.
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3.3.4
ECC Product Storage and Export New tank farms will be provided for liquid products, intermediate products, feedstocks and process materials. Atmospheric storage tanks will be located within bunded (diked) enclosures capable of containing 100% of the inventory of the largest tank within the enclosure. Rainwater accumulating within the enclosure will be drained to a sump where it will be checked for contamination. If accumulated water is found to be contaminated it will be routed to treatment; non-contaminated (NC) water will be discharged to the NC drainage system. Where appropriate, a membrane with leak detection will be provided under the tank bottoms to prevent soil contamination. Overfill protection systems (eg. level alarms) will also be provided. Furthermore, the bunded area will be provided with liquid repellent lining. Final products (ethylene, propylene, benzene, and mixed butanes) will be pumped via the existing subsea pipelines to Jurong Island. All intermediate products will be pumped via interconnecting pipe racks.
3.3.5 3.3.5.1
ECC Utilities Power Generation Under normal conditions, the ECC will be approximately self-sufficient with respect to supply of electricity (Singapores grid will provide the balance needed and also serve as a back-up). The current design includes provision for a dedicated steam turbine driven generator to produce 60 MW of power (utilising produced steam from ECU cracking furnace, see below). Total complex electrical power consumption is expected to be about 62 MWe.
3.3.5.2
Steam System Steam will be generated by the cracking furnaces and three Steam Boilers (120 barg steam). The complex will consume about 590 tonnes/hr of very high pressure (VHP) steam from the three boilers; around 100 200 tonnes/hr of surplus medium pressure steam (MPS) will be exported to the Bukom refinery. The boilers will be fired on liquid fuels generated in the ECU with natural gas as back-up fuel. In place emission controls will include the following:

Low NOX burners; High efficiency boiler design; and Design emission limits(1) for NOX, CO and PM.
SO2 emissions from the Bukom Refinery are controlled via a Sulphur Bubble
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3.3.5.3
Fuel Gas Distribution A low pressure natural gas distribution system will be provided at the site to supply a portion of the fuel to the cracking furnaces; the remaining fuel gas will be self-generated within the ECU. Natural gas is also the back-up fuel for the Steam Boilers. The fuel consumption for the ECU is expected to be a total of about 2320 tonnes/day of self-generated fuel gas, self-generated liquid fuels and natural gas.
3.3.5.4
Pressure Relief & Flare System A high pressure Flare System (Elevated Flare) will be provided to collect and safely dispose of relief or blowdown loads from the Complex in the event of upset/ emergency conditions (eg. in the event of a fire, loss of main power, cooling water system failure, etc.). A steam injection system will be provided at the periphery of the flare tips to ensure smokeless flaring at up to 10% of the maximum design capacity and to minimise smoke formation at higher flaring rates. In accordance with Shell requirements, the plant is designed to have no routine flaring. Flaring during start-up is expected to be minimal (up to ~190 tonnes/hr of gas will be flared for 1.5 to 2 days) every 4 years.
3.3.5.5
Vapour Destruction Package (VDP) The Vapour Destruction Package (VDP) will consist of a thermal oxidiser capable of achieving a level of 5 mg/Nm3 benzene in the exhaust gas. Combustion air used in this thermal oxidiser will partly comprise the exhaust air from the caustic oxidation unit, so traces of hydrocarbons and organic sulphur compounds in this stream will also be destroyed.
3.3.5.6
Cooling Water To provide cooling duty for the ECU, a cooling water tower (CWT) will be provided. The CWT will require make-up water of ~1500 m3/hr; this will be sourced from NEWater (recycled grey water) via subsea pipelines from either the Singapore mainland or Jurong Island. The blowdown will be analysed and released to the common discharge if it is of sufficient quality. The emergency cooling water basin may be used to store water if the blowdown is not within discharge specifications. The treatment chemicals for the CWT will likely include biocides, chemicals for pH control, dispersants and corrosion/ scale inhibitors.
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3.3.5.7
Boiler Feed Water & Condensate Return Demineralised (demin) water requirements are estimated to be about 250 m3/hr; this allows for the 100 200 tonnes/hr steam which will be exported to the refinery. Condensed steam (condensate) from within process systems will be recovered for re-use in steam raising. The raw water supply will be desalinated water from the Bukom Refinery (seawater distiller units); total raw water demand is expected to be about 260 m3/hr. A new Demineralised Water Unit will be installed to generate demin water out of desalinated water.
3.3.5.8
Firewater System Firewater will be supplied either from the desalinated water tank (which has a secondary duty of containing at least 6 hour supply of (fresh) firewater), or from the Bukom refinery (seawater) firewater system. Discharged firewater will be contained in the 5,200 m3 Last Line of Defence (LLOD) collection system and an 8,000 m3 Emergency Basin. The water quality will be checked before being discharged to the surface water drains; if the collected firewater is found to be contaminated, it will be sent to the Emergency Basin and from there to the wastewater treatment facilities.
3.3.5.9
Wastewater Collection & Drainage Systems A segregated drainage system will be provided as follows:
Non-contaminated (NC) drainage system for general plant areas (roads, buildings etc.); Accidentally oil contaminated (AOC) drainage system for collection of run-off from potentially contaminated plant areas (eg. storage tank enclosures). Collected AOC effluents will be routed via an always flooded piping network to the controlled collection facility (LLOD). Collected water will be analysed and either be routed to the sea or to primary treatment; Oil contaminated (OC) drainage system to collect drainage from oil contaminated areas and systems. Collected OC effluent will be routed to the Oil Contaminated Basin in the LLOD. OC effluent will then be pumped via pipeline to the Wastewater (non-benzene) Tank for subsequent primary treatment in the Induced Air Flotation (IAF) system, or to the process worktank if expected to contain benzene or butadiene; and
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Drainage from process areas, drip pans and process effluents from the ECU, C4SHU, PHU/ BEU-1 and Butadiene Unit will be collected by a hard-piped network for routing to Drip & Drains Vessels which will be located in concreted sumps. Collected effluents will be routed back to the process.
3.3.5.10
ECC Wastewater Treatment The ECC will be provided with both primary and secondary treatment systems (see Figure 3.3c):
Wastewater (non-benzene) tank to provide initial oil skimming for nonbenzene contaminated AOC/ OC effluents. Pre-treated effluents will be routed to the Induced Air Flotation (IAF) Unit; Treated effluent from the IAF will be routed to the Waste Water Equalisation Tank. Skimmed oil will be routed to the Skimmings Vessel. Process Work Tank will provide pre-treatment (oil skimming) for benzene contaminated AOC/ OC wastewater/ effluent streams including effluents from the Drip & Drains Vessels and process wastewater from the C4SHU, the PHU and the ECU; Wastewater Steam Stripper will use low pressure steam to volatilise entrained and dissolved hydrocarbons from the wastewater stream. Steam stripped wastewater will be routed to the Waste Water Equalisation Tank. Separated hydrocarbons (eg. benzene) will be recycled to the ECU. Biotreater will provide secondary effluent treatment using an aerobic activated sludge process. The system will be of open design and will comprise an Aeration Tank, Degassifier, Clarifier and sandfilter. Excess biosludge from the Clarifier will be routed to the Sludge Dewatering Package which will dewater collected sludge. The sludge cake will be discharged into containers for off-site disposal; filtrate will be routed via a centrate sump back to the biotreater. Spent caustic will be discharged to the Spent Caustic Storage Tank from where it will be routed to the Spent Caustic Oxidiser and Degassing System. Neutralised caustic will be discharged to the Waste Water Equalisation Tank; off-gas will be routed to the Vapour Destruction Package (VDP).
3.3.5.11
ECC Waste Collection With respect to waste disposal, generated waste streams fall into three categories:
Wastes suitable for re-use, recycling or recovery (eg. catalysts);

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LLOD Rainwater different process areas First Flush Basin Peak Overflow Basin Contaminated RW diked areas Oil Contaminated Basin
NNF NNF
Clean water to outfall (sea) Waste Water (non-benzene) Pretreatment

NNF NNF
IAF Package WW (nonbenzene) Storage Tank Polymer Preparation Unit IAF Effluent Waste Water Biological Treatment
Skimmed oil
IAF Vessel
Contaminated PCC
Waste Water Post-treatment Centrate Sump
NNF
Emergency Basin
NNF
Contaminated closed loop CW
Skimmings Vessel
Skimmed oil
Biotreater Package Aqueous bottoms drip & drain vessels

NNF
Benzene/ Butadiene containing Waste Water Pretreatment Process Work Tank Waste Water Steam Stripper WW Equalisation Tank Contact Vessel Aeration Tank Degassifier Clarifier Continuous Sand Filter Continuous Sand Filter Package Final Plant Effluent Sump To outfall (sea)
Dilution steam blowdown
Steam Stripper Effluent
Process WW PHU/ BEU
Dilution steam bypass
Nutrient Dosing
Polymer Make-up Unit
Process WW C4 SHU
Sludge Dewatering Package Skimmed oil to drip & drain vessel V-15305
NNF
Flare KO Drum
Recovered HCs to drip & drain vessel V-15304
Excess Sludge Dewatering Polymer Make-up Unit
Activated Sludge Holding Tank
Neutralised Spent Caustic TLE Hydrojetting/ Decoking quench water EDI Concentrate (when dilution is necessary)
NNF
Sludge cake
Figure 3.3c Ethylene Cracker Complex Overall Waste Water Treatment System (Schematic)
ERM
Non-hazardous solid wastes requiring disposal (landfill and incineration); and Hazardous wastes requiring disposal (incineration).
A dedicated area will be included on the ECC plot plan where solid waste will be stored prior to collection by the existing Bukom contractors. All waste that is intended for incineration will be transported to an off-site incinerator by approved contractors (consistent with current Bukom practice). Each process unit will also set aside a small area from where waste can be removed to the central collection area. Waste will be segregated into hazardous and non-hazardous waste in both the local and the central collection areas. All waste will be clearly labelled indicating amount, type, source and classification. 3.4 3.4.1 MEG PLANT FACILITIES DESCRIPTION MEG Plant Site Location The MEG Plant will be built on a vacant plot of land at the far eastern end of the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex I area on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island (see Figure 3.4a). The detailed layout of the MEG Plant will be defined during the Detailed Design Phase and will be reflected in an addendum to the ESHA. 3.4.2 MEG Plant Material Supply & Characteristics The primary raw materials required for the production of ethylene glycols will be ethylene, oxygen and methane. Ethylene will be supplied via subsea pipeline from the ECU; oxygen will be sourced from a third party air splitter unit (ASU) which will be located on the northwest area of Pulau Ular. 3.4.3 MEG Plant Process Description The MEG Plant is based on Shell proprietary technology (OMEGA process); the process can be divided into the following key stages:

Ethylene oxide (EO) reaction; EO Recovery and CO2 removal; Ethylene glycol (EG) reaction; and EG purification.
3.4.4
MEG Plant Product Storage and Export Limited new tankage will be provided. Existing EGS storage will be used for some process materials and MEG, while additional storage will be procured from logistics companies. Atmospheric storage tanks will be located within bunded (diked) enclosures capable of containing at least the full inventory of the largest tank within the
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M e r l i m a u
de Lin pore ga Si n n g a s Sy
e
n g r o u J
I s
l a
S Tr ew ea a Pl tm ge an en t t
Ayer Chawan Basin
Jetty
Et h Gl ylen Sin yco e ls g (E apor GS e )

Chemical Process Technology Centre (CPTC)
Sa kra B
De Po nka S Sin lysty tyro Pe ( A g a p r en e ce o T Co trole Bla tyle re Ch etra r u c n e kP e S i n p or a m m S ti o l an g (M inga icals t) (E (PS apor n TB po Bu t hy C e E P re ta len II) lan P l a di e n ep t) nt s e l a EG nt ) Ta S nk y ar d Ta nk Ya Th rd Co e Po ly m ( P pa n o l ef Co olym y Si ins t po e r e1 eth lyme s & y l e rs o Jetty ne ) f
a S t el l a if Chem
Seraya Power Station
S e r a y a
Croda
S e ra y a
Seraya Chemical
Oiltanking
PTC Logistic
Intertek
MDF
Co mp
A v e
Vacant Land
le x 1
Elba Eastern
Ay
er
er
ba
Ayer Merbau Basin

M Ela itsu sto i me r
Jetty
M e r b a u
Th Co e Po ly m ( P pa n o l ef Co olym y Si ins po er t e 2 eth lyme s & y l e rs o ne ) f
ME Pl a G nt
as in
P Pe hillip Sin trole s C h g a p um or e (P mica e PC l s II)
P T a CS nk II Ya rd Va c L a ant nd
S a k r a
Singapore Petrochemical Complex
Selat Pandan
Site Location
Not To Scale
Figure 3.4a Landuse Surrounding the MEG
ERM
enclosure. Where appropriate, a membrane with leak detection will be provided under the tank bottoms to prevent soil contamination. Rainwater accumulating within the bunded enclosure will be drained to a sump where it will be checked for contamination. If accumulated water is found to be contaminated, it will be routed to treatment. Non-contaminated water will be discharged to the NC drainage system. A wastewater tank will be constructed as hold-up before sending to a third party for treatment. Some of the MEG storage will be undertaken by third parties. Products will be exported by ship using existing jetties in PCS and from neighbouring logistics companies. 3.4.5 MEG Plant Utilities Utilities for the new MEG Plant will be procured from existing utility companies and from the neighbouring PCS. 3.4.5.1 Electrical Power Plant electrical power will be supplied from existing utility companies; the normal operational load for the unit is expected to be about 22 MW. Currently, a study is ongoing to consider a change of drive for the Recycle Gas Compressor from electric to steam. If incorporated, the power requirement for the MEG plant will drop to 9 MW. 3.4.5.2 Steam System Steam will be generated within the EO Reactor Section, with supplemental HP steam import between 84 and 117 tonnes/ hr, depending on the cycle of MEG production. Import steam will be piped from third party sources. 3.4.5.3 Demin Water Supply Water for process, utility and housekeeping uses will be sourced from existing utility companies. During normal operation no net demin water import is expected. Water will be imported as steam. Condensate will be recycled within battery limit. Deaerator, polishing beds and chemical dosing are part of the plant scope; surplus condensate will be sent to the 3rd party steam provider. 3.4.5.4 Pressure Relief & Flare System A flare and relief system for the MEG Plant will be provided to safely dispose of gases in case of an emergency. Depending on composition, the vent gases will either be vented to a closed flare system or to atmosphere (to a safe location). In an emergency, loop gas from the MEG Plant will be routed to atmosphere due to the inherent risks of venting oxygen containing streams to a closed vent system.
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3.4.5.5
Cooling Water Cooling water demand for the MEG Plant is expected to be about 24 000 m3/hr, and will be provided by a new CWT. The design of the MEG Plant CWT is still in its preliminary stage and its environmental impact will be included in an upcoming addendum to this ESHA report.
3.4.5.6
Chilled Water System A chilled water system will be provided to supply chilled water to the EO recovery section. Excess heat from the chiller system will be removed by cooling water.
3.4.5.7
Fire Water System Firewater supply will be sourced from PCS; the maximum firewater demand will be 750 m3/ hr for a two hour fire event. It is premised that after a 2 hour fire event, sea water fire water will be used.
3.4.5.8
Wastewater Collection A segregated drainage system will be provided as follows:
Non-contaminated (NC) drainage system for general plant areas (roads, buildings etc.); Accidentally oil contaminated (AOC) drainage system for collection of run-off from potentially contaminated plant areas (eg. storage tank enclosures). Collected AOC effluents will be passed to a third party for treatment and disposal; Oil contaminated (OC) drainage system to collect drainage from oil contaminated areas and systems; collected OC effluent will be passed to a third party for treatment and disposal; and Process drains system to collect process wastewater for routing to third party wastewater treatment and disposal.
3.5 3.5.1
BUKOM REFINERY MODIFICATIONS FACILITIES DESCRIPTION Location of the New Facilities All the modifications and new process units will be located within the existing refinery in-plot area on Pulau Bukom Besar. No additional land is required for this element of the overall project.
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3.5.2
Refinery Materials Supply The overall crude distilling capacity of the Bukom Refinery will not change as a result of this project but the crude mix may be affected to achieve an optimal feed package for the RefineryEthylene Cracker Complex combination.
3.5.3
Process Units The following new plants and plant revamps are planned in the refinery to meet the feedstock demand and quality requirement of the ECC:
A new 7 000 tonnes/day High Vacuum Unit (HVU5) will be provided; A new Sulphur Recovery Unit (SRU6) will be added to the existing sulphur recovery facilities; The existing hydrocracker (HCU) will be revamped to increase its production; A new Amine Gas Absorber, integrated into the HCU complex, will be provided to improve on the HCU recycle gas purity; and The Gasoil Desulphurises HDS2 will be revamped to enable it to desulphurise vacuum gas oil (VGO) feed from medium sulphur crudes.
3.5.4
Demolition of Existing Units Only limited demolition/ decommissioning of existing refinery facilities are planned. Revamping the hydrocracker will involve the replacement of about 20 tonnes of pipework which will require disposal. No asbestos waste is expected during the revamp.
3.5.5
Modification to Existing Storage Facilities No new storage tanks or spheres will be built in the refinery; some tanks services will be converted and adapted.
3.6
EMISSIONS, EFFLUENTS AND WASTE INVENTORY An inventory of principal emissions, effluents and wastes that are expected to be generated during operation of the ECC, MEG Plant and modified Bukom Refinery are presented in the following sections. The following key points should be noted:
The presented streams are the best estimates on the basis of currently available design information. Other emissions and discharge streams will also arise (in particular from intermittent sources) that are not documented in this inventory. These streams will all be defined during the detailed design phase.
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Only additional emissions, discharges and wastes that are expected as a direct result of the modified units in the Bukom Refinery are presented.
Additional emissions generated by third parties providing utilities/ services (eg. power) to the new facilities are not included. 3.6.1 Air Emissions An air emissions inventory (as of April 2006) for the ECC, MEG Plant and modified Bukom Refinery units is provided in Table 3.6a. It is noted that since design is not finalised, the emissions may differ in the end, but are still expected to be within the same range as listed below. 3.6.1.1 ECU Air Emissions The principal emissions to air from the ECU will be products of combustion from the 10 Cracking Furnaces, three Steam Boilers and the Pygas Hydrogenation Reaction Heater. Other emissions sources will include the Elevated Flare, tank vents, VDP, MP Steam Superheater Furnace and fugitive emission sources. Intermittent emissions will also arise from furnace de-coking, MAPD Converter and AC Converter regeneration. 3.6.1.2 MEG Plant Air Emissions The most significant gaseous emission from the plant will be the thermal oxidiser stack from the CO2 Removal Section. The feed stream to the thermal oxidiser from the CO2 Stripper Vent will be 16 24 tonnes/hr (the lowest number being for fresh EO catalyst at start of cycle (SOC) and the highest number for aged catalyst at end of cycle (EOC)). Part of the CO2 vent stream will be used in the EG section of the plant before being sent to the thermal oxidiser. The thermal oxidiser offers high reliability to meet the required hydrocarbon destruction efficiencies so that the exhaust stream from the thermal oxidiser unit to the atmosphere meets all emission limits as specified in the Singapore standards. Other minor emissions will include fugitive emissions, tank vents, vacuum systems and some light hydrocarbons escaping from wastewater. 3.6.1.3 Modified Refinery Air Emissions The major additional gaseous emissions comprise the flue gas from the new HVU5 furnace; the furnace will be provided with low NOX burners. All the other modifications will not increase flue gas emissions. The addition of SRU6 will increase the sulphur recovery capacities as well as the availability (standby spare number) of units.
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With the new amine absorber in the HCU, more sulphur will be removed from the refinery diet in the form of elemental sulphur. Existing sulphur emissions control measures within the refinery currently remove about 40% of the total sulphur in the refinery feed as elemental sulphur; sulphur removal is expected to increase to about 55% post project implementation. No changes in flaring are envisaged as a result of the revamped unit and new units in terms of either flaring incidents or maximum loads per flaring incident; a flare gas compressor is provided at the refinery to recover minor leaks and vents that go into the flare stacks. Table 3.6a Air Emissions Inventory (As of April 2006)
Source ECC Gas Cracking Furnace (1 unit) Pollutant CO2 CO NOX SO2 PM10 HC CO2 CO NOX SO2 PM10 HC CO2 CO NOX SO2 PM10 HC CO2 CO NOX SO2 PM10 HC CO2 CO NOX HP Elevated Flare (start-up flaring) HC CO2 CO NOX HC CO2 CO NOX HC Benzene CO2 CO NOX SO2 Quantity (tonnes/yr) ~91 791 ~4.4 ~52.9 ~3.0 ~1.2 ~154 296 ~7.4 ~88.9 ~5.1 ~1.9 ~913 638 to 1 030 986 (max) ~553 to 629 (max) ~1 115 to 1257 (max) ~2 255 to 2 540 (max) ~159 to 179 (max) ~8 675 to 23 864 (max) ~5.0 to 14.2 (max) ~6.7 to 17.6 (max) ~4945 to 3 478 530 (max) ~2.5 ~3.0 ~25 ~19 920 tonnes/event ~8.1 tonnes/event ~10.1 tonne/event ~100 tonnes/event ~5 029 to 12 573 (max) ~5.9 ~7.4 ~5.9 ~0.3 ~11 361 ~11.0 ~7.9 Negligible
Liquid Cracking Furnaces (9 units)
Steam Boilers
MP Steam Superheater Furnace
HP Elevated Flare (pilot burners)
Vapour Destruction Package
Pygas Hydrogenation 2nd Stage Reaction Heater
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Source
Pollutant HC Air CO NOX SO2 PM10
Quantity (tonnes/yr) Mainly ~ 101.8 ~ 114.0 ~105 700 ~145.2 ~146.7 ~22.5 ~1.1 ~795 kg/hr ~362 kg/hr
MEG Plant Thermal oxidizer stack
Modified Units at Bukom Refinery High Vacuum Unit furnace CO2 CO NOX SO2 PM10 NMHC CO2 Sulphur Recovery Unit SO2
3.6.2
Liquid Effluents An inventory of liquid effluents generated by the three project facilities is presented in Table 3.6b.
3.6.2.1
ECU Liquid Effluents The principal effluent/ discharge streams will be treated drainage from (accidentally) oil contaminated areas, non-contaminated site areas, treated fire water, treated spent caustic, treated process effluents, dilution steam blowdown and blowdown from the CWT.
3.6.2.2
MEG Plant Liquid Effluents The process will generate about 1900 kg/hr liquid waste (including quench bleed residue, glycol bleed residue and MEG recycle bottoms), which will primarily comprise heavy glycols (DEG and heavier). The bleed residues can potentially be sold. MEG recycle bottoms will be incinerated. A bleed stream with catalyst will be returned to the vendor for recovery. Other liquid waste will include waste oils and oily sludges.
3.6.2.3
Modified Refinery Liquid Effluents The incremental increase (452 tonnes/day) in process wastewater will be handled by the existing Sour Water Strippers and Desalters, and subsequently treated in the existing Biotreater before discharge to the sea.
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Table 3.6b
Liquid Effluent Inventory

Source ECC Dilution steam blowdown Nature BOD 100300 ppmw COD 200500 ppmw TSS 200 ppmw max Oil & grease 10100 ppmw Phenol <50 ppmw Benzene <50 ppmw Sulfide <10 ppmw COD <5000 ppmw Phenol <50 ppmw Benzene <100 ppmw Oil and Grease <200 ppmw Quantity ~19.6 tonnes/hr (normal) ~45 tonnes/hr (max) Fate/ Comments
To Process Works Tank,
WW Steam Stripper and Biotreater
Neutralised Spent Caustic
~14.7 tonnes/hr normal, ~16.2 tonnes/hr maximum
Stored in Spent Caustic
Storage Tank
Oxidised in the Spent
Caustic Oxidiser System

Neutralised caustic
Decoking Drum blowdown
COD <50 ppmw BOD <30 ppmw
Intermittent ~12.5 tonnes/hr, 22 tonnes/hr maximum
SHP Steam Drum blowdown SHP Steam Drum blowdown TLE hydrojetting water
TSS <50 ppmw
TDS <6 ppmw BOD 30 ppmw COD 50 ppmw TSS 50 ppmw
~6.38.2 tonnes/hr (intermittent) ~9.5 tonnes/hr ~5 tonnes/ hr/ TLE, 8 hours per cleaning per TLE
discharged to WW Equalisation Tank Off-gas discharged to Vapour Destruction Package Discharge routed to coarse sieve and TLE Hydrojetting/ Decoking Sump Effluent from sump routed to WW Equalisation Tank for subsequent treatment 3 minutes/drum/day To AOC drains system
Continuous to Caustic
Potentially contaminated rainwater from battery limits area runoff (AOC & OC drainage/ wastewater)
BOD 400 ppmw COD 600 ppmw
~8 250 m3/hr (continuous, max)
Wash Tower Discharge routed to coarse sieve and TLE Hydrojetting/ Decoking Sump Effluent from sump routed to WW Equalisation Tank for subsequent treatment Segregated collection system provided (1st 30 min of heavy rainfall) Benzene contaminated AOC/OC wastewater routed to Process Work Tank Non-benzene AOC/OC wastewater pumped to the WW (Non-benzene) Tank Secondary treatment in Biotreater Includes ECU, C4SHU, PHU, BEU and entire U&GF
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Source Non- contaminate d (NC) area drainage (storm water run-off) Domestic wastewater additional due to project Steam Boiler continuous blowdown Steam Boiler intermittent blowdown Neutralised regeneration waste condensate treatment
Nature Rainwater
Quantity Max. rate ~4,000 m3/hr (intermittent) ~ 0.075 m3/day/person
Fate/ Comments
To outfall
Sewage
Routed to existing
treatment system in Bukom Refinery

Blowdown water used in
Boiler water
~1.33.5 m3/hr per boiler ~ 65 m3/hr (intermittent) ~100 m3/hr (intermittent) (total ~300 m3 every 2 weeks over a 3 hour period) ~ 300 - 400 m3/ hr
Boiler water
Neutralised effluent (water, salts and acid/caustic pH 6.5-9)
Discharge from Cooling Water Tower (CWT)
Wastewater final treated effluent 2
Neutralised regeneration waste
Blow down at ~35 C, with entrained biocides (hypochlorite), pH control chemicals (sulphuric acid), dispersants and corrosion / scale inhibitors. Concentration of blowdown ~10 times that of makeup water T 38-40 C BOD <15 mg/l COD <100 mg/l pH 69 TSS 15 mg/l TDS 30 200 mg/l (av) Sulphate 3 600 mg/l Phosphate 5 mg/l Ammonia 1.5 mg/l Neutralised effluent (water, salts and acid/caustic pH 6.5-9)
Caustic/ Water Wash Tower (ECU) Discharge cooled locally Blowdown water discharged to AOC drains Effluent routed to Demin WW Neutralisation Sump for neutralisation Neutralised effluent discharged to sea via outfall Discharged to sea via the common discharge provided meets quality standards; Stored in emergency cooling water basin if discharge specifications not met
~85 tonnes/hr (continuous) (max. rate 120 tonnes/hr)
Final filtration in Sand
Filter Package
24 hour composite
sampler package
Discharge to sea via
outfall
Exemption required for
~100 m3/hr (intermittent) (total ~300 m3 everyday over a 3 hour period) ~11.5 m3/hr ~0.3 tonne/month
PHU Water from tailing column Other PHU Water
Water + dissolved HCs Water + dissolved HCs
TDS and sulphate which exceed discharge limit Effluent routed to Demin WW Neutralisation Sump for neutralisation Neutralised effluent discharged to sea via outfall To waste water treatment system To waste water treatment system
The expected total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the wastewater is 29 000 mg/m3 max and 21 000 mg/m3 average. The sodium sulphate content is 13 700 mg/m3 max and 9 200 mg/m3 average. The remainder of the TDS is mostly sodium bicarbonate. The main contributor to the TDS is the spent caustic effluent with a TDS of 129 700 mg/m3 which consists of 94% of sodium sulphate, 5% of sodium thiosulphate and 1% of sodium bicarbonate (the thiosulphate is converted to sulphate in the Biotreater). The sulphate is mainly originating from the DMDS injection and the sulphur in the feed to the cracker.
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Source Solvent regeneration Decanted water MEG Plant Glycol waste
Nature Polymers Water with C4 HC traces (<100 ppm) Mixture of glycols, water, organic/ inorganic salts and other by-products Wastewater containing trace glycol (0.1%) aldehydes and salts Non-contaminated storm water Accidentally oil contaminated wastewater Oil contaminated wastewater To be determined at detailed design stage
Quantity ~ 0.5 1 tonne/yr (infrequent) ~0.0022 m3/hr
Fate/ Comments
To (solids) incineration in
drums
To waste water treatment
system 2 t/h
Incineration/ Potential
glycol recovery by a 3rd party ~65 tonnes/hr

Routed to treatment by
Process wastewater NC wastewater AOC wastewater
SUT 4000 m3/hr 8250 m3/hr (AOC wastewater + OC wastewater) 8250 m3/hr (AOC wastewater + OC wastewater) To be determined at detailed design
Discharge to local storm
water drainage system

Routed to treatment by
OC wastewater
Discharge from Cooling Water Tower (CWT)
third party utility service company Routed to treatment by third party utility service company To be determined at detailed design stage
Modified Units at Bukom Refinery Process waste Process waste water water from new process units
452 tonnes/day
Handled by existing sour
Other wastewater streams
Salt cooling water from desalination units
Negligible increase
water strippers and desalters, and subsequently treated in the existing biotreater before discharge to the sea Handled by existing oil separators
Wastewater that will be routed to third party treatment plants will be treated to meet with the discharge limits specified under Singapore legislation. 3.6.3 Wastes An inventory of wastes for the three facilities is provided in Tables 3.6c-e. 3.6.3.1 ECU Wastes Generated solid wastes will include coke, spent catalysts, filter elements, activated carbon and wastewater treatment sludges (biosludge). Liquid wastes will include oily sludges, slop oil and waste oils. 3.6.3.2 MEG Plant - Wastes The plant will produce very little solid waste. Activated carbon and ion exchange resin beds will have to be renewed occasionally. The spent EO catalyst will be reprocessed for metals recovery.
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3.6.3.3
Modified Refinery Wastes The amount of solid waste generated by the refinery is expected to change due to catalyst change out from the new SRU 6 unit; however, the quantity is minor and generated once every 5 or 6 years.
Table 3.6c
Wastes for Re-use, Recycling or Recovery

Nature ECC Palladium (Pd) on alumina based catalyst Palladium based catalyst Lead oxide based catalyst Lead oxide based catalyst Nickel-on alumina based catalyst Nickel-on alumina based catalyst Nickel-molybdenum on alumina catalyst Cobalt-molybdenum on alumina catalyst Palladium on alumina catalyst Palladium based catalyst Palladium based catalyst Palladium based catalyst Silver impregnated alumina based catalyst Quantity 9.3 m3 every 5 years 115 m3 every 5 years 27 m3 every 5 years 19 m3 every 1.5 years 10 m3 every 5 years Disposal Route Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation
Max 22 tonnes every 5 years Max 9.1 tonnes every 5 years Max 18.8 tonnes every 5 years Max 2 tonnes every 5 years ~13.8 tonnes every 6 years ~7.9 tonnes every 6 years ~11.0 tonnes every 6 years ~450 m3 every 4 years
Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation Reprocessing/ reclamation
Table 3.6d
Non-Hazardous Wastes for Disposal

Nature ECC Metal or polymeric filters UOP Type 3a EPG desiccant Ion exchange resins Activated carbon Activated alumina gel/ Silica Waste paper, packaging, drums, containers etc. MEG Resin Activated carbon Waste paper, packaging, drums, containers etc. Quantity ~ 20 filter elements per year ~342 m3 every 5 years Once every 3 years Once every 3 years ~3 m3 every 4 years ~2 hoppers/month Disposal Route Landfill/ incineration Landfill/ incineration Landfill/ incineration Landfill/ incineration or sell to reclaimer Landfill Incineration of combustibles/ landfill Incineration/landfill Landfill/ incineration or sell to reclaimer Incineration of combustibles/ landfill
~15 20 m3 every 4 years ~20 m3 every 4 years ~1 hopper/month
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Table 3.6e
Hazardous Wastes for Disposal

Nature Coke Tar Dewatered excess activated biosludge with 15% dry solids content Polymer & oil Spent lube oils/ waste oil Polymer Slop oil Quantity ~30 tonnes/yr (intermittent) ~1 tonne/yr (intermittent) ~330 tonnes/yr (intermittent) Disposal Route Incineration Incineration Incineration
~30 tonnes/yr (intermittent 0.5 - 5.5 tonnes/month) ~84 tonnes/yr ~0.5 1 tonne/yr ~100 tonnes/yr
Incineration Incineration Solid at ambient temperature Recycled to ECU as far as possible via T-16108 to C11101 Incineration Incineration or sell to reclaimer Incineration/ landfill
MEG Heavy glycols Spent lube oils/ waste oil Metal or polymeric filters
~600 kg/hr ~84 tonnes/yr ~0.5 - 1 tonne/yr
3.6.4
3rd Party Emissions Third party suppliers of utilities and services to the new facilities will also generate emissions, discharges and wastes. Key sources will include the following sources associated with MEG Plant operation:

Air emissions (combustion products) and minor liquid effluents (steam condensate/ boiler system blowdown water) from steam generation; Air emissions from ASU operation; Air emissions from external power generation (approximately 22 MW electrical power requirement); and Liquid effluents from demin water production (primarily neutralised regeneration effluents).
3.6.5
Noise Primary noise sources within the production facilities will include:

Fin fan coolers; Electric motors; Compressors; Steam turbines; Pumps; Blower and ventilation fans; Heaters, boilers; Flare; Control valves & associated pipe work; and Steam discharges and leaks.
Shells design requirements for equipment noise levels have been stipulated as 85 dBA @ 1 m. Consideration is currently being given to this requirement and
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if necessary, additional measures will be included in the design to achieve the requirement at all locations. Apart from safety and health-related requirements, the environmental requirement is a maximum noise level of 75 dBA (daytime) and 65 dBA nighttime at the site perimeter for a continuous period of over 5 minutes. Both project sites are located on industrial islands where the nearest residential areas are more than 4.5 km away. 3.7 3.7.1 PLANT INSTRUMENTATION, MONITORING & CONTROL SYSTEMS Plant & Equipment Protection The new plants will be designed with consideration for the highest levels of plant safety and equipment protection systems; Instrumented Protective Function systems will include:
Emergency Shut Down (ESD) and Emergency Depressurising (EDP) systems to reduce the potential for hydrocarbon releases from process units in the plant these systems can be activated via the Quick Isolation and Depressurisation System (QIDS) from manual pushbuttons from the Control Room; Safeguarding systems, automatically switching the process to safe position based on process detection; Fire & Gas Detection Systems for early detection and protection from developing hazardous conditions; and Fire Protection and Alarm Management Systems for preventing fire escalation so as to avoid fatalities and minimise equipment damage.
The ESD and EDP systems will be designed and installed as part of the Instrumented Protective System (IPS). 3.7.2 Distributed Control System (DCS) The plants will be provided with Distributed Control Systems (DCS) to form the core of monitoring and control and for communication with other sub-systems. The DCS will enable effective on-line plant performance monitoring and control. The definition of other sub-systems includes:

Electrical Network Monitoring and Control System; Rotating Equipment Data Acquisition System; Tank Data Acquisition System; Analyser Management and Data Acquisition; Asset Management System; Custody Transfer Systems; and
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Pipeline Monitoring System.
3.8
SAFETY SYSTEMS Both passive and active safety systems will be provided in the plants, including the following:
In-place safety management systems (standard operating procedures, permits to work etc.); Fire detection, alarms and fire fighting systems; Fireproofing of critical structures and equipment; Fixed and portable gas detectors and smoke/ heat and flame detectors; Lightning protection; Electrical grounding; Safety shower and eye bath systems; Personal protective equipment (PPE); Flare system; and Plant layout taking into account safety distances.
3.9
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS The fire fighting and fire protection systems for the new facilities will comprise the following elements, along with existing fire-fighting staff from Bukom:
Fire detection system comprising heat/ fire detection, smoke detection as well as flammable and toxic gas detection; Passive fire protection of critical structures and equipment; Measures to confine or divert spills (curbs, dikes and trenches); A firewater system to supply firewater to the fire mains, hydrants, fire hoses, monitors and drenching systems, with backup from the Bukom firewater system; Water monitors for spheres/ bullets; Water/ foam monitors for process areas and storage tanks; and Portable fire extinguishers.
3.10
PROJECT PLANNING SCHEDULE The various elements of the project are currently in different phases of planning and design. The ECC and the MEG Plant are in the Definition Phase. The basic design packages will be completed by mid 2006.
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Following completion of the basic design package, a Project Specification and estimate will be prepared; the Final Investment Decision will be taken in 2006. A project status chart is provided in Figure 3.10a. Figure 3.10a Project Schedule
ECC Complex 2001 Concept 2002 2003 Definition 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Construction 2009
Feasibility
MEG Plant 2001 2002 Review Concept 2003 2004 2005 2006 Feasibility & Definition 2007 2008 Construction 2009
3.11 3.11.1
CONSTRUCTION, COMMISSIONING & START-UP Scheduling and Duration The current schedule indicates a 39-month period for site preparation, construction and plant start-up for the ECC and 32 months for the MEG Plant. This period is currently foreseen between the middle of 2006 and end 2009 with construction commencing in the 4th quarter of 2006. The construction cycle will include the following steps:

Preparing for construction, including erection of temporary facilities; Piling and other civil & building works; Installing underground piping/cabling/main foundations, and site backfill; Erection of steel and civil structures, buildings; Installing equipment, piping, above ground cabling; Insulation and painting; Testing and pre-commissioning; and Commissioning and start-up.
The above activities are not totally sequential but overlap to various degrees (see tentative execution schedule in Figure 3.11a). 3.11.2 Workforce Size - Construction Peak anticipated workforce sizes are as follows:

ECC: 5,000 workers; MEG Plant: 1,500 workers; and BRM: 2,000 workers.
The peak construction period is expected to last about 1 year; a tentative manpower S curve for the combined project is shown in Figure 3.11b.
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2005
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2006
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2007
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2008
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2009
Q2 Q3 Q4
1. Ethylene Cracker Complex

Ready for Start Up
Civil Equipment Piping Insulation Elec & Instr Pre-Comm. & Comm.
Product In Tank
2. MEG Plant
Ready for Start Up
Civil Equipment Piping Insulation Elec& Instr Pre-Comm&Comm
Legend:
Feasibility
Definition
Overall Construction
Product in Tank
Figure 3.11a Indicative Construction Schedules

ERM
Figure 3.11b
Tentative Construction Manpower S-curve
Manpower 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37
Months
3.11.3 Accommodation Temporary facilities to accommodate some 3,000 of the ECC construction workforce will be established on reclaimed land between Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing. Remaining workers for the ECC and for the MEG will be housed in existing worker accommodation facilities in Singapore, including on Jurong Island. 3.11.4 Temporary Facilities Areas for temporary construction facilities at the ECC site will be available on the reclaimed land between Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing and on the far western portion of Pulau Ular. Temporary facilities for ECC construction will include temporary offices, laydown areas, off-loading, warehousing and concrete batching plant. The total area utilised for temporary facilities will be up to 300,000 m2 (3). Temporary facilities for the MEG Plant will be located on Jurong and will include temporary offices, laydown, off-loading and warehousing. The total required area is estimated to be about 60,000 m2. 3.11.5 Construction Traffic Generation Construction related traffic generation for the two sites is presented in Table 3.11a.
Construction will follow the reclamation phasing; an area for temporary facilities will become available in 3 phases: Phase 1: 20 ha, Phase 2: 5 ha and Phase 3: 5 ha
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Table 3.11a
Construction Related Traffic

Site ECC (Bukom) Workers 10 20 passenger ferries each day (one way) 30 40 buses per day via Jurong Causeway Materials 10 15 barges per day (one way) 10 15 HGVs per day
MEG Plant (Jurong)
3.11.6
Construction Equipment An indicative construction equipment inventory is presented in Table 3.11b.
Table 3.11b
Construction Equipment Inventory (Indicative)

Equipment Pile drivers Hydraulic excavators Concrete pumps Cranes (from 10 to 800 tonnes) Bulldozers Trucks Welding machines; Compressors Forklift trucks No. for ECC 16 8 10 16 4 8 16 280 16 8 No. for MEG Plant 4 2 2 4 1 24 70 4 2
3.11.7
Sanitation Temporary toilet facilities will be provided and strategically positioned around the construction sites for both new project sites. Existing facilities will be utilised on Pulau Bukom for the refinery modifications. Each facility will have an integral holding tank which will be emptied using a mobile vacuum truck. The waste will then be disposed of through the labour camp sewage treatment facilities for the ECC site and in the case of the MEG project, to local sewage treatment facilities on or near to Jurong Island.
3.11.8
Canteens Canteens will be provided at both of the project sites.
3.11.9 3.11.9.1
Utilities ECC For the construction phase, electricity will be supplied by Bukom (up to 3 MVA); requirements above what Bukom can supply will be provided via mobile generator sets. A limited amount of water will also be supplied from Bukom.
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3.11.9.2
MEG Plant Water supply requirements for MEG construction site activities are expected to be minimal. Water for civil works will be supplied off plot and concrete will be delivered ready-mixed to the site. Electrical power supply requirements for the MEG construction site/ activities will be supplied via portable generator sets.
3.12
OPERATIONAL WORKFORCE An additional 125 operational personnel (Operations/ Maintenance/ Technology) for the ECC are expected to be required. The MEG Plant will require about 20 30 additional staff. No additional personnel for the modified Bukom Refinery are envisaged.
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BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
4.1
INTRODUCTION The existing physical, biological and human environmental conditions in the study area are described in this section. Details presented focus on the components which may exert potential constraints on the proposed project, or which may be impacted by it. Issues covered include:

Land use and development control; Climate, meteorology and ambient air quality; Surface water resources and water quality; Noise and vibration; Landscape and topography; Geology, soils, hydrogeology and seismicity; Biological systems; Socio-economic profile; Health profile; Traffic and transport; Waste; Services and utilities; Archaeology, historical & cultural heritage; and Natural hazards.
For the purpose of defining the study area for the ESHA, areas within 8 km radii of the Ethylene Cracker Complex and MEG Plant have been considered in terms of land use, water quality, geology, transport and socio-economics. The study area is presented in Figure 4.1a. 4.2 4.2.1 SITE SETTING Ethylene Cracker Complex The Ethylene Cracker Complex will be developed on and around one of Singapores offshore islands, Pulau Ular within the Pulau Bukom Cluster. The complex will be located on Pulau Ular and on land to be reclaimed between the existing islands of Pulau Ular, Pulau Busing and Pulau Bukom Kechil. Land reclamation will be undertaken by Jurong Town Corporation (JTC), the owner and manager of the majority of industrial land in Singapore. The location of the proposed site was shown in Figure 1.1a. Pulau Bukom Kechil and Pulau Ular are two of the three islands that form the Pulau Bukom Cluster (the third island being Pulau Bukom Besar, which lies approximately 6.5 km southwest of the main island of Singapore). The islands are linked by bridges and are traversed via a network of roads. SEPL operates a 430 000 barrels per day (bbls/d) petroleum refinery together with oil storage activities on the cluster. Immediately to the west of the Pulau Bukom Cluster
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North
8 km MEG Plant
8 km Ethylene Cracker Plant
Figure 4.1a Study Area Within 8-km Radii of Ethylene Cracker Complex and MEG Plant
ERM
lies Pulau Busing occupied by a Tankstore Limited (Tankstore) petroleum and chemicals tankage and terminalling facility. The ECC will occupy an area of approximately 22.4 ha (on both existing and reclaimed land). 4.2.2 MEG Plant The proposed MEG Plant is located on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island. The project site will be built on a vacant plot of land at the far eastern end of the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex I area on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island. Jurong Island itself is located in the southwestern quadrant of Singapore, separated from mainland Singapore by Selat Jurong (Straits of Jurong), a channel approximately 1 km wide. Jurong Island, an offshore chemicals and petrochemicals complex, is largely man-made, formed from the amalgamation by reclamation over the last ten years of seven smaller islands(1). Once fully completed, the land area of Jurong Island will be 3200 ha, compared to an initial area of less than 1000 ha. Jurong Island is a major industrial hub which currently houses facilities of approximately 70 companies. These are mainly involved in the refining and manufacture of a range of petroleum, chemical and petrochemical products. The MEG Plant will occupy an area of approximately 4.54 ha (~60% of total available plot area measuring 7.56 ha) on partially reclaimed land that is currently vacant. 4.3 LAND USE Land uses in the study area include:

Heavy industrial facilities; Light industrial facilities including food industries; Utilities; Residential; Commercial; Military; Reservoirs; Universities and schools; and Recreational (golf courses, water sports areas, etc.).
Existing and proposed land use and developments are described below.
Land has been reclaimed between the following islands to create Jurong Island: Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Seraya, Pulau Merlimau, Pulau Pesek, Pulau Pesek Kechil, Pulau Ayer Chawan and Pulau Sakra. A causeway links Jurong Island to mainland Singapore.
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4.3.1 4.3.1.1
Existing Site Conditions Pulau Bukom Cluster and Pulau Busing The Pulau Bukom Cluster and Pulau Busing form part of a group of some 15 islands off the southwestern coast of Singapore that were formerly occupied by fishing villages, but are now used for a variety of purposes including industrial, recreational and military activities. Pulau Bukom, Pulau Ular and Pulau Bukom Kechil are occupied by the Bukom Refinery and its associated operations; Pulau Busing is utilised by Tankstore who operates a tankage and terminalling facility. Reclamation of Pulau Busing and the construction of Tankstores first terminal facility at the site occurred between 1985 1990. The ECC will be situated on existing industrial land on Pulau Ular, as well as on land to be reclaimed around this island. Further to the south, across a channel approximately 500 600 m wide, is the island of Pulau Hantu, an acknowledged marine nature area and recreational area administered by Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC). Pulau Bukom Kechil and Pulau Bukom Besar are located to the east, whilst immediately to the west is Pulau Busing. This whole area is however scheduled for reclamation to form one large island for industrial development under Singapore Concept Plan 2001 (see further in Section 4.3.3).
4.3.1.2
Pulau Ayer Merbau (Jurong Island) The proposed MEG Plant site is located on a flat piece of partially reclaimed land, currently vacant, on the extreme eastern shore of Pulau Ayer Merbau. The flat site is roughly vegetated. Existing service roads, fire water systems and storm drains surround the site. The immediate surroundings of the site are occupied by general industrial activities as follows:

East and south east: Selat Pandan (sea); South: PCS tank storage, a vacant plot of land and then Selat Pandan (sea); South west: Chevron Phillips (high density polyethylene plant); West north west: The Polyolefins Company (TPC) 2 (polymers and copolymers of ethylene) plant; North west: across Ayer Merbau to an empty plot of land on Pulau Seraya; and North: Mitsui Elastomers (elastomers facility).
Landuse surrounding the MEG are illustrated in Figure 3.4a.
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4.3.2
Surrounding Land Use The waters within the study area constitute very active shipping lanes supporting one of the worlds busiest ports (see Section 4.12.1 for more details). The area also supports various recreational and water sports activities, including water skiing, power boating, diving and sailing (see Section 4.10.7).
4.3.2.1
Islands Surrounding the Ethylene Cracker Complex Beyond the immediate vicinity of the Pulau Bukom Cluster, other islands supporting various activities include:
Pulau Anak Bukom An undisturbed mangrove island; reported heronry (east-southeast) (see Section 4.9.10); Pulau Sebarok A treatment facility for oily sludge generated from tanker cleaning activities, operated by Singaport CleanSeas Pte Ltd. Activities include oil recovery, chemical treatment of wastewater containing oil and incineration of solid residues (southeast); Pulau Semakau A 350 ha offshore landfill developed in 1996 with a capacity of 63 million m3, which will last Singapore at least until 2030 (south); Pulau Hantu An acknowledged marine nature area and tourist attraction with coral reefs and ecological habitats of known ecological value. Also, recreational activities including water sports and scuba diving (southsoutheast); Pulau Sudong, Pulau Pawai and Pulau Senang Live firing areas for the Singapore Armed Forces (southwest); and Pulau Busing Tankstore operates a tank farm with storage facilities for crude oil, petroleum products and chemicals (eg. methanol and glycols) (west) occupying approximately three quarters of the 60 ha island. The other quarter (15 ha) is currently unoccupied.
The islands in the study area, their location with respect to the proposed ECC and their existing land uses (as identified in the Urban Redevelopment Authoritys (URA) The Master Plan 1998) are described in Table 4.3a.
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Table 4.3a
Planned and Existing Land Use of Offshore Islands (excluding Jurong Island) within the Study Area by URA
Island Pulau Bukom Kechil Pulau Anak Bukom Pulau Bukom Besar Pulau Ular Pulau Hantu Pulau Semakau/ Sakeng Pulau Jong Pulau Busing Pulau Sebarok Pulau Sudong Pulau Berkas Pulau Palawan Pulau Pawai Pulau Senang Pulau Sentosa Pulau Salu Pulau Biola Pulau Satumu Approx. Distance (Direction) from ECC MEG Plant 480 m (SE) 6.5 km (SE) 1.7 km (SE) 7.6 km (SE) 480 m (E) 5.8 km (SE) 0 5.6 km (SE) 500 m (SW) 5.8 km (SE) 1.3 km (SSE) 7.3 km (SE) 660 m (W) 9.7 km (SE) 660 m (W) 4.6 km (SE) 4.7 km (SE) 10.6 km (SE) 3.7 km (SW) 5.2 km (SSW) 6.8 km (ENE) 5.6 km (SSW) 6.7 km (SSW) 6.4 km (ENE) 5.8 km (SW) 7.4 km (SSW) 8.2 km (SSW) 6.1 km (S) 9 km (SSE) 11.1 km (ESE) 8.6 km (S) 10.4 km (SSE) 10.1 km (ESE) 5.5 km (SSW) 11.8 km (SSE) 12.3 km (SSE) Existing Activities SEPL refinery Open land SEPL refinery SEPL refinery Recreation, including diving Sanitary landfill facility Open land Tank farm Oil sludge treatment and disposal facilities Live firing area Open land Open land Live firing area Live firing area Tourism & leisure activities Open land Open land Raffles Lighthouse
4.3.2.2
Industries on Jurong Island (East Side) Jurong Island is Singapores major petroleum and petrochemical hub, and is also home to two of Singapores four refineries (ExxonMobil and the Singapore Refining Company). Jurong Island was formed from the amalgamation by reclamation of seven (7) smaller islands during the 1990s, including the following:

Pulau Ayer Chawan, which houses the ExxonMobil refinery; Pulau Ayer Merbau, which houses the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex (location of MEG Plant); Pulau Seraya, which houses the Pulau Seraya Power Station; Pulau Merlimau, which houses the Singapore Refining Company (SRC); Pulau Pesek and Pulau Pesek Kechil, which house ExxonMobil Chemicals facilities including a Lower Olefins Complex; and Pulau Sakra.
The channels between the islands were filled in and areas further expanded to form Jurong Island, as shown as it is today in Figure 4.3a. The reclamation schedule for Jurong Island (currently in Phase 4) is presented in Figure 4.3b. The island is now base to a wide range of industries related to petroleum refining and petrochemicals manufacturing, storage, transport and research and development. In addition, the island supports a workers dormitory, amenities centre, power station, wastewater treatment plant, fire stations and infrastructure including roads and utilities/feedstock/product pipelines.
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N N View Across Pulau Merlimau View Across Pulau Sakra
Source: http://www.jurongisland.com
Figure 4.3a Jurong Island Aerial Photographs

ERM
North Existing Jurong Island Fire Station
Legend Proposed Fire Station Phase 1 (203.3 ha) Phase 2 (444.2 ha) Existing Sakra Fire Station Phase 3 (34.2 ha) Phase 3B (977.4 ha) Phase 4 (565.4 ha) Existing Land Approximate Location of MEG Plant
Not to Scale
Figure 4.3b Jurong Island Reclamation Schedule

ERM
4.3.2.3
Southwestern Coast of Singapore Mainland The southwest coast of the Singapore mainland lies approximately 4.5 km north of the ECC and 3 km north of the proposed MEG Plant. Existing land uses within the study area include:
Industrial parks of Alexandra Distripark, Pasir Panjang Distripark and Science Parks I and II; Pasir Panjang Wholesale Centre; Recreational areas including a golf course (Keppel Golf Links), community centres (Pasir Panjang Community Centre and Telok Blangah Community Club), parks (West Coast Park, Kent Ridge Park, Mount Faber Park and Labrador Park); Pasir Panjang Terminal and Wharves. The Pasir Panjang Terminal is still under expansion with reclamation being conducted presently for additional port facilities; Educational institutions including the National University of Singapore (NUS), Pasir Panjang Institute of Technical Education (ITE), Saint Thomas Secondary School, Saint Andrews Junior College, ISS International School (Preston Campus) and Winchester School; and Religious places of worships: Pasir Panjang Christ Church, Emmanuel Evangelical Church, Kew Hua San Poh Ern Shih Temple, Phoh Teck Siang Tng Temple, Chapel of The Resurrection, Koon Seng Ting Temple, Kong Hock Keng Temple, Holy Convenant Methodist Church, Christ Community Chapel and Pasir Panjang Tamil Methodist Church.
Figure 4.3c illustrates the land uses described above. The area also supports residential areas, including private housing with gardens, condominiums and public flats. The nearest residential area to Pulau Ular is located approximately 6 km northeast, comprising private residential developments (apartments and landed property) along Pasir Panjang Road. With respect to Pulau Ayer Merbau, the nearest residential areas are located at Teban Gardens (northeast) and Yung Ho Road (north), both ~6 km away. 4.3.3 Future Planned Development In 2001, the Concept Plan 2001 was released which sets out the broad plan and land use objective for the country. The plan essentially maps out the long-term plan for Singapores physical development for the next 40 50 years, based on a population scenario of 5.5 million. The Concept Plan 2001 is presented in Figure 4.3d. The following is planned for the project area:
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North
Key
Commercial Urban (Central city and Housing Development Board towns and estates) Suburban (mainly landed properties, condominiums and some rural settlements) Industry (ports, industrial estates and areas)
Agriculture West Coast Park Miscellaneous civil uses (airports, military bases, institutions, sewage treatment plants, etc.)
Pa si (un r Pa de nja r r ng ec lam Term ati ina on l )
Recreation (parks, golf courses, playing fields, open spaces)

P Pa asir W njan ha rve g s
Natural vegetation (forests, mangroves, marshes) Unutilised land (Belukar, former agricultural land, reclaimed land) and cemeteries Water as international boundary Live firing area boundary Places of Worship Schools Community Centres/ Clubs
Labrador Park
Figure 4.3c Land Use at Southwestern Coast of Singapore Within Project Area
ERM
Residential Commercial/ White Industry/ Business Agriculture Open Space/ Recreation Infrastructure Institution Special Use Reserve Site Possible Future Reclamation Road Rail
Source: Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)
Figure 4.3d The Concept Plan 2001

ERM
Further development and reclamation of the western end of Jurong Island, as well as the southward extension of Tuas View to the west; Further reclamation of the islands in the Bukom cluster (including Pulau Hantu) and Pulau Semakau, forming two large islands for industrial development. ERM understands that these will be zoned for the possible development of additional downstream petrochemical facilities; Further development of the Pasir Panjang Port, with this port possibly replacing all of Keppel Ports functions; and Conversion of the eastern portions of the Jurong Industrial Estate (on the Singapore mainland north of Jurong Island) from industrial to residential land use. Areas around Pandan Reservoir (including the Caltex Terminal) will, in particular, be converted.
Conversion of land to residential uses around Pandan Reservoir will bring the population to within 2 km of the MEG Plant on Pulau Ayer Merbau. This conversion is expected to occur before 2010. NEA applies a 1 km buffer distance for petrochemical and chemical plants from residential areas. The Concept Plan has since been translated into the Master Plan 2003 which provides specific detailed land use guides at the local level. 4.4 4.4.1 CLIMATE, METEOROLOGY AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Climate and Meteorology Both local and regional climatic characteristics play an important role in the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. Local and regional climatic conditions and short and long term meteorological factors must therefore be considered to understand the potential impacts from a given industrial source. The principal meteorological parameters that affect the dispersion of airborne pollutants are:
Wind speed, direction and temporal distribution; Atmospheric stability; Mixing height (the height below which there is significant mixing within the atmosphere); and Precipitation (which affects the deposition of the pollutants).
Table 4.4a presents the sources of meteorological data obtained for this assessment.
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Table 4.4a
Sources of Meteorological Data

Source Approx. distance and Type of Data Data Duration direction from Pulau Pulau Ayer Ular Merbau Charts for Small Craft, Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), 2000 Edition Sultan Shoal Wind roses 1992 12.1 km 8.3 km Lighthouse (WSW) (SW) Charts for Small Craft, Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), 2003 Edition Climatic Table(1) for See Figure 4.4a 1869-2001 Singapore Meteorological Services Division (MSD), National Environment Agency (NEA) Changi Temperature 28.8 km 30.8 km Relative humidity Meteorological (NE) (ENE) Evaporation Station Atmospheric stability Mount Faber Meteorological Station Kallang Meteorological Station Paya Lebar Meteorological Station Pulau Ayer Merbau Meteorological Station 11 km (NE) 15.6 km (NE) 22.8 km (NE) 14.8 km (E)
Temperature Relative humidity
19871999
19291941 and 19481999 19291941 and 19481999 19291941 and 19481999
17.6 m (ENE) 17.6 km (ENE)
Temperature Relative humidity Temperature Relative humidity Evaporation
6.2 km (NW)
On Pulau Ayer Merbau
Daily rainfall
1990 1999
(1) Information supplied by the Meteorological Services Division, National Environment Agency (NEA)
4.4.1.1
General Climatic Conditions of the Region Singapore lies just north of the equator (1.5 N, 104 E), and because of its maritime exposure, its climate is characterised by year-round uniform temperature and pressure (of around 30 C and ~1009.5 hPa), high humidity (annual average 84.3%) and abundant rainfall (>2000 mm/year). Figure 4.4a presents key climatic statistics (MPA, 2003). Singapores climate can be divided into two main seasons, the Northeast Monsoon (December to March) and the Southwest Monsoon (June to September). These are separated by two relatively short inter-monsoon periods. The beginning and end of the monsoons are poorly defined, which accounts for variations in total annual rainfall from year to year. These are discussed in more detail below.
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Source: Charts for Small Craft, 2003 Edition
Figure 4.4a Singapore Climate Statistics (1869 - 2001)

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4.4.1.2
Northeast Monsoon The Northeast (NE) Monsoon, which typically prevails from December through to February or early March, develops when there is high pressure over Asia (Siberian Anticyclone) and low pressure over Australia. During this period, north and northeast winds prevail, sometimes reaching between 20 40 km/h (with the strongest winds coming in January/ February). Conditions are cloudy in December and January, with frequent afternoon showers. Spells of widespread moderate to heavy rain occur, sometimes lasting for 1 to 3 days. It is relatively drier in February until early March.
4.4.1.3
Southwest Monsoon The Southwest (SW) Monsoon occurs from the end of May through to September when there is high pressure over Australia and low pressure over Asia. Southeast and southwest winds prevail, with isolated to scattered late morning and early afternoon showers. Early morning Sumatra line squalls are common. This season is also characterised by hazy (smoke from Indonesian forest fires see Section 4.4.2.5) periods, although the degree of haze varies from year to year.
4.4.1.4
Inter-Monsoon Periods (Transition Periods) The transition from the NE Monsoon begins during March and continues through to May. This pre-SW Monsoon period is characterised by light and variable winds with afternoon and early evening showers, often accompanied by thunder. The transition from the SW to the NE Monsoon begins in September, when high pressure over Australia is weakening. Light and variable winds with sea breezes in the afternoon are characteristic of this pre-NE Monsoon (October to November) period. Scattered showers with thunder typically occur in the late afternoon and early evening.
4.4.1.5
Wind-speed and Direction Winds experienced in Singapore and in the study area are generally light and variable and are related to predictable seasonal changes in atmospheric pressure. During the NE Monsoon, prevailing winds are from the north and northeast, reaching an average maximum of 2.3 m/s in January. During the SW Monsoon, prevailing winds are from the southwest and southeast. Winds during this period tend to be marginally weaker, reaching an average maximum of 1.9 m/s. During the Inter-Monsoon periods (transitional periods April to May and October to November), winds become light (commonly between 1.3 1.5 m/s) and changeable with a gradual shift towards the direction of the advancing monsoon.
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Figures 4.4b-d present annual and quarterly wind roses for the Singapore Changi Airport based on meteorological data for the period 2002 - 2004 (Trinity, 2006). These wind roses illustrate the dominant wind characteristics for each of the monsoon and inter-monsoon periods. 4.4.1.6 Precipitation & Evaporation Precipitation is directly related to the monsoon weather systems, which affect the study area. Rainfall is typically heavy throughout the year although significant seasonal variations occur. Precipitation tends to be highest during the NE Monsoon and in particular, between November and January (peaking at an average of 284.2 mm over 19 days during December). During the SW Monsoon, precipitation tends to be lower, with on average 12 14 rainy days(1) and rainfall of around 155 170 mm/month. The annual precipitation pattern is presented in Figure 4.4e. Figure 4.4e Monthly Average Precipitation Compiled Between 1869 to 1998, Singapore
Cumulative annual rainfall recorded over a 130-year period between 1869 and 2001 (see Figure 4.4a) averaged 2346.0 mm per year with some 176.1 rainy days(2) per year. Significant annual variations in rainfall do occur. Annual average rainfall recorded at the Pulau Ayer Merbau Meteorological Station for January 1991 December 1999 varied between 1431.8 3349.3 mm/year.
A rainy day is defined as a day with 0.2 mm or more of rain.

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Quarter 1 (Jan - Mar)
Quarter 2 (Apr - June)
Quarter 3 (July - Sept)
Quarter 4 (Oct - Dec)
Annual Windrose
Figure 4.4b Annual and Quarterly Windroses for Singapore Changi Airport Based On Meteorological Data for Year 2002
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Annual Windrose
Figure 4.4c Annual and Quarterly Windroses for Singapore Changi Airport Based On Meteorological Data for Year 2003
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Annual Windrose
Figure 4.4d Annual and Quarterly Windroses for Singapore Changi Airport Based On Meteorological Data for Year 2004
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4.4.1.7
Temperature The diurnal temperature range in Singapore varies between a minimum of 23 C to 26 C and a maximum of 31 C to 34 C. Temperature extremes range from a minimum of 19.4 C to a maximum of 35.8 C. The NE Monsoon months of December and January are usually cooler with an average highest temperature of 29.9 C. This compares to an average of 31.5 C in the months of April and May, and with an average minimum temperature of 23.1 C in December and January as compared to 24.3 C in the months of April and May(1). Monthly mean, minimum and maximum ambient temperatures taken over a period of 65 years (1929 to 1947 and 1948 to 1999) are presented in Figure 4.4f. The period covers the records from the following four (4) stations:

Mount Faber Meteorological Station (January 1929 May 1934); Kallang Meteorological Station (June 1934 December 1941 and January 1948 August 1955); Paya Lebar Meteorological Station (September 1955 March 1968 and April 1968 December 1983); and Changi Meteorological Station (January 1984 current).
Figure 4.4f
Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Dry Bulb Temperatures, Singapore
For the period studied, monthly mean temperatures were relatively uniform, varying between 25.8 C (in January and December) and 27.6 C (in June). The mean annual temperature is 26.8 C. The monthly maximum and minimum temperatures do not show much fluctuation, with the largest difference of only 4.5 C, shown in March.
1
Data from the Meteorological Services Division, National Environment Agency.

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4.4.1.8
Relative Humidity Relative humidity remains fairly constant throughout the year at around 84% (see Figure 4.4a). Data from the MSD indicates that the diurnal range for humidity is in the high 90s in the early morning, to around 60% in the midafternoon. During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100%.
4.4.1.9
Sunshine and Cloudiness According to the Climatic Table for Singapore (Figure 4.4a), data obtained over 48 years indicate that average cloud cover varies between 78.6% and 86.7% annually. Mean percentage cloud cover during this period stands at 82.5%.
4.4.1.10
Tropical Storms Typhoons rarely affect the coasts of Singapore and rarely occur in the equatorial latitudes between approximately 5 N and 5 S. Minor tropical cyclones do occasionally track southwest towards Singapore, producing strong winds and rain.
4.4.2 4.4.2.1
Ambient Air Quality Introduction Concentrations of ambient pollutants in the study area (1) vary according to both time and location. They are affected by many factors, including the size, number and location of emissions sources and the prevailing weather. Data on ambient air quality has been obtained from:

National Environment Agency (NEA) published information; and Information provided by NEA on a wider range of parameters and specific monitoring stations.
As SEPL is not required by the NEA to undertake ambient air quality monitoring, SEPL personnel reported that such monitoring is not conducted around Pulau Bukom or the surrounding islands. 4.4.2.2 NEA Historical Ambient Air Quality Monitoring The NEA carries out routine monitoring of ambient air quality through the Telemetric Air Quality Monitoring and Management System (TAQMMS). This system comprises 13 remote monitoring stations which are located around Singapore and linked into a Central Control System (CCS). Monitoring sites are given in Figure 4.4g and are distributed amongst urban, industrial, suburban and roadside locations.
(1)
A study area of approximately 20 km2 has been assumed for consideration of ambient air quality.
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Woodlands
10
11
Choa Chu Kang
Yishun
5 9
Bishan Pasir Ris Industrial 6 Stagmont Camp 7 Nanyang Technological University 8 Pandan Reservoir Suburban
2 7
Jurong West
4 12 8
Bukit Timah Orchard Tampines Bedok
3 13
1 Ambient Stations
Urban 1 2 3 4 5 Tanjong Katong Girls School Bishan ITE Environment Building Temasek Polytechnic Pei Hwa Secondary School
9 Siglap Secondary School 10 Yishun ITE 11 Kranji Reservoir Roadside Stations 12 Ngee Ann Polytechnic 13 Chin Swee
Jurong Island
Figure 4.4g Location of NEA Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in the TAQMMS System (NEA, 2004)
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NEA publishes its ambient air quality results as an average for urban, industrial, suburban and roadside locations respectively. Data for individual monitoring stations is not publicly available. Table 4.4b presents overall ambient air quality data for the range of parameters monitored in 2004. The NEA assesses the results against the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference standards, as Singapore itself does not have ambient air quality standards. The results indicate that air quality (measured as annual averages for the monitored parameters) in Singapore is generally within USEPA and WHO standards. Table 4.4b Overall Ambient Air Quality for Singapore, Averaged for 2004
Pollutants Air Quality Reference Standards (annual mean values unless USEPA Primary Air otherwise stated) Quality Standards Sulphur dioxide, SO2 17 g/m3 80 g/m3 Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 28 g/m3 100 g/m3 3 Respirable suspended 30 g/m 50 g/m3 particulates, PM10 Carbon monoxide, CO 0.6 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 (Ambient 8-hourly average) Low- level ozone, O3 (8 hour 19 g/m3 157 g/m3 annual average) Lead, Pb (3-month average; 0.1 g/m3 1.5 g/m3 roadside monitoring) Source: NEA Environmental Protection Division (EPD) 2004 Annual Report WHO Long-term Goals 50 g/m3 40 g/m3 10 mg/m3 120 g/m3 -
These overall average data, however, are likely to mask some important regional and temporal variations in air quality for the following reasons:
The majority of heavy and polluting industries are located in the western half of Singapore (Jurong) and southwestern offshore islands (including Pulau Bukom); and During the seasonal monsoon conditions, prevailing winds blow from the northeast during December through to March (NE Monsoon), and from the southwest from June to September (SW Monsoon). Given that the majority of heavy and polluting industries are located in Jurong (including port activities), it is likely that ambient air quality in western Singapore will deteriorate during the SW Monsoon period (June to September). Monsoon winds could also transport air pollutants from industrial sources in nearby Batam, Indonesia (southeast of Singapore) and Johor, Malaysia (north of Singapore).
The NEAs Environmental Protection Division 2004 Annual Report confirms that air quality around the industrial areas (comprising the Jurong West, Jurong East, Clementi and Bukit Batok areas) is generally slightly worse than that in suburban and urban monitoring stations in central and eastern Singapore.
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Figures 4.4h-l present historical air quality records measured at the Singapore Science Centre (SSC) (approximately 11 km north-northwest of Pulau Ular and 7 km north-northeast of Pulau Ayer Merbau) and at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) (approximately 15 km northwest of Pulau Ular and 9 km east-northeast of Pulau Ayer Merbau), both in the Jurong area. Results are presented on a monthly basis for January 2001 through to December 2002(1), with a summary given in Table 4.4c. The location of the monitoring stations in relation to the study area was given in Figure 4.4g. Figure 4.4h Concentrations of SO2 (g/m3) at SSC and NTU, 2001 2002
70
60
Concentration (ug/m3)
50
40
30
20
10
0 Nov-01 May-01 May-02 Dec-01 Nov-02 Nov-02 Sep-01 Sep-02 Dec-02 Dec-02 Aug-01 Aug-02 Jan-01 Jun-01 Jan-02 Mar-01 Mar-02 Jun-02 Jul-01 Oct-01 Jul-02 Feb-01 Feb-02 Oct-02 Oct-02 Apr-01 Apr-02
Month Singapore Science Centre Nanyang Technological University
Figure 4.4i
Concentrations of NO2 (g/m3) at SSC and NTU, 2001 - 2002

45 40 35 Concentration (ug/m3) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 May-01 May-02 Nov-01 Dec-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Aug-02 Jan-01 Jun-01 Jan-02 Mar-01 Mar-02 Jun-02 Jul-01 Feb-01 Oct-01 Feb-02 Jul-02 Sep-02 Apr-01 Apr-02
Except for CO and O3 at NTU for which monitoring results are only available in the period June to December 2002.
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Figure 4.4j
Concentrations of PM10 (g/m3) at SSC and NTU, 2001 - 2002

60
50
Concentration (ug/m 3)
40
30
20
10
0 May-01 May-02 Nov-01 Nov-02 Nov-02 Mar-01 Mar-02 Dec-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Sep-02 Dec-02 Dec-02 Feb-02 Aug-02 Feb-01 Jun-01 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jun-02 Jul-01 Jul-02 Oct-01 Apr-01 Oct-02 Oct-02 Apr-02
Figure 4.4k
8-Hour Average CO Concentrations (mg/m3) at SSC and NTU, 2001 - 2002

1.6 1.4 1.2 Concentration (mg/m3) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 May-01 May-02 Nov-01 Mar-01 Dec-01 Feb-01 Feb-02 Mar-02 Aug-01 Aug-02 Jun-01 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jun-02 Jul-01 Oct-01 Jul-02 Sep-01 Sep-02 Apr-01 Apr-02
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Figure 4.4l
Maximum 1-Hour O3 Concentrations (g/m3) at SSC and NTU, 2001 - 2002

250
200 Concentration (ug/m3)
150
100
50
0 May-01 May-02 Nov-01 Nov-02 Dec-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Sep-02 Dec-02 Aug-02 Jun-01 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jun-02 Jul-01 Mar-01 Mar-02 Jul-02 Oct-01 Feb-01 Feb-02 Apr-01 Oct-02 Apr-02
Table 4.4c
Summary of NEA Ambient Monitoring Results from SSC and NTU (2001 & 2002)
SO2(+) NO2(+) 8-Hr Average CO Maximum 1-Hr O3 Pollutants (g/m3) Singapore Science Centre (SSC) 2001 23 28 1000 228 2002 15 30 1000 183 National Technological University (NTU) 2001 30 23 2002 29 28 USEPA Primary Air Quality Standards 80 100 10 000 235 WHO Long-term Goals 50 40 Note: + Chart datum is approximately equivalent to lowest astronomical tide level PM10(+) 28 32 28 31 50 -
The data presented in Table 4.4c shows that the results from the 2 stations are within the USEPA and WHO ambient standards. When compared to ambient air quality data averaged for the whole of Singapore (see Table 4.4b), average annual levels of pollutants at both stations in Jurong differ only slightly from those recorded for Singapore as a whole. 4.4.2.3 Annual Trends in Ambient Air Quality Figure 4.4m presents annual trends for measured levels of SO2, NOx, and PM10 and compares urban, industrial and suburban records with total annual average concentrations. Ambient concentrations of these pollutants tend to be highest within industrial areas although urban concentrations of NOX are also high.
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Annual Average Levels of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

80 USEPA Standard (Annual Mean)
60
g/m 3 40 20
0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Urban
Industrial
Suburban
Overall Average
Annual Average Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

120
100
USEPA Standard (Annual Mean)
80
g/
60
40
20
0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Urban
Industrial
Suburban
Overall Average
Annual Average Levels of Respirable Suspended Particles (PM10)

80
60
USEPA Standard (Annual Mean)
g/m3
40
20
0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Urban
Industrial
Suburban
Overall Average
Source: National Environment Agency, 2004
Figure 4.4m Annual Trends of SO2, NO2 and PM10 Concentrations

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The figure shows that annual average levels of SO2 and NOX were well below USEPA reference values over the period 1997 2004 for all areas. However, annual average reference values for PM10 were exceeded in 1997. This can largely be attributed to unusually high haze conditions over Singapore as a result of forest fires in nearby Indonesia (see Section 4.4.2.5). 4.4.2.4 Other Emission Sources in the Area The Bukom Refinery, which processes some 430 000 barrels of oil per day, is the most significant air emission source in the vicinity of the ECC site. Whilst no actual air emissions data have been provided by SEPL, this facility will generate air emissions typical of refinery activities, including SO2 (~3000 tonnes/ month), NOX, hydrocarbons and particulates. Singapores main petrochemical refining and chemical manufacturing hub surrounds the MEG Plant. Most heavy and potentially hazardous/ polluting industries have intentionally been grouped on this island as part of landuse planning. Surrounding Jurong Island is a range of other industrial land-uses and facilities, both on the southwest coast of mainland Singapore in Jurong, and on the surrounding outlying islands (including Pulau Bukom, Pulau Busing, etc.). Industries that are potential sources of major air emissions in proximity to the MEG Plant include:
Pulau Seraya Power Station: This will have a generation capacity of around 3000 MW when its gas units are fully operational. The power station will generate SO2, NOX and other emissions typical of oil-fired power generation, and the scope of air emissions may change in the future with the proposed plan to burn Orimulsion as a fuel at the station. Other utilities suppliers including SUT Sakra and SUT Seraya will also generate a range of air emissions through both electricity generation as well as waste treatment services. The ExxonMobil refineries on Jurong Island (Pulau Pesek) and Tuas, and the Singapore Refining Company (SRC) refinery on Jurong Island (Pulau Merlimau), which process crude oil through distillation, cracking and other conversion processes into kerosene, bitumen, fuel oil, diesel, LPG, naphtha, lube oil, solvents and sulphur. These three (3) refineries have a combined capacity of around 815 000 barrels per day. Emissions from routine operations will include SO2, NOX, hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Chemical factories on Jurong Island (www.jurongisland.com), including PCS (ethylene, propylene, benzene, etc.); Chemical Industries (chlorine); DuPont (nylon); Philips Petroleum (LPE); EGS (ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol); Celanese (VAM); Eastman; and Sumitomo. These facilities will produce a wide range of emissions given the varied production processes and products of the numerous facilities.
Industrial development on Jurong Island will continue to expand in the coming years as more chemical facilities locate there. Subsequent increases in air
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emissions can therefore be anticipated. Given that Singapore is one of the largest ports in the world, shipping and associated port activities are also likely to be a significant source of air pollution in the area, especially given that ships are fuelled by heavy blended fuel-oils and have little emission controls. In 2004, 133,185 ships of various types (tankers, containers ships, barges, passenger ships, ferries, etc.) arrived at Singapore ports. Active shipping lanes bound both Pulau Ular and Pulau Ayer Merbau, while the Selat Puah anchorage is located approximately 500 m due south of Pulau Ular, across Pulau Hantu. The new Pasir Panjang Port (approximately 3.5 km east-northeast of Pulau Ayer Merbau and 4.4 km north of Pulau Ular) will become Singapores major port, while Jurong Port is also located approximately 3.4 km north-northeast of Pulau Ayer Merbau and 7.9 km north-northwest from Pulau Ular. A ship waste treatment facility is located on Pulau Sebarok, approximately 3.5 km southeast of Pulau Bukom. Activities here include incineration of oily waste. 4.4.2.5 Impact of Forest Fires Singapores air quality has periodically (in recent years) been affected by smoke or haze associated with forest fires principally in Indonesia. Occurrences have depended on rainfall, wind direction, and the incidence of fires, and are not predictable. Past smoke/ haze episodes occurred largely within the period of May to October, when prevailing SW Monsoon winds blew the smoke from the forest fires in Singapores direction(1). Severe haze results in significantly worse air quality and visibility. According to NEAs Pollution Control Division 2004 Annual Report, the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), an indicator of air quality developed by the USEPA, was Good for 88% and Moderate for 12% of the days measured during 2004. Table 4.4d presents a summary of the PSI between 1996 2003 and the corresponding indication of air quality. Table 4.4d The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), 1996 - 2003
PSI Value 1 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 200 201 to 300 Above 300 Total PSI Descriptor Good Moderate Unhealthy Very unhealthy Hazardous Percentage of days in which PSI was classified 1996 64% 36% 100% 1997 49% 48% 3% 100% 1998 70% 30% 100% 1999 65% 35% 100% 2000 70% 30% 100% 2001 83% 17% 100% 2002 93% 7% 100% 2003 88% 12% 100%
Source: NEA Environmental Protection Division 2004 Annual Report
Information from the Meteorological Services Division, National Environment Agency.

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Data from Table 4.4d above illustrates the adverse impact to air quality caused by Indonesian forest fires in 1997, which was worsened by a prolonged drought linked to the El Nio weather phenomenon (T P Ng, et al, 1999). Section 4.11.5.1 discusses the findings of a one-off study reported by T P Ng, et al (1999), which assessed health effects observed in Singapore during the 1997 haze period. 4.5 4.5.1 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES & WATER QUALITY Water Resources on the ECC and MEG Plant There are no natural water resources on Pulau Ular or Pulau Ayer Merbau. Drainage will be provided for the ECC complex, draining into the surrounding sea. The PCS, within which the MEG Plant will be located, is provided with perimeter concrete drainage channels which are part of the PCSs stormwater drainage system. These drains ultimately discharge off-site into the sea (Selat Pandan, Selat Sakra and Selat Ayer Merbau). 4.5.2 Off-Site Surface Water Resources Once reclamation is complete, the ECC will be surrounded on its south by the strait between Pulau Bukom Kechil and Pulau Semakau; while part of its north will be bordered by Selat Bukom. The MEG Plant is located adjacent to Selat Pandan 4.5.3 Bathymetry Marine bathymetry in the study area(1) is shown in Figure 4.5a. Shallow reefs of coral surround many of the islands (light blue in Figure 4.5a). Most of the coral reefs, including the Cyrene Reefs, which lie about 2 km to the north of Pulau Ular and 2.7 km southeast of Pulau Ayer Merbau, are around 1 m above Chart Datum. 4.5.4 Marine Sediments Sandy sediments with numerous patch reef areas (L.S. Chia, 1992) dominate the seabed around the Bukom Cluster. Detailed marine sediment distribution information in the study area was not available for review. It is understood that MPA has authorised the sourcing/ dredging of 20 million m3 of sand for reclamation purposes from the Jong Fairway (channel between Pulau Bukom Besar and Pulau Sentosa). Approximately 9 million m3 of reclamation fill may be used in the Pulau Ular reclamation (Ethylene Cracker Complex site). However, the source(s) of reclamation fill for the reclamation will ultimately depend on the contractor that JTC engages to perform the reclamation works.
Bathymetric map from Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI).

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Singapore Mainland
P. Sentosa
Pasir Panjang Terminal
Cyrene Reefs
P. Bukom P. Ular Jurong Island
P. Semakau
Tuas View P. Sudong P. Pawai P. Senang
Source: DHI Water & Environment
Figure 4.5a Marine Bathymetry in the Project Area

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4.5.5
Tides Tides reaching the Singapore Straits are semi-diurnal in nature as follows:
Two daily High Waters (HWs) which have approximately equal heights; and Two daily Low Waters (LWs) which differ appreciably in height.
The range between Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS) and Mean High Water Springs (MHWS) is 2.3 metres (from 0.5 m to 2.8 m above chart datum). This tidal range varies however, depending on the location within the Singapore Straits. A longer (up to 16 hours per day) west-going stream raises the height of tides in the Western Straits above those experienced in the East. This variation is shown in Table 4.5a. Table 4.5a Tidal Heights in Different Locations in Singapore Straits (West to East)
Location Location in Relation to Pulau Ular Pulau Ayer Merbau WSW WSW NW WNW SSW SSE ENE E ENE ENE ENE E Tidal Height (MHWS) (m) 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.3
Pulau Iyu Kechil, (1 11N, 103 21E) Tuas, (1 17N, 103 40E) Raffles Lighthouse, (1 10N, 103 45E) Tanjong Pagar, (1 16N, 103 51E) Tanah Merah, (1 19N, 103 59E) Horsburgh Lighthouse, (1 20N, 104 24E)
Source: Charts for Small Craft, Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), 2003 Edition
Table 4.5b presents the variations in tidal levels at Pulau Bukom and Pasir Panjang West Coast Pier (see Figure 4.5b). These are the closest locations of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapores (MPAs) automated tide gauges in relation to the study area. Table 4.5b Tidal Levels
Height (m) above Chart Datum(1) MHWS MHWN MLWN MLWS Pulau Bukom (1 14N, 103 47E) 2.8 2.1 1.2 0.5 West Coast (1 18N, 103 46E) 3.0 2.2 1.3 0.5 Note: 1 Chart datum is approximately equivalent to lowest astronomical tide level Source: Charts for Small Craft, Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), 2003 Edition
Unusually high tides and storm surges are occasionally experienced in the Singapore Straits as a result of a convergence between lunar and monsoon conditions. The highest tide recorded for the past 25 years in the Singapore Straits, occurred on 23 December 1999 when the tidal level (3.68 m above Chart Datum) was 0.38 m above Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) at Tanjong Pagar (or 0.48 m higher than the predicted level). This relationship is depicted in Figure 4.5c. This unusually high tide was the result of a 0.48 m storm surge (due to strong NE Monsoon winds) superimposed on a very high tide (due to
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North
Source: Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, 2002
Figure 4.5b Locations of MPAs Automated Tide Gauges in Singapore

ERM
Chart Datum +4.658
Cut Mark next to Tide Gauge at Tanjong Pagar PLD 3.006
4m
3m
MHWS
4.658
MHWN
2m
Survey Department Datum 0.00 or Precise Levelling Datum (PLD), Singapore Public Works Department Level 100.00
ML
MLWN 2.2
2.8
1m
100.00 1.652 Public Works Department Datum 0.00 1.7
ML 0.5
1.2
0 CHART DATUM 0
HEIGHTS IN METRES
Figure 4.5c Relationship of Various Tidal Levels at Tanjong Pagar

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the moons closest approach). HAT is 3.3 m above Chart Datum and Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) is 0.2 m below Chart Datum at Tanjong Pagar (10.5 km east-northeast of Pulau Ular and 15 km east of Pulau Ayer Merbau), giving a maximum tidal range (excluding any storm surge) of 3.5 m. 4.5.6 4.5.6.1 Water Currents & Wave Climate Water Currents The tidal flow is the actual movement that the water experiences. It is made up of the tidal stream and wind drift current (other components such as the geostrophic current, which are generally considered as a basic ocean current flow, are not significant in Singapore). The nature of the tidal streams in the Singapore Straits is shown in Figure 4.5d. The sequence of events commences from the beginning of the East-going streams off Horsburgh Lighthouse under average astronomical conditions. The tidal stream results from variations in astronomical tide and it controls the tidal flow in the Singapore Straits. Close to the shore, the tidal stream is restricted to directions nearly parallel to the bottom contours. The stream flow rate gradually decreases with increasing depth, but drops off rapidly near the bottom. Tidal range and any obstructions to water flow such as the Straits and passages between islands, controls the magnitude of the tidal stream. The wind drift current is generated by wind drag on the ocean surface. The monsoon affects the tidal flow more at the eastern end of the Straits as would be expected. The wind drift current over the proposed power cable routes will be negligible compared to the tide-induced streams. However, studies by the National University of Singapore (NUS) have shown that wind influences on surface and near-surface currents are significant. Wind generated currents account for more than 3% of the surface wind speed. 4.5.6.2 Local Current Conditions near Pulau Ular On-site field surveys of local current conditions in the vicinity of Pulau Ular were carried out by DHI in December 2005. The field surveys gathered data on the local current speeds and directions along transect regions between the islands as shown in Figure 4.5e. Current velocity measurements were taken for a minimum of five consecutive days covering different field current situations (east-going tide, west-going tide and slack water). Measurements were taken at the waters surface and at 10 m depth.
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a) Turns to E-going
d) First maximum W-going
b) Stronger maximum E-going
e) Minimum W-going (occasionally weak E-going)
c) Turns to W-going
f) Second maximum W-going
Figure 4.5d Nature of Tidal Streams in Straits of Singapore

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Figure 4.5e
Location of transect regions (A1 to A8) for field current measurements.
Source: DHI, 2006
Results are presented in Figure 4.5f. Prevailing current conditions are variable in accordance with the overall tidal direction from east-going to west-going. 4.5.6.3 Waves The dominant control over the waves and currents in the Singapore Straits is the SW and NE Monsoons (see Section 4.4.1). Sea disturbance and swell tend to be slight for most of the year, although the intensity of shipping within the port limits creates a constant chop. Severe squalls sometimes create unpleasant conditions and the hazard is increased if the sudden rise of wind and sea occurs in restricted waters. In the Singapore Straits, the mean wave height is less than 1 m throughout the year as this area is generally protected from ocean waves by Peninsular Malaysia and the Riau Archipelago. 4.5.7 4.5.7.1 Marine Water Quality Overview The economic activities and development being undertaken in Singapores coastal waters have meant that the waters surrounding the islands of Singapore are subjected to potentially high risks of pollution. This is particularly so for the chemical and port activities off the southern and southwestern coasts. In general however, Singapores coastal water quality remains good in comparison with local standards, even in the busier southern waters. In 2003 and 2004, 100% of samples taken in the coastal waters of the Straits of
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Current transects in two depths (top: surface, bottom: 10m) during East-going tide
Current transects in two depths (top: surface, bottom: 10m) during West-going tide
Source: DHI 2006
Figure 4.5f
Current Measurements Around Pulau Ular

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Singapore had levels of faecal coliform below the recreational water guideline of 1000 per 100 ml (NEA Pollution Control Division 2004 Annual Report). 4.5.7.2 Water Quality Monitoring Data Data on marine water quality has been obtained from three sources, namely:

Specific data provided by the Singapore NEA; Seawater cooling water (SCW) pump inlet monitoring data provided by SEPL; and Data collected under a specially commissioned water sampling programme for a previous study in 2000 (United Surveyors, 2000).
Singapore is a highly developed, highly industrialised regional city, and industrial, commercial and residential activities (even well controlled) will have a negative effect on water quality in the surrounding seas. In addition to operating facilities (such as the refineries and chemical plants that line the shore in Jurong), major ongoing reclamation, sand winning and dredging activities will increase suspended sediment load and reduce water quality, especially if underlying coastal marine sediments are contaminated. In addition, reclamation could affect water quality indirectly through changing marine water flow patterns. NEA Data The NEA monitors water quality via a network of inland and offshore monitoring stations. However, most of the coastal monitoring stations are located on the eastern and northern coasts of Singapore; five (5) are located on the western coast with two (2) off Pulau Sentosa (approximately 6.5 km from Pulau Ular and 10.5 km from Pulau Ayer Merbau) and three (3) off Jurong Island. The locations of these seawater sampling points are presented in Figure 4.5g. Table 4.5c presents latest publicly available water quality data for two stations close to Pulau Sentosa for 2001 and 2002, as provided by NEA. Table 4.5c Water Quality off the Coast of Pulau Sentosa (Annual Percentage time achieving stated standards)
Parameter (g/l unless otherwise stated) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Faecal coliform per 100 ml Nitrate-Nitrogen (mg/l) Phosphate-Phosphorous (mg/l) Arsenic (As) Cadmium (Cd) Chromium (Cr) Copper (Cu) Lead (Pb)
Singapore Criteria(1) 2 1000 -
Pulau Sentosa Southwestern Coast 2001 2002 5.8 5.6 21 16 0.06 ND 7.3 ND ND ND ND 7.9 1.0 ND 2.1
Western Tip 2001 2002 5.9 5.6 24 11 0.07 ND 6.6 ND ND ND ND 7.5 4.7 ND 3.2
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Singapore
Source: NEA Pollution Control Division 2004 Annual Report
Figure 4.5g Locations of NEA Non-Catchment and Seawater Sampling Points

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Parameter Singapore Pulau Sentosa Criteria(1) Southwestern Coast Western Tip (g/l unless otherwise stated) Nickel (Ni) ND ND ND ND Mercury (Hg) ND ND ND ND Tin (Sn) ND 0.2 ND ND Zinc (Zn) ND 1.0 0.2 0.3 Notes: 1 Singapore water quality criteria for inland/ coastal waters. Results are based on monthly sampling except for Sn and Zn which are measured bi-monthly and Nitrate-N, Phosphate-P, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Hg which are measured yearly. ND - Not Detected (< 0.1 g/l) Source: NEA
SEPL Water Quality Monitoring SEPL conducts monitoring of water quality at the seawater cooling water (SCW) pump inlets of the Pulau Bukom refinery. Parameters monitored are oil and total suspended solids (TSS). Indicative results, as provided by SEPL, are presented in Table 4.5d. Table 4.5d SCW Pump Inlet Monitoring Programme Indicative Results Bukom Refinery
Parameter Unit Oil ppm TSS ppm TDS %wt pH Free Chlorine Ppm (max) Source: SEPL, 2006 (SWD4 BOD) Range (ppm) 1-2 6 20 3.5 8.1 8.5 0.3
4.5.7.3
2000 Water Sampling Programme As part of the larger sampling programme conducted in 2000 (United Surveyors, 2000), samples of seawater were obtained in the waters southwest off Pulau Bukom Kechil for testing of a range of parameters including chemicals (32 samples) and trace elements. Samples were analysed by Analytical Laboratories (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Table 4.5e presents a summary of key results for the 32 samples analysed for chemical and biological parameters, compared against Singapore water quality criteria for inland/ coastal waters.
Table 4.5e
Water Quality Data from 2000 Sampling Programme Chemical and Biological
Parameter (mg/l unless otherwise stated) PH TSS BOD as 5 days at 20 C Nitrate Phosphate Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Total Bacterial Count (cfu/ml)
Singapore Criteria(1) 200 10 -
Range of Results 8 8.3 2 16 <2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.1 4.0 < 10 50
Number of Samples above Criteria NA NA NA NA NA
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Parameter Singapore Range of Results (mg/l unless otherwise stated) Criteria(1) Faecal Coliform Count 1000 03 (cfu/100 ml) DO 2 5.1 6.8 Oil & grease < 0.1 Notes: 1 Singapore water quality criteria for inland/ coastal waters. NA Not Applicable Source: United Surveyors, 2000
Number of Samples above Criteria 32 NA
Out of the 32 samples, no monocyclic aromatic compounds, oxygenated compounds, fumigants, halogenated aliphatics, halogenated aromatics or trihalomethanes that were tested for were found within the laboratory detection limit with the exception of the following:

Acetone 159 g/l (1 sample); Methylene chloride 601 g/l (1 sample); and Bromoform 5.8 g/l and 2.8 g/l (2 samples).
4.5.8
Seawater Intakes and Outfalls On Pulau Bukom, SEPL currently withdraws and discharges seawater for the operation of its desalination plant and its biotreater. Specific locations of seawater intake and discharge points around the Pulau Bukom Cluster are indicated on Figure 4.5h (DHI, December 2002). Note that the figure reflects the completed reclamation of Pulau Ular and re-routing of existing discharges. However, new process water discharges from the Ethylene Cracker Complex are not considered.
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Figure 4.5h
Seawater Intakes and Outfalls Pulau Bukom Cluster (After Reclamation)
D = 1.11 m3/s T = 38 C D = 2.80 m3 /s T = 38 C
4
D = 7.59 m3/s T = 38 C
D = 1.26 m3 /s T = 42 C
2 1
3
D = 0.50 m3/s T = 42 C D = 7.11 m3/s T = 42 C
D = 0.32 m3/s T = 40 C
D = 2.99 m3/s T = 40 C
Legend Discharge Points Water Intakes
Source: DHI, 2006c
Seawater is also withdrawn for use by industrial activities on Jurong Island. Figure 4.5i presents the locations of seawater intakes and outfalls around Selat Ayer Merbau and Selat Sakra(1). As the MEG Plant will be utilising existing intake and outfall structures of the SPC, it is considered unlikely that water flow and thermal diffusion will be greatly affected by the MEG Plant coming on-stream, and therefore will not be considered further in this report.
Information from Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI).

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Figure 4.5i
Seawater Intakes and Outfalls Selat Ayer Merbau and Selat Sakra
M e r l i m a u Ayer Chawan Basin S e r a y a
EGS Ayer Merbau Basin MEG Selat Pandan

Legend Outfall Intake
M e r b a u
Sakra Basin S a k r a
Source: data supplied by DHI, 2003
4.6
NOISE & VIBRATION There are no residential areas within the immediate vicinity of the ECC or MEG Plant sites. The nearest potentially noise sensitive receptors (NSRs) to the new facilities are as follows:
Pulau Hantu Recreational area and marine nature area (~500 m southsouthwest of Pulau Ular); and Pulau Anak Bukom Area of ecological interest with a nesting colony of herons (~1.7 km southeast of Pulau Ular).
4.6.1 4.6.1.1
Noise Monitoring Baseline Noise Monitoring As part of an earlier draft of this ESHA, ERM carried out a limited baseline noise monitoring exercise on 16 January 2003. As no significant change in development has occurred in the vicinity since this time, no further readings have been taken. Short-term (5 minute) noise level measurements were taken at locations around the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex site, as illustrated in Figure 4.6a. Results from the noise survey are summarised in Table 4.6a; detailed noise survey data sheets are available upon request.
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North
PB4 PB3 PB2
P. Busing
B4
B3
P. Bukom P. Ular
PB1 H2 H1
B2
B1
P. Bukom Kechil
P. Hantu
H3
Figure 4.6a Noise Monitoring Locations at Pulau Hantu, Pulau Busing and Pulau Bukom
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Table 4.6a
Results of Baseline Noise Monitoring

Location Pulau Hantu H1 H2 H3 Pulau Busing PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4 Pulau Bukom B1 B2 B3 B4 Noise Levels (Average) LAmin LAmax LAeq 49.1 47.8 47.3 47.5 47.8 47.7 47.7 47.2 46.9 47.4 47.4 66.2 53.3 53.1 67.1 66.6 64.8 67.1 66.6 66.8 67.8 67.7 51 49.1 48.5 51.9 51.1 50.4 41.8 51.8 51.2 53.6 52.6 Major Noise Sources
Waves breaking on jetty Waves breaking on breakwater; aircraft noise Tree branches; wind Boat noise Boat noise Boat noise Boat noise Boat noise; refinery noise; wind Boat noise; refinery noise; wind Boat noise; refinery noise; wind Boat noise; refinery noise; wind
The above results show that background noise levels are generally low. Existing noise levels on Pulau Ayer Merbau have not been monitored. 4.6.1.2 SEPL Noise Monitoring To determine the levels of ambient noise around the ECC project site, SEPL commissioned Shama Technologies (S) Pte Ltd (STS) to undertake a factory boundary noise survey at Pulau Ular (STS, 2006). Boundary noise monitoring was carried out on 23 February 2006 between 9 am and 4 pm. Instantaneous noise measurements (A weighted sound pressure levels) and A weighted continuous sound pressure levels LAeq,5min were recorded at 13 locations along the ECC project site boundary as illustrated in Figure 4.6b.
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Figure 4.6b
Boundary Noise Measurement Locations, Pulau Ular
Source: STS, 2006.
Locations 1 7 are on the boundary of the existing SEPL facilities on Pulau Ular, whereas Locations 8 13 are currently actual site boundary locations. However, based on the construction plan for Pulau Ular, upon completion of the reclamation phase locations 8 13 will fall within the plant boundary. Leq boundary noise measurements around the ECC project site recorded by STS are shown in Table 4.6b. Table 4.6b STS Measured Noise Levels Around ECC Project Site
Locations Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 Location 7 Location 8 Location 9 Location 10 Location 11 Location 12 Location 13 Source: STS, 2006. Leq,5min Noise Level (dBA) 70.5 68.2 75.0 71.8 73.8 73.5 76.8 62.9 62.7 65.0 61.2 60.0 62.3 Singapore Daytime Standard (dBA) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
Based on the STS reported results, the ambient noise levels for Locations 1 7 ranged from 68.2 to 76.8 dBALeq,5min while noise levels for Locations 8 13 ranged from 60 to 65 dBALeq,5min.
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Noise levels recorded at Location 3 were found to be equivalent to Shells Internal Plant Noise Limit of 75 dBA, while noise levels for Location 7 are found to exceed the 75 dBA limit. Mesaurements taken for locations 8-13 were however well within the daytime standard of 75 dBA and on average, ~3 dBA below the Singapore night-time criteria of 65 dBA with the exception of Location 10. It should be noted that the measurements were carried out for a duration of 5 minutes only and therefore may not be representative of the overall ambient noise levels around the ECC site; they may also not represent the worst case. 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.1.1 LANDSCAPE AND TOPOGRAPHY Landscape Ethylene Cracker Complex The proposed ECC will be situated on land currently undergoing reclamation from the sea between Pulau Ular, Pulau Busing and Pulau Bukom Kechil. The three islands are discrete land masses surrounded on all sides by sea (Pulau Ular and Pulau Bukom Kechil are connected via roadbridge). 4.7.1.2 MEG Plant There are no existing buildings or structures on the proposed MEG Plant site and the land is flat, unpaved and overgrown with grass and weed. The areas surrounding the site are occupied by general industrial activities, as described in Section 4.3.1.2. The site is bordered to the east and south east by Selat Pandan; a stormwater outfall for the Singapore Petrochemical Complex site lies adjacent to the south-eastern corner of the proposed MEG site. 4.7.2 Topography The natural topography of Singapore (including the study area) is depicted in Figure 4.7a. 4.7.2.1 Ethylene Cracker Complex Reclamation of land for the ECC began in February 2006 and when complete, will result in flat topography. Pulau Ular consists largely of reclaimed land (reclaimed between 1970 1990); reference to historical maps (Survey Department of Malaya, 1953) shows that the island consisted mostly of coral areas and very small areas of mixed unclassified cultivation prior to reclamation. 4.7.2.2 MEG Plant The topography of the site is flat with no apparent change in elevation. Reference to historical maps (Survey Department of Malaya, 1953) indicates that
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Senoko Fishing Port
Jurong Fishing Port
Key Fishing Port Floating Netcage Fishery
Figure 4.7a Natural Topography of Singapore

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the existing EGS facility is located on both original land and reclaimed areas, whilst the area to the east, including that to be occupied by the MEG Plant is reclaimed land. 4.7.2.3 Study Area The islands immediately surrounding Pulau Ular and Jurong Island (Pulau Bukom, Pulau Busing, Pulau Hantu, Pulau Semakau and Pulau Sebarok) are all less than 15 m above sea level (ASL). On Pulau Sentosa (6.5 km east-northeast of Pulau Ular and 10.5 km east-southeast of Pulau Ayer Merbau), Mt. Embiah and Mt. Serepong rise to 62 m and 85 m ASL, respectively. The highest natural point in Singapore is the Bukit Timah Hill at 162 m, which lies approximately 13.2 km north-northeast of the ECC and 11.5 km northeast of the proposed MEG Plant. Figure 4.7a illustrates that, with the exception of Pulau Sentosa, Pulau Hantu, Pulau Sakijang Bendera and small areas of the mainland around Buona Vista and Pasir Panjang, the study area is largely built-up with industry, residential and commercial properties dominating. The Central Business District (CBD), with buildings reaching 280 m in height over an area of 82 ha, lies approximately 11 km northeast of Pulau Ular and 14 km east from Pulau Ayer Merbau. Western Singapore, being the industrial hub of Singapore, has a significant concentration of chimneys and flare stacks. SEPL has nine (9) stacks and a flare tower on Pulau Bukom Kechil, a watch tower on Pulau Bukom Besar, and a flare tower and a stack on Pulau Ular. Three stacks are also present on Pulau Sebarok (belonging to Singaport CleanSeas). On Jurong Island, there are numerous flare stacks, chimneys and radio towers, most notably Pulau Seraya Power Stations three boiler stacks which reach up to a height of 182 m.
4.8 4.8.1
GEOLOGY, SOILS, HYDROGEOLOGY AND SEISMICITY Regional Geology(1) The study area is located on the northern side of Singapore Straits between the southern islands of Singapore and the Singapore mainland. The Straits are the main thoroughfare between South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, and originated some 2.5 million years ago when glacial advance elsewhere gave rise to a global lowering of mean sea level by some 100 m from its present level. The stratigraphy of Singapore was extensively described by the Singapore Public Works Department in 1976. The stratigraphy comprises:
Pulau Ubin and Bukit Timah Granites they form a main area of 8 km by 7 km occupying the central part of Singapore;
Fugro Survey, 2000
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Jurong Formation; Old Alluvium this forms the eastern part of Singapore; and Kallang Formation.
The detailed stratigraphic succession is given in Figure 4.8a(1). 4.8.2 4.8.2.1 Local Geology Ethylene Cracker Complex Reference to geological maps (Director of Public Works Department, 1976) indicate that mainly the Reef Member of the Kallang Formation underlies the island of Pulau Ular. This consists of coral, unconsolidated calcareous sand and lesser quartz, ferruginous and lithic sand. No further information is available on site geology. The source and composition of reclamation fill on which the ECC will be constructed has been the subject of discussions between SEPL and JTC to ensure that fill material used is acceptable to both parties. 4.8.2.2 MEG Plant The MEG Plant site sits on reclaimed land. According to geological maps (Director of Public Works Department, 1976), the original land is underlain by the Transitional Member of the Kallang Formation, which is described as unconsolidated beach and near-shore quartz sand with minor lateritic, shell and lithic fragments. JTC(2) reports that fill used in reclamation of the subject site consists of medium-to-coarse sand of friction angle 30 degrees and silt content of less than 10%. SEPL has recently commissioned intrusive site investigation work at the MEG facility as part of geotechnical evaluation. Preliminary results (obtained from site contractors) indicated a coarse sand and rubble fill with groundwater being encountered at between 1.7 2.0 metres below ground level. 4.8.2.3 Unexploded Ordnance It is not uncommon for unexploded ordnance (UXO) or war relics as they are referred to by the Singapore authorities, to be found in the soil profile of reclaimed areas of Singapore. During an interview with a private sector unexploded ordnance surveying and removal company in March 2006, it was reported that World War II UXO can be found throughout Singapore. On the mainland, the issue is largely localised buried arms dumps. On reclaimed land, UXO have been picked up in the fill material from either the sea bed, where they were deposited during the war, or
1 2
Director of Public Works Department, 1976 Information from Jurong Island Development Department (JIDD), JTC
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KALLANG FORMATION: Kr Reef Member (Kr): Coral, unconsolidated calcareous sand and lesser quartz, ferruginous and lithic sand.
Kt
Transitional Member (Kt): Unconsolidated black to blue-grey estuarine mud, muddy sand or sand, often with a high organic content and peat layers.
Kl
Littoral Member (Kl): Well sorted unconsolidated beach and near-shore quartz sand with minor lateritic, shell and lithic fragments. Iron-cemented beach rock is also included in this member.
Ka
Alluvial Member (Ka): A variable terrestrial sediment ranging from pebble beds through sand, muddy sand, and clay to peat. The member is usually unconsolidated but lightly consolidated beds may be found.
Km
Marine Member (Km): Dominantly a blue-grey clayey mud but peat and sand horizons are also present. The member is usually unconsolidated but lightly consolidated beds do occur. TEKONG FORMATION (T): Unconsolidated marine and littoral well sorted sand with minor pebble beds and wood. HUAT CHOE FORMATION (HC): A lacustrine deposit containing white kaolin clay and minor quartz gravel. OLD ALLUVIUM (OA): Terrestrial to deltaic loose coarse quartz-feldspar sand and gravel, and lightly cemented sandstone- conglomerate. The top 8 m are usually deeply weathered. JURONG FORMATION: Murai Schist: Strongly cleaved and sheared sediment of the Jurong Formation. Results from dynamic metamorphism.
T HC
OA
Jt
Tengah Facies (Jt): Muddy marine sandstone with occasional grit beds and conglomerate. The member is usually deeply weathered but appears not to have been strongly lithified at any stage.
Jsj
St John Facies (Jsj): Flysch-like marine muddy fine sandstone with minor laminae of carbonaceous matter. Usually moderately well lithified.
Jr
Rimau Facies (Jr): Transitional to marine quartz conglomerate and quartz sandstone. The clasts are usually angular to sub-angular and loosely packed but the rock is well cemented.
Jac
Ayer Chawan Facies (Jac): Well bedded marine muddy sandstone and mudstone, often black in colour. Red roundstone conglomerate is common and all beds are tuffaceous. Lithic tuff and spilite anre mapped separately. A number of fossil collections have been made from this member.
Jj
Jong Facies (Jj): Well cemented roundstone conglomerate and sandstone with occasional mudstone beds and spilite pillows.
Jq
Queenstown Facies (Jq): Red to purple mudstone and sandstone with minor conglomerate. Minor tuffs can also be found within the member. The red colouration is thought to come from tropical weathering in Triassic time, but volcanic material present may also have added to the colour.
Da Db
DYKE ROCKS: Igneous rocks intruded into the Palaeozoic Formations and Bukit Timah Granite. Dykes are grouped as Acid Dykes (Da) and Basic Dykes (Db). Within the acid dykes granophyre (Dg), trachyte (Dt), and granite porphyry (Dp); and within the basic dykes, dolerite (Dd), and spessartite (Dsp) have been mapped.
BT
BUKIT TIMAH GRANITE (BT): The granite varies from granite through adamellite to granodiorite, and several hybrid rocks are included within the formation. Both hornblende-rich granite (BTh) and biotite-rich granite (BTb) occur. Zones of norite-granite mixed rocks are also seen (Bthy).
Source: Director of Public Works, 1976
Figure 4.8a Stratigraphy of Singapore

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from Indonesia; they can be found at any depth. The authorities have dealt with a very wide range of UXO including grenades, mortars and aerial bombs. Due to its age, such material is very unstable and is considered highly dangerous. Discussions held with the Industrial landlord (JTC), the Singapore Police Force (SPF) and the Explosive Ordinance Unit (EOD) of MINDEF in relation to a recent find of UXO on a reclaimed site on Jurong island, indicated that the authorities are unable to provide assurance (such as a clearance certificate) that UXO is not present in fill material. 4.8.3 Economic Geology There are no known mineral extraction sites in the study area. 4.8.4 4.8.4.1 Seismicity Seismicity in the Singapore Straits Peninsular Malaysia and the Singapore Straits are considered as the most stable region in South East Asia. There is no volcanic activity and there appears to have been no tectonic movements for the last 10 000 years. For the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, there have been no known records of local earthquakes to date except reservoir-induced events near the Kenyir Dam during the impounding stages. The area is however adjacent to very active seismic areas to the south and west. The surrounding region, under the Indonesian and Burmese arcs, are considered strongly active which could appreciably affect Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. The potential hazard is from earthquakes occurring off West Sumatra and the resulting amplification of seismic waves over the intervening region. In the west coast states of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, there have been occasional tremors originating from large earthquakes located over western Sumatra. No casualties or damage to buildings have been reported thus far. Historical seismic events in the Singapore Straits are shown in Figure 4.8b. Since 1815 to 2000, 21 events have been recorded. The value of intensity employed is the modified Mercalli (mm) scale (see Figure 4.8b). Earthquakes with epicentres near Sumatra could be felt with modified Mercalli intensities of around five (V). This corresponds roughly to peak ground accelerations of around 0.075 g. 4.8.4.2 Insurance Considerations In 1994, a seismic event that registered 6.5 on the Richter scale in Sumatra and 2.0 in Singapore, caused minor tremors for a period of 5 30 seconds, but no damage or casualties. This prompted the General Insurance Association of Singapore (GIA) to review the risk to properties in Singapore. Presently,
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Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings, but many people do not recognise it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration like passing truck.
Felt nearly by everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows, etc. broken; a few instances of cracked plaster; unstable objects overturned. Disturbance of trees, poles, and other tall objects sometimes noticed.
During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. At night some awakened. Dishes, windows and doors disturbed; walls make creaking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motorcars rocked noticeably.
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing.
Figure 4.8b Historical Seismic Events with Tremors Detected in Singapore and the Modified Mercalli Scale
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earthquake cover is available at no extra cost because the risk of damage has been rated as negligible. According to the United States Geological Service (USGS), the most recent tremor to be felt in Singapore occurred from an earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale with its epicentre located off the west coast of central Sumatra. This event registered less than III on the Mercali scale (1). Furthermore, there are no public records to suggest that the 26 December 2004 earthquake off Bandar Aceh, northern Sumatra was felt in Singapore despite being the worlds fourth largest recorded seismic event. 4.8.5 Hydrogeology Information regarding hydrogeology is limited in Singapore. However, groundwater flow is believed to be generally in the direction of the sea which surrounds the Pulau Bukom Cluster on all sides, and is adjacent to the proposed MEG Plant (Selat Sakra). 4.9 4.9.1 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Sources of Information A marine habitat survey of Pulau Hantu and the nearby islands was commissioned as part of this ESHA to evaluate the existing condition of marine habitat components in the vicinity of the Ethylene Cracker Complex (DHI, 2003a). Secondary data is also used, to a large extent, to describe the biological systems in the study area; much of this data has been prepared in the last few years as part of feasibility studies for the reclamation and development of the Pulau Bukom Cluster and Jurong Island. The following sources of information have been used to define the baseline ecological environment of the study area:
Consultations with experts from local universities and private organisations; Results of the marine habitat survey around Pulau Hantu undertaken by DHI for Pulau Ular Reclamation, Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI, 2005a); Detailed Marine and Environmental Feasibility Study for Pulau Ular Reclamation, Danish Hydraulic Institute, 2002 (DHI, June 2002a); Results of transect surveys of coral reefs around Pulau Hantu undertaken in December 2001; Findings of benthic sediment sample analyses collected in December 2001 between the Bukom islands;
(1) http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews; accessed on 26 March 2006.

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Findings of shoreline surveys conducted in December 2001 around Pulau Bukom; Technical studies carried out by Danish Hydraulic Institute to support the reclamation of Jurong Island Phase 4 & Tuas View Extension, December 2000 (DHI, 2000); and Relevant publications, eg. those published by the Singapore Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources(1), Australian Institute of Marine Science(2), National University of Singapore and National Science and Technology Board(3), the ASEAN-Australia Economic Co-operation Programme(4), and the Nature Society of Singapore(5).
4.9.2
Protected Areas The Singapore Green Plan 2012 was drawn up in 2002 by the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) as a 10 year blueprint for Singapore to maintain a sustainable environment for future generations. The plan includes many highly specific and action-oriented programmes for preserving and protecting the environment and water resources during its 10year implementation. An earlier Action Programme in 1993 had designated 19 terrestrial and 4 marine (coral) sites as nature/ conservation areas. The Singapore Green Plan 2012(6) again mentions these designated marine nature areas although no specific plans are specified to protect them except that the government will keep these areas in their natural state for as long as possible.
4.9.3
Coral Reef Habitats Coral conservation areas within the present study area are illustrated in Figure 4.9a and include those at:

Pulau Hantu (500 m from the ECC); Pulau Semakau (1.3 km from the ECC); and Pulau Sudong Island Group (3.7 km from the ECC).
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, 1993 Wilkinson, C.R., Sudara, S., & Chou L.M. (Eds), 1994 Chou L.M. & Wilkinson, C.R., 1992 Chou L.M., 1990 Briffett, C. & Ho, H.C., 1999 The Singapore Green Plan 2012 was released at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), which convened in Johannesburg, South Africa from August 26 to September 4, 2002.
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Figure 4.9a
Coral Conservation Sites (circled in red) in the Study Area
P. BUSING P. HANTU
BUKOM CLUSTER
P. SUDONG
Singapores reefs have experienced high degradation over the years as a result of land reclamation, dumping of earth spoils and intensive coastal developments. Today, no fringing reefs exist off the Singapore mainland and only clusters of reef among the southern islands remain relatively free of impacts. Surveys conducted since the early 1980s to present day revealed a total of 197 species of hard coral belonging to 35 genera(1). In all, 28 species of coral and gorgonians have been listed in the Singapore Red Data Book(2) as endangered or very rare. According to Chou (1992), the patch reefs west of Pulau Hantu (southwest of the Ethylene Cracker Complex site) were the richest in Singapore in terms of coral species diversity (148 species) and were considered to be the most productive sites for research on bioactive compounds(3). In addition, these reefs were also the most popular location for recreational scuba diving in Singapore. Over 200 divers were noted to visit the reefs each weekend. 4.9.3.1 Coral Surveys A series of marine habitat surveys have been undertaken of the reefs surrounding Pulau Hantu and the Bukom cluster by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI, 2000, 2001, 2003 & 2005). Survey methods, approaches and results employed in those surveys were compiled in a separate document Marine Habitat Surveys Surrounding Pulau Hantu (ERM, 2006a).
2 3
Various research studies from the National University of Singapore as well as those conducted under the ASEAN-Australia Living Coastal Resources Project. Singapores Red Data Book is prepared in accordance with the essence of IUCNs series. Chou L.M., 1992
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Drawing together the results of these various surveys, Figure 4.9b illustrates the percentage live coral cover in the study area. The surveys carried out and referenced here indicate that sites off Pulau Hantu have the highest percentage of living coral cover (maximum of 48.4% in 2005 and 53.7% in 2003) followed by the sites off Sultan Shoal, to the west of the study area (49.8% in 2003). The northeastern tip of Terumbu Pempang Laut, approximately 2.7 km east of the Ethylene Cracker Complex site, was assessed to have the lowest percentage live coral cover (<5%) in 2005. With the exception of the Sultan Shoal, the reef flats surveyed in the Sinki Fairway were dominated by dead and coral rubble. Sediment, seaweed and algae enveloped the surfaces of these substrates. Generally, corals were not observed at depths below 6 m from the surface, which is considered to be the direct result of sediment in the water column. At Pulau Hantu, the 2005 survey found that coral cover varied significantly around the island and was highest on the west coast and on the patch reef to the south (ie. sites furthest from the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex). Cover was generally higher at 0 m with the exception of the north coast. In 2003, hard coral cover ranged from 5% to 45% at 0 m and 11% to 31% at 3 m. A good mix of coral forms was observed with a total of 23 genera recorded. In 2005, live hard coral cover at Pulau Hantu sites ranged from 7.9% to 48% at 0m, which was similar to 2003. However at the deeper 3 m region there was some evidence of a decline in coral cover. Coral cover along 3 m deep transects at Pulau Hantu sites in 2005 was 0.9% to 9.1%. This was markedly lower than in 2003. In comparison to earlier survey results for the Pulau Hantu area(1), live coral cover has continued its decline since 1993 from a maximum of 70% in 1989 to 41.1% in 2003 and 18.8% in 2005. This is likely attributed to exceptionally high sedimentation rates associated with the on-going reclamation works on Jurong Island and Pasir Panjang. According to De Silva et al, the coverage of live coral recorded in the vicinity of the Pulau Hantu area would be classified as poor quality(2). 4.9.4 Fish Habitats Coral reef fish communities around the southern and southwestern islands of Singapore have been under stress from human impact for many decades. These impacts include pressure from sport and subsistence fishing and the reclamation of coastal areas and islands(3).
1 2
Chou L.M., Low J.K.Y., & Loo, M.G.K, 1994 De Silva, et al, (1999) classifies corals as being of poor quality if < 25% hard coral cover; while levels between 25 and 50% of hard coral cover is considered of fair quality. Jeffrey, Low & Chou, 1994.
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Source: DHI, 2005a
Figure 4.9b
Location and Percentage Live Coral Cover in the Pulau Ular Study Area
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In conjunction with the coral surveys described above, DHI carried out fish surveys along the same transects used for the 2000 and 2003 coral surveys (detailed in Marine Habitat Surveys Surrounding Pulau Hantu). To determine the quality of the overall fish community, an assessment was made of three core groups of fish species, as follows (DHI, 2003a):
Target Species (TS) these are species commonly targeted by local fishermen for their market value. Indicator Species (IS) these are species adapted to certain niches or to a particular food source and can therefore provide an indication of the health of the ecosystem. Visually Obvious Species (VOS) these are fish that are generally not edible and are usually overlooked by fishermen. However, their contribution to stabilising reed ecosystems is just as important. Results presented in Marine Habitat Surveys Surrounding Pulau Hantu from the 2003 fish surveys show that the indicator species (Butterflyfish) were encountered only in five (5) out of 18 transects while the said species were encountered in all the survey areas around Terumbu Pempang in 2000. Generally, the IS group encountered here had low species diversity and was low in the number of individuals.
Only 2 families of target species were encountered in the 2003 fish surveys. The sizes of these fish were relatively small, ranging between 10 15 cm. Fish traps were found in two (2) of the surveyed transects, holding target species of 15 30 cm body length. Records of coral reef fish harvested from reefs are not available, since reef fisheries are practically non-existent (Chou, L. M., 2001). In the 2000 study, the waters off Terumbu Pempang Tengah were found to provide a higher percentage (66.7%) of target species, with larger fish sizes (reaching 30 cm) compared to other areas. Target species diversity was found to be highest off Terumbu Pempang Laut (5 species belonging to 4 families). In the fish surveys carried out as part of the 2001 reef surveys off Pulau Hantu, some 38 species of fish were recorded (DHI, June 2002). Visibility in the area was however limited to 2 m and based on historical references(1), this result is likely to be an underestimate. 4.9.5 Benthic Habitats A benthic survey was conducted on 20 January 2003 as part of the coral and fish surveys described above. Four stations in the vicinity of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex were sampled. Sampling locations and results are presented in Marine Habitat Surveys Surrounding Pulau Hantu. Results indicate
Low and Chou (1992) recorded 170 species of coral fish in Singapore.
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that almost no macro-benthic-organisms were found within the study sites (DHI, 2003a). A survey of the benthic ecosystem around Pulau Ular in 2001 found that the benthic habitats were typically dominated by anoxic, sulphurous mud and silt. Such conditions were found to support very limited marine life. Organisms were limited to a few scattered bryosoans, sea whips, gorgonians and worms (DHI, June 2002). The benthic environment in the vicinity of the proposed MEG Plant has been altered dramatically over recent years as a result of land reclamation to create Jurong Island. Research carried out in 1990 at Pulau Ayer Chawan, one of the original western islands that form Jurong Island, found a total of 229 benthic lifeforms from 36 families. These belonged to the phyla Annelida, Athropoda, Echinodermata, Mollusca and Sipuncula. The most abundant family was Eunicidae (Annelida)(1). This result was considered to represent poor diversity in the benthic community around Jurong Island, particularly when compared to other similar habitats in the East Johor Strait. Chan (1980) mentioned the possibility of oil pollution and excessive suspended sediment as causes of the poor state of coral reef development in Sentosa. 4.9.6 Inter-Tidal Habitats Inter-tidal habitats were surveyed around Pulau Ular in 2002 (DHI, June 2002). Quantitative counts of indicator species were made per square metre at six sites during the spring low tide of 2002. Whilst the 6 sites surveyed are within the area to be reclaimed around Pulau Ular, the results can be considered indicative of the inter-tidal habitats in the immediate vicinity of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex. Detailed results are presented in Marine Habitat Surveys Surrounding Pulau Hantu. No detailed data on inter-tidal habitats is available for the remainder of the study area. 4.9.7 Seagrass Habitats The Cyrene Reefs (~7.5 km from the proposed MEG Plant and 3 km from the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex) were extensively surveyed as part of the Jurong Island Phase 4 project in September 2000 (DHI, June 2000). The southcentral portion of the Cyrene Reefs was found to be dominated by seagrass and is the largest seagrass area in the Sinki Fairway region. Focused surveys to gather data on seagrasses at the Cyrene Reef and Terumbu Raya were then conducted by DHI in August 2005 as part of impact assessment work for Pulau Ular reclamation (DHI, 2005a). Details on survey methods and results are presented in Marine Habitat Surveys Surrounding Pulau Hantu; a summary is provided below.
1
Lim, L.S.K. and Koh, E.G.L, 1990.

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Of the two survey sites, the highest seagrass cover and species richness occurred at Cyrene Reef. Six seagrass species occurred at this site and the level of seagrass cover reached approximately 50%. Thalassia hemprichii was the dominant seagrass at Cyrene Reef: up to about 60% of seagrass cover was contributed by this species. A similar pattern was revealed through biomass measurements, with Thalassia hemprichii accounting for up to about 70% of the seagrass biomass along the measured transects. At Terumbu Raya, seagrass cover and biomass was considerably less than at Cyrene Reef. The highest mean cover along any of the transects was about 10%. Of the three species that were recorded at this site, Enhalus acoroides dominated. Up to about 60% of the seagrass cover was contributed by this species, or around 50% in terms of biomass. DHI has also reported seagrass habitats in the shallows west of Pulau Semakau (DHI, 2006c). 4.9.8 Mangrove Habitats In 1997, Singapore had an estimated remaining land area of 483 ha of mangroves (1). With continual reduction (original mangrove area was approximately 7500 ha), this figure translates to 148 ha of mangroves found on the offshore islands. Of this figure, 33.4 ha are found on Pulau Semakau(2). Mangrove forests are also located on Pulau Hantu and Pulau Anak Bukom. Based on data from a Nature Society of Singapore source(3), Table 4.9a lists the mangrove floral species identified on Pulau Hantu and Pulau Semakau.
1 2
Turner, I.M., & Yong, J.W.H, 1999. Corlett, R.T. 1987; Briffet, C. (Ed.) 1990; Hilton, M.J. & Manning, S.S. 1995; and Lee, S.K., Tan, W.H., & Havnond S., 1996 Briffett, C. & Ho, H.C., 1999.
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Table 4.9a
List of Mangrove Floral Species on Offshore Islands

Species Family Pulau Hantu Pulau Semakau * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Conservation Status(1) Common Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Vulnerable Rare Common Rare
Avicennia alba Avicenniaceae Avicennia rumphiana Avicenniaceae Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Rhizophoraceae Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae Heritiera littoralis Sterculiaceae Lumnitzera littorea Combretaceae * Lumnitzera racemosa Combretaceae Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoraceae * Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora stylosa Rhizophoraceae Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Rubiaceae * Sonneratia alba Sonneratiaceae * Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae Notes: Extinct refers to species which have not been sighted in the wild for the last 30 years. Endangered refers to species which occur in very low numbers in small areas, and existing only in one or a few populations. Such plants are in immediate danger of extinction. Vulnerable refers to species which occur in one or a few areas with large numbers, but their long term survival is not certain. Rare refers to species considered too uncommon to be classified as common. In addition, species that are abundant in some areas may be designated as rare if their long-term survival is doubtful. Common refers to species which occur in many areas. Source: Briffett, C. & Ho, H.C., 1999.
Significant mangrove areas on Pulau Semakau were destroyed during reclamation and formation of Singapores offshore landfill between 1995 and 1999. The Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) has since commenced replanting the mangroves that were lost (this initiative is now under the purview of the NEA). Focused mangrove surveys were conducted at Pulau Anak Bukom, Pulau Hantu and Anak Bukom by DHI in August and September 2005. Survey methods and detailed results are provided in Marine Habitat Surveys Surrounding Pulau Hantu. There were 21 mangrove trees identified at Anak Bukom, 18 at Pulau Anak Bukom and 10 at Pulau Hantu. At Pulau Anak Bukom, mangroves were found growing on intertidal flat gradient rocky substrata. At Pulau Hantu, mangroves were closely spaced near the beach at Hantu Besar (DHI, 2005a). DHI have also recorded mangroves, both natural and replanted, at the northern part of Pulau Semakau (DHI, 2006c). No mangrove habitats exist around Jurong Island. 4.9.9 Sandy Shore Habitat The sandy beaches of South East Asia support a characteristic community of plants, consisting of various creepers on the loose sand above the high tide line, with trees and shrubs growing in a thin line behind. Previously, the east coast of Singapore and many of the bays of the smaller offshore islands
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supported long sandy beaches with typical beach vegetation. Today, most of these have been lost to reclamation or converted to seaside parks. It is widely accepted that there is little need for concern that species like the seashore morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae) or the common creeping remirea (Remirea maritima) will be lost from Singapore. However, there are a number of larger sandy shore species that are rare. The west coast of Pulau Semakau has one of the relatively few undisturbed sandy beaches left in Singapore. It contains native species including the near extinct (in Singapore) herb, Tacca leontopetaloides. It is known to exist at only one small area on the west coast of Pulau Semakau and appears to be under threat from being shaded out by the surrounding vegetation. 4.9.10 Birds Some 417 species of birds have been recorded in Singapore since 1819. Major changes in the physiography of the country since then have resulted in the extinction of 73 species and the decline of 53 others. Of the 417 species recorded(1), 217 are indigenous residents, 14 are introduced species which are now established residents, 156 are passage migrants or winter visitors from the eastern Palearctic and northern South East Asia, and 30 are non-breeding visitors from elsewhere in the Sundra region. Available published literature does not contain sufficient specific documentation of the status of birds on the southern islands of Singapore. However, the Singapore Nature Society source(2) does provide some elaboration on the Pulau Anak Bukom cluster of mangroves. Pulau Anak Bukom is a nesting and roosting site for three species of resident herons, namely the Great-billed Heron (Ardea sumatrana), the Striated Heron (Butorides striatus) and the Pacific Reef-egret (Egretta sacra). According to the Singapore Red Data Book(3), the Great-billed Heron is classified as endangered, and occurs exclusively in rocky or mangrove covered islets. It is generally solitary and hunts by standing quietly along the waters edge or striding slowly in the shallows. This heron feeds on fish, crustaceans and other aquatic invertebrates and nests in isolated mangrove stands in remote islands. Besides Pulau Anak Bukom, the Great-billed Heron is found on other southern islands and is known on Pulau Hantu, Pulau Salu and Pulau Sudong. However, the sole active nesting site of the bird is reported to be at Pulau Anak Bukom. The Singapore population of the Great-billed Heron is reported at twenty, with the removal of natural habitat being sited as its main threat. None of the islands on which the heron has been reported is protected.
1 2 3
Lim, K.S. 1992. Briffett, C. & Ho, H.C., 1999. Ng, P.K.L. & Wee, Y.C. (Eds.) 1994.
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4.10
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Singaporeans enjoy a high standard of living, the provision of good health care, education and other social services, high employment and high standards of environmental health. In 2003, Singapore was ranked 25th out of all world countries in terms of its Human Development Index (HDI)(1).
4.10.1
Data Sources and Information Much of the data available on population, socio-economic characteristics and health covers Singapore as a whole rather than giving a specific indication of the profile in the study area. As Singapore is a small island state however, much of the demographic, socio-economic and health statistics are representative of the study area. Where available, data for the specific study area or circumstance is also presented. Data sources used in compiling this section include the following:

Official census and government statistics; Published research reports; Discussions with health workers; and Site inspections.
4.10.2
Population and Demographics The estimated total population (2) of Singapore in 2006 is ~4.4 million; the Singapore resident population(3) is approximately 3.6 million (Singapore Statistics 2006). About 800 000 of Singapores total population are foreigners. Over the past decade, the Singapore resident population has grown on average by approximately 1 2% annually. Singapores age and gender profile is characteristic of an economically developed country with the highest proportion of the population falling within the 25 39 year age groups. With continually improving health care and economic prosperity, there is a trend towards increased longevity of residents and an increasing number of older dependants (ie. persons over the age of 65 years). The percentage of population over 65 years of age is projected to increase from 7% (in 1998) to 19% by the year 2030. The median age of the population in 2005 was 36 years (Singapore Statistics 2006).
The HDI is compiled by the United National Development Programme and measures average achievements in a country based on indicators of human development in three categories: a long and healthy life, knowledge and standard of living (United Nations, 2001). The total population comprises all citizens and permanent residents with local residence and foreigners staying in Singapore for 1 year or more Singapore Residents refers only to citizens and permanent residents with local residence
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Population density in Singapore increased by 25% between 1990 and 2004. Based on the population census in 2004, average population density across the island is 6,066 persons per square kilometres (Singapore Statistics 2006). 4.10.2.1 Life Expectancy The average life expectancy at birth for the Singapore resident population was 79 years in 2004 (77 years for males and 81 years for females). This figure had increased marginally from 2002; when average life expectancy was 78 years (MOH 2006). As a comparison, average life expectancies in the United States stood at 77.1 years; 71.4 years in China and 80.7 years in Japan in 2000 (United States Census Bureau International Database). 4.10.2.2 Mortality The Crude Death Rate for the Singapore resident population was 4.3 per 1000 resident population in 2004. Crude Death Rates (number of crude deaths per 1000 population) for preceding years were 4.4 deaths per 1000 people in 2002 and 2003 (MOH 2006). This is lower than crude death rates for the United States (8.2); United Kingdom (10.2) and Japan (7.9) as of 2005 (United States Census Bureau International Database). Infant mortality rates and maternal mortality rates are also generally low. Figures for 2004 were as follows:

Infant mortality rate: 1.9 per 1000 resident live births; and Maternal mortality rate: 0.05 per 1000 live births.
By comparison, infant mortality rates for other nations (deaths per 1000 live births) as of 2005 were 6.5 in the United States, 5.16 in the United Kingdom and 3.26 in Japan (United States Central Intelligence Agency). Meanwhile, maternal mortality rates (deaths per 1000 live births) as of 2000 were 0.17 in the United States and 0.1 in Japan (United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund). 4.10.2.3 Ethnicity and Religion The three main ethnic groups represented in the resident population of Singapore are Chinese, Malay and Indian. The percentage of the population represented by each of these groups has remained relatively stable over the past few years with Chinese comprising the majority (76%) and Malay and Indian proportion at ~14% and ~8% respectively in 2004 (MOH, 2006). Principal religions practised by Singapore residents are Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Other religions practised include Taoism (the practice of which has greatly decreased over the past two decades) and Hinduism (Department of Statistics, 2006).
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4.10.2.4
Population and Demographics for the Study Area The proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex and MEG Plant are located in existing industrial areas with no permanent population. The resident population within the districts(1) surrounding the project in 2000 was 629 113 or equivalent to over 19% of Singapores total population (Geok, L.B., 2001).
4.10.3
Education Compared to other countries in Asia, Singaporeans enjoy a high standard of education. Literacy levels(2) in 2004 stood at over 94.6%, representing an increase from a level of 89.4% in 1991(3). In terms of education, 57.8% of residents aged 15 years or over have secondary or higher qualifications (Singapore Statistics 2006). Mean years of schooling in Singapore have steadily increased in the last decade from 6.8 years in 1991 to 8.8 years in 2004(4).
4.10.3.1
Education Levels in the Study Area Education statistics from the 2000 Census of Population indicate that residents (aged 15 years and over) living in the study area are not as qualified as the Singapore average. Some 22.2% of residents in the study area have no qualifications (compared to 19.6% for Singapore as a whole) and in some districts the proportion is much higher (eg. in Bukit Merah and Queenstown 27.7% and 25% of the resident population have no qualifications, respectively).
4.10.4
Income and Employment Singapore, a highly developed and freemarket economy, has one of the highest per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world. GDP in 2006 stood at S$172 700 million. Per capita Gross National Income stood at S$41 513 in 2004 compared to S$24 021 in 1991. Singapores economy depends heavily on exports, particularly electronics and manufacturing. Key industry sectors include chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing, food processing, ship repair, biotechnology and trade. Total output in the manufacturing sector
2 3 4
Districts included are Jurong West, Bukit Merah, Queenstown, Clementi, Jurong East and Boon Lay. No resident population was recorded for Pioneer and the Southern and Western Islands. Literacy rate refers to resident population aged 15 years and over. Singapore Department of Statistics, 2006. Singapore Department of Statistics, 2002. Statistics for Mean Years of Schooling refers to residents aged 25 years and over.
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in 2000 amounted to S$163.7 billion(1). This represented a growth of 19.6% since 1991, driven by robust growth in the chemical (29.1%), electronics (21.0%) and engineering (14.2%) sectors (Singapore Economic Development Board, 2001). Singapores working population(2) in 2004 totalled 2.2 million persons. Of these, 20.3% were employed in manufacturing, 10.3% in construction, 68.9% in services and 0.5% in other industries(3). The unemployment rate(4) in 2004(5) was 3.4% (annual average) compared to 2.7% in 2001 (MOM 2006). 4.10.4.1 Income and Employment in the Study Area Within the study area, over 70% of the working population in 2000 were employed in the service sector (Geok, L.B. 2001). Of the remainder, nearly 23% were employed in manufacturing and only 5% in construction. In terms of occupation, 22% of working residents living in the study area in 2000 were employed in manual work (ie. plant & machine operators/ assemblers and cleaners & labourers). This compares to an average of less than 19% of all working residents in Singapore employed in these occupations. Conversely, the study area is home to a smaller proportion of senior officials and managers (10.9%) than average figures for all Singapore working residents would suggest (14.3%). Income levels of resident workers living in the study area were lower than residents of Singapore as a whole. Figure 4.10a shows a comparison between the proportion of working residents by district and income level. It also shows that the proportion of working residents earning less than S$3000 per month is greater in the study area than in Singapore as a whole.
2 3
Total output refers to the total value of goods and services derived from a production process of ancillary services such as management or marketing. The figure relates to the sum of manufacturing output and other income. Working population refers to resident working persons aged 15 years and over. Service producing industries include wholesale and retail, hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, financial services, business services and others as defined by the 2000 census. Unemployment rate is the percentage of persons in the labour force who are not working but are actively looking and available for work. The Straits Times, 28 February 2003
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Figure 4.10a
Proportion of Resident Workers by DGP Zone and Monthly Income in 2000
Data on the employment characteristics of foreign workers living in the study area were not available for review. 4.10.5 Foreign Workers in the Construction Industry Singapore relies on approximately 800 000(1) foreign workers to bolster its economic growth. There is particular demand for unskilled and for highly skilled Research and Development workers. Singapores construction industry in particular is largely dependent on guest workers, the large majority from non-traditional source countries including Thailand, the Philippines, Bangladesh and India. The construction sector employs around 180 000 foreigners(2), the largest employer of work permit holders in Singapore(3). Data on the number and background of foreign workers within the study area were not available. 4.10.5.1 Welfare of Foreign Construction Workers in Singapore Limited statistical data is available from the government authorities on the welfare of foreign construction workers in Singapore. In terms of accommodation however, employers are required to provide lodgings on- or off-site for foreign construction workers. It is estimated that some 70% of such non-traditional source workers live on-site in temporary construction structures and the remaining 30% stay off-site.
1 2 3
The Straits Times, 28 January 2003 and Migration News, December 2001. The Straits Times, 12 February 2003 Statement by Dr Ng Eng Hen, 2002
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For off-site accommodation, employers normally rent premises/ dormitories and provide transport to and from work. Employers are responsible for the welfare of their employees, including ensuring that they have access to suitable recreation and medical facilities and in some cases must also provide furnishings, services and utilities for the premises/ dormitories. To ensure that all foreign workers housed off-site live within approved housing, the MOM introduced new measures in June 2004 that require contractors who house their workers off-site to use purpose-built dormitories or in proper workers quarters constructed on land that is approved by the Government for off-site housing. ERM carried out inspections of worker dormitories within the study area(1) in 2003 which suggested that they are in generally good condition. Discussions with health officers working at clinics on or close to dormitories indicated that there were few problems specific to the worker dormitories. Mention was, however, made to complaints about overcrowding and fighting amongst dormitory residents; however, this did not appear to be a major problem. Security tends to be tight with regard to guests, the consumption of alcohol and other intoxicating substances. Depending on the dormitory however, the provision and management of security at dorms is the responsibility of the employer. Shell have indicated that new staff accommodation will be constructed on Pulau Busing to house the construction workforce for the Ethylene Cracker Complex. Existing dormitory space on Jurong Island will be used to accommodate the MEG facility construction workforce. Transportation to work from off-site accommodation/dorms is provided by the employer. Land transportation is often by coach or open-top trucks. 4.10.6 Economic Activities in the Study Area In addition to the industry, trade and service activities already described in this section, other economic activities in the study area include fishing, aquaculture and recreational sports services. 4.10.6.1 Fisheries Commercial fishing, including trawling, is banned anywhere within a 3 mile (~5.6 km) limit of Singapores waters. More localised, small scale fishing, using fixed kelong structures (remote fishing outpost), is carried out only around the islands of Pulau Ubin, Pulau Serangoon, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Seletar and along the north coast of Singapore (and hence not in the study area).
SCAL Dormitory (21 Soon Lee Road); Kian Teck Dormitory (26 Kian Teck Avenue); and Blue Stars Dormitory (3 Kian Teck Lane).
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Drift and Gill Netters There are 56 registered small-scale artisanal fishers using mainly drift or gill nets. These are based in three main locations: Tuas (far west), East Coast Park and Punggol (north coast). They may use small anchors (usually pieces of small anchors) to anchor the nets and utilise small craft, which are usually wooden vessels (sampans) no longer than 10 m, powered by outboard motors. Fishing is usually conducted at night, in inshore areas of no more than 20 m in depth. Fishing Ports The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) operates two (2) fishing ports at Jurong and Senoko, which provide round the clock services to foreign and local fishing vessels for bunkering, discharging and transhipment of fish. Figure 4.7a shows the location of these fishing ports. 4.10.6.2 Aquaculture With its limited sea space, Singapore possesses a small but thriving foodfish industry. In 2004, there were 266 licensed fish farms covering a total of 803 ha of farming area (AVA 2006). The farms produce high value live marine finfish like grouper, seabass, golden snapper, milkfish, Pompano etc. Besides finfish, some of the farms also produce shellfish like the green mussels and mangrove crabs. The inland fish farms produce shrimps including Tiger shrimp and Banana shrimp. A Marine Aquaculture Centre (MAC) was developed on St. Johns Island (9.6 km and 14.4 km from Pulau Ular and Pulau Ayer Merbau, respectively) in 201 to support the development of large-scale fingerling production and deep netcage fish farming. The S$30 million MAC comprises a hatchery and fish farm with ancillary supporting facilities (AVA, 2001/02). 4.10.7 Recreation Services in the Study Area The study area also supports various recreational and water sports activities, including water skiing, power boating, diving and sailing. Most of these activities are run by private companies which launch their craft from the various marinas/ yacht clubs in the study area, including West Coast Pier, Republic of Singapore Yacht Club, Keppel Marina, etc. An overview of the main locations supporting recreational activities in the study area is provided below. 4.10.7.1 Pulau Hantu Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC) manages and maintains nine of the over 30 islands located south of the main island of Singapore(1), one of which is
The Straits Times, 21 June 2002

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Pulau Hantu, the main recreational area in close proximity to the Ethylene Cracker Complex, located just 500 m away in the southwestern direction. It is understood from SDC personnel that activities which visitors undertake on the island include swimming, picnicking, camping, beach activities etc. The SDC recorded a total number of 2989 visitors(1) to the island in 2004 and 1891 in 2005. This compares to 3326 visitors recorded in 2002 indicating a decline in visitor numbers. It is understood that the island sees increased visitor numbers during periods of school and public holidays. A breakdown of the monthly visitor numbers for 2002 is provided in Table 4.10a. Table 4.10a Number of Visitors to Pulau Hantu (2002)
Month Numbers January 34 July 99 February 399 August 234 March 378 September 577 April 228 October 94 May 357 November 418 June 161 December 347
Source: Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC)
Pulau Hantu can be accessed via a two-way bumboat ride from the West Coast Pier, near the West Coast Park, which will cost S$100 S$140. The waters around Pulau Hantu are also recognised dive spots and support other water sports activities such as power boating, sailing, water skiing, etc. SDC personnel informed that such activities are usually carried out in the channel between Pulau Hantu and Pulau Busing, or in the waters off the southern coast of Pulau Hantu. Divers/ water sports participants do not usually land on the island itself. 4.10.7.2 Pulau Sentosa Sentosa Island, developed and managed by SDC as an island resort, is located less than 1 km off the south coast of Singapore, is accessible by ferry, cable car or via land across a causeway (leading off Telok Blangah Road) which links the Singapore mainland to the island. Some locations on Sentosa, namely the Dolphin Lagoon, Underwater World oceanarium and various tourist beaches have been identified as sensitive receptors at which the ecological balance and tourist activity could be adversely affected by aesthetic concerns over visibly high levels of sediment. 4.10.7.3 Labrador Nature Park The Labrador Nature Park was designated a Nature Reserve in 2001 (MEWR, 2002), recognising the rich biodiversity of flora and fauna the park offers.
1
The SDC maintains records only for overnight visitors, since these visitors have to apply for overnight permits. SDC personnel indicate that most visitors to Pulau Hantu camp on the island overnight.
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Labrador Nature Reserve is located on the southern tip of Singapore, along Labrador Villa Road, off Pasir Panjang Road. It occupies an area of 12 ha, and its approximate location is marked out in Figure 4.3c. Main activities occurring at the park are bird-watching, fishing, nature walks, history trails and kite-flying. Facilities in the park include a short stretch of beach, barbecue pits, a jogging track, fitness course, cycle paths and a childrens playground. Additionally, the Labrador Nature Reserve is marked by the National Heritage Board as a site of historical and archaeological significance (see Section 4.14). 4.10.7.4 West Coast Park A 50-ha park built on reclaimed land, West Coast Park is located parallel to the West Coast Highway (approximate location is shown in Figure 4.3c). Activities here include bird watching, camping, barbecuing, cycling, in-line skating and other sports-related activities. There are plans to redevelop the park into a maritime park, with the addition of new facilities. Existing facilities include a pond, marsh garden, playground and skating rink.
4.11
HEALTH PROFILE The purpose of the health baseline profile is to provide the most current information on the health status of potentially affected populations and the capacity of current health systems to address problems.
4.11.1
Singapores Healthcare System The state of health in Singapore is considered to be good by international standards. Rising standards of living, high standards of education, good housing, safe water supply and sanitation, a high level of medical services and the active promotion of preventive medicine are reported as key influences. All persons in Singapore have access to safe drinking water and to medical services. Healthcare is delivered via a dual system: the Government manages the public system whilst a network of private hospitals and general practitioners provide the private system. Basic medical services are heavily subsidised at public hospitals and government clinics. Patients are expected to pay part of the cost of medical services, and pay more when they demand a higher level of service. Medical insurance facilities are available to help provide for this. Singaporeans are encouraged through health education programmes to adopt a healthy lifestyle and be responsible for their own health. Health screening programmes have been introduced to facilitate early detection of common ailments like cancers, heart diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
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4.11.1.1
Responsibility for Health Related Services Health services for the country are provided through three Ministries, in addition to services provided by the private sector:
Ministry of Health (MOH) is responsible for the provision of preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services. MOH formulates national health policies, co-ordinates the development and planning of the private and public health sectors and regulates health standards; Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR), consisting of the following agencies:
National Environment Agency (NEA) is responsible for regulating waste disposal systems, control of air and water pollution and of toxic chemicals, the control of outbreaks of infectious diseases, vector or insect control and the safety of the food prepared and sold in Singapore; and Public Utilities Board (PUB) responsible for environmental health services such as sewerage, drainage and potable water supply.
Ministry of Manpower (MOM) is responsible for industrial and occupational health of workers in Singapore.
4.11.1.2
Healthcare Delivery Primary healthcare is provided by a network of government outpatient polyclinics and private medical practitioners clinics. 80% of these services are provided by approximately 900 private practitioners clinics. The remaining 20% of primary healthcare services are provided by the 16 government polyclinics. A network of public and private hospitals provides secondary and tertiary specialist care. 80% of hospital care is provided by the public sector. The standard of medical care is the same for all types of accommodation. Hospital bed utilisation rates are 81% on average. There is a total of 11,884 hospital beds, giving a ratio of approximately 3.6 beds per 1,000 per persons (based on 2001 figures). For comparison, the average number of hospital beds per 1,000 persons in the European Union is 4.2 and for the United States is 3.1 (WHO, 2006). In 2001, Singapore had a total of 5,922 physicians (2,794 in the public sector; 2,925 in the private sector). This gives a ratio of 140 physicians per 100,000 persons. Comparisons can be made with other leading nations (in terms of number of doctors per 100,000 persons) as follows:
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Monaco 664 physicians per 100,000 persons (ranked #1 in the world); Italy 554 physicians per 100,000 persons (ranked #2 in the world); Cuba 550 physicians per 100,000 persons (ranked #3 in the world); and United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Australia 200 to 350 physicians per 100,000 persons (Source: University of California, Santa Cruz 2006).
4.11.1.3
Healthcare Facilities in the Study Area There are no public healthcare facilities on Jurong Island or on Pulau Bukom. However, private (company run) healthcare facilities are provided for some premises. On the mainland and within the study area, public health facilities include numerous outpatient clinics and general practitioners, dental clinics, polyclinics and hospitals. The closest general hospitals to the study area are marked on Figure 4.11a and include:

National University Hospital; Alexandra Hospital; and Singapore General Hospital.
Attributes of the hospitals are provided in Table 4.11a. Figure 4.11a Location of Secondary Healthcare Facilities in Singapore
Alexandra Hospital National University Hospital Singapore General Hospital Study Area
Source: Ministry of Health: http://www.streetdirectory.com/moh/
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Table 4.11a
Selected Statistics for Hospitals in the Study Area

Hospital National University of Singapore Professional Staff Strength Bed Distribution Alexandra Hospital Total Inpatient Admissions (2005) Outpatient Attendance Emergency Specialist Outpatient Clinic Staff Strength Medical Staff Nursing Staff Allied Health Staff Ancillary Staff Clerical Staff Administrative Staff Singapore General Hospital Inpatient Admissions Specialist Outpatient Attendance A&E Attendance Staff Strength Bed Distribution Total Surgical Operations Statistics Over 3000 928
20,800
56,114 179,040
Over 150 Over 400 Over 150 Under 280 Under 80 Under 80
69,573 606,293 113,387 5,178 1,426 76,338
4.11.1.4
Healthcare Available to Foreign Construction Workers in Singapore Foreign construction workers are protected under Singapores stringent labour legislation and regulations. They are given mandatory medical check-ups by their employers and also enjoy company medical benefits and insurance protection (Orofi, 1998). Healthcare for foreign construction workers is not however, provided free of charge and must be covered either by the employer or by the worker himself/ herself. Many workers dormitories include healthcare facilities for their occupants or have healthcare (General Practitioner or GP) facilities in the neighbourhood. By way of illustration, Table 4.11b summarises the facilities and key issues raised at GP clinics that serve selected dormitories within the study area.
Table 4.11b
Healthcare Facilities Available to Foreign Workers

Conditions Clinic Name SCAL Dormitory Doctor from Pier Clinic visits dorm for 1 hour per day. Dormitory residents also visit Pier Clinic. NA Kian Teck Dormitory Koo Fok Clinic Blue Stars Dormitory NA
Distance from Dormitory
Next door
NA
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Conditions Relationship to Dormitory Most Common Reasons Cited for Visiting Clinics
SCAL Dormitory Employed by dorm to make visits

Kian Teck Dormitory Private clinic employer/ worker must pay Common colds, flu etc.; Lack of sleep from shift work; Gastrointestinal problems (particularly Chinese workers) Crowded living conditions, no hot water and restrictions on guests Chicken pox 1 case of dengue fever A small number of malaria cases No HIV/ AIDS
Blue Stars Dormitory NA
Common colds and coughs Occupational illness No problems associated with dorm conditions
NA
Incidence of Communicable/ Infectious Diseases
None
NA
NA - Not Applicable
4.11.2
Key Health Issues in Singapore Cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia are the major causes of death in Singapore. Together, these diseases accounted for nearly 70% of all deaths among Singaporeans in 2004 (MOH 2006). This is a marked difference from the situation in 1957 where these causes accounted for approximately 30% of all deaths (see Table 4.11c). Comparisons are provided with principal causes of deaths in the United States.
Table 4.11c
Principal Causes of Death, 1957 and 2001

Cause of Death Cancer Heart Disease Pneumonia Cerebrovascular Disease Accidents, Poisoning, Violence Other Heart Disease Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Diabetes Mellitus Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome & Nephrosis Septicaemia Bronchitis, Emphysema & Asthma Tuberculosis Gastroenteritus Birth injuries & Postnatal Asphyxia Alzheimer Disease Other * Preliminary Figures + Journal of American Medical Association 1957 7.2 7.7 9.7 4.3 5.5 2.2 1.7 7.0 5.5 3.0 56.2 Rate per 100 Deaths 2004* USA 2000+ 27.1 23.0 18.8 29.5 14.1 2.7 9.8 6.9 6.5 4.0 4.2 3.1 5.0 3.0 2.8 1.6 1.5 0.9 1.2 2.0 10.9 22.4
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4.11.2.1
Communicable Diseases Tuberculosis Improved standards of living and environmental conditions in the last three decades have led to a decrease in incidences of infectious diseases (MOH, 2006). For example, the incidence of TB among Singapore residents has declined from 106 new cases per 100 000 population in 1980 to 39 new cases per 100 000 population in 2004. Non-residents experience a marginally higher rate of incidence than Singaporean residents. Murine Typhus Endemic or murine typhus, caused by infection from Rickettsial typhi and transmitted via peri-domestic rats and flea vectors, is a common cause of febrile illnesses in South East Asia. In Singapore, the disease epidemiology is strongly associated with poor and unhygienic living conditions, with a high incidence rate among foreign immigrant workers (S Y Wong, M S Lam, 2001). The disease has not commonly been reported outside of this category, eg. M I C Chen, et al (2001) reported that 90% of patients worked in the construction industry and stayed in containers, with a history of exposure to rats. However, it should be noted that the disease is not exclusive to foreign workers, as evidenced by a study conducted by Ong, et al (2001), in which Singaporeans accounted for 33% of the diagnosed cases. Chen, et al (2001) also reported that cases have been diagnosed in Singaporeans with occupational or recreational epidemiological risks. Hepatitis B The number of reported acute hepatitis B infections has been decreasing since 1990. The incidence rate decreased from 2.9 per 100 000 population in 2000, to 1.9 per 100 000 population in 2001. There is a correlation between foreign workers and the incidence of hepatitis B. In 2001, 45% of reported cases of acute hepatitis B were foreigners, compared to 38.5% in 2000. Of the foreigners, 75% acquired the infection abroad. The majority of these (over 70%) were work permit/ employment pass holders and just under 70% of all foreigners with the disease were working in the construction industry (MEWR, 2001). Sexually Transmitted Diseases The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has declined from 1013 cases per 100 000 population in 1980 to 162 cases per 100 000 population in 2001.
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As at June 2005, there was a cumulative total number of 2508 reported cases of HIV infections among Singaporeans of which 1447 had AIDS. Singaporeans aged 20-49 years accounted for 78.4% of those infected with HIV (MOH 2006). No information on HIV/ AIDS infection amongst foreign workers was available. However, Ministry of Health sources and GPs with whom discussions were held during the feasibility phase of this ESHA (2003) reported that all cases of HIV/ AIDS would be screened out during the strict health screening procedures required for foreign worker permits. Should foreign workers be diagnosed with HIV/ AIDS in the course of employment, their permits will be revoked and the infected worker will have to be deported. 4.11.3 Disease Prevention and Control Communicable and infectious diseases are in the first instance prevented from entering the country through stringent immigration procedures. These include full health screening checks on all foreigners applying for a permit to work in Singapore. It is understood that the requirement for work permit health screening has been in place since 1988 1989. The authorities reported that they were confident that the majority of imported diseases are controlled in this way. Statistics on the number of applicants that get turned away every year for health reasons is confidential information and hence not available for review(1). The incidence of communicable and infectious disease is further controlled by healthcare measures aimed at reducing the spread of disease. Under the Infections Diseases Act, 1977 Revised Edition 2003, certain infections diseases are notifiable diseases, which must be reported to the Quarantine and Epidemiology Department of the NEA, or the MOH (MEWR, 2001). Patients (locals or foreigners alike) may choose to seek treatment for infectious diseases at any available medical facility, including the Communicable Diseases Centre (CDC) at the Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH). It is understood from CDC that patients suffering from certain communicable diseases can opt for free admission (provided they stay in C Class hospital wards). Furthermore, GPs who serve foreign worker dormitories also reported that they would inform the dormitory if a case of infectious disease is confirmed so that the dormitory managers can take the necessary measures to isolate the infection and prevent its spread. It will be largely the responsibility of the employer to ensure that these isolation measures are taken. 4.11.4 Traditional Medicine and Perceptions Traditional healers play an important role in healthcare provision amongst the population of Singapore. Efforts are currently underway to develop a means of quality control and licensing for the traditional healing sector.
1
Information from Madam Ong Poh Suan, Work Permit Department, MOM
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4.11.5 4.11.5.1
Environmental Health Air Quality and Respiratory Diseases Air quality in Singapore is generally reported as good and within the World Health Organisations long-term goals. The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), an indicator of air quality developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), was Good for 88% and Moderate for 12% of the days measured during 2003, as presented in Section 4.4.2 (NEA, 2004). Ambient air quality in Singapore is discussed in more detail in Section 4.4.2. NEA has indicated that surveillance for air pollution related illnesses is not maintained throughout the year(1). Data on the incidence of respiratory diseases (associated with air pollution) in Singapore available for review hence relates only to observations made during the smoke/ haze period of 1997. The number of episodes of care for medical conditions associated with air pollution exposures was documented in a health surveillance network of 13 government primary outpatient clinics upon the onset of the haze in 1997 (T P Ng, et al, 1999). Results showed that medical conditions usually associated with air pollution exposures recorded in the months of September and October of 1997 showed clear increases over the same months in the previous year. These included increases in cases of asthma (~28% higher), rhinitis (increase of ~24%), and acute upper respiratory complaints (~13% higher).
4.11.5.2
Water Supply and Quality The Public Utilities Board (PUB) is responsible for the provision of safe and clean water in Singapore. Water is supplied from 19 raw water reservoirs, three river sources with 9 treatment works in Singapore and Johor, Malaysia. Water quality is maintained well within the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality established by the World Health Organisation (WHO), ensuring that it is safe to drink it straight from the tap. It was reported by SEPL personnel that there are no groundwater abstraction wells utilised for drinking purposes on the three islands of the Pulau Bukom Cluster. In June 2000, SEPL embarked on an investigation initiative where several boreholes were advanced throughout Pulau Bukom Besar, Pulau Bukom Kechil and Pulau Ular for the purpose of installing wells to take groundwater samples for laboratory analysis. Indicative groundwater analytical results provided by SEPL for the period August 2000 to July 2005 are summarised in Table 4.11d. The results indicate that:
Concentrations of cyanide were below the laboratory level of reporting (LOR) for all groundwater samples;
Information from Dr. P L Ooi, Deputy Head, Quarantine and Epidemiology Department, NEA
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Concentrations of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, lead, mercury, silver, zinc, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) were above the Dutch Intervention Values (DIV) (2000) assessment level; and Light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) was detected in MW8, MW16 and MW18.
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Table 4.11d
Parameter
Indicative Results for Groundwater Analysis Pulau Bukom Cluster

Concentrations (g/l) SEPL Aug 2000 May 2001 1.0 2.5 0.6 1.5 2 258 1 360 261 >4,845 731 >4,845 660 26,800 9 43,005 1 22 nd nd(1) nd nd 1 nd 70 nd 100 nd 20 nd nd 10 nd 10 nd nd 10 nd 10 nd 30 nd nd 20 nd 130 nd 120 nd 100 nd nd 50 nd 20 nd 1,120 nd 390 nd 39.6 nd 113,043 nd 243 nd 32,964 nd 0.2 nd 7,405 nd 2.6 0.06 30,523 nd 3.35 3.69 2,943 nd 46 6.35 15,835 Dutch Target Oct 2001 0.7 2.5 1 232 520 >4,845 28 1,041 1 19 nd nd 1 nd 140 nd nd 10 nd 30 nd nd 30 nd 80 nd 70 nd nd 150 nd 58 nd 364 -(3) 3.78 8.45 9.69 19.3 June 2002 0.3 120.0 35 245 458 >5,000 48 553 10 73 nd nd nd 250 nd nd 60 nd 10 nd nd nd 50 nd 80 nd nd 220 nd 68 nd 379 -(3) -(3) 25.8 12.7 July 2003 0.3 2.9 7 264 473 >5,000 13 542 4 127 nd nd nd 50 nd 10 nd 10 nd 10 nd 10 nd 20 nd 270 nd 50 nd 50 nd 400 nd 26 nd 278 nd nd nd 6.62 nd 13.9 July 2004 0.2 1.1 4 336 174 >5,000 24 504 2 124 nd nd 13 nd 50 nd nd 20 nd 20 nd 20 nd 40 nd 80 nd nd nd 210 nd 269,217 nd 54,276 nd 3,825 nd 42,976 nd 10,282 nd 64,657 July 2005 0.2 38.0 4 238 643 >5,000 16 11,169 1 72 nd nd 4 nd 140 nd nd 20 nd nd 10 nd 10 nd 20 nd 80 nd 20 nd 440 nd 193,670 nd 82,643 nd 2,069 nd 26,430 nd 4,598 nd 41,490 10 0.01 7.2 0.05 0.06 2.5 1.3 2.1 1.7 0.07 24 50(2) 0.2 7 4 0.2 Dutch Intervention 1,500 0.3 60 15 6 30 75 75 75 160 40 800 600(2) 30 1,000 150 70
Oil & Grease (mg/l) COD (mg/l) TDS (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) BOD5 (mg/l) Cyanide (mg/l) Mercury Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Nickel Lead Selenium Silver Zinc TPH C6 C9 TPH C10 C36 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Notes: 1 nd denotes not detected. 2 The Dutch Guidelines do not have assessment criteria for TPH C10 C36 and therefore the one specified for mineral oil is applied. 3 Groundwater analytical results are not available for benzene and toluene, or LNAPL was detected in the groundwater samples.
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4.11.5.3
Chemical Contaminants in Soil No data on the existence of chemical contaminants in the soil were available for review. Shell will be required to conduct an environmental baseline study (EBS) of the soils beneath the MEG Plant as part of JTC conditions. Reclamation material will either be sourced from Singapore (Shells preference) or Indonesia. Shell will also need to conduct an EBS for the Ethylene Cracker Complex prior to construction.
4.11.5.4
Waste Disposal Singapores municipal solid waste disposal infrastructure comprises four incineration plants Ulu Pandan, Tuas, Senoko and Tuas South, and an offshore Semakau Landfill. A total of 2.48 million tonnes of waste was disposed off in 2004. More than 2.26 million tonnes or 91.1% of the refuse was incinerated while the remaining refuse was landfilled. The incinerators are used for treatment of general waste materials. Their capacities range between 1600 tonnes per day (t/d) and 3000 t/d and they each incorporate standard emissions controls such as Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs), combustion control and flue gas scrubbing. Singapores relatively new, 350 ha, 63 million cubic metre capacity landfill, has been built offshore on and around Pulau Semakau. Licensed Toxic Industrial Waste (TIW) collectors treat hazardous waste. These companies (there are several dozen) have a wide range of capabilities including incineration, physical/ chemical treatment, oil treatment and recovery, solvent recovery, stabilisation and other methods. The list of NEA-licensed TIW collectors, and the types of TIW each collector is permitted to collect is available at (http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/pcd/tiwcollectors.pdf). Information relating to detailed operations and capacities of these TIW collectors is confidential. The main integrated treatment contractors (including ECO, Pure Chem and Technochem) have facilities located at Tuas. Since 2001, waste minimisation has been actively promoted in all sectors of the community in an effort to accommodate land constraints and offset the rising costs of waste disposal. This resulted in a decrease of 5% in the amount of refuse disposed of in 2003 versus 2001.
4.12
TRANSPORTATION
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4.12.1 4.12.1.1
Navigation & Shipping The Port of Singapore The Port of Singapore is one of the three largest ports in the world, and in terms of shipping tonnage, Singapore is arguably the busiest in the world. The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) regulates navigation activities within Singapores waters. It is a statutory board with the remit to protect Singapores strategic maritime interests and to promote Singapore as a major port and international maritime centre. The Port of Singapore has extensive facilities to cater for supertankers, bulk carriers, container ships, cargo freighters, luxury ocean liners, coastal vessels and other small craft. Extensive ship repair and building facilities are available. Activities at the port have increased from 808 million gross tonnes (GT) in 1997 to over 1 B GT in 2004, an increase of nearly 20%. In terms of total cargo, a total cargo of 393 million tonnes were transported in 2004 of which 38% was containerised and nearly 33% comprised bulk transportation of oil (MPA 2006). In addition to container activities, Singapore is a major tanker port. The worlds major oil producers foresaw the islands potential much earlier and built refineries to act as distribution points for Asian markets. Singapores refineries import crude oil and export products throughout Asia. Crude oil is delivered to Shells Bukom Kechil refinery via a Single Buoy Mooring crude-oil discharge facility, located approximately 4.8 km southeast from the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex site.
4.12.1.2
Terminals and Wharves The MPA operates six terminals to accommodate all types of vessels. Five are located on the southern coastline of Singapore, including Pasir Panjang Wharves, West Coast Ferry Terminal and Jurong Port within the 8 km radius study area.
4.12.1.3
Fairways and Anchorages The port waters have been divided into navigational channels (fairways) and anchorages for various purposes. The seaspace used for anchorages thus preempts all other uses. Since the number of ships using the port represents a vessel arriving or departing every two or three minutes, there is heavy marine traffic in the waters of Singapore with several dozen ships being anchored in the areas off the east coast at any one time. The principal fairways in the study area are:
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Jong Fairway, to the east of Pulau Bukom; West Keppel Fairway to the north and east of Pulau Bukom; and Sinki Fairway, which runs between Pulau Bukom and Jurong Island.
These areas are all prohibited anchorages. Within the study area, the following anchorages are the most significant:
Selat Puah Anchorage (700 m south and west of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex); Pasir Panjang Holding Anchorage (3.5 km north of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex); Western Petroleum Anchorage (3.5 km northeast and east of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex); Western Anchorage (6 km east of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex); Western Quarantine & Immigration Anchorage (7 km southeast of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex); and Raffles Reserved Anchorage (< 5 km south of the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex).
The main fairways and anchorages in the study area are shown in Figure 4.12a. At any one time, there are 800 ships in port. Temporal and seasonal shipping traffic statistics in the Port and the fairways and docks in the study area were not available for review at the time of this study. Ship movements within the port are radar-tracked and displayed on consoles in the control room. Smaller marine and harbour craft are tracked on real-time mode. Thus, once within the Singapore Port Area and jurisdiction, it is very unlikely that ships will anchor outside the designated zones. SEPL personnel reported that between 2001 and 2005 an average of between 123-130 ships call at the wharves of Pulau Bukom monthly (1). 4.12.1.4 Passenger Traffic In addition to freight, service and small craft traffic, nearly 4500 passenger ferries per month arrive at Singapores ports. Key destinations include the Indonesian islands of Bintan and Batam, the Sumatran mainland and destinations in West Malaysia. The main ferry terminals in Singapore are located at:

World Trade Centre (south of the Central Business District); West Coast Pier (northeast of Jurong Island); Pasir Panjang (northeast of Pulau Ular);
Monthly average ships calling at Bukom Wharves were 2001: 125; 2002: 130; 2003: 127; 2004: 123; and 2005: 128.
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North
Figure 4.12a Main Fairways and Anchorages in the Study Area

ERM
Pulau Sentosa (east-northeast of Pulau Ular); Clifford Pier (within the Central Business District); Changi (northeast of Singapore); and Tanah Merah (southeast of Singapore).
The ferry routes to and from the World Trade Centre and West Coast Ferry Terminals are within the study area. The volume and frequency of passenger traffic in the study area was not available for review at the time of this study. Additionally, a dedicated ferry service for SEPL plies between Pasir Panjang Terminal and Pulau Bukom at intervals of between 5 and 60 minutes, depending on the time of day. The first ferry leaves Pasir Panjang Terminal for Pulau Bukom at 0630 hours while the last ferry departs at 2245 hours. The ferry service runs in the opposite direction (ie. Pulau Bukom to Pasir Panjang Terminal) from 0605 2230 hours. 4.12.2 Roads Jurong Island and the proposed MEG Plant can be reached by road from the Singapore mainland via the Jurong Island Highway, a 2.6 km, 4-lane, dual carriageway causeway built on a strip of reclaimed land which adjoins the northeastern side of the island. Jurong Island itself is also traversed by the same highway which continues inland for another 10 km. A small number of minor roads provide sealed access to developed parts of the island. A security checkpoint is located at the entrance to the Jurong Island Highway. The Checkpoint is equipped with an Access-Control System that allows the fast clearance of vehicles and personnel without compromising security on the island(1). Daily traffic flows entering and departing Jurong Island, recorded during peak hours over two days (about a week apart)(2) available for 2002 are presented in Figure 4.12b. The results show peaks in car and motorcycle traffic entering the island between 0715 0745 hours and exiting the island between 1700 1715 hours and 1800 1815 hours (motorcycles only). The variation in inbound and outbound heavy vehicular traffic appears to be relatively minimal throughout the day. Table 4.12a presents vehicle queue lengths recorded over the same time periods at Jurong Pier Road which leads to the JTC security office as well as the security checkpoint along the Jurong Island Highway.
1 2
Source: http://www.jurongisland.com Information from Jurong Island Development Department (JIDD), JTC Corporation
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Figure 4.12b
Daily Traffic Flows Entering and Departing Jurong Island (Peak Hours Only)
Table 4.12a
Traffic Queue Lengths at Jurong Pier Road (Leading to Jurong Island Highway)
Time (hours) 0700 - 0715 0715 - 0730 0730 - 0745 0745 - 0800 0800 - 0815 0815 - 0830 0830 - 0845 0845 - 0900 1630 - 1645 1645 - 1700 1700 - 1715 1715 - 1730 1730 - 1745 1745 - 1800 1800 - 1815 1815 - 1830 Source: JTC Longest Queue Length (m) 50 100 40 60 50 20 50 60 60 50 50 100 60 80 10 50 No. of Vehicles in Queue Per Lane 1 2 3 0 6 5 1 6 5 0 1 5 0 4 4 0 6 3 0 3 2 0 4 2 0 6 3 0 3 6 0 4 2 0 3 3 0 4 4 0 2 3 0 2 3 0 1 2 0 1 1 4 4 4 2 3 4 0 1 0 1 1 2 9 6 3 3 6
The longest vehicle queue lengths can be observed to correspond to periods of heaviest traffic flows. There are no public roads on the Pulau Bukom Cluster. All deliveries (including employees) to the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex during construction and operation will need to be made via ferry, barge and ship.
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4.12.3
Air Transport Pulau Bukom and the proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex lie on the flight path for Changi International Airport, which is located ~25 km to the northeast of the study area. Singapores military airbases, namely Paya Lebar Airbase, Seletar Airbase and Tengah Airbase on the main island, are within 20 km of the Ethylene Cracker Complex.
4.12.4 4.12.4.1
Access to the Project Sites Passenger and Materials Transport For Jurong Island and the proposed MEG Plant, access is available via the Jurong Island Highway and by sea, via a roll-on, roll-off (RORO) ramp to be constructed in Selat Jurong (adjacent to the Continental Petrochemicals facility on Pulau Seraya). For Pulau Bukom, the only access available to the island group is via boat. Regular dedicated ferry services operate between the Pasir Panjang Ferry Terminal to the Pulau Bukom Terminal at the southeastern end of Pulau Bukom. This is a dedicated service for the Shell oil refinery. The service runs throughout the day, at intervals of approximately one hour, being more frequent during morning and evening peak hours. For cargo transport, there are jetties and piers on the northern and western sides of Pulau Bukom and off the northern coast of Pulau Busing servicing the refinery and tankstores, respectively.
4.12.4.2
Transport of Feedstock and Product The proposed Ethylene Cracker Complex will receive its feedstock directly from the Bukom Refinery along pipelines that will be constructed as part of the current project. Products from the Ethylene Cracker Complex will then be transported via existing subsea pipelines to Jurong Island. The export of products from the proposed MEG Plant could be via ships from existing jetties in the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex using EGSs allocated jetty capacity or from Oiltanking Odfjell Terminal Singapores (OOTS) tanking and terminal facilities on Pulau Seraya. Products from the MEG Plant will be transported via pipelines to OOTS for storage and subsequent export from OOTS jetties. Direct export by pipeline to proposed downstream plants elsewhere on Jurong Island is also planned. Companies currently using SPC jetties include:

Ethylene Glycol Singapore (EGS); Petrochemical Corporation of Singapore (PCS); Ethoxylates Manufacturing Private Limited (EMPL); and
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Kureha Chemicals Singapore (KCS).
Information on the current capacities of these jetties was not available at the time of this study.
4.13 4.13.1
SERVICES & UTILITIES Introduction Singapore has a well-developed infrastructure that meets all the needs of business and industry.
4.13.2 4.13.2.1
Services Services Available on Pulau Bukom The services on Pulau Bukom are limited to the private facilities of the SEPL refinery. These include:

Fire station; Clinic; Auxiliary police force; Catering services; and Clubhouse, etc.
Entry to these premises and their respective services is restricted. However, these services will be available to the Ethylene Cracker Complex once it is operational. 4.13.2.2 Services Available on Jurong Island JTC has provided numerous facilities and services for companies and staff working on Jurong Island. Services include an amenities centre with covered car park, air-conditioned food court, alfresco dining restaurant, function rooms, clinic, convenience stores and regular bus services connecting the mainland to all parts of Jurong Island. JTC administers a 20 m wide common utilities corridor that generally runs alongside the Jurong Island Highway. The corridor transports feedstocks, products and utilities throughout the island. A similar corridor runs through developed areas alongside minor roads. There are currently two fire stations on Jurong Island, the first of which is located roughly centrally on the island beside the Jurong Island Highway. It is operated by the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF). A second fire station is located on Pulau Sakra (to the southwest of the proposed MEG Plant) and in future, a third station will be located near the Phase 3 and 4 reclamation areas. The location of these infrastructure was marked on Figure 4.3b.
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4.13.3 4.13.3.1
Utilities Electricity The Energy Market Authority (EMA) is responsible for regulating the generation, transmission and supply of electricity. Singapore Power is currently the sole provider of electricity in Singapore, owning 4 power stations with a total generating capacity of about 5530 MW. In March 2005, construction began on the Keppel Merlimau Co-generation Power Plant on Jurong Island. The power plant is scheduled to commence operations in 2007 and will supply a further 500 MW to the total generating capacity (EIA 2006). Jurong Island is supplied with power via a network of 230 kV and 66 kV substations that are maintained by Power Supply. Currently, there is one 230 kV substation (located next to the main fire station) and a number of 66 kV substations at individual premises. During the construction phase, the main source of electricity for the Ethylene Cracker Complex will be from SEPLs refinery. Should demand for electricity exceed that which the refinery is able to supply, additional power can be generated via mobile generator sets. Once operational, the Ethylene Cracker Complex will generate its own electricity.
4.13.4
Gas Singapore imports its natural gas from producers in Indonesia and Malaysia. Jurong Island is the receiving point for natural gas imports from West Natuna and Sumatra. Both SembCorp Gas and PowerGas, the two gas suppliers in Singapore, have receiving facilities on Jurong Island from where gas is then distributed through pipelines to other parts of Jurong Island, the Singapore mainland and outlying islands. On Jurong Island, a trunk main serves customers on the island with the main following the service corridor around the island. Pulau Bukom receives its gas via a pipeline connecting eastern Jurong Island with the northwestern side of Pulau Ular.
4.13.5
Potable and Industrial Water PUB is the responsible authority for providing adequate and reliable supply of water throughout Singapore and the offshore islands including Pulau Bukom and Jurong Island. Potable water is moderately soft and treated to within World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. PUB is also responsible for supplying industrial water which is of a lesser quality than potable water and used in much larger quantities for industrial
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processes. Table 4.13a illustrates the quality of industrial water supplied to Jurong Island. Table 4.13a Industrial Water Quality
Chemical and Physical Characteristics Values Colour (HU) 5 15 Turbidity (NTU) 0.5 2 13 BOD (5 days 20 C) COD 30 60 Suspended Solids 3 6.5 Dissolved Oxygen 57 pH Value 6.8 7.3 Free Ammonia 5 15 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 8 20 Nitrite Nitrogen (as N) 0.1 0.3 Nitrate Nitrogen (as N) 5 10 Total Solids 350 1300 Chloride as Cl 100 500 100 250 Total Hardness as CaCO3 80 145 Sulphate as SO42Detergent as LAS 0.1 0.2 Phosphate as P 1.0 14 30 80 Alkalinity as CaCO3 Conductivity (microhms) 700 1600 Values are expressed in milligrams per litre unless otherwise specified Notes: HU = Hazen Unit NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit Source: PUB
The total volume of industrial water supplied to industries in Singapore in 2004 was 38.2 million m3 (PUB, 2005). To expand Singapores water supply, PUB has used advanced membrane processes to produce high reclaimed water (from recycled grey water) called NEWater. NEWater is primarily supplied to non-domestic sectors such as water fabrication parks, industrial estates and commercial buildings for industrial and air-cooling purposes. Utilisation of Utilising NEWater helps to stretch Singapores limited water resources to the fullest.
4.13.6
Wastewater Wastewater is currently treated on-site at the SEPL refinery on Pulau Bukom, which is equipped with both primary (oil-water separation) and secondary (biotreater) effluent treatment facilities. The Ethylene Cracker Complex effluents will utilise this system. Diluted wastewater from the MEG Plant will be piped to a third-party facility, most likely SembCorp Utilities (SUT) Sakra(1), for treatment. SUT Sakra is
SembCorp Utilities operates two (2) centralised third-party multi-utility facilities on Jurong Island, on Pulau Sakra (SUT Sakra) and Pulau Seraya (SUT Seraya), respectively.
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located on Pulau Sakra, Jurong Island, approximately 1.5 km from the MEG Plant. 4.14 ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORICAL & CULTURAL HERITAGE There are no sites of archaeological, historical or cultural importance known to be located within the boundaries of the project sites or in their vicinity. The nearest sites are the Labrador Nature Reserve and Kent Ridge Park (both ~6 km from Pulau Ular and 9 km from Pulau Ayer Merbau) located on mainland Singapore. These sites are marked by the National Heritage Board (NHB) as historical sites due to significant battles that took place in these locations during World War II. 4.15 MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS For the purposes of this report, major accident hazards are considered to be of concern if the site is within 1 km of a recognised hazardous installation or source. Within the study area, the following industrial plants, activities and other infrastructure that may pose third-party risks to or from the study area and/or its activities during construction and operation are currently established or being undertaken:

Bukom refinery; Tankstore tank farm on Pulau Busing; Construction and future operation of new neighbouring industrial facilities on Jurong Island, eg. Sumitomos downstream facilities etc.; Seabed infrastructure including oil pipelines and transmission cables; Reported World War II mine fields in the area between St Johns Island, Pulau Sebarok and Pulau Bukom; and Shipping traffic within the Jong, East Keppel, Sinki and other fairways.
The Ethylene Cracker Complex and MEG Plant, when built, will be classified as hazardous installations. Shell has commissioned a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) study, reported under separate cover, to satisfy Singapores planning approval process.
4.16 4.16.1
NATURAL HAZARDS Flood Risk SEPL indicates that process areas on the Pulau Bukom Cluster are at least 6 m above sea level (ASL). Ground level at the MEG Plant site is 4.47 m ASL(1). No instances of flooding are reported for either location.
Information from PCS

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4.16.2
Earthquake Singapore is in a tectonically stable region and in known history, has not experienced an earthquake(1). However, as discussed in Section 4.8.4, it is adjacent to areas of active seismicity, in particular West Java, Indonesia. The most severe seismic event reported for Singapore occurred in 1909 that had a measured intensity of 5 on the Mercalli (mm) scale (see Figure 4.8b). The tremor originated from an earthquake in Sumatra. More recently, events described as intensity II (only felt by a few persons at rest on the upper floors of buildings) have been recorded in Singapore in 1984, 1991, 1994 and 2000. Risks of earthquake-induced liquefaction of land (particularly reclaimed land) and the seabed in and around the Study area, is also considered low given the low ground motion hazard. The General Insurance Association of Singapore (GIA) considers the risk of damage by earthquake as negligible and therefore provides earthquake insurance cover at no extra cost.
4.16.3
Tsunami Tsunamis, or tidal waves, are generated as a result of seismic activity. The tsunami hazard within the Singapore Straits is considered negligible. This is based on Singapores sheltered location relative to potential tsunamigenerating earthquakes.
4.16.4
Typhoons As discussed in Section 4.4.1.10, the hazard risks associated with typhoons and tropical storms are negligible in Singapore.
Information from MSD, NEA.

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ASSESSMENT APPROACH & METHOD
5.1
INTRODUCTION The overall assessment approach is based on the Shell Hazard & Effects Management Process (HEMP). This has been used as the basis for identifying and recommending the management of environmental, social and health (ESH) impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed project facilities. The assessment considers both positive and negative impacts as well as opportunities for environmental enhancement and reduction of risks. Essentially, this ESHA is seeking to answer three questions, namely:

What may happen to the environment, society or peoples health as a consequence of this project? Is it important? and If it is important, what can be done about it.
The method and approach for this ESHA has been developed with reference to the following Shell Group guidance:

Impact Assessment (Yellow Guide), Shell Health, Safety & Environment Committee; November 2004; Integrated Impact Assessment Guidance on Integrated Impact Assessment (EP 95-0378), December 2002; Integrated Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment Module (EP 95-0370), May 2003; Integrated Impact Assessment Health Impact Assessment Module (EP 950372), December 2002; and Integrated Impact Assessment Social Impact Assessment Module (EP 95-0371), February 2003.
In addition, account has been taken of the Shell Group Health, Safety and Environment Commitment and Policy and Minimum Environmental Standards. 5.2 ESHA PROCESS The ESHA process comprises a number of different phases as follows:

A scoping phase; An information collection phase; The assessment phase; and A final phase of communication and reporting of results.
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An overview of the process is shown in Figure 5.2a; key elements are described in the following sections. Figure 5.2a Overall Impact Assessment Process
Consultation
Scoping
Describe the Project & Baseline
Identify & Assess Impacts Predict Evaluate Mitigate Enhance
Implement the Findings
Design & Decision Making
5.3
ASSESSMENT SCOPING Scoping was undertaken during the initial stages of the ESHA during feasibility to set the boundary conditions for the study, to identify potential interactions between the project (at its implementation stages) and environmental, social and health resources/ receptors, and to prioritise these in terms of potential magnitude or significance. The scoping was then updated to reflect new project information obtained during the detailed design phase. Potential environmental impacts have been identified through a systematic process whereby project activities (both planned and unplanned) were considered with respect to their potential to interact with an environmental, social or public health resource or receptor. Identified activities and key potential sources of impacts (ie. hazards) have been listed down the vertical column of the Scoping Matrix, while environmental resources or receptors are listed across the horizontal axis. Each square on the scoping matrix represents a potential interaction between an activity and an environmental resource/ receptor (ie. potential impact). The scoping matrix is presented in Figure 5.3a. It should be noted that the list of activities/ hazards is not intended to be exhaustive but rather an identification of key aspects that have the potential to interact with the environment/ cause environmental impacts. The list of environmental, social and health receptors/ resources is also a focused list of the key aspects of the environment that are considered vulnerable or important in the context of the project.
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Resource
Bio-Physical
Human
Water Quality (Physical/ Chemical)
Marine Flora/ Fauna (Biodiversity)
Social/ Community Cohesion
Religious Places/ Structures
Flooding/ Drainage Pattern
Water Table/ Flow Regime
Activity/ Hazards Construction Air Emissions Construction dust emissions Equipment/ vehicle exhaust emissions Liquid Effluents/ Discharges to Sea Construction site run-off Sewage/ sanitary effluents Canteen wastewater Soil & Groundwater Site stabilisation (soil erosion) Equipment re-fuelling/ fuel storage Waste Management Non-hazardous waste generation/ disposal Hazardous waste generation/ disposal Noise & Vibration Construction operations/ equipment Land Take/ Land Use Land take for temporary facilities Land take for permanent facilities Traffic/ Transportation Marine transportation operations Land transportation operations Construction worker transport Material Supply Sourcing of construction materials & equipment Labour Construction worker employment Construction worker housing (Dormitories) Construction worker housing (Busing Camp) Construction worker recreation Construction worker amenities Operation Air Emissions Furnace, boiler and flare emissions CO2 vent emissions Fugitive emissions Start-up flaring Emergency flaring/ venting Liquid Effluents/ Discharges to Sea Stormwater run-off (non contaminated) Treated effluent disposal Cooling water discharge Sewage disposal Additional refinery effluent Spills & leaks Soil & Groundwater Storage & processing of hazardous materials Production Process Handling of hazardous materials Waste Management Generation/ disposal of non-hazardous wastes Generation/ disposal of hazardous wastes Noise & Vibration Plant operation Ecology Seawater intake Traffic/ Transportation Export of products from MEG plant Staff transport Transport accidents Loss of Containment Major accident hazards Staff & Labour Operation staff employment Operation staff amenities/ services Physical Presence of Plants Physical presence of plants Key Interaction (Positive/ Beneficial Effect) Interaction (Negative) No interaction/ No effect
Figure 5.3a
ESH Scoping Matrix

ERM
Historic Places/ Structures
Psychological Well-Being
Communicable Disease
Water Circulation/ Flow
Physical Safety/ Injury
Soil/ Sediment Quality
Physiological Disease
Ambient Noise Levels
Services & Amenities
Community Structure
Groundwater Quality
Land Forms/ Profile
Economic Activities
Landscape - Visual
Terrestrial Ecology
Social Pathologies
Climatic Changes
Parasitic Disease
Marine Habitats
Existing Use
Employment
Accessibility
Recreation
Aesthetics
Air Quality
Education
Recharge
Land Use
Housing
Visibility
Utilities
5.4
INFORMATION/ DATA COLLECTION Data for this assessment has largely been collected from secondary, published sources. Such data includes government and publicly available data (eg. environmental, social and health statistics and census records) research reports and newspaper articles. In addition, baseline data collected on behalf of SEPL (e.g. boundary noise measurements, marine environment etc) have been referenced. Secondary data have then been supplemented by a project specific Marine Habitat Survey (MHS), a limited noise survey at Pulau Hantu (see Section 4), site visits and rapid audits in early 2003 at 3 foreign worker dormitories and discussions in early 2003 with dormitory managers and General Practitioners serving the dormitories. Site specific records for environmental quality parameters, whilst collected by the Government, are not released for public use however. This refers to air quality, CO2 generation, and marine water quality for example. Furthermore, much of the social and health data available, is not specific to the project area. Finally, data relating to interactions between foreign workers and Singapore residents and health data of foreign workers is largely confidential and therefore could not be obtained. Hence, it was necessary to make some assumptions on perceptions and concerns with regard to social/ socio-economic and health impacts based on the consultants local knowledge, impressions and professional judgement.
5.5 5.5.1
IDENTIFICATION & ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Approach Identifying impacts starts in scoping and continues through assessment. The core activity of an ESHA is the prediction, evaluation and mitigation of impacts (see Figure 5.5a).
Figure 5.5a
Impact Identification & Evaluation Process
Predict
Evaluate
Mitigate/ Enhance
Residual Impacts
What could happen as a consequence of doing what is proposed?
Is it important? (significance)
What can be done about it?
Is there still a significant impact?
What is planned and what mitigation is already incorporated
Stakeholders can help decide this
Interact with stakeholders and Project to develop solutions
For some impacts/ opportunities the sequence may need to be repeated
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5.5.2
Prediction of Impacts Prediction of impacts is essentially an objective exercise to determine what could potentially happen to the environment and society (ie. social, socioeconomics and health) as a consequence of the project and its associated activities. The diverse range of potential impacts considered in the ESHA process results in a wide range of prediction methods being used including quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative methods. The types of impacts considered have been categorised according to various characteristics (eg. are they detrimental or beneficial, direct or indirect etc.). The various types of impacts that may arise, and the terms used in this assessment are shown in Table 5.5a.
Table 5.5a
Impact Assessment Terminology

Term Impact Nature Negative Impact Positive Impact Neutral Impact Impact Type Direct Impact Definition

An impact that is considered to represent an adverse change from the baseline, or introduces a new undesirable factor An impact that is considered to represent an improvement on the baseline or introduces a new desirable factor An impact that is considered to represent neither an improvement nor deterioration in baseline conditions Impacts that result from a direct interaction between a planned project activity and the receiving environment (eg. between occupation of an area of seabed and the habitats which are lost) Impacts that follow on from the primary interactions between the project and its environment as a result of subsequent interactions within the environment (eg. loss of part of a habitat affects the viability of a species population over a wider area) Impacts that result from other activities that are encouraged to happen as a consequence of the Project (eg. project implementation promotes service industries in the region) Impacts that act together with other impacts to affect the same environmental resource or receptor Impacts that are predicted to last only for a limited period but will cease on completion of the activity, or as a result of mitigation/ reinstatement measures and natural recovery Impacts that will continue over an extended period. These will include impacts that may be intermittent or repeated rather than continuous if they occur over an extended time period Impacts that result in a permanent change in the affected receptor or resource (eg. the loss of a sensitive habitat) Impacts are on a local scale Impacts are on a national scale (effects extend well beyond the immediate vicinity of the operation and affect an entire region) Impacts are on a global scale (eg. global warming) Estimate of the size of the impact (eg. the size of the area damaged or impacted, the % of a resource that is lost or affected etc.)
Secondary Impact
Indirect Impact
Cumulative Impact Impact Duration Short-term
Long-term
Permanent Impact Extent Local National Global Magnitude Impact Magnitude
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It is important to note that impact prediction takes into account any mitigation or control measures that are part of the project design/ project plan. Additional mitigation measures aimed at further reducing predicted impacts are then proposed where necessary or as appropriate. 5.5.3 Evaluation of Impacts In evaluating the significance (ie. importance) of impacts, the following factors have been taken into consideration:
Impact Severity: The severity of an impact is a function of a range of considerations including impact magnitude, impact duration, impact extent, legal and guideline compliance and the characteristics of the receptor/ source; and Likelihood of Occurrence: How likely is the impact to occur, taking into account the nature of the activity and the control measures in place (this is a particularly important consideration in the evaluation of unplanned/ accidental events).
5.5.4
Severity Criteria for Environmental, Social and Health Impacts In evaluating the severity of environmental/ social/ health impacts, the following factors have been taken into consideration:
Receptor/ Resource Characteristics: The nature, importance (ie. is it of local, national, regional or international importance) and sensitivity/ adaptability to change of the receptors or resources that could be affected; Impact Magnitude: The magnitude of the change that is induced (ie. % of a resource that is lost; the predicted increase in ambient pollutant levels etc.); Impact Duration: The time period over which the impact is expected to last; Impact Extent: The geographical extent of the induced change; and Regulations, Standards & Guidelines: The status of the impact in relation to regulations (eg. discharge limits), standards (eg. environmental quality criteria) and guidelines.
In evaluating the severity of social and health impacts, the following factors have been taken into consideration as appropriate:
Impact magnitude/ extent; Community acceptance (how acceptable is the predicted change likely to be to the affected receptors);
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Manageability (eg. ease, effort and cost required to manage the impact); and Adaptability (eg. ability of the receptor to adapt to the impact).
Impact severity has been categorised using the following subjective scale:

Slight; Low; Medium; High; and Critical.
Where quantification of potential impacts was possible, derived severity criteria have been based on numerical values, representing regulatory limits, project standards or guidelines (eg. noise and air quality impacts). A number of environmental aspects such as ecology and landscape and visual impact, and generally all social and health impacts require a more qualitative approach for determining severity due to the absence of statutory limits or universally applicable standards against which potential impacts can be evaluated. Semi-quantitative methods have therefore been used whereby the criteria have been set according to a combination of the value or sensitivity of the resource affected and the magnitude of the effect on it. The severity criteria used in evaluating environmental impacts are included in a separate document Impact Severity Criteria (ERM, 2006b). 5.5.5 Likelihood The likelihood (probability) of the pre-identified events occurring has been ascribed using the following qualitative scale of probability categories as described in Table 5.5b. Table 5.5b Likelihood Categories
Likelihood Extremely unlikely Unlikely Low Medium High Definition The event is very unlikely to occur under normal operating conditions but may occur in exceptional circumstances The event is unlikely but may occur at some time during normal operating conditions The event is likely to occur at some time during normal operating conditions The event is very likely to occur during normal operating conditions The event will occur during normal operating conditions (is inevitable)
Likelihood is estimated on the basis of experience and/ or evidence that such an outcome has previously occurred.
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5.5.6
Impact Significance The significance of each impact is determined by assessing the impact severity against the likelihood of the impact occurring as summarised in the impact significance assessment matrix provided in Figure 5.5b.
Figure 5.5b
Environmental, Social & Health Impact Significance Assessment Matrix

Medium High Likelihood / Likelihood Inevitable Negligible Impact Negligible Impact Negligible Impact Negligible Impact Negligible Impact Impact Likelihood Extremely unlikely Unlikely Low Likelihood
Impact Severity Slight
Low
Negligible Impact Negligible Impact Negligible Impact Negligible - Minor Minor Impact Impact Negligible - Minor Minor Impact Impact Minor Impact Minor - Moderate Impact Minor Impact Minor - Moderate Impact Major Impact Moderate Impact
Medium
High
Moderate Impact
Major Impact
Critical
Minor - Moderate Impact
Moderate - Major Major Impact Impact
Major Impact
Critical Impact
Significance criteria are defined as follows (ie. relative ranking of importance).

Significance Positive Impact Negligible Impact Definition An impact that is considered to represent an improvement on the baseline or introduces a new desirable factor Magnitude of change comparable to natural variation
Minor Impact
Detectable but not significant
Moderate Impact
Significant; amenable to mitigation; should be mitigated where practicable
Major Impact
Significant; amenable to mitigation; must be mitigated
Critical Impact
Intolerable; not amenable to mitigation; alternatives must be identified; "project stopper"
Impacts assessed as Negligible or Minor will require no additional management or mitigation measures (on the basis that the magnitude of the impact is sufficiently small, or that the receptor is of low sensitivity and/or that adequate controls are already included in the project design). Negligible and Minor impacts are therefore deemed to be Insignificant and fall within the No Action criterion. Impacts evaluated as Moderate or Major require the adoption of management or mitigation measures. Major and Moderate impacts are therefore deemed to be Significant. Major impacts always require further management or mitigation measures to
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minimise or reduce the impact to an acceptable level. An acceptable level is the reduction of a Major impact to a Moderate one after mitigation. In seeking to mitigate Moderate impacts, the emphasis is on demonstrating that the impact has been reduced to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable. It will not always be practical to reduce Moderate impacts to Minor ones in consideration of the cost-ineffectiveness of such an approach (due to the diminishing return of a reduction of impact versus cost). Impacts evaluated as Critical cannot be managed or mitigated and require the identification of alternatives (elimination of source of potential impact). Such impacts are Intolerable and could potentially result in abandonment of a project (potential project stoppers). 5.5.7 Mitigation & Enhancement The impact assessment process is intended to reduce the negative impacts and enhance the benefits of an intended activity by identifying impacts and benefits and the ways of dealing with them during the planning stage. In this assessment the mitigation hierarchy for planned events is as follows:
Avoid at Source/ Reduce at Source: Avoiding or reducing at source is essentially 'designing' the project so that a feature causing an impact is designed out or altered Abate on Site: This involves adding something to the basic design to abate the impact - pollution controls fall within this category Abate at Receptor: If an impact cannot be abated on-site then measures can be implemented off-site Repair or Remedy: Some impacts involve unavoidable damage to a resource. Repair involves restoration and reinstatement type measures Compensate in Kind/ Compensate Through Other Means: Where other mitigation approaches are not possible or fully effective, then compensation for loss or damage might be appropriate
The nature of the petrochemicals industry is such that there is a risk of something unforeseen happening even after the likelihood has been reduced to as low as reasonably practical through control measures; recovery measures must also be planned for. The mitigation hierarchy for unplanned events is as follows:
Control: The objective is to reduce the risk to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) which can be achieved by reducing the likelihood of the initiating event or by reducing the consequence or by a combination of both Recovery: Typical contingency measures include Emergency Response Plans and Procedures and Spill Contingency Plans and Equipment
5.5.8
Residual Impacts It is typically only possible to reduce an impact to a certain degree; these impacts are therefore residual in the sense that they remain after mitigation measures have been designed into the intended activity.
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5.6 5.6.1
IMPLEMENTATION (ESHA REPORT & ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT PLAN) ESHA Report The main deliverable from the impact assessment process is the ESHA Report. This provides the primary means of communicating the key findings of the assessment to stakeholders/ project decision makers.
5.6.2
Environmental, Social and Health Management Plan (ESHMP) An ESHMP is the second deliverable from the IIA process and is also an integral part of the HSE Management System. It bridges the gap between:
Developing the measures during the ESHA process to manage the consequences of a proposed activity; and Delivering those measures to ensure the impact is managed, or the enhancement is delivered, when the proposed activity is actually executed.
The ESHMP is essentially a delivery mechanism for the commitments made in the impact assessment process. As such, it is a tool for the management of impacts, for enhancing project benefits, for legislative compliance and ensuring standards of good practice are adopted during the execution of all project works. The ESHMP is presented under separate cover.
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STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
6.1
SHELLS POSITION Shell recognises that stakeholders have an interest in its business and is committed to listen and respond to them. Stakeholder engagement is therefore integral to any impact assessment process. Engagement aims to inform and educate stakeholders, to identify their views and concerns and to obtain feedback about proposals. This can help the company to learn through both local and international knowledge, to evaluate alternatives and resolve/ avoid conflicts.
6.2
APPROACH TO STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT In accordance with Shell Group policy, SEPL has followed a programme of stakeholder engagement, which started during the concept and feasibility stage of the SEPC project and continues through project execution. Stakeholder engagement has been divided into four phases that relate to the following objectives:
Scoping with the aim of introducing the project, gaining feedback on the scope of issues and breadth of stakeholders to be consulted with; Development of the ESHA with the objectives of obtaining baseline information, consulting on impact and mitigation measures and identifying potential partners; Disclosure to obtain feedback on the ESHA and satisfy Shell Group requirements; and Ongoing engagement to maintain beneficial links developed with stakeholders, and to gain feedback, as a form of monitoring of mitgation measures put in place.
In November 2002, SEPL developed an outline stakeholder identification and engagement plan for the SEPC project; this is separately documented in Feasibility Stage Stakeholder Identification & Engagement Programme (SEPL, 2002). This plan initially identified potential stakeholders, their interests and their level of concern and influence. It also defined initial engagement actions. As a living document, the plan has evolved throughout this project design stage. Presented below is an overview of the initial plan, identified stakeholder concerns and the stakeholder activities that have been, and will continue to be undertaken during the lifetime of the SEPC project.
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6.3
STAKEHOLDER CONCERNS The basis of stakeholder engagement planning for the SEPC project began in November 2002 with an internal issues identification/ scoping and stakeholder identification workshop. Issues of potential concern to stakeholders were first identified and were classified into four main categories:
Economic (eg. local versus foreign procurement of labour, temporary utilities, new infrastructure needs etc.); Environmental (eg. impacts of reclamation, air quality, waste generation, greenhouse gas emissions and spills etc.); Social / Health (eg. employment of temporary/ foreign workforce, transportation of workforce, cultural tensions within workforce, impact on recreation, communicable diseases, complaints associated with flaring and prostitution etc.); and Technical (eg. recruitment issues, security, noise and dust generation, potable water availability, road and sea traffic safety etc.).
A full list of issues identified is provided in Feasibility Stage Stakeholder Identification & Engagement Programme. These issues were then used as one input to scope potential interactions between the project activities and environmental, social and health components as presented in Figure 5.3a (Scoping Matrix). 6.4 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION Having identified potential stakeholder concerns, the November 2002 workshop went on to identify a number of stakeholders for the SEPC project drawn from the following broad groups:

Shareholders; Customers; Employees; Business partners; and Society at large.
Stakeholders were classified according to their likely key areas of concern (Economic, Environment, Social/Health and Technical) and also categorised by their level of interest and influence. The results are presented in Feasibility Stage Stakeholder Identification & Engagement Programme. On the resurrection of the SEPC Project in 2005, this preliminary list of stakeholders was revisited and expanded to include an assessment of each stakeholders influence on the project, potential issues they are likely to be concerned about and specific actions and responsibilities. Stakeholder groups
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identified include Government, non-government organisations, academia, the media, customers and neighbours and internal Shell personnel. The resulting stakeholder register is presented in Feasibility Stage Stakeholder Identification & Engagement Programme. Engagement actions for each stakeholder are summarised in Figure 6.3a. Figure 6.3a Summary Stakeholder Map and Engagement Actions
MONITOR PUB Water Supplier International Environmental NGOs International & Local Media Ministry of Home Affairs Potential Contractors Embassies
ENGAGE Local NGOs (re. P. Hantu) Bukom Security Singapore Port Authority Land Transport Authority Traffic Police Other Shell Chemical Projects (e.g. Nanhai) Tankstore (P. Busing)
I N T E R E S T
INFORM Shell Singapore Staff Government (National Parks Board, South West CDC, Civil Aviation Authority) International & Local Media Environmental Academic Institutions & Experts Neighbouring Facilities (Jurong) Utility Providers & Local Suppliers Bukom & EGS Operators Non-Singaporean Import Workers Singaporean Contract Workers Relatives of Employees Unions General Public
LEVERAGE Shell Business Teams Government (EDB, JTC, MEWR / NEA, MOM, Tax IRAS, Martime Port Authority) Sentosa Development Corporation Local Environmental NGOs (e.g. Nature Society, Singapore Environment Council) Petrochemical Complex Singapore (PCS) Bukom Management Team EGS Management Competitors (Exxon)
I N F L U E N C E
6.5
STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION TO DATE During the Feasibility Stage of the SEPC project (2002-2003), SEPL discussions with the following stakeholders regarding the ESH aspects of the project:

National Environment Agency (NEA); Ministry of Manpower (MOM); Economic Development Board (EDB); Jurong Town Corporation (JTC); Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA); and The National Parks Board (N-Parks).
As project definition has progressed, stakeholder engagement activities have been expanded. A summary of key engagement meetings between Shell and stakeholders is given in Table 6.4a. Pertinent minutes from these meetings are available upon request.
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Table 6.4a
Summary of Stakeholder Engagement Activities to date

Date Jan 2003* Feb. 2005* Stakeholders NEA Key topics discussed Briefing on project Initial feedback on key concerns and issues Environmental impacts and management measures proposed for Pulau Ular reclamation Engineering measures to mitigate sedimentation impacts; Temporary diversion of outfalls Presentation of JTCs proposed stakeholder communications plan Response to media pending approval of reclamation works Actions N/A
N-Parks, JTC & EDB
Public affairs teams of JTC and SEPL to meet Completion of EIA for reclamation works
Jun 2005
JTC, EDB
Jun 2005*
NEA, EDB, JTC & EGS
Requirement to complete QRA studies for SEPC Allocation of sulphur bubble for SEPC
Sept. 2005 Sept. 2005*
MOM & EDB N-Parks, JTC & EDB
Worker safety Policy on foreign workers Status of environmental studies and coral relocation for reclamation works in the Bukom Cluster (JTC) Modelling of cooling water dispersion in the Bukom Cluster Impacts of chlorine in cooling water and ability to monitor Status of ESHA for SEPC and its presentation to Singapore Government
JTC agreed to: Preparation of a media holding statement for use with the media prior to government approval for the reclamation Implementation of the stakeholder communications plan SEPL agreed to: Conduct QRA for the project Formally engage with EDB regards expansion of SEPLs sulphur bubble Not available SEPL agreed to: Commence 3D modelling of cooling water discharge from ECC Finalise ESHA by March 2006 including plume analysis. Aim to share internally with Singapore Authorities (NEA & NParks) and then make public a summary with confidential information removed N-Parks and SEPL to agree a common chlorine monitoring programme N-Parks to discuss internally on possible engagement of National University of Singapore (NUS) to study chlorine decay in seawater (sponsored by SEPL)
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Date Oct. 2005
Stakeholders NUS, N-Parks & EDB
Feb 2006 *
EDB, JTC, NEA (CBPU & PCD)
Key topics discussed Degradation of chlorine in seawater Feasibility of monitoring impact of chlorine discharged in cooling water Requirements for Pollution Control Study and QRA Request for additional SO2 bubble allowance of 360 tonnes / month SEPL requested waiver of boundary noise level for ECC Clarification on QRA scope MEG flare philosophy Particulate emissions from boilers
Actions NUS agreed to prepare a research proposal and budget for SEPLs consideration on chlorine decay in seawater.
SEPL to provide overall mass balance SO2 process flow to enable NEA to approve SEPL to submit waiver application to NEA for boundary noise limit waiver SEPL to forward report that confirms particulate emissions from boilers can achieve < 100 ppm
* Summary Minutes are available upon request
6.6
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT REGARDING PULAU ULAR RECLAMATION The potential for stakeholders to associate the SEPC project with the reclamation of Pulau Ular by the JTC was raised as a concern for the project during the ESHA inception workshop in November 2002. Neighbouring Pulau Hantu supports some of Singapores best coral ecosystems and its protection is therefore of concern to scientific and recreational stakeholders alike. Recognising the potential for reputational impacts associated with the reclamation works, SEPL has sought and actively fostered stakeholder engagement with JTC on the environmental and stakeholder management aspects of the reclamation works. SEPLs aim has been to ensure that JTC complete the reclamation works in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. SEPL actions have included:
Frequent communications and meetings between SEPLs Communication Team and JTCs External Affairs Department; Provision of advice to JTC regarding the engagement of stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the project; Regular dialogue with JTC regarding the preparation and public disclosure of the Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for the reclamation works; and Sponsorship of the Singapore Environment Councils Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage (NOAH) project, which will survey and document the existing marine habitats surrounding Pulau Hantu.
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With reclamation works currently on going, SEPL is committed to continue its active engagement with JTC and other interest groups regarding the environmental management of reclamation activities and the protection of marine habitats around Pulau Hantu.
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ESH ASSESSMENT CONSTRUCTION
7.1
INTRODUCTION ESH scoping (see Figure 5.3a) identified that construction activities at the ECC, MEG and Bukom Refinery locations have the potential to cause the following impacts:

Temporary and permanent removal of land; Reduction in air quality; Reduction of marine water quality; Contamination of soil and groundwater; Generation, management and disposal of waste; Elevated noise and vibration; Pressures on marine ecology; Landscape and visual impacts; Social impacts; and Health impacts.
The source and significance of each impact is described and evaluated in this section, taking into account in-place and proposed mitigation measures. A summary of evaluated impacts is then provided in Section 7.12. 7.2 7.2.1 LAND TAKE/ LAND USE Sources of Potential Impact Construction activities at the ECC, MEG and Bukom Refinery sites will require the temporary and permanent removal of land from other uses and will impose a change in land use. Temporary and permanent land take are described below. 7.2.1.1 Temporary Land Take Temporary facilities for ECC construction will include temporary offices, laydown areas, off loading, warehousing and concrete batching plant. These facilities will be located on the reclamation to the west of the ECC site and on vacant land on the far western portion of Pulau Busing. The total area utilised for temporary facilities is expected to be up to 30 ha(1). Temporary facilities for the MEG Plant will be located on Jurong Island and will include temporary offices, laydown, off-loading and warehousing. The total area required for temporary facilities is expected to be about 6 ha.
Construction will follow the reclamation phasing; an area for temporary facilities will become available in 3 phases: Phase 1: 20 ha, Phase 2: 5 ha and Phase 3: 5 ha
1
7-1
Upon completion of construction/ commissioning, temporary facilities will be demobilised and the land will be made available for alternate uses. 7.2.1.2 Permanent Land Take The ECC will occupy an area of about 22.4 ha. The majority of this area will be on newly reclaimed land with the remainder occupying previously unused land on Pulau Ular. The MEG Plant will occupy a plot of about 4.5 ha within the PCS Complex I area on Jurong Island. The additional and modified refinery units will be located on available land within the boundary of the Bukom Refinery; no additional land is required for refinery modifications. 7.2.2 7.2.2.1 Evaluation of Impacts Temporary Land Take The temporary occupation of areas on Pulau Busing and on the reclamation to the west of the ECC boundary for construction related facilities has been incorporated in to the overall reclamation project plan; JTC is undertaking this reclamation specifically to provide new land for this project. Land within the PCS Complex I/II areas on Jurong Island has been designated for heavy industry/ petrochemicals development projects. The temporary utilisation of 6 ha for temporary facilities during construction of the MEG Plant is not considered to be an issue of concern and would be unlikely to exert any significant land use constraints. 7.2.2.2 Permanent Land Take The new facilities will be established on land that has been designated for industrial development with due consideration already given to siting and zoning criteria. The project sites are remotely located on industrial islands; the nearest community areas are more than 6 km away from the MEG and ECC sites. The minimum buffer distance required between special industry (eg. petrochemical plants) and residential areas is 1 km(1). The land immediately adjacent to the new facilities primarily comprises existing heavy industrial projects; significant development constraints on land areas adjoining the project facilities are not therefore expected. Levels of offsite risk on adjoining properties must be within risk acceptance criteria; quantitative risk assessments for the new facilities have been prepared to demonstrate the acceptability of off-site risks for both locations.
1
Code of Practice on Pollution Control, 2002

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The development of the new facilities is considered to be consistent with the development strategy for the Pulau Bukom Cluster and Jurong Island areas. 7.2.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Temporary land requirements will be reduced to the minimum required for project execution. The selected sites for the permanent project facilities are all located in areas that are already designated for heavy industry/ petrochemicals development under the URAs Master Plan 2003. The layout of the new facilities will be optimised to meet safety/ equipment separation criteria whilst reducing the overall land requirement (impact foot print) to the minimum required. 7.2.4 Significance of Residual Impacts Provided in-place controls are implemented and are effective, residual impacts associated with temporary and permanent land take for construction of the ECC and MEG plants is evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
Impact Landuse change resulting from: The establishment of temporary construction facilities / works Permanent facilities Local land availability (Low Sensitivity) Surrounding land use (Low Sensitivity) Temporary occupancy of ~36 ha Permanent removal of ~27 ha for new built-up petrochemical infrastructure Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High High (inevitable) Negligible
Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance
Critical
On the basis of this evaluation, no further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.2.5 Unexploded Ordnance The review of baseline environmental conditions undertaken for this ESHA indicated the potential for unexploded ordnance (UXO) to be present in fill material used on reclaimed land. During an interview with a private sector unexploded ordnance surveying and removal company in March 2006, it was reported that World War II UXO have been picked up in the fill material from either the sea bed, where it was deposited during the war, or from Indonesia and can be found at any depth. The authorities have dealt with a very wide range of UXO including grenades, mortars and aerial bombs. Due to its age, such material is very unstable and is considered highly dangerous.
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Discussions held with the Industrial landlord (JTC), the Singapore Police Force (SPF) and the Explosive Ordnance Unit (EOD) of MINDEF in relation to a recent find of UXO on a reclaimed site on Jurong island, indicates that the authorities are unable to provide assurance (such as a clearance certificate) that UXO is not present in fill material. Given the possibility of the presence of UXO in reclaimed areas, it is recommended that a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey be conducted to characterise subsurface conditions and assess potential asset and occupational health risks posed by UXO. 7.3 7.3.1 AIR EMISSIONS & AIR QUALITY Sources of Potential Impact Construction activities have the potential to result in adverse impacts on air quality as well as generating significant local nuisance effects if uncontrolled. Key air quality impacts during construction activities at all SEPC project sites are likely to be caused by:
Generation of fugitive dust emissions from site preparation (eg. excavation, material, transport and deposit), vehicle movements on exposed soil/ subsoils, construction material handling, windborne erosion and dust emissions from concrete batching operations; and Exhaust emissions from construction equipment and transport vehicles.
7.3.2 7.3.2.1
Evaluation of Impacts Dust Emissions Actual quantities of dust entrained will be dependent on a number of factors including the frequency of operations, in-place control measures, ambient weather conditions and the specific operations carried out. Dust emissions would therefore be expected to vary quite significantly from day to day. Given the pre-prepared nature of the ECC site (ie. major earthworks, fill, site formation etc. will have been completed during reclamation works), the potential for fugitive dust impacts at this location is considered lower than would be the case for a green-field site. The MEG plant will however be constructed on currently vacant, vegetated land with the potential to result in dust generation in the absence of adequate controls. Although there are no community areas in the vicinity of the project sites, workers/ equipment in the Pulau Busing construction workers camp and on neighbouring sites in the PCS will be impacted by fugitive dust unless emissions are effectively controlled. Control of fugitive dust from project construction activities will also be of
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paramount importance in the event of a regional haze episode. Historically these haze episodes begin in the middle of the Southwest Monsoon (August) and may prevail until late October. Ambient particulate concentrations regularly exceed levels which are considered hazardous to health during haze events. 7.3.2.2 Exhaust Emissions The primary exhaust (CO, NOX, SO2, PM, HC and smoke) emission sources will include on-site construction equipment/ vehicles as well as transportation (buses, heavy goods vehicles and shipping). Traffic/ equipment inventories for construction works were presented in Section 3, Table 3.11b. These emissions will be mainly transient in nature over the extent of the works/ supply routes and temporary. 7.3.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Fugitive dust generation can be controlled by adherence to strict procedural controls and working practices. Construction is expected to follow good site practices to control emissions; provided measures may include:
Exposed soil areas and on-site roads should be dampened with water; Exposed site areas should be kept to the minimum required for construction of the new facilities. Completed areas should be hard surfaced/ re-vegetated as soon as practicable; Vehicle wheel-wash facilities should be provided at the exit of the construction site(s) wherever practical to reduce quantities of soil tracked out of active sites to local roads; Vehicle on-site speed restrictions should be imposed to reduce dust generation; During the transport of potentially dusty materials, truck loads should be provided with secure load covers extending over the tail and side boards; and A good standard of housekeeping should be maintained. If roadways are contaminated with construction materials/ soil, clean-up must be conducted without delay. Road sweeping and washing will provide an effective means for reducing dust entrainment.
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Exhaust emissions control measures include:
Good practice procedures (such as turning off equipment when not in use); Compliance with legal requirements related to exhaust of vans/ vehicles etc.; Works scheduling/ optimisation to minimise the number of generated vehicle/ materials transport trips; and Equipment/ vehicle maintenance/ inspection.
7.3.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Taking into account the proposed controls and provided they are effective, the impacts of construction activities on air quality are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in air quality as a result of general construction activities and vehicle movements Local air quality (workforce/ equipment on adjacent sites as well as on-site workers) (Low Medium Sensitivity) Elevated dust and exhaust pollutant concentrations; localised to vicinity of sites and temporary Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable during construction) Minor
On the basis of this evaluation, no further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.4 7.4.1 LIQUID EFFLUENTS/ DISCHARGES TO SEA Sources of Potential Impact Construction activities at the ECC, MEG and Bukom Refinery sites have the potential to result in the pollution of surface waters as a result of the release of suspended solids, organic loadings, oil and grease and debris/ refuse. Sources of potential impacts include:

Construction site rainfall run-off; and Generation and discharge of sewage, sanitary and canteen effluents.
Each source of potential impact is discussed and evaluated below. In addition, reclamation activities at Pulau Ular have the potential to result in the release of large quantities of suspended sediments, organic nutrient load and possible micro-pollutants into the water column.
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Reclamation impacts have been assessed and mitigation and management measures recommended in a Marine EIA (1) and an Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan (EMMP) (2). The EMMP specifications include monitoring of currents, silt, temperature, water quality and marine habitats together with daily measurement of spill from the sand key dredging and reclamation operations. SEPL has maintained close dialogue with the JTC to ensure mitigation and management measures are fully implemented. 7.4.2 7.4.2.1 Construction Site Run-off Sources of Potential Impact Potential impacts on surface water quality may arise as a result of elevated suspended solids and organics content in construction site rainfall run-off and drainage. Site run-off may also contain debris and refuse, oil and grease or other contaminants that are likely to affect water quality if they enter surrounding water bodies or permeate into the ground. 7.4.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts Construction site run-off discharged into the sea will result in localised impacts on the water column as a result of increased suspended solids, organic loadings and oxygen demand. Singapore experiences heavy tropical downpours with an annual rainfall in excess of 2 m and typically more than 170 rainy days per year. Rainfall of this magnitude has the potential to generate significant quantities of run-off (equivalent to ~64 m3/ha/day assuming no evaporation or percolation effects). Drainage from the ECC site is expected to be discharged into the sea via local outfalls in the reclamation retaining wall. Drainage from the MEG site will discharge to the existing drainage system within the PCS Complex I area; this system discharges to Selat Pandan to the east of the MEG site. 7.4.2.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Proper site management will be essential to minimise/ control site run-off and good housekeeping practices will help to ensure that debris, rubbish and other contaminants do not gain access to surrounding water resources. Typical measures likely to be required will include:
Provision of temporary site drainage and run-off control systems; Provision of silt traps where site space availability is sufficient;
(1) DHI, 2005b (2) DHI, 2005c.

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Construction materials that block or obstruct drainage channels should be removed; Removal of debris/ garbage from accidentally entering drainage channels; Provision of refuse traps on drain channel outfalls; Control of on-site fuel storage, re-fuelling and vehicle maintenance activities; and Controls on the on-site storage of hazardous materials.
7.4.2.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Taking into account the proposed controls and provided they are effective, the impacts of site rainfall run off on marine water quality are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Pollution of the marine environment as a result of rainfall run-off with elevated suspended solids and possible entrained contaminants (oil & grease, metals, garbage etc.) Marine environment around the Bukom Cluster and Jurong Island (Low Sensitivity) Localised elevated suspended solids concentrations at point of discharge into the sea Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable during construction) Minor
On the basis of this evaluation, no further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.4.3 7.4.3.1 Sewage, Sanitary & Canteen Effluents Sources of Potential Impact Sewage, sanitary and canteen effluent from the on-site workforce and the construction workers camp at the project sites has the potential to pollute soil, surface and ground water resources unless controlled. On-site canteen operations will generate intermittent wastewater flows which will contain detergents, oil & grease, solids and organic materials. 7.4.3.2 Evaluation of Impacts Sewage, sanitary and canteen effluents will ultimately be discharged into the sea in accordance with legal requirements. Assuming production of ~0.075 m3 of sewage per person per day, peak construction activities at the ECC/ Bukom, could generate up to 525 m3 of sewage each day. Similarly, sewage generation at the MEG facility during peak construction activities (1,500 people) can be expected to reach 113 m3/day.
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7.4.3.3
Existing/ In-place Controls Sanitary and sewage wastewater will be managed in accordance with the Sewage & Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations, 1999 and other applicable legislation. If a construction worker labour camp is established on Pulau Busing, it is expected that a dedicated sewage treatment system will be provided. Temporary toilet facilities will be provided and strategically positioned around the construction work sites for both projects. Each facility will have an integral holding tank which will be emptied using a mobile vacuum truck. The waste will then be disposed off through the construction labour camp sewage treatment system for the ECC site and in the case of the MEG project, to local sewage treatment facilities on or near to Jurong Island. Canteen wastewater will be collected in collection pits; accumulated wastewater will then be pumped into tankers for transport to sewage treatment facilities within the Bukom Refinery, at the ECC labour camp or on Jurong Island as appropriate.
7.4.3.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the recommended controls are implemented and are effective, the impacts of sewage, sanitary and canteen effluent discharge on marine water quality during construction are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Pollution of the marine environment as a result of discharge of sanitary, sewage and canteen effluent Surface waters around the Bukom Cluster and Jurong Island (Low Sensitivity) Localised to point of discharge Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable during construction) Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.5 7.5.1 SOILS & GROUNDWATER Sources of Potential Impact Impacts to soil and groundwater conditions may occur during construction of project facilities as a result of:
Soil erosion and associated off-site siltation/ sedimentation effects as a result of uncontrolled rainfall run-off from exposed site areas;
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Soil erosion as a result of wind/ mechanical action during dry ambient/ windy conditions; and Soil and groundwater contamination as a result of accidental fuel and oil spillages, lube oil change-outs, inappropriate waste disposal practices and storage of hazardous materials.
Potential soil erosion and soil and groundwater contamination impacts are examined separately below. 7.5.2 7.5.2.1 Soil Erosion Evaluation of Impacts Soil erosion risk and rates are a function of a range of factors including:

Climatological characteristics (eg. rainfall, wind speed, etc.); Topography (eg. slope gradient/ length); Soil characteristics (composition, structure, moisture content, organic content, permeability, etc.); Construction activities (eg. vehicular movements, material excavation and deposit); and Exposure (vegetative cover, protective measures, areas exposed, etc.).
The sites for the new project facilities will be pre-prepared, level and in the case of the MEG site, already grassed and provided with a stormwater drainage system. Notwithstanding the pre-prepared nature of the sites, the project area experiences both heavy and frequent rainfall throughout the year (see Section 4). Rainfall of this magnitude provides a significant potential for soil/ excavated material erosion and associated sedimentation/ siltation of off-site areas. Exposed soils will also be subject to drying which will make them more susceptible to wind erosion. At higher windspeeds, particles of dust may become airborne and may be transported from their original source. Mechanical effects from vehicle movements etc. on exposed soils will also increase the potential for the entrainment of soil particles. 7.5.2.2 Existing/ In-place Controls Control measures for the reduction of soil erosion include:
The pre-formed flat nature of the sites and minimal requirements for earthworks; Provision of effective construction site run-off controls (controlled discharge, temporary drains, etc.); and
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Provision of effective fugitive dust controls (see Section 7.3.3).
7.5.2.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the above controls are implemented and are effective, the impacts of soil erosion during project construction are evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Wind and water erosion of exposed on-site soils/ fill materials Off-site drain channels/ sea (Low Sensitivity) Localised to point of discharge Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High High (Inevitable during construction) Negligible
Critical
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.5.3 7.5.3.1 Soil & Groundwater Contamination Evaluation of Impacts Accidental spills during re-fuelling and change-outs of lube/ hydraulic oil, oil filter, etc. from construction equipment (eg. generator sets) and vehicles have the potential to result in contamination of soil and groundwater. Any potential impact associated with these activities are however likely to be minor and localised in extent. A leak from a temporary fuel storage tank has the potential to cause more significant soil and groundwater contamination. Groundwater pollutant concentrations have been monitored by SEPL in the Pulau Bukom Cluster since 2000 and indicate elevated levels of heavy metals, hydrocarbons and aromatics (see Section 4.11.5.2). In accordance with JTC requirements, SEPL will conduct an Environmental Baseline Study (EBS) prior to construction works at both the ECC and MEG sites to establish existing soil and groundwater conditions at these sites. No groundwater is currently used for industrial or potable purposes in Singapore. The potential for soil and groundwater contamination to affect other industrial or human users is therefore negligible. 7.5.3.2 Existing/ In-place Controls Risks of soil and groundwater contamination can be controlled via effective procedural and hardware controls. Procedural measures include:
Management of activities such as refueling, fuel loading/ unloading, lube oil change-outs, waste storage and disposal, etc.;
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In-place spill response and clean-up procedures; Waste management plans/ off-site waste disposal; and Hazardous materials handling and storage procedures.
Hardware control measures for storage facilities/ equipment maintenance areas include:

Bunded temporary fuel storage tanks; Hard surfaced re-fuelling areas with collection devices; Drip collection devices; and Provision of secure materials storage areas.
7.5.3.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the above recommended procedural and hardware controls are implemented at project construction and laydown sites, and are effective, the impacts of construction activities on soil and groundwater quality are evaluated to be of negligible minor significance as follows:
Impact Deterioration of Soil & groundwater quality resulting from the permeation of oils, diesel, solvents and other hazardous liquids into the ground (small drips or larger spills) Site soil/ subsoil and underlying groundwater (Low Sensitivity) Dependent on contamination source/ quantity of hazardous material released Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Medium Negligible Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.6 7.6.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT Sources of Potential Impact Construction activities will result in the generation of a variety of nonhazardous and hazardous wastes. The storage, handling, transport and disposal of such wastes has the potential to result in visual, water, soil, odour and health impacts unless managed in an appropriate manner. Hazardous wastes can furthermore pose serious environmental and health/safety hazards. The sources of potential impact associated with non-hazardous and hazardous wastes are described and evaluated separately below. 7.6.2 7.6.2.1 Non-Hazardous Construction Waste Evaluation of Impacts Construction activities are expected to generate the following non-hazardous wastes:
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Broken rock/ concrete; Excavated materials/ soil; Ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal items; Wooden planks, boards, pallets, formwork, etc.; Packaging/ wrapping materials (plastic sheeting, cardboard, paper); Sacks and bags; and Containers (metal/ plastic) and cans.
Site domestic (eg. canteen) and administrative facilities (eg. offices) will also generate general refuse including food waste, paper wastes, packaging materials and plastic/ tin cans and containers. Typical generation rates for general refuse/ food waste would be in the order of 0.5 1 kg/person/day. The disposal of construction waste is unlikely to raise any long-term concerns due to the inert nature of these types of materials. Mismanagement of general refuse has however the potential to give rise to a variety of adverse impacts. These include odour problems if the waste is not collected regularly (ie. daily), windblown litter, water quality impacts if waste enters water courses and visual impacts. In addition, pests, disease vectors and scavenging animals (insects, rodents, etc.) may be attracted to the construction/ accommodation sites if waste materials are incorrectly stored/ accumulated on-site. With limited resources available for waste disposal in Singapore, NEAs policy for waste management necessitates the incineration of all incinerable waste materials that are not recovered, reused or recycled. Since 2001, the NEA has also actively promoted waste minimisation. Wastes that are suitable for incineration are incinerated in one of Singapores four main incinerators(1); ash and non-combustible/ non-recyclable inert materials (including materials made of PVC) are sent directly to the offshore Semakau Landfill. Metal wastes are typically recycled; inert construction materials (eg. broken concrete, etc.) that cannot be used for structural/ landscaping purposes within the site can be sold as commercial fill materials. Total quantities of solid waste disposed off via the incinerators and offshore landfill in Singapore in 2004 was about 2.48 million tonnes. SEPL estimates that at the peak of construction, some 7,600 tonnes/year of non-hazardous wastes will be generated. SEPCs contribution to Singapores overall waste generation will therefore be in the order of ~0.3% per year during peak construction. 7.6.2.2 Existing/ In-place Controls Wastes will be managed in accordance with applicable legal standards and the principles of hierarchical management. In essence, the latter comprises:
1
Capacities range between 1,600 to 3,000 MT/day

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The generation of wastes will be minimised; Wastes will be re-used or recycled where possible; and Any remaining wastes will be safely and appropriately disposed of.
Standard construction waste management practices and adherence to good housekeeping should include:
Development of solid waste management plans to manage the collection, recycling, and ultimate disposal of all construction wastes in an environmentally responsible manner. General municipal/ industrial waste should be stored in containers of sufficient capacity (preferably covered) and be collected regularly by a reputable contractor to minimize odour, pests and litter impacts. Excavated material and inert wastes (soil, broken rock, etc.) should be reused on the site as structural fill or for landscaping wherever practicable. Wastes should be segregated wherever possible to facilitate recycling/ disposal. Scrap metals should be sent for recycling. No construction wastes of any type should be burnt on the site.
7.6.2.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the measures recommended above are implemented and are effective in the management of non-hazardous wastes during construction, residual impacts are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Deterioration of the environment (noise, odour, pestilence, visual, dust etc. pollution) as a result of the generation, storage, handling, transport and disposal of nonhazardous construction-phase wastes Project site & its surroundings (Low Sensitivity) Industrial waste disposal facilities (Low Sensitivity) Generated quantities (~7600 tonnes/ yr at peak construction) represent an insignificant (~0.3%) contribution to total Singapore industrial waste generation Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (inevitable) Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary.
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7.6.3 7.6.3.1
Hazardous Construction Waste Evaluation of Impact Hazardous wastes (some of which are classified as Toxic Industrial Wastes (TIW)) are expected to arise principally as a result of maintenance activities and during facilities commissioning. Types of waste generated will include:

Waste oils/ oil filters; Paints; Solvents; Oily water; Off-spec chemicals; and Drums/ containers/ soil contaminated with hazardous materials.
SEPL estimates that at the peak of construction about 25 tonnes/year of hazardous wastes will be generated. Hazardous wastes can pose serious environmental and health/ safety hazards (eg. toxic effects, fire hazard etc.) unless they are handled, stored, transported and disposed off in an appropriate manner. Toxic industrial wastes must be disposed of via licensed Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors who have a wide range of capabilities including incineration, physical/ chemical treatment, oil treatment and recovery, stabilisation and other methods. These types of waste cannot be disposed off via the four Government incinerators. 7.6.3.2 Existing / In-place Controls Control measures for hazardous waste management will include:

Development of waste management plans (WMPs); Waste segregation; Provision of appropriate/ secure storage; Labelling of containers; and Disposal via licensed contractors (Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors TIWCs).
7.6.3.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the measures recommended above are implemented and are effective in the management and disposal of hazardous wastes during construction, residual impacts are evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
Impact Potentially serious environmental and health/safety impacts associated with the generation, storage, handling, transport and disposal of hazardous constructionphase wastes Project site & its surroundings (Low Sensitivity) Generated quantities (~25 tonnes/ yr at peak construction) represent an insignificant (<0.1%) of the total quantities of waste treated by TIW Contractors (2000 basis) Negative Positive
Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature
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Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance
Local Short-term Slight High (inevitable) Negligible
National Long-term Low
Global Permanent Medium
High
Critical
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.7 7.7.1 NOISE & VIBRATION Sources of Potential Impact Construction equipment and construction activities have the potential to generate significant noise disturbance and vibration during the construction period. As receptors affected by noise and vibration are different for the ECC and MEG sites, noise and vibration impacts have been examined separately for each site. 7.7.2 Construction Noise Ethylene Cracker Complex Site An indicative inventory of construction equipment for the Ethylene Cracker Complex and an estimation of associated sound power levels are presented in Table 7.7a. Construction hours are expected to be from 8 am to 8 pm. The hour of 7 pm to 8 pm has been considered as a shoulder period and the day-time construction noise targets have been applied. Table 7.7a Typical Sound Power Levels for Modelling Purposes ECC Site
Equipment Site Clearing Phase Bulldozers1 Hydraulic excavators Trucks Site Preparation Phase Pile drivers Concrete pumps Cranes (10 to 800 tonnes) Bulldozers1 Trucks Plant Assembly Phase Welding machines2 Compressors Forklift trucks Cranes (10 to 800 tonnes)
1Assumes
Number 4 8 16
Power Level (dBA) 115 112 105
16 10 4 4 16
1183 109 106 115 105
280 16 8 16
100 100 105 106
D12 bulldozers with swamp tracks that welding activities includes pre-weld preparations (ie. grinding, hammering etc.) for up to 40 locations simultaneously. 3 Lmax for pile drivers may be as high as 125 dBA. A 118 dBA value is used as an average for assessing time-average noise levels.
2Assumes
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7.7.2.1
Evaluation of Impacts The nearest community areas to the project site are located at least 6 km away on Singapore Island. Pulau Hantu, located 500 m to the south of the ECCs southern boundary, is however a recreational attraction/ conservation area considered as having a certain level of sensitivity to noise impact. Visitors occasionally camp over-night on the island and during the day (particularly at weekends and holidays), the island is popular with recreational divers. Construction noise levels in Singapore are controlled by the Environmental Pollution Control Act (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) (Amendment) Regulations 2001, which stipulates limits for all buildings adjacent to construction sites including hospitals, schools, institutions of higher learning, etc. No noise limit are specified for recreational areas however. As there are no buildings on the adjacent sites (other than those owned by the developer) the EPCA limits are not considered to apply. World Health Organisation guidelines state that to avoid disruption of tranquillity, existing quiet outdoor areas should be preserved and the ratio of intruding noise to natural background sound should be kept low. The impact severity criteria which have been used to assess impact acceptability are based on the magnitude of increased noise levels over existing background noise levels. Based on the assessment of the indicative ECC construction equipment inventory, boundary noise levels were determined by distributing the sources across the site and calculating cumulative levels at representative locations along the boundary. Resulting construction noise levels predicted at the ECC boundary and Pulau Hantu are summarised in Table 7.7b.
Table 7.7b
Predicted Noise Levels during ECC Construction

Construction Phase Site Clearing Site Preparation Plant Assembly ECC Boundary Short-term (dBA Leq,5min) 59 68 68 78 61 72 12 hour average (dBA Leq,12hr) 56 65 65 75 58 69 Pulau Hantu Short-term (dBA Leq,5min) 54 62 57 12 hour average (dBA Leq,12hr) 51 59 54
Background noise levels measured at Pulau Hantu were in the range 48 to 51 dBA Leq,5min (see Section 4.6). The highest potential for noise impacts at Pulau Hantu is during the site preparation phase when pile driving is occurring. During this phase, short interval (5 minute) noise levels may rise to as much as 11 dB above existing noise levels (predicted 62 dBA compared to existing 51 dBA) (1). Averaged over a period of 12 hours however the incremental change in generated noise levels is predicted to be 9dBA above existing levels. The
(1) Assuming all pile drivers are operating simultaneously

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duration of time over which such impacts might be expected it however limited (up to a few months at most). The plant assembly phase is expected to be the longest phase of the construction period. During this phase, noise levels at Pulau Hantu are predicted to reach 57 dBA Leq,5min and 54 dBA averaged over 12 hours; equivalent to a change of 6 dBA and 3 dBA above baseline levels respectively. 7.7.2.2 Existing/ In-place Controls Typical in-place controls which limit construction noise at source include:
The use of well-maintained construction equipment; equipment should be serviced and inspected regularly during the construction programme; Machines and construction equipment (such as trucks) that may be in intermittent use should be shut down between work periods or should be throttled down to a minimum; and Construction equipment exhausts are provided with silencers or mufflers; these systems must however, be properly maintained during the construction programme.
7.7.2.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Based on the estimated sound power levels likely to be generated during construction activities, and taking account of the above recommended controls, the impact of construction noise on surrounding land use (most notably for recreational users at Pulau Hantu) is evaluated to be of moderate significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Noise disturbance to recreation-users at Pulau Hantu Pulau Hantu (Medium Sensitivity) Noise levels up to ~62 dBA at Pulau Hantu, representing an incremental change of up to 9 dBA on existing noise levels (averaged over 12 hours) Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Moderate
Impacts assessed as moderate require the adoption of additional mitigation or management measures to reduce predicted impacts to ALARP levels. As an initial step, it is recommended that noise measurements be taken on Pulau Hantu during construction to identify whether or not such controls are justified. Additional control measures may include:
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Construction equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction, should, where possible, be orientated so that the noise is directed away from nearby receivers; Work scheduling of on-site activities to reduce the potential for the simultaneous occurrence/ overlap of especially noisy activities; and Provision of temporary noise screens, enclosures and barriers.
Little can be practicably done to reduce noise levels from impact pile driving, but consideration could be given to pile driving methods that would produce lower noise levels such as vibratory piling. Such methods would however likely increase the construction period, thus increasing the extent of the impact. Finally, as recreational diving activities are carried out in the waters around Pulau Hantu, the recreational diving community should be given due warning prior to activities that may give rise to high underwater noise levels, such as piling, being carried out. With the incorporation of these additional measures, construction noise severity on Pulau Hantu can be reduced to low with a consequent reduction in significance to minor impact. 7.7.3 7.7.3.1 Construction Noise MEG Site Sources of Potential Impact An indicative inventory of construction equipment for the MEG Plant and an estimation of associated sound power levels are presented in Table 7.7c. Construction hours are expected to be from 8 am to 8 pm. The hour of 7 pm to 8 pm has been considered as a shoulder period and the day-time construction noise targets have been applied.
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Table 7.7c
Typical Sound Power Levels for Modelling Purposes MEG Plant

Equipment Site Clearing Phase Bulldozers1 Hydraulic excavators Trucks Site Preparation Phase Pile drivers Concrete pumps Cranes (10 to 800 tonnes) Bulldozers1 Trucks Plant Assembly Phase Welding machines2 Compressors Forklift trucks Cranes (10 to 800 tonnes) Number 1 2 8 Power Level (dBA) 115 112 105
4 2 4 1 4
1183 109 106 115 105
100 70 100 4 105 2 106 4 1Assumes D12 bulldozers with swamp tracks 2Assumes that welding activities includes pre-weld preparations (ie. grinding, hammering etc.) for up to 20 locations simultaneously. 3 Lmax for pile drivers may be as high as 125 dBA. A 118 dBA value is used as an average for assessing time-average noise levels.
7.7.3.2
Evaluation of Impacts The nearest community areas to the MEG site are located at least 6 km to the north on the mainland. The MEG site is however neighboured by existing industrial premises at distances of 50 100 m west and northwest of the MEG plot boundary. According to the Environmental Pollution Control Act (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) (Amendment) Regulations 2001, the maximum permissible construction noise levels at the MEG boundary will be 75 dBA Leq,12 hour while short-term (5 minutes) permissible noise levels are 90 dBA Leq,5min. Based on the typical sound power levels for equipment items to be used during MEG construction (as listed in Table 7.7c), boundary noise levels have been predicted by distributing the sources across the site and calculating cumulative levels at representative locations along the boundary. Predicted noise levels during each construction phase are presented in Table 7.7d.
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Table 7.7d
Predicted Noise Levels during MEG Construction

Construction Phase Site Clearing Site Preparation Plant Assembly Short-term (dBA Leq,5min) 68 74 74 79 70 75 12 hour average (dBA Leq,12hr) 65 71 71 76 67 72
With the exception of predicted 12-hour noise levels during site preparation, all predicted noise levels are within applicable standards. During the site preparation phase, the high noise levels are primarily driven by the pile drivers; contributing 72 79 dBA Leq,5min alone. The duration of such impacts will be restricted to 1-2 months at most. Furthermore, these predictions assume simultaneous operation of all pile drivers. The noise levels do not take account of contributions from existing process equipment/ off-site site operations. No data on existing noise levels at the MEG site were available for comparison. Elevated noise levels at the site boundary locations are expected if construction equipment and vehicles are placed adjacent to the boundary. Notwithstanding the above, predicted noise levels are only encountered during the construction phase of the MEG plant and are not considered representative of the long term noise levels. 7.7.3.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Typical in-place noise controls will be similar to those specified for the ECC plant construction activities above. 7.7.3.4 Significance of Residual Impact Provided in-place controls are implemented and are effective, residual impacts on noise and vibration levels at the MEG site are evaluated to be minor moderate as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Noise disturbance to facilities directly neighbouring the MEG site Immediate neighbouring industrial premises Noise levels up to ~79 dBA at site boundary and slight exceedence of 12-hour boundary noise limits during piling activities Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Medium Minor Moderate
The significance of evaluated impacts can readily be further reduced to achieve ALARP levels through the implementation of similar additional noise mitigation measures as specified for the ECC plant construction above. In particular, as the high predicted noise levels are accounted for by the concurrent operation of the pile drivers, attention should be paid to the
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scheduling of these activities, in particular to minimise concurrent operation where possible. 7.8 7.8.1 MARINE ECOLOGY Sources of Potential Impact Sources of potential impact to the marine environment during construction of the SEPC project include:
Elevated suspended sediments resulting from construction site run-off and wind-blown soil erosion; Elevated levels of hydrocarbons and other contaminants in site run-off; and Discharge of treated sanitary, sewage and canteen effluent into the sea;
These sources have already been described in Sections 7.3.2.1 (Dust Emissions); 7.4.2 (Construction Site Run-Off), 7.4.3 (Sewage and Sanitary Effluent) and 7.5.2 (Soil Erosion) and their potential to impact the marine environment evaluated. Provided drainage and sanitary systems are designed to ensure adequate capacity and that good practice dust and erosion controls and spill controls are implemented, residual impacts on marine ecosystems are expected to be negligible during the construction phase. 7.8.2 7.8.2.1 Reputational Impacts Associated with Pulau Ular Reclamation Sources of Potential Impact Preliminary scoping of ESH impacts identified JTCs reclamation activities at Pulau Ular to have considerable potential to permanently alter the marine ecosystem around neighbouring Pulau Hantu. Heavy siltation, a common problem during reclamation works, could result in a significant reduction in marine biodiversity in the area, as well as posing a serious safety risk for recreational divers. The reclamation works and their potential impact on marine ecosystems poses a reputation risk to SEPL, given its future use of the reclaimed land. 7.8.2.2 Evaluation of Significance Marine impacts associated with reclamation activities at Pulau Ular have been the subject of separate detailed investigation and assessment by the JTC (1)
(1) Reclamation impacts have been assessed and reported in a Marine EIA and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan by JTC (DHI, 2005a & b). The EIA and EMMP were released by JTC for public disclosure between 7th January - 6th February 2006.
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resulting in the adoption (for the first time ever in Singapore) of more costly but environmentally sound practises in reclamation. These include(1):
Deployment of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) following international best practice standards (DHI, 2005c); Construction methods and sequencing to minimise sedimentation impacts, for example: Physical closure of the Ular-Bukom Kechil and Busing-Ular channels at an early stage using bunds, to prevent the spread of sediments towards Pulau Hantu; Avoidance of dredging of poor seabed materials around Pulau Ular before sand-filling to minimise the suspension of sediments; and Monitoring of sand filling to limit the amount of silt being released; and Relocation of corals at Terumbu Bayan (which are directly impacted by reclamation activities) to another safe location.
Provided mitigation and management measures implemented for the reclamation works are effective, impacts to marine ecosystems are expected to be managed to within acceptable levels. As described in Section 6.6, JTC has also actively engaged with relevant stakeholders. These include local non-governmental organisations, environmental academic institutions and experts in Singapore and the local and international media. Media reports have been vocal about the potential impacts that the reclamation works could have on the marine environment. To date however, ERM is not aware of SEPL having received any direct criticism related to its association with the reclamation works. Should impacts be identified during or after reclamation activities however, or indeed as a result of ECC construction activities, it is likely that voices will be raised with possible reputational implications for SEPL. Public opposition to the petrochemical industry is not known in Singapore and, depending on the issue, it is unlikely that SEPLs activities would be impacted by Singaporean opposition in the longer term. 7.8.2.3 In-place/ Existing Controls The mitigation measures noted above are reportedly being implemented by JTC since the start of reclamation works in February 2006 and are under close public scrutiny. In accordance with the Shell Group Standard on Biodiversity to which all business units must adhere, SEPL is committed to work with JTC and other stakeholders to maintain Pulau Ulars ecosystems and positively contribute to their conservation.
(1) JTC, 2005.

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SEPL is thus maintaining close dialogue with the JTC to ensure that the reclamation works are undertaken in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. SEPL actions have included:
Frequent communications and meetings between SEPLs Communication Team and JTCs External Affairs Department; Provision of advice to JTC regarding the engagement of stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the project; Regular dialogue with JTC regarding the preparation and public disclosure of the Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for the reclamation works; and Sponsorship of the Singapore Environment Councils Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage (NOAH) project, which will survey and document the existing marine habitats surrounding Pulau Hantu. The longer-term aim of Project Noah (Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage) is to secure land tenure for the island of Pulau Hantu and create a marine protected area within the lagoon which is currently naturally occurring between the two islets (SEPL, 2006).
7.8.2.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the mitigation measures being implemented by JTC are effective and that open dialogue is maintained with potentially affected stakeholders, the significance of residual impacts to SEPL resulting from the reclamation of Pulau Ular, is evaluated to be minor moderate as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reputation impacts associated with the reclamation of Pulau Ular and impacts on marine ecosystems Marine environment surrounding Pulau Ular (High sensitivity) Likely to be short duration but could affect construction schedule Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Unlikely Minor Moderate
To manage potential future reputation issues consequent of SEPLs association with the reclamation project, continued engagement with JTC and with stakeholder groups will be crucial. SEPL should closely observe the implementation of mitigation and management practices adopted by JTC throughout reclamation works, ensure that monitoring results demonstrate the effectiveness of mitigation measures implemented. Stakeholder sentiment should also be closely monitored with regular and open dialogue maintained with interested parties.
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7.9 7.9.1
LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACTS Sources of Potential Impact The construction period for the ECC is expected to last for 39 months, while construction of the MEG plant is expected to last for 32 months. Key visual elements of the construction period will include:
Physical modification of the landscape ie. reclamation of the area of sea between Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing (Ethylene Cracker Complex); Movement of vessels/ barges, trucks, cranes and other equipment and materials; and Temporary lighting (Ethylene Cracker Complex).
7.9.2
Evaluation of Impacts The ECC and MEG sites are both located on heavily industrialised islands, remote from community areas. The main sensitive receptors with potential to be visually impacted by the construction of the ECC and MEG plants include:
Residents/ users of areas on the coastal stretch from Jurong Basin to Pulau Sentosa (at a distance of >5 km over open water) this includes particularly receptors at key public viewpoints such as the National University of Singapore and Mount Faber; and Visitors to Pulau Hantu (approximately 1891 visited the island in 2005).
Construction activity at the ECC will be screened from receptors along the Singapore coastline by the existing Bukom Refinery. Views of the ECC and MEG sites will also be distant (over 5 km) and not dissimilar in nature from existing views experienced by these receptors. Receptors on Pulau Hantu will experience a change in existing short distance (~500 m) views to the north towards Pulau Busing, Ular and the Bukom Cluster. The nature of existing views to the north across to the channel between Pulau Busing and Pulau Ular will be changed from open water to reclaimed land and general construction activity. However, the number of receptors affected is considered to be relatively few and although the intrusion to their existing views will be noticeable, it is not dissimilar to the existing character of their views over short distances to the north of the island. 7.9.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Visual and aesthetic impacts during project construction will be controlled through the following means:

Minimising areas used for construction lay-down and temporary use; Design of facilities according to international engineering standards; and
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Site housekeeping to ensure that both construction sites are maintained in a clean and tidy condition. In addition to improving the image of the sites from the outside, this will also benefit on-site health and safety.
7.9.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Landscape and visual impacts associated with the construction of SEPC facilities is evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Change in landscape and visual characteristics associated with the physical presence of construction activities Bukom cluster and Jurong Island landscape (Low Sensitivity) Temporary and permanent use of approx. 63 ha construction site/ laydown area Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable) Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.10 7.10.1 SOCIAL IMPACTS Sources of Potential Impact Social and socio-economic impacts associated with construction of SEPC facilities include positive (e.g. creation of employment) and negative impacts (e.g. interference with transport users). Such impacts may also result directly from project activities (e.g. the generation of additional traffic) or as a secondary consequence of other environmental impacts (e.g. reduction in recreational revenue due to diminished coral abundance around Pulau Hantu). Key social impacts associated with project construction include:

Generation of employment and income opportunities for both Singaporean and foreign workforce; Provision of accommodation for foreign workers; Economic development opportunities for Singapore; Demand for services and utilities; Demand for construction materials; Diminished recreational value of Pulau Hantu; and Traffic and transport impacts.
The potential for project construction activities to interact with these social indicators was presented in Figure 5.3a. The significance of impacts arising during project construction is described in this section.
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7.10.2 7.10.2.1
Employment of Construction Workforce Sources of Potential Impact At current estimates, project construction will require employment of up to 6000 construction workers during peak construction (see Figure 3.11b). Construction workers in Singapore are traditionally sourced from overseas. Nearly 25% of all foreign workers in Singapore are employed in the construction sector, the largest employer of work permit holders in Singapore. Potential impacts associated with employment of the construction workforce include:

Income generation; Accommodation of foreign workers; and Animosities between Singaporean residents and foreign workers.
Accommodation aspects are discussed in Section 7.10.3. 7.10.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts Project construction will directly generate some 6000 new jobs. While these will be temporary, they will generate income and a livelihood for those employed. In this respect, the project is likely to generate a positive, albeit temporary impact. Since construction workers tend to be sourced from overseas, this impact will spread beyond the borders of Singapore through the remittance of funds to construction workforce families living overseas. Through the stimulated demand for accommodation, provisions and associated services, the construction workforce will further stimulate employment and economic development opportunities more widely within the Singaporean economy. Given the recent positive investment climate in Singapore however, available and suitably skilled construction workers are likely to be in short supply, together with available housing and services to support them. This presents a risk to the project, and one that is being addressed by construction contractors through labour availability studies. Racism does exist amongst Singapore residents towards foreign construction workers. Impressions of superiority amongst Singapore residents over foreign labourers also prevail, resulting in the potential for tensions and animosities between the groups. Given that Singapore residents largely expect and fully accept that foreign workers are employed to support construction and the economic development of the country, the employment of construction workers for this project is not expected to significantly alter any existing racial prejudices and attitudes amongst Singapore residents against foreign workers. The severity of this negative aspect is therefore considered to be slight.
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7.10.2.3
Existing/ In-place Controls SEPL and the construction contractors it selects are committed to encouraging and ensuring a productive working environment for its construction labourers. Productivity and health/safety are related to the well-being and satisfaction of the workforce and, in this sense, SEPL is committed to breaking down any perceived tensions and animosities amongst its workforce. SEPLs construction contractors will be responsible for implementing the following controls to further minimise any predicted impacts:
Assessing the likely availability of both Singapore and foreign citizens willing and able to work on construction of the project; Maximising the employment of multi-skilled foreign labourers; and Employing measures to break down barriers and reduce any animosities that may arise between Singaporean and foreign work colleagues. These will include encouraging cultural exchange, imposing flat and transparent management structures amongst the workforce, and encouraging skills exchange. Disciplinary action will be taken if any worker is seen to be abusing positions of seniority or creating a difficult working environment for one or more of his colleagues.
7.10.2.4
Significance of Residual Impacts The creation of employment during construction is seen as a moderate positive impact of the project as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Creation of employment and income opportunities Singapore and Foreign Construction Workforce (Low Sensitivity) Direct employment of some 6000 people in construction activities (although unlikely to generate significant additional demand for new positions) Indirect employment for service companies etc. that support the construction activities Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Medium High (Inevitable) Moderate
Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance
Provided the above controls are implemented and are effective, residual negative impacts associated with racism and animosities caused through the employment of foreign workers, are evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
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Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance
Exacerbation of exiting animosities and racism associated with a foreign (manual) labour force Foreign Construction Workforce (Medium Sensitivity) SEPL & Wider Singaporean Community (Low Sensitivity) Unlikely to be different from existing concerns Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Unlikely Negligible
No further mitigation is therefore considered necessary. 7.10.3 7.10.3.1 Housing of Construction Workforce Sources of Potential Impact At peak construction (currently expected in Q1, 2007), some 6000 workers will be employed on the project sites. The majority of these are expected to be sourced from existing foreign construction workforce in Singapore, rather than being imported specifically for the project. Temporary facilities to accommodate some 3,000 of the ECC workforce will be established on reclaimed land between Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing. The remaining workforce will be housed in existing worker accommodation facilities in Singapore, including on Jurong Island. The provision of accommodation for the workforce has the potential to:

Generate income for accommodation and associated service providers during use of accommodation facilities; Raise security concerns over access of workers to secure areas (particularly in Pulau Busing); and Perpetuate or escalate animosities, conflicts, tensions and fear between local communities and dormitory residents.
7.10.3.2
Evaluation of Impacts The construction workforce will be housed partly in temporary accommodation provided adjacent to the ECC construction site, and in existing dormitories on the Singapore mainland and on Jurong Island. With the exception of the contained camp on the Bukom Cluster, no additional dormitories are being opened as a direct result of this project. In the event that the project indirectly encourages the expansion of foreign worker accommodation in Singapore however, strict planning controls exist to ensure that accommodation is developed in areas where there is unlikely to be local resistance. This is managed through the Ministry of Manpower, the Buildings and Construction Agency (BCA) and other parties as appropriate. Housing of foreign construction workers will provide revenue for existing dormitory owners and security of income for their associated staff. However,
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given the current investment climate in Singapore, the same construction workforce would be employed by others even if not by the SEPC project. The project is not therefore expected to generate any significant additional income for dormitory owners and their staff. The provision of the workers camp on Pulau Busing will also generate employment opportunities to service the facilities. Actual numbers of employee positions will, however, be small and will most likely be unskilled (eg. cleaners and cooks etc.). Establishment of a workers camp on the Bukom cluster may require the existing SEPL refinery and Tankstore facilities to increase security. This impact can, however, be readily managed with the enforcement of access controls. A number of foreign worker dormitories in use in Singapore impose strict alcohol and drugs policies, worker codes of conduct and visitor access restrictions. As a result they have minimised the incidence of pathologies such as drug use, alcoholism and prostitution in Singapore amongst foreign construction workers. The authorities will also cancel work permits if workers are found to be acting against the law (ref. drug use). A concentration of males of varied race living in dormitories that are located in the vicinity of residential areas has the potential to lead to fears amongst the resident population in terms of safety, ethnic tension, cultural and religious differences, etc. The location of dormitories away from residential areas and strict worker codes of conduct have however reduced the incidence of such animosities, fears and tensions. Furthermore, it has become common practice in Singapore to employ foreign workers in construction projects. As a result, the population of Singapore is accustomed to accommodating foreign construction workers and the project is not expected to generate any noticeable change in existing circumstances. 7.10.3.3 Existing/ In-place Controls The majority of impacts associated with the housing of construction workers can be relatively easily prevented through management procedures, planning and dialogue. The following mitigation measures will be implemented:
When selecting accommodation for construction workers, SEPLs contractors are required to ensure that: No complaints have been received from surrounding communities about the dormitory; Management is committed to ensuring strict security, access and behavioural controls; Sufficient and appropriate services, amenities and recreational facilities exist to reduce the likelihood of residents seeking services elsewhere; and
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Dormitory management continually maintains a clean and pleasant living environment.
As a condition of contract, all workers will be required to act responsibly and uphold high standards of behaviour. This will include observance of dormitory rules and disciplinary action will be taken where workers are found to be breaking rules and contractual obligations. The workers camp on the Bukom Cluster shall be designed, built and managed in full compliance with MOM, BCA and Shells internal standards governing the conditions within which workers will be housed; and For the workers camp on the Bukom cluster, utilities use will be reduced through resource conservation measures such as low energy appliances, water saving appliances and recycling.
7.10.3.4
Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of positive (income/ employment/ revenue generation) impacts being derived as a result of the accommodation of the construction workforce is evaluated to be negligible (positive) as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Generation of revenue and employment for foreign worker dormitories Owners of foreign worker dormitories and their staff (Low Sensitivity) Small number of individuals (positively) affected unlikely to be any noticeable change Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight High (Inevitable) Negligible
Provided the mitigation measures described above are implemented and are effective, the significance of negative social impacts associated with the accommodation of a foreign workforce is evaluated to be negligible as follows:
Impact Security risks for existing facilities on Pulau Busing; Escalation of animosities, conflicts, tensions and fear between local communities and dormitory residents Bukom Refinery and Tankstore management Residents living in the vicinity of foreign worker dormitories Small number of individuals affected and can readily be managed. Receptors unlikely to need to adapt Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Unlikely Negligible
Receptor Impact Magnitude / Manageability Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance
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7.10.4
Economic Development The Government of Singapore sees petrochemicals manufacturing as a major growth sector in the economy. Construction of the SEPC project will attract other secondary/ feed and sales developments to establish on Jurong Island and the Bukom cluster. This is likely to generate positive economic benefits for the whole of Singapore in the longer term.
7.10.5 7.10.5.1
Demand for Utilities & Services Sources of Potential Impact Construction of the SEPC project has the potential to generate demand for local services including transportation, waste collection, utilities etc. with positive implications for the economic and business climate in Singapore.
7.10.5.2
Evaluation of Impacts The economy of Singapore is currently strong and therefore the services required as a result of the SEPC project are likely to be stimulated by others even in the absence of the project. Furthermore, the incremental demand generated by the project, on a nation level is small. For example, generated quantities of waste requiring incineration during construction represent an insignificant contribution to total industrial non-hazardous and hazardous waste generation in Singapore (~0.3 and <0.1% respectively).
7.10.5.3
Enhancement SEPL and its contractors are committed to maximising the sourcing of services from local, Singaporean suppliers.
7.10.5.4
Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of demand for services being generated as a result of project construction is evaluated to be minor (positive) as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Creation of demand for construction-related services Construction related service providers Small number of individuals (positively) affected unlikely to be any noticeable change compared to other demand Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Low High (Inevitable) Minor
7.10.6 7.10.6.1
Supply of Materials for Construction Sources of Potential Impact In addition to the additional demands (and resulting economic and employment benefits derived) that project construction will make on services, amenities and transport services, project construction will also stimulate
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demand for construction materials and equipment. This too will generate revenues for suppliers with indirect impacts on job-security and income to employees. 7.10.6.2 Evaluation of Impacts The majority of equipment and materials likely to be required for project construction are available in Singapore. Singapore-based companies are furthermore likely to offer quality and competitive rates compared to international competitors owing to lower transport costs. Equipment and supply needs however are unlikely to significantly alter the stock of these materials in Singapore and as such, demand is only expected to generate medium economic benefits. 7.10.6.3 Enhancement SEPL is committed to sourcing materials and equipment from reputable suppliers offering competitive rates and conditions. To the extent possible, SEPL will place preference on contracting local suppliers. 7.10.6.4 Significance of Residual Impacts Construction activities are expected to generate moderate positive impacts as a result of the projects demand for construction materials and supplies. The evaluation is as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Creation of demand for construction materials and supplies Construction material supply companies Short-term increased demand for construction materials and supplies Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Medium High (Inevitable) Moderate
7.10.7 7.10.7.1
Recreation & Amenity Values of Pulau Hantu Sources of Potential Impact Pulau Hantu, located just 500 m southwest of the ECC site, is a popular recreation site, attracting some 1,891 visitors in 2005 (eg. for picnicking, camping and beach activities). It is also a popular spot with divers and water sports enthusiasts who do not actually land on the island. Water sports and diving activities are generally carried out in the channel between Pulau Hantu and Pulau Busing and in the waters off the southern coast of Pulau Hantu. Private companies run the boats and dive shops that support these recreational activities. Construction of the ECC has the potential to reduce number of people visiting the island and consequently, affect the businesses associated with these recreational visits. These impacts may arise as a result of air (dust) pollution,
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sedimentation (and consequent reduction in underwater visibility); reduced quality of marine ecosystems; and increased noise levels. 7.10.7.2 Evaluation of Impacts The evaluation of environmental impacts associated with dust, sanitary effluent, noise and visual changes to the landscape were discussed in Sections 7.3, 7.4, 7.7 and 7.9 concluded that the only impact of any significance was the expected change (of between 3 11 dBA) in short term (5-minute) noise levels at Pulau Hantu. Such impacts were however expected to occur over a limited time only and during daytime only. Additional mitigation has been recommended to diminish and control these impacts. Section 7.7 also identified the potential impact that high underwater noise levels (consequent of piling operations during construction of the ECC) could have on the safety of recreational divers. Piling activities will however only be undertaken for a short period at the start of civil construction works (during Q2-3, 2006). Provided dive operators and groups are informed in advance of the risk of high noise levels during these periods, associated impacts can be controlled. Furthermore, Section 7.8.2 discussed the impacts on marine ecology associated with the reclamation works around Pulau Ular. Impacts on marine ecology and consequently on recreation activities have been addressed separately in the EIA completed for the reclamation works (DHI, 2005b). SEPL is however likely to be linked to any impacts on the amenity of Pulau Hantu by virtue of its use of the newly reclaimed land. Recreation groups and the scientific community have been vocal in the national media about the implications of reclamation works on marine ecology and amenity values. As a result, the JTC has made every effort to ensure the implementation of mitigation and management measures to minimise these impacts. These measures appear to have been accepted provided they are successful. 7.10.7.3 Existing/ In-place Controls The controls described in Sections 7.3, 7.4, 7.7 and 7.9 will serve to minimise impacts on the amenity value and recreational activities at Pulau Hantu resulting from construction of the ECC. In addition, SEPL has maintained close dialogue with JTC on the management of environmental impacts associated with the Pulau Ular reclamation works (see Section 6.6). SEPL is also committed to engage with the Sentosa Development Corporation (who manages recreational activities on Pulau Ular), recreation providers, and scientific and recreational dive groups to ensure that impacts are maintained to within acceptable levels (see Section 6). SEPL has also committed to sponsoring a Singapore Environment Councils project aimed initially at surveying the natural marine heritage surrounding Pulau Hantu.
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7.10.7.4
Evaluation of Residual Impacts Provided the controls discussed in Sections 7.3, 7.4, 7.7 and 7.9 are effective in preventing environmental impacts; and SEPL maintains open dialogue with the various interest groups that enjoy the amenity value (and associated economic benefits) of Pulau Hantu, residual impacts are evaluated to be of minor moderate significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduced amenity value of Pulau Hantu with consequent impacts on local recreation providers Divers and water sports enthusiasts, local tourists and recreation service companies (Medium sensitivity) Relatively small and distinct community affected however one with a voice Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Low Medium (on the basis of reputational impacts) Medium Minor Moderate
SEPL is encouraged to maintain close scrutiny of impacts associated with the reclamation works and also to maintain cooperative dialogue with key stakeholders to manage this impact to within acceptable levels. 7.10.8 7.10.8.1 Transportation/ Traffic Sources of Potential Impact Transport impacts during construction are likely to be both positive and negative in nature. There may also be indirect effects of increased demand for transport on income, employment and other economic activities. Predicted impacts, evaluated in this section include:
Congestion and interference with existing traffic: Increased traffic levels could interfere with existing marine and road traffic including commercial shipping/ road haulage, passenger transport and recreational sailing and diving. This could occur on a routine, day-to-day basis or may occur as a result of restrictions placed during transportation of abnormal loads or following any accidents. Interference with existing traffic volumes is likely to result in lost time for other transport users with concomitant income and revenue impacts. Demand for transport providers: Transport requirements during construction will place demands on transport contractors in Singapore. As a result, the local economy will be supported and additional benefits will include income and employment for local people.
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7.10.8.2
Evaluation of Impacts Materials, equipment and construction workers will need to be transported to and from the construction sites. For the ECC, this requires transport by boat or barge. For the MEG Plant, the majority of transport movements are anticipated to be by road. Construction related traffic for the ECC is expected to equate to 10 20 ferries/day and about 10 15 barge trips/day in each direction between Singapore Island and Bukom. Meanwhile construction of the MEG plant site is expected to generate about 30 40 bus trips/day and an additional 10 15 heavy goods vehicle (HGV) trips/day across the causeway between Singapore and Jurong Island. Marine Congestion The project area is surrounded by some of the busiest shipping lanes and anchorages in the world. SEPL staff reported that the freight wharves on Pulau Bukom receive approximately 123-130 ships per month and a dedicated ferry service also runs between Pasir Panjang Terminal and Pulau Bukom at intervals of between 5 60 minutes. In addition, a sizable number of pleasure craft owners launch their boats from various marinas/ yacht clubs in the project area, including West Coast Pier, Republic of Singapore Yacht Club, and Keppel Marina. The potential for conflicts between ferries and materials transport operations with the existing extensive shipping operations in western approaches to the Port of Singapore is expected to be adequately managed via existing marine transport procedures and adherence to MPAs requirements. Road Congestion Existing traffic flows on the causeway to Jurong Island at peak periods are ~4500 vehicles inbound (morning) and ~3000 vehicles outbound (evening); ~65 75% of all vehicles are heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). Actual numbers of additional road vehicle trips associated with the project will be relatively low; the potential for increased traffic congestion and road accidents on the Jurong Island Expressway and the road network on Jurong Island as a direct result of project related traffic is considered low. Project related traffic may result in some additional congestion at the security check-point on the causeway at peak periods in the event that existing security screening measures are still in place at the time of project execution.
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7.10.8.3
Existing/ In-place Controls All contractors/ sub-contractors to the project will be required to comply with Shells road transport HSE requirements and Shells existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures. Construction related transport vehicles are required to comply with road traffic regulations, Singapores vehicle roadworthiness requirements and the requirements of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA). Construction contractors are furthermore required to plan transport routes and schedule traffic movements to minimise interference with existing traffic. They will be contractually obliged to employ reputable transport providers. Checks will be made to ensure that vehicles used have a high standard of maintenance and drivers/ captains records will also be examined for any previous traffic violations or accidents.
7.10.8.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided these controls are fully implemented and are effective, residual impacts of construction-generated traffic on other transport users is evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Interference with other road and shipping traffic / congestion Jurong Island Expressway (Low Sensitivity) Local road network on Jurong Island (Low Sensitivity) Marine traffic/ operations in western approaches (Low Sensitivity) Negligible increase in vehicle trips across the Jurong Island causeway (~1% at peak periods) and negligible increase in overall shipping movements in Singapore waters Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Regular road/vessel trips on a daily basis) Negligible
Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.11 HEALTH IMPACTS Potential health impacts on local communities surrounding the project as a result of project construction are discussed and evaluated in this section. Occupational health issues are examined in this section only within the context of their potential to impact community health and community healthcare provision. Occupational (construction worker) health and safety issues will be the subject of detailed evaluation in a separate Health Risk Assessment (HRA) for the project.
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7.11.1
Sources of Potential Impact Health impacts on communities associated with the construction of the project may occur as a result of:
Generation of dust and elevated levels of air pollutants, resulting in respiratory effects; Elevated noise and vibration levels resulting in the disruption of sleep, concentration and exacerbating hearing disorders; Site and worker dormitory housekeeping and waste management practices which could attract disease vectors (eg. rats, mosquitoes etc.); Introduction, propagation and spread of communicable diseases into the wider community associated with the import of foreign construction workers; Traffic accidents resulting in increased levels of road and marine traffic movements; and Stress on existing community health services in the event of occupational health issues.
Each potential impact is evaluated below. 7.11.2 7.11.2.1 Respiratory Impacts Evaluation of Impacts Respiratory impacts may be caused as a result of air pollution during construction. Sources of impact include increased levels of dust (particularly during site preparation, handling of construction materials, vehicle movements, concrete batching and as a result of wind erosion) and elevated local ground level concentrations of NOX, CO, particulates and ozone from vehicle and equipment exhaust emissions. Air pollution impacts associated with the generation of dust and exhaust emissions were evaluated in Section 7.3.2.1. Respiratory problems may include coughing, wheezing and general discomfort. Existing conditions such as asthma may be exacerbated. Elevated pollution levels may also cause discomfort to eyes and skin amongst these receptors. The project sites are located in existing industrial areas. The nearest residential receptors to the MEG Plant and the ECC are located over 6 km to the north and northeast respectively. Any potential health impacts associated with air pollution will therefore be restricted to construction workers at the project sites and to employees at neighbouring facilities. The dispersion of dust is a
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function of particle size and wind speeds. Given the calm to light winds experienced in coastal Singapore (between 1.3 2.3 m/s) any generated dust is not expected to travel far beyond the boundaries of the sites. The period of time over which dust may be generated during construction (e.g. during site preparation) is limited. Any associated health impacts are therefore likely to be short term and reversible. In the event of a regional haze episode, the control of fugitive dust from project construction activities will become of paramount importance in order to prevent exacerbation of poor air quality conditions. Historically these haze episodes begin in the middle of the Southwest Monsoon (August) and may prevail until late October. Ambient particulate concentrations regularly exceed levels which are considered hazardous to health during haze events. 7.11.2.2 Existing/ In-place Controls Dust and exhaust emissions will be minimised through good site management practices as described in Section 7.3. 7.11.2.3 Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the dust and air emission controls described in Section 7.3 are effective, associated residual health impacts are evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Respiratory illness consequent of air pollutant / dust levels Staff at facilities neighbouring the ECC and MEG construction sites Restricted to outside workers in the immediate vicinity of construction sites Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Unlikely Negligible
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.11.3 7.11.3.1 Olfactory and Noise Disturbance Impacts Evaluation of Impacts Elevated levels of noise and vibration can result in the loss of concentration, loss of sleep, increased stress and in more serious circumstances, hearing disorders. The generation of noise and vibration during construction was evaluated in Section 7.7. This evaluation indicated that noise levels resulting from construction activities at the ECC and MEG would generally be within applicable standards at neighbouring industrial facilities. Site preparation activities at the MEG (particularly piling works) were however predicted to marginally exceed the 12-hour average standard by 1 dBA. Persons working in neighbouring facilities are therefore unlikely to experience any deleterious
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health effects as a result of noise generated as a result of project construction. Noise levels during construction are not expected to be audible at the nearest community receptors from either the ECC or the MEG. 7.11.3.2 Existing/ In-place Controls Existing and recommended controls to minimise construction noise impacts were discussed in Section 7.7. 7.11.3.3 Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the measures described in Section 7.7 are effective, residual health impacts associated with noise are evaluated to be of negligible minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Olfactory and psychological stress caused by elevated noise and vibration levels Staff at facilities neighbouring the ECC and MEG construction sites Short duration exceedence in boundary noise limits at MEG affecting only a very small number of people at immediately neighbouring premises Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Low Negligible Minor
In accordance with the Environmental Pollution Control (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations 1999, SEPL will be required to monitor noise levels 1 metre away from affected buildings to ensure compliance with regulated noise standards. Consideration should be given to scheduling of piling activities to avoid all pile drivers from operating concurrently. This is expected to reduce impacts to within acceptable levels. 7.11.4 7.11.4.1 Attraction of Disease Vectors Evaluation of Impacts Site management practices at the construction areas, worker accommodation / dormitory facilities, canteen and sanitary facilities have the potential to attract disease vectors such as mosquitoes and rats. Potential diseases spread by these vectors to workers and the wider community include malaria, dengue fever and endemic (or murine) typhus. Good site management practices and properly designed sanitary facilities on site including toilets, wash areas, canteen, and solid and liquid waste storage/ disposal areas will reduce the incidence of rats. Creation of stagnant water pools on site provide a breeding site for mosquitoes. Good site management practices will reduce the likelihood of breeding mosquitoes to a minimum. Furthermore, all recent cases of malaria and dengue fever have reportedly been contracted outside Singapore.
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Given the implementation of good site management practices as described below, the likelihood of disease vectors being attracted, and disease spreading to the local community is extremely unlikely. Furthermore, should an outbreak occur, impacts are likely to be contained within the immediate construction workforce and in the very worst case, to employees at neighbouring facilities. 7.11.4.2 Existing/ In-place Controls The following controls will minimise the likelihood of attracting disease vectors:
Conformance with all relevant legal requirements including those covering the provision of sanitation facilities at workplaces and hygiene standards in worker accommodation (Environmental Public Health Act 2002) and legal requirements covering the control of vectors (Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act, 1998); Provision of portable toilets on the construction site with contractual agreements which provide for maintenance of high standards of cleanliness and hygiene; Integral holding tanks for sanitary effluent collection will be provided at both the ECC and the MEG Plant. Stored effluent will be collected regularly by tanker and taken to existing sewage treatment facilities on Pulau Bukom and Jurong Island; Implementation of good site management practices aimed at minimising areas of standing water, and implementation of a waste management plan to ensure suitable storage and collection of wastes for disposal; Solid waste will be managed according to the waste management plan, including storage of waste in sealed containers and its regular removal off site for disposal; and Records of any incidence of pests/ vectors or any occurrence of parasitic/ bacterial disease will be maintained and immediate eradication and preventive measures taken where these do occur.
7.11.4.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the above controls are implemented by construction contractors and are effective, residual impacts associated with disease vectors are evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
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Spread of vector-borne diseases Staff at facilities neighbouring the ECC and MEG construction sites Limited people could be affected but would require medium cost for treatment Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Extremely Unlikely Negligible
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.11.5 7.11.5.1 Communicable / Infectious Diseases Evaluation of Impacts Communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis A and B and common colds, influenza, measles and chicken pox , etc. may spread within the workforce and then on to the community at large. Such diseases are propagated where people are in close proximity to each other (eg. in places of work and in workers accommodation) and also through behaviours such as sharing of needles amongst drug users or unsafe sex. Reduced physical fitness of workers (eg. through long working hours and shift work) may reduce a persons natural defences against illness. Given the strict health screening of foreign workers prior to issuance of work permits, the majority of infectious diseases are prevented from entering Singapore. Statistics show that the incidences of diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV/ AIDS amongst the total population of Singapore (including non-resident work permit holders) are declining. However, the incidence of tuberculosis and hepatitis is higher within the non-resident population. The likelihood of workers employed for the present project importing disease into Singapore is however, considered to be low. Commercial and casual sex, as well as, intravenous drug use does exist in Singapore. However, strict laws and penalties are applied. As a result, prevalence is low. Such behaviour by workers is also restricted by strict visitor rules at worker dormitories. It is therefore unlikely that the project will generate any increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases. The likelihood of common colds, influenza, measles, mumps, chicken pox, etc. being contracted amongst the workforce during employment is high given their close living and working proximity to other people. Good primary health care facilities available to workers and stringent controls on more serious diseases such as measles and chicken pox, etc., mean that their spread into the wider community can be controlled successfully. Generally such diseases can be treated and controlled with minimal investment in medical fees and medicine.
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7.11.5.2
Existing/ In-place Controls To prevent the introduction of infectious diseases into Singapore, the government applies stringent health screening criteria to all foreign workers under the Immigration Act, 1963. Health clearance is a requirement for the issue of work permits. The spread of more common communicable diseases such as measles, chicken pox and influenza, etc. is further controlled by the Infectious Diseases Act 1977. This law requires health workers and employers to notify directly to the authorities any incidence of infectious diseases (including diseases such as hepatitis A, B and tuberculosis). Patients are then cared for in isolation, thus reducing the likelihood of further infection. SEPL will supplement these existing controls by requiring its construction contractors to:
Provide all workers with access to primary medical facilities. This might be a local clinic that services worker accommodation and/ or a dedicated doctor at the accommodation or construction site; Conduct regular health checks on staff during their employment to ensure they are physically fit to work; Enforce worker conduct standards through which Workers will be expected to have a high standard of conduct at both the workplace and in their leisure time. Provide health awareness to all workers on employment. This will include a briefing on types, symptoms and transmission paths of infectious diseases like STDs/ HIV/ AIDS, how they can be prevented and where medical assistance can be obtained. Workers will be encouraged to report suspected cases of the more serious infectious diseases.
7.11.5.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Taking into account the above controls and provided they are effective, impacts associated with communicable diseases being introduced and/ or spread amongst the workers and to the population at large have been evaluated to be of negligible minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Spread of communicable diseases (eg. tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis A and B and common colds, influenza, measles and chicken pox ,etc.) Staff at facilities neighbouring the ECC and MEG construction sites Wider population of Singapore Construction worker families Limited people are likely to be affected Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Unlikely Negligible Minor
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No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.11.6 7.11.6.1 Traffic Accidents Evaluation of Impacts Additional marine and road traffic movements generated during project construction presents a risk of accidents occurring. Traffic congestion impacts were evaluated in Section 7.10.8 and concluded that there would be negligible incremental change in traffic and transport levels during construction compared to existing flows. The risk of accidents with resulting health implications is therefore assumed to be low. 7.11.6.2 Existing/ In-place Controls Controls to manage traffic and transport movements generated by the project were discussed in Section 7.10.8. 7.11.6.3 Significance of Residual Impacts Provided these controls are effective in reducing the risk of accidents, residual impacts associated with traffic accidents is evaluated to be of negligible minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Traffic Accidents General public, Industry and Services using road and marine transport routes Only a small increase in traffic compared to existing flows and limited implication to congestion Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Unlikely Negligible Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.11.7 7.11.7.1 Demands on Community Health Facilities Evaluation of Impacts All workers have instances where they require medical support either from General Practitioners/ family doctors, or in more serious cases from specialists and Accident and Emergency clinics. Furthermore, in the event of an accident occurring on- or offsite, public medical services would be called upon to assist. Health infrastructure is well developed in Singapore and the standards of accident and emergency facilities as well as general healthcare provision are extremely high. There are no known constraints on existing infrastructure. Demands made on existing healthcare services are not therefore expected to place a strain on the service or alter existing levels of service.
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7.11.7.2
Existing/ In-place Controls Foreign worker dormitories are serviced by either in-house or a local clinic. A health professional will also be hired to support the temporary construction camp for the ECC.
7.11.7.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Additional demands placed on the health infrastructure of Singapore as a result of project construction are evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Demands on existing health infrastructure Health infrastructure providers Health service users in Singapore No to negligible change in demand Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium Very Unlikely Negligible
High
Critical
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 7.12 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION A summary of the potential impacts evaluated, their mitigation and the significance of residual impacts during the construction of the ECC and MEG facilities is presented in Table 7.12a.
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Table 7.12a Summary of Evaluated Impacts During Construction

ESHA Sec. Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 7.2.1 Change in Landuse Nature Extent Duration Severity Likelihood/ Frequency High In Place Design Controls Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Conduct a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey to characterise subsurface conditions and assess potential asset and occupational health risks posed by UXO before any construction works begin (#) Implement good site practices including: - Dampening exposed soil areas and on-site roads with water - Keeping exposed site areas to minimum required for construction - Revegetating or hard surfacing completed areas as soon as practicable - Providing vehicle wheel-wash facilities - Imposing vehicle on-site speed restrictions to reduce dust generation - Providing truck loads with secure load covers - Maintaining good standard of housekeeping (#) Turn off equipment when not in use (#) Comply with legal requirements for van & vehicle exhausts (#) Optimise works scheduling to minimise number of generated vehicle/ materials transport trips (#) Regularly maintain/ inspect equipment/ vehicles (#) Ensure batching plants comply with emissions limits Impact Significance Negligible
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight
(#) Temporary land requirements reduced to minimum required (#) Layout of new facilities optimised to minimise land requirements whilst recognising safety/ equipment separation criteria -
7.3
Negative
Local
Short-term
Low
High
Minor
7.4.2
Negative
Local
Short-term
Low
High
(#) Provision of temporary site drainage and run-off control systems (#) Provision of silt traps where site space availability is sufficient (#) Removal of construction materials that block or obstruct drainage channels (#) Removal of debris/ garbage from accidentally entering drainage channels (#) Provision of refuse traps on drain channel outfalls (#) Control of on-site fuel storage, re-fuelling and vehicle maintenance activities (#) Control of on-site storage of hazardous materials
Minor
Table 7.12a: Summary of Impact Assessment - Construction Phase
Page 1
ESHA Sec. Impact Ref. 7.4.3 Marine water quality sanitary effluents
Nature Negative
Extent Local
Duration Short-term
Severity Low
Likelihood/ Frequency High
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Impact Construction Phase Significance Minor (#) Dedicated sewage treatment system for construction workers camp on Pulau Busing (#) Provision of temporary toilet facilities strategically positioned around construction work sites (#) Disposal of sanitary waste from ECC construction site through labour camp sewage treatment system (#) Disposal of sanitary waste from MEG construction site through local sewage treatment facilities on or near to Jurong Island (#) Collection of canteen wastewater in collection pits; accumulated wastewater pumped into tankers for transport to sewage treatment facilities within Bukom Refinery, ECC workers camp or Jurong Island as appropriate (#) Management of sanitary & sewage wastewater in accordance with Sewage & Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations, 1999 and other applicable legislation
7.5.2
Soil erosion
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight
High
(#) Provision of effective construction site run-off controls (#) Provision of effective fugitive dust controls
Negligible
7.5.3
Negative
Local
Short-term
Low
Medium
Negligible Minor
Page 2
ESHA Sec. Impact Ref. 7.6.2 Non-hazardous waste generation & disposal
Nature Negative
Extent Local
Duration Short-term
Severity Low
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Impact Construction Phase Significance Minor (#) Minimise generation of wastes (#) Re-use or recycling of wastes where possible (#) Safe and appropriate disposal of remaining wastes by licensed contractors (#) Development and implementation of solid waste management plans to manage the collection, recycling and disposal of all construction wastes in an environmentally responsible manner (#) Storage of general municipal/ industrial waste in containers of sufficient capacity and collected regularly by reputable contractor (#) Reuse of excavated material and inert wastes on site as structural fill or for landscaping wherever practicable (#) Segregation of wastes on-site to facilitate recycling/ disposal (#) Recycling of scrap metals (#) No burning of any construction waste on site
7.6.3
Hazardous waste generation & disposal
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight
High
(#) Development and implementation of waste management plans (#) Waste segregation (#) Provision of appropriate/ secure storage (#) Labelling of containers (#) Disposal via licensed contractors (Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors) (#) Use only well-maintained construction equipment (#) Service and inspect equipment regularly during construction programme (#) Provide silencers or mufflers for construction equipment exhausts and ensure their proper maintenance (#) Shut-down machines and equipment (eg. trucks) that are in intermittent use (or throttle down to minimum) (#) Orientate construction equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction to direct noise away from nearby receivers (#) Schedule on-site activities to reduce potential for simultaneous occurrence/ overlap of especially noisy activities (#) Provide temporary noise screens, enclosures and barriers (#) Give due warning to recreational diving community prior to activities that may give rise to high underwater noise levels (piling)
Negligible
7.7.2
Noise disturbance to recreation-users at Pulau Hantu
Negative
Local
Short-term
Medium
High (continuous but during daytime only)
Moderate
Page 3
ESHA Sec. Impact Ref. 7.7.3 Noise disturbance to facilities directly neighbouring the MEG site
Nature Negative
Extent Local
Duration Short-term
Severity Medium
Likelihood/ Frequency Medium
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Impact Construction Phase Significance Minor (#) Use only well-maintained construction equipment Moderate (#) Service and inspect equipment regularly during construction programme (#) Provide silencers or mufflers for construction equipment exhausts and ensure their proper maintenance (#) Shut-down machines and equipment (eg. trucks) that are in intermittent use (or throttle down to minimum) (#) Orientate construction equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction to direct noise away from nearby receivers (#) Schedule on-site activities to reduce potential for simultaneous occurrence/ overlap of especially noisy activities (#) Provide temporary noise screens, enclosures and barriers (#) Schedule pile driving operations to minimise concurrent operation
7.8.1
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight - Low
High
(#) As above (7.3, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.5.2, 7.6.2 and 7.6.3)
Negligible Minor
7.8.2
Reputational impacts associated with reclamation of Pulau Ular
Negative
National
Short-term
Medium - High
Unlikely
(#) Frequent communications and meetings between SEPL's Communication Team and JTC's External Affairs Department (#) Provision of advice to JTC regarding the engagement of stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations (#) Regular dialogue with JTC regarding the preparation and public disclosure of the Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for the reclamation works (#) Sponsoring the Singapore Environment Council's "Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage" project
(#) Close observation of implementation of mitigation and management practices adopted by JTC throughout reclamation works (#) Ensure monitoring results demonstrate effectiveness of mitigation measures implemented (#) Close monitoring of stakeholder sentiment (#) Maintain regular and open dialogue with interested parties
Minor Moderate
7.9
Landscape and visual impact
Negative
Local
Short-term
Low
High
(#) Facilities design is according to international engineering (#) Minimise areas used for construction lay-down and standards temporary use (#) Site housekeeping to ensure both construction sites are maintained in clean and tidy condition
Minor
Social Impacts
Page 4
ESHA Sec. Impact Nature Ref. 7.10.2 Creation of employment Positive and income
Extent
Duration
Severity Medium
National & Short-term Global
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Maximise employment of multi-skilled foreign labourers (#) Encourage cultural exchange, imposing flat and transparent management structures amongst the workforce, encouraging skills exchange
Impact Significance Positive (Moderate)
7.10.3
Positive
Slight
High
(#) When selecting accommodation for construction workers, contractors are required to ensure that: - No complaints have been received from surrounding communities about the dormitory - Management is committed to ensuring strict security, access and behavioural controls - Sufficient and appropriate services, amenities and recreational facilities are available to reduce likelihood of residents seeking services elsewhere - Dormitory management continually maintains a clean and pleasant living environment (#) Utilities use at worker camp will be reduced through resource conservation measures eg. low energy appliances, water saving appliances, recycling
7.10.3
Exacerbation of existing Negative animosities and racism associated with a foreign (manual) labour force
Local
Short-term
Slight
Unlikely
Negligible
7.10.3
Security risks for existing facilities on Pulau Busing
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight
Unlikely
(#) All workers required to act responsibly and uphold high standards of behaviour (#) Design, construction and management of worker camp on Bukom Cluster in full compliance with MOM, BCA and Shell standards (#) Liaise with SEPL Refinery and Tankstore management to ensure any security concerns are addressed
Negligible
7.10.5
Creation of demand for Positive construction-related services
Low
High
(#) Maximise the sourcing of services from local, Singaporean Positive (Minor) suppliers
Page 5
ESHA Sec. Impact Nature Ref. 7.10.6 Creation of demand for Positive construction materials and supplies 7.10.7 Reduced amenity value Negative of Pulau Hantu/ Recreation impacts
Extent National
Duration Short-term
Severity Medium
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Source materials and equipment from reputable suppliers offering competitive rates and conditions, placing preference on contracting local suppliers
Impact Significance Positive (Moderate)
National
Short-term
Low - Medium
Medium
(#) Sponsorship of Singapore Environment Council's project (#) As under 7.3, 7.4, 7.7 and 7.9 above aimed initially at surveying natural marine heritage (#) Monitor impacts associated with reclamation (see under surrounding Pulau Hantu 7.8.2) (#) Maintain close dialogue with JTC on management of environmental impacts associated with Pulau Ular reclamation works (#) Engage with Sentosa Development Corporation, recreation providers and scientific and recreational dive groups to ensure impacts are maintained to within acceptable levels (#) Actively engage with SEC's Noah Project on results and findings (#) Comply with Shell's road transport HSE requirements and Shell's existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures (#) Transport vehicles required to comply with road traffic regulations, Singapore's vehicle roadworthiness requirements and requirements of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (#) Plan transport routes and schedule traffic movements to minimise interference with existing traffic (#) Ensure high standard of maintenance for all construction vehicles (#) Examine driver/ captains' records for any previous traffic violations or accidents prior to employment / contracting
Minor Moderate
7.10.8
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight
High (regular road/ vessel trips on a daily basis)
Negligible
Health Impacts 7.11.2 Respiratory illness consequent of air pollutant/ dust levels 7.11.3 Olfactory and psychological stress caused by elevated noise and vibration levels (MEG only)
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight
Unlikely
(#) As described for the control of air emissions (see 7.3 above) (#) As described for the control of noise (see 7.7 above)
Negligible
Negative
Local
Short-term
Low - Medium
Low
Negligible Minor
Page 6
ESHA Sec. Impact Nature Ref. 7.11.4 Spread of vector-borne Negative diseases
Extent Local
Duration Short-term
Severity Low
Likelihood/ In Place Design Controls Frequency Extremely Unlikely -
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Impact Construction Phase Significance Negligible (#) Ensure compliance with relevant legal requirements including those covering provision of sanitation facilities at workplaces and hygiene standards in worker accommodation (Environmental Public Health Act, 2002) and legal requirements covering control of vectors (Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act, 1998) (#) Provide portable toilets on construction sites with contractual agreements for provision of maintenance of high standards of cleanliness and hygiene (#) Provide integral holding tanks for sanitary effluent collection (#) Implement good site management practices to minimise areas of standing water (#) Implement a waste management plan to ensure suitable storage and collection of wastes for disposal (#) Create awareness with workers to ensure standards are followed Negligible Minor
7.11.5
Negative Spread of communicable diseases (eg. tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis A and B, common colds, influenza, etc.) Traffic accidents Demands on existing health infrastructure Negative Negative
Local
Short-term
Low - Medium
Unlikely
(#) Stringent health screening criteria for all foreign workers (#) Provide all workers with access to primary medical facilities under Immigration Act, 1963 (#) Conduct regular health checks on staff during employment (#) Enforce worker conduct standards (#) Provide health awareness to all workers on employment
7.11.6 7.11.7
Local Local
Short-term Short-term
Low - Medium Slight
Unlikely Very Unlikely
(#) As described for the control of traffic congestion (see 7.10.8 above) (#) Ensure foreign worker dormitories selected for use are serviced by either in-house or local clinic (#) Health professional hired to support temporary construction camp for ECC construction (#) Ensure medical emergency provisions are sufficient
Page 7
ESH ASSESSMENT OPERATIONAL PHASE
8.1
INTRODUCTION Following scoping (see Figure 5.3a), operations at the ECC, MEG and Bukom Refinery locations have the potential to cause the following impacts:

Reduction in air quality; Reduction of marine water quality; Contamination of soil and groundwater; Increase in the disposal of waste; Elevated noise and vibration; Pressures on marine ecology; Congestion effects on existing marine and land traffic flows; Landscape and visual impacts; Social impacts; and Health impacts.
The source and significance of each impact is described and evaluated in this section, taking into account in-place and proposed mitigation measures. For Bukom Refinery operations, only impacts from modifications to existing operations have been considered in this assessment. A summary of evaluated impacts is then provided in Section 8.11. 8.2 AIR EMISSIONS & AIR QUALITY Air quality impacts have the potential to arise during operation of the project as a result of:
Point source emissions of NOX, SO2, CO, particulate matter (PM10) and hydrocarbons; Greenhouse gas emissions; Release of hazardous air pollutants; Start-up flaring emissions; and Emergency venting and flaring.
The impact of the principal operational air emissions from the new facilities have been evaluated using air dispersion modelling; details of the modelling assessment are included in a separate report SEPC ESHA Air Dispersion Modelling (ERM, 2006c); a summary of key findings is presented in the following sections. 8.2.1 Point Source Emission Compliance Table 8.2a presents a summary of expected pollutant emission concentrations for key operational air emission sources compared with Shell design criteria and Singapore emission limits.
8-1
No calculated emissions are expected to exceed Singapore emissions limits. Project point source emission rates which exceed the Shell design criteria are however highlighted in bold. It should be noted that figures presented are still indicative, pending final design. However given the advanced stage of design (with the exception of the Thermal Oxidiser at the MEG), these figures are not expected to change significantly. For the Thermal Oxidiser, vendors are still being selected and therefore a worst-case emission rate is assumed in Table 8.2a (ie. that as a minimum, the selected vendor will achieve Singapore emissions standards and preferably also project emission standards). Preliminary review of vendor data for the Thermal Oxidiser indicates that both criteria are achievable. Table 8.2a Expected Project Emission Rates Compared against Singapore Limit and Project Standards
Emission Source Pollutant Singapore Emission Limits (mg/Nm3) 700 100 625 700 100 625 1000 * 100 625 < Ringelmann Shade No. 1 700 625 700 625 700 625 5 700 625 700 625 1000 * 100 Project Emission Standards (mg/Nm3) 125 50 100 20 125 50 100 20 350 500 50 175 Ringelmann Shade No. 1 125 100 125 100
20
Gas Cracking Furnace (ECC) Liquid Cracking Furnaces (x 9) (ECC) Steam Boilers (x 3) (ECC)
NOX PM10 CO HC NOX PM10 CO HC NOX SO2 PM10 CO Smoke NOX CO NOX CO HC NOX CO HC Benzene NOX CO NOX CO NOX SO2 PM10 HC
MP Superheater (ECC) HP Flare (ECC) VDP (ECC)
Pygas Second Stage Heater (ECC) Thermal Oxidizer (MEG) ** HVU5 Furnace (Bukom Refinery)
125 100 20 5 125 100 125 100 350 500 50 20
Project Emission Rates (mg/Nm3) 120 6.9 10 2.6 120 6.9 10 2.6 350 708 50 175 Ringelmann Shade No. 1 125 100 125 (max) 100 (max) 100 (max) 125 (max) 100 (max) 100 (max) 5 (max) 125 175 700 625 472 477 75 4
8-2
Singapore Project Emission Project Emission Emission Limits Standards Rates (mg/Nm3) (mg/Nm3) (mg/Nm3) * SO2 emissions have no concentration limit, but utilise the bubble concept. ** Worst-case emissions, assuming that Singapore emission limits are met, as a minimum. This requirement is stated in the vendor bid package for the thermal oxidizer the final vendor has yet to be selected.
Emission Source
Pollutant
8.2.2 8.2.2.1
NOX Emissions Sources of Potential Impact The principal NOX emission sources at the ECC are the Liquid and Gas Cracking Furnaces (10 units) and Steam Boilers (3 units); other lesser sources include the MP Superheater, HP Flare, VDP and Pygas 2nd Stage Heater. The principal NOX emission sources at the MEG Plant and the Bukom Refinery are the Thermal Oxidizer and HVU5 Furnace respectively.
8.2.2.2
Evaluation of Impacts Estimated NOX emissions from the new furnaces, boilers, heaters, thermal oxidizer, flare etc. are predicted to be ~ 2 250 tonnes/yr. Individual point source NOX emissions are expected to be well within the 700 mg/Nm3 limit specified under Singapore legislation for stack emissions. However, it is noted that the NOX emission rates for the HVU5 Furnace will exceed the Shell design criteria. The design for the thermal oxidizer has yet to be finalised; thus for worst-case NOX predictions, the pollutant emission rates from the thermal oxidizer are set equal to the Singapore standard (the thermal oxidizer bid package states that the vendor shall confirm that the exhaust stream meets all emission requirements as specified in the Singapore standard). Ambient air quality criteria are concerned with NO2 rather than NOX; quantities of emitted NOX expected to reach the ground in the form of NO2 have therefore been calculated (ERM, 2006c). Isopleth plots of maximum predicted increases in ground level 1-hour and annual average NO2 concentrations attributable to emissions from the new facilities(1) are shown in Figures 8.2a-b. For the short-term 1-hour averaging period, NOX to NO2 conversion is taken to be 50%, whereas for the annual averaging period, 100% of NOX is assumed to be converted into NO2. The maximum predicted 1-hour incremental ground level NO2 concentration as a result of project emissions are predicted to be in the order of 383 g/m3, which occurs over the sea to the west side of Pulau Ular (onsite at the current proposed reclamation works for ECC) under worst case meteorological conditions. Certain locations over the sea are predicted to experience concentrations of > 200 g/m3 which is the recommended WHO 1-hour guidance limit for NO2; however, this is not anticipated to result in any health
1
An inventory of emission sources considered was reported in ERM, 2006c.

8-3
North
2 7 3 1 4
8 9
Key
Project Sites
10
Air Sensitive Receptor Jurong Hill Park Jurong Hospital Pandan Community Centre Maryland Estate School National University Hospital Gleneagles Hospital Thompson Medical Centre Singapore General Hospital Telok Blangah Estate School
ASR1
10
ASR2 ASR3 ASR4 ASR5 ASR6 ASR7
11
ASR8 ASR9
ASR10 Sentosa Island ASR11 Pulau Hantu
Scale: 0 2 km
Figure 8.2a Maximum Predicted Increases in 1-Hour Ground Level NO2 Concentrations (g/m3) (2004 Meteorological Dataset) (Assuming 50% conversion from NOX to NO2)
ERM
North
2 7 3 1 4
8 9
Key
Project Sites
10
ASR1
10
11
ASR8 ASR9
Scale: 0 2 km
Figure 8.2b Maximum Predicted Increases in Annual Average Ground Level NO2 Concentrations (g/m3) (2002 Meteorological Dataset) (Assuming 100% conversion from NOX to NO2)
ERM
impacts upon the population as sea access around the Bukom cluster is restricted. Occupational impacts from the project are also not anticipated as predicted ground level NO2 concentrations are below the Singapore Personal Exposure Limit (PEL) for occupational settings. No exceedances are predicted at the Air Sensitive Receptors (ASRs); the maximum predicted NO2 incremental concentrations for the ASRs would be in the range of 9 156 g/m3. These incremental values represent 5 78% of the WHO 1-hour guideline value of 200 g/m3. The highest concentration for an ASR is predicted at Pulau Hantu (156 g/m3), which is the nearest ASR to the ECC site. Pulau Hantu is currently a recreational site, but has recorded declining visitor numbers from 3326 visitors in 2002 to 1891 in 2005 (see Section 4.10.7.1). Pulau Hantu has also been zoned for future development as an industrial site, which would invalidate its location as an ASR when the zoning is changed. Therefore, short-term NO2 incremental impacts in the community areas due to continuous emissions for the Shell SEPC project sites are not considered to be significant. The maximum predicted increase in annual average ground level NO2 concentrations as a result of operational emissions from the project facilities is 45 g/m3. This is within the USEPA limit of 100 g/m3. Therefore, the longterm impacts for NO2 are acceptable. When compared to the reported annual ambient NO2 levels for industrial areas in Singapore (24 g/m3; 2004 basis), the predicted maximum increase in ground level concentrations of 45 g/m3 from project emissions exceeds the ambient industrial concentration by 88%. Predicted long-term maximum NOX concentrations for ASRs with naturally occurring vegetation (Jurong Hill Park, Sentosa Island and Pulau Hantu) are 0.44 g/m3, 0.31 g/m3 and 6.74 g/m3 respectively. These values are well below the WHO recommended value of 30 g/m3 for protection of vegetation. Coral ecosystems are not expected to be impacted by NOX emissions as the short distance between the sea and the emissions sources makes it highly unlikely that any deposition would occur. Therefore, it is not anticipated that project emissions will result in unacceptable ecological impacts. The Singapore PELs for long-term (8-hour) and short-term (1-hour) NO2 occupational exposure are 5.6 mg/m3 and 9.4 mg/m3 respectively. The maximum predicted 1-hour and annual NO2 concentrations arising from project emissions are 383 g/m3 and 45 g/m3 respectively. These predicted concentrations are well below the PEL; therefore occupational impacts are not anticipated. 8.2.2.3 Existing/ In-place Controls In-place controls will include the following:
8-4
Low NOX burners for furnaces and boilers; Heat recovery from Cracking Furnaces for steam raising/ power generation; High efficiency furnace/ boiler design; Shell design NOX emission limits of 125 mg/Nm3 for gas firing and 350 mg/Nm3 for liquid firing(1); and Provisions will also be included for further NOX reductions (catalytic process) as considered necessary.
8.2.2.4
Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of residual air quality impacts due to NOX emissions has been assessed as minor (based on conservative predictions provided by the air dispersion modelling) as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Reduction in air quality (NOX) as a result of operations of furnaces, boilers, flare, heaters, thermal oxidizer etc. Local airshed (Medium Sensitivity) 3 Maximum increase in 1-hour ground level NO2 concentrations = 383 g/m Maximum increase in annual average ground level NO2 concentrations = 45 3 g/m Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable) Minor (evaluation based on short-term impacts)
While incremental ground level concentrations from project emissions have been predicted to intermittently exceed World Health Organisation (WHO) short-term (1-hour) ambient criteria, these exceedances occur over sea or industrial areas with no sensitive populations (occupational and ecological impacts are also not of concern). Thus additional NOX mitigation measures are not considered to be necessary for this project in isolation provided predicted emissions rates used in this study are not exceeded. However, since the NOX emission rates for the HVU5 Furnace are predicted to exceed the Shell design criteria, design changes may be needed. Furthermore, this current assessment has been performed only for emissions from the SEPC project; it is predicted that the maximum incremental NO2 impacts from project emissions almost doubles the current ambient NO2 concentration averaged for industrial sites in Singapore. No site-specific ambient data is available for the Bukom cluster. Therefore, it is recommended that cumulative air dispersion modelling be conducted for the proposed project emission sources together with existing and future SEPL emission sources. This would then allow a better representation of the predicted air quality impacts at the project sites.
Singapore emission limit under EPC (Air Impurities) Regulations, 2001 is 700 mg/Nm3
8-5
8.2.3 8.2.3.1
SO2 Emissions Sources of Potential Impact The principal SO2 emission sources are the liquid fuel fired Steam Boilers (3 units) and HVU5 Furnace in the ECC and Bukom Refinery respectively.
8.2.3.2
Evaluation of Impacts Estimated SO2 emissions from the three Steam Boilers and HVU5 Furnace are predicted to be ~ 2400 tonnes/yr. Existing sulphur emissions control measures within the refinery currently remove about 40% of the total sulphur in the refinery feed as elemental sulphur; sulphur removal is expected to increase to about 55% post project implementation. The post project sulphur recovery capability is not expected to be sufficient to maintain total post project SO2 emissions within the existing bubble limit (1); Shell has requested for a monthly emission increase of 360 tonnes from the NEA (2). Isopleth plots of maximum predicted increases in 24-hour and annual ground level SO2 concentrations attributable to emissions from the new facilities are shown in Figures 8.2c-d. The maximum predicted increase in 24-hour ground level SO2 concentrations as a result of operational emissions from the project facilities is 26 g/m3. This is well within the USEPA limit of 365 g/m3. Therefore, short-term impacts from SO2 project emissions are considered acceptable. The maximum predicted increase in annual average ground level SO2 concentrations as a result of operational emissions from the SEPC project facilities is 5.0 g/m3; this represents 6% of the USEPA annual guideline value of 80 g/m3. Therefore, long-term impacts from SO2 project emissions are considered acceptable. When compared against the reported annual ambient SO2 levels for industrial areas in Singapore (22 g/m3; 2004 basis), the predicted maximum increase in ground level concentrations of 5.0 g/m3 is 23% of the ambient level. Predicted long-term maximum SO2 concentrations for the ASRs with naturally occurring vegetation (Jurong Hill Park, Sentosa Island and Pulau Hantu) are 0.28 g/m3, 0.20 g/m3 and 2.05 g/m3 respectively. These values are well below the WHO recommended value of 20 g/m3 for protection of vegetation. Coral ecosystems are not expected to be impacted by SO2 emissions as the short distance between the sea and the emissions sources makes it highly unlikely that any deposition would occur. Therefore, it is not anticipated that project emissions will result in unacceptable ecological impacts.
SO2 emissions from the Bukom Refinery are controlled via a Sulphur Bubble which currently imposes a maximum SO2 emission of 3100 tonnes/month for the refinery. (2) Minutes of Meeting with NEA, February 2006..
(1)
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Figure 8.2c Maximum Predicted Increases in 24-Hour Ground Level SO2 Concentrations (g/m3) (2002 Meteorological Dataset)
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Figure 8.2d Maximum Predicted Increases in Annual Average Ground Level SO2 Concentrations (g/m3) (2002 Meteorological Dataset)
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PEL for long-term (8-hour) and short-term (1-hour) SO2 occupational exposure is 5.2 mg/m3 and 13 mg/m3 respectively. The maximum predicted 24-hour and annual SO2 concentrations arising from project emissions are 26 g/m3 and 5 g/m3 respectively. These predicted concentrations are well below the PEL; therefore occupational impacts are not anticipated. 8.2.3.3 Existing/ In-place Controls In-place controls will include the following:
Self-generated fuel gas with a very low sulphur content will be used as the primary gaseous fuel for the Cracking Furnaces, Pygas 2nd Stage Heater and other minor users (flare pilots, VDP etc.); SO2 emissions from the Bukom Refinery are controlled via a Sulphur Bubble. The current bubble imposes a maximum SO2 emission of 3100 tonnes/ month for the refinery; and The Bukom Refinery is provided with a total of 4 Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU) and an additional unit will be installed as part of Refinery Modifications under this project.
8.2.3.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Air quality impacts as a result of SO2 emissions from the new facilities are expected to be minor. The significance of residual air quality impacts from project SO2 emissions has been assessed as minor as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in air quality (SO2) as a result of operations of steam boilers and furnace at the ECC and Bukom Refinery respectively Local airshed (Pulau Bukom cluster) (Medium Sensitivity) 3 Maximum increase in 24-hour ground level SO2 concentrations = 26 g/m 3 Maximum increase in annual average ground level SO2 concentrations = 5 g/m Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable) Minor
Provided that in-place controls are implemented and effective, no additional mitigation measures are considered necessary. 8.2.4 8.2.4.1 CO Emissions Sources of Potential Impact The principal carbon monoxide emission sources are the Cracking Furnaces (10 units), Steam Boilers (3 units) and HVU5 Furnace; other lesser sources include the Elevated Flare, VDP and Pygas 2nd Stage Heater.
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8.2.4.2
Evaluation of Impacts Estimated CO emissions from the new furnaces, boilers, heaters, thermal oxidizer, flare etc., are predicted to be ~ 760 tonnes/yr. Dispersion modelling predicted that the maximum increase in 1-hour and 8-hour ground level CO concentrations as a result of operational emissions from the SEPC project facilities to be 64 g/m3 and 29 g/m3, respectively. Both incremental ground level concentrations represent <1% of the WHO 1-hour and 8-hour guideline values of 30,000 g/m3 and 10,000 g/m3, respectively. Therefore, short term health impacts from CO emissions are considered acceptable. PEL for long-term (8-hour) CO occupational exposure is 29 mg/m3. The maximum predicted 1-hour and 8-hour CO concentrations arising from project emissions are 64 g/m3 and 29 g/m3 respectively. These predicted concentrations are well below the PEL; therefore occupational impacts are not anticipated. Isopleth plots of maximum predicted increases in 1-hour and 8-hour ground level CO concentrations attributable to emissions from the new facilities are shown in Figures 8.2e-f.
8.2.4.3
Existing/ In-place Controls In-place controls will include the following:

High efficiency furnace/ boiler design; and Shell design CO emission limits of 100 175 mg/Nm3(1).
8.2.4.4
Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of residual air quality impacts associated with carbon monoxide emissions has been assessed as negligible as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in air quality as a result of CO emissions from furnaces, boilers, flare, heaters, thermal oxidizer etc. Local airshed (Medium Sensitivity) 3 Maximum increase in 1-hour ground level CO concentrations = 64 g/m 3 Maximum increase in 8-hour ground level CO concentrations = 29 g/m Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable) Negligible
Provided that in-place controls are implemented and are effective, no additional mitigation measures are considered necessary.
Singapore emission limit under EPC (Air Impurities) Regulations, 2001 is 625 mg/Nm3
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Figure 8.2e Maximum Predicted Increases in 1-Hour Ground Level CO Concentrations (g/m3) (2004 Meteorological Dataset)
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Figure 8.2f Maximum Predicted Increases in 8-Hour Ground Level CO Concentrations (g/m3) (2004 Meteorological Dataset)
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8.2.5 8.2.5.1
PM10 Sources of Potential Impact The principal particulate matter emission sources are the Gas and Liquid Cracking Furnaces (10 units) (during normal operations and decoking), Steam Boilers (3 units) and HVU5 Furnace in the ECC and Bukom Refinery.
8.2.5.2
Evaluation of Impacts Estimated PM10 emissions from the new furnaces, boilers and HVU5 Furnace are predicted to be ~ 230 tonnes/yr. The maximum predicted increase in 24hour ground level PM10 concentrations as a result of operational emissions from the SEPC project sites is 12 g/m3. This value represents 24% of the WHO 24-hour guideline value of 50 g/m3. The maximum predicted increase in annual average ground level PM10 concentrations as a result of continuous operational emissions from the SEPC project sites is 3.0 g/m3. This value represents 15% of the WHO annual average guideline value of 20 g/m3. Therefore, short-term and long-term impacts from PM10 emissions are considered acceptable. Isopleth plots of maximum predicted increases in 24-hour and annual ground level PM10 concentrations attributable to emissions from the new facilities are shown in Figures 8.2g-h.
8.2.5.3
Existing/ In-place Controls In-place controls will include the following:

High efficiency furnace/ boiler design; Furnaces are fired on self-generated fuel gas; and Shell design PM10 emission limits of 5 mg/Nm3 for gas firing and 50 mg/Nm3 for liquid firing(1).
8.2.5.4
Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of residual air quality impacts as a result of PM10 emissions has been assessed as negligible(2) as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Reduction in air quality as a result of PM10 emissions from furnaces and boilers Local airshed (Medium Sensitivity) 3 Maximum increase in 24-hour ground level PM10 concentrations = 12 g/m 3 Maximum increase in annual average ground level PM10 concentrations = 3 g/m Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical
Compared to a Singapore emission limit for total PM under EPC (Air Impurities) Regulations, 2001 is 100 mg/Nm3 2 It should be noted that the above predictions do not include emissions from the Cracking Furnaces during routine decoking cycles.
1
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Figure 8.2g Maximum Predicted Increases in 24-Hour Ground Level PM10 Concentrations (g/m3) (2002 Meteorological Dataset)
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Figure 8.2h Maximum Predicted Increases in Annual Average Ground Level PM10 Concentrations (g/m3) (2002 Meteorological Dataset)
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Likelihood / Frequency Significance
High (Inevitable) Negligible
Provided that in-place controls are implemented and are effective, no additional mitigation measures are considered necessary. 8.2.6 8.2.6.1 Hydrocarbon Emissions Sources of Potential Impact The principal hydrocarbon emission sources include the following:
Fugitive emissions from process and utility equipment (valve seals, flanges, pump seals, storage tanks etc.); and Unburned hydrocarbon emissions in furnace, boiler, flare and thermal oxidizer exhaust gases.
8.2.6.2
Evaluation of Impacts Impacts associated with hydrocarbon emissions primarily relate to global warming effects (see Section 8.2.7) and potential for human health effects from emissions of individual hydrocarbons species which are classified as hazardous air pollutants (eg. benzene and ethylene oxide) (see Section 8.2.8).
8.2.6.3
Existing/ In-place Controls In-place hydrocarbon emission control measures include:
High combustion efficiency design for furnace/ boiler burners and flare systems; Thermal oxidizer for the MEG plant; Provision of the VDP for collection and recovery of tank emissions (selected tanks); and Specification of low leak equipment and flange gaskets for process and utility systems and a leak detection and repair (LDAR) system for fugitive emission controls.
8.2.6.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Impacts associated with hydrocarbon emissions are considered under Section 8.2.7 (for Greenhouse Gas Emissions) and Section 8.2.8 for air emissions hazardous to health.
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8.2.7 8.2.7.1
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Singapore Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Singapores primary greenhouse gas (GHG) is CO2. Singapores total CO2 emissions in 1998 were estimated to be 82.3 million tonnes; total global emissions for the same reporting period were ~24.2 billion tonnes (WRI, 2003). Between 1998 and 2002, Singapores annual CO2 emissions reportedly grew by 5% annually (NEA, 2005), so that by 2002, Singapores total CO2 emissions are calculated to have risen to 100 million tonnes/year. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Singapore submitted its first National Communication in 2000 reporting on the steps that the government is taking or envisaging undertaking to implement the Convention. Singapores first National Communication reported total GHG emissions of 27 million tonnes CO2-eq (1994 basis). The total emissions included CO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O); which have a global warming potential (GWP) 1 of 1 and 310 respectively. CO2 emissions accounted for 99.9%of the total GHG emissions in Singapore for 1994.
8.2.7.2
Sources of Potential Impact The primary GHGs emitted from the new facilities will be CO2 and CH4. The principal sources of GHG emissions are the Gas and Liquid Cracking Furnaces, Steam Boilers, Thermal Oxidizer and HVU5 Furnace; other minor contributing sources include fired heaters, the HP Flare and the VDP.
8.2.7.3
Evaluation of Impacts Estimated GHG emissions from the new furnaces, boilers, heaters, thermal oxidizer, flare etc. are predicted to be ~ 2.6 million tonnes CO2-eq/yr. Of this, the majority of GHG emissions will be generated by the ECC and modified Bukom Refinery; only approximately 12,300 tonnes of CO2-eq/yr (or <0.5% of total project emissions) are calculated to be generated by the MEG Plant. Emissions of GHG contribute to climate change. The potential impacts of climate change are complex and far-reaching, involving global climate dynamics, varying in time and severity. The main documented observed changes attributable to human activity are the gradual increase of global mean temperatures of approximately 0.45 C and the associated sea-level rise, caused by thermal expansion of the oceans and melting of land-based ice caps. Other potential natural impacts are the increased incidence of extreme climatic events such as storms, floods and droughts, changes to biodiversity and ecosystems, including risks to unique and threatened ecosystems.
GWPs are based on the heat absorbing ability of each gas relative to CO2 and the decay rate (the amount of years it remains in the atmosphere before decaying) of each gas relative to CO2 (often expressed as CO2-equivalent or CO2-eq)
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Consequences to human societies are expected to be most severe in the poorest countries with decreased agricultural output and damage to infrastructure. At 2002 levels, total project GHG emissions are calculated to contribute 2.6% to national CO2 emissions. Contributions in the order of between 1-4% to a countrys total annual emissions as a result of a single project are considered significant. 8.2.7.4 Existing/ In-place Controls A range of in-place measures will directly and indirectly reduce total GHG emissions from the new facilities including the following:
Heat recovery from the Cracking Furnaces to raise steam for electrical power generation/ plant steam supply; Use of energy efficient equipment & systems; High combustion efficiencies for fuel burning equipment; and Minimisation of hydrocarbon/ fugitive emissions.
8.2.7.5
Significance of Residual Impacts Global warming effects as a result of project CO2 emissions are classified as a major impact. The significance of residual impacts from CO2 emissions from the new facilities has been assessed as moderate as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Global Warming through emissions of CO2 and CH4 Atmosphere (Low Sensitivity) Estimated project GHG emissions represent about 2.6% of total Singapore CO2 emissions (2002 basis) Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High (Inevitable) Moderate
Under the UNFCCC, Singapore, as a non-Annex I country is not currently obligated to set any GHG emission control targets. However, Shell Group Companies are mindful of the widespread concerns over GHG emissions and Shells own contributions to these. Therefore, in addition to in-place controls described above, SEPL is investigating the possibility of reducing the significance of evaluated impacts to ALARP levels by selling a substantial portion of the MEG Plants waste CO2 stream for conversion to liquid CO2 for use in the food industry. At the time of reporting, SEPL has received a letter of interest with Singapore Carbon Dioxide Co. Pte. Ltd. to sell CO2 from the MEG Plant. While the contribution of the MEG plant to overall project GHG emissions is very small (<0.5%), the sale of CO2 would reduce emissions of CO2 by up to 12,300 tonnes/year. Given the isolated location of the ECC and refinery, sale of
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waste CO2 streams from these facilities is not currently considered to be economically feasible. In addition, as per Shell Group requirements, SEPL has included the carbon cost of CO2 emissions in its economic assessment of the SEPC project. Carbon cost has been projected at USD 4/ tonne CO2 with a sensitivity of Euro 20/ tonne CO2. 8.2.8 8.2.8.1 Hazardous Air Pollutants Sources of Potential Impact A number of the hydrocarbons likely to be emitted from the new facilities, albeit in very small quantities, are classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Point emission sources of HAPs are as follows:

ECCs VDP exhaust stack benzene (0.3 tonnes/year); MEG Plant (EO Section vent header discharge/ residual gas) ethylene oxide (traces during emergency events only); and MEG Plant thermal oxidiser dioxins/ furans in the event of incomplete combustion (1).
HAPs may also be emitted with fugitive emissions. 8.2.8.2 Evaluation of Impacts Benzene, ethylene oxide and dioxins/ furans are known carcinogens. The nearest residential areas to the ECC and MEG sites lie 6 km to the north and northwest; air dispersion modelling has indicated that emissions resulting from the operation of the project are unlikely to affect these residential areas. Emissions do however have the potential to impact workers at facilities neighbouring the ECC and MEG plants. Emissions of both benzene and ethylene oxide are low; the latter only being emitted in the event of an emergency (see Table 3.6a). Given standard design practices, emissions of dioxins and furans are also likely to be minimal. Shell has advised that the treatment of collected benzene containing vent gases via the proposed vapour recovery and thermal destruction processes in the VDP is at the limit of what is practicably achievable for an inert gas stream (N2) containing low levels of contaminants.
(1)The feed CO2 stream from the MEG Plant to the thermal oxidizer contains chlorinated compounds, as specified in the thermal oxidizer bid package. If not properly combusted, the chlorinated compounds could contribute to potential formation of dioxins/ furans which will be emitted through the thermal oxidizer exhaust stack.
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The provision of a thermal oxidizer to incinerate HAPs in the MEG Plant is also considered to represent best available control technology for this waste gas stream. The likelihood of HAPs being generated in sufficient quantities to pose a threat to human health is therefore considered to be very low. 8.2.8.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Control measures incorporated into the design of the new facilities to minimise HAP emissions include the following:

Fugitive emission controls; VDP providing both recovery and thermal destruction stages; Thermal oxidation of CO2 stream in the MEG Plant; Point source emissions containing benzene will be designed to comply with a 5 mg/Nm3 limit; and Point source emissions containing ethylene oxide will be designed to comply with a 5 mg/Nm3 limit.
To minimise the potential for formation of dioxins and furans during combustion and in order to achieve ALARP levels of impact management, it is recommended that the following control measures be incorporated into the design and procedural management of the MEGs thermal oxidizer:
Complete destruction of dioxins and furans and their chemical building blocks during combustion, through: High combustion temperature to maximise destruction of waste stream; Adequate combustion time to maximise destruction of waste stream; and High combustion turbulence to distribute heat evenly and ensure complete waste stream destruction. Preventing conditions that favour formation of dioxins and furans immediately following combustion, achievable through cooling the exhaust gas stream from combustion quickly to avoid prolonged exposure in the temperature range known to favour dioxin and furan formation (~200 540 C).
8.2.8.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Taking account of these controls and providing they are effective, residual impacts associated with the emission of hazardous gases from the MEG and ECC plants are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Human health impacts when subject to chronic exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) Local Airshed (Medium Sensitivity) Negligible emission of HAPs Negative Positive Local National Global
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Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance
Short-term Slight Extremely Unlikely Minor
Long-term Low
Permanent Medium
High
Critical
8.2.9 8.2.9.1
Start-up Flaring Sources of Potential Impact The ECC is designed for no flaring except during start-up and emergencies. Start-up flaring is expected to occur every 4 years and will last up to 2 days.
8.2.9.2
Evaluation of Potential Impacts The maximum predicted increase in 1-hour ground level NO2 concentrations as a result of start-up flaring emissions is 0.41 g/m3. This value represents <1% of the WHO 1-hour guideline value of 200 g/m3. Air sensitive receptors are not expected to be affected. Furthermore, any associated impacts would be short-term and occur only occasionally (2 days out of every four years).
8.2.9.3
Existing/ In-place Controls The HP Flare has a design combustion efficiency of 98.5% and will be designed to achieve smokeless combustion at up to the maximum start-up flaring rate of 131,000 kg/hr.
8.2.9.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the above mitigation is effective, the significance of residual air quality impacts associated with start-up flaring emissions is assessed to be negligible as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in air quality as a result of start-up flaring Local airshed (Low Sensitivity) 3 Max predicted increase in ground level 1-hour NO2 concentrations is 0.41 g/m occurring for 2 days every 4 years only Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Low (Once every 4 years for 2 days) Negligible
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.2.10 8.2.10.1 Emergency Venting & Flaring Sources of Potential Impact The ECC and MEG Plants will be provided with flare and relief systems to safely dispose of gases in the event of upset process conditions. Flare gas from the ECC will be routed to the HP Flare.
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In an emergency, flare gas from the MEG Plant is expected to be routed to the existing flare system in the PCS. Occasionally PCS may not be able to take emergency flare gas (eg. during PCSs statutory maintenance shutdown). In such circumstances, emergency flare gas will be vented directly to atmosphere via a dedicated vent stack. 8.2.10.2 Evaluation of Impacts The flare and relief systems for the new facilities are provided to allow rapid and safe depressurisation of facilities under emergency/ upset conditions to prevent an escalation of events which may otherwise lead to a loss of containment. 8.2.10.3 Existing/ In-place Controls The HP Flare will be designed to provide a high combustion efficiency to safely dispose of relief/ blowdown loads. 8.2.10.4 Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of residual impacts from emergency flaring and venting has been assessed as minor as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in air quality as a result of emergency venting & flaring Local airshed (Low Sensitivity) Not quantified Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Low Minor
Critical
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.3 AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS/ DISCHARGES TO SEA Aqueous effluents and discharges to the sea during operation of the ECC and the MEG plant have the potential to pollute surface water and derive secondary impacts to marine ecology and other water uses. Potential impacts could arise from:

Stormwater run-off (non-contaminated); Disposal of treated effluent; Accidental spills and leaks (loss of containment); and Discharge of CWT blowdown from the ECC and MEG.
Impacts associated with each potential source are discussed and evaluated below, except for the impacts from the MEG CWT blowdown, which will be assessed in an upcoming addendum to this ESHA report.
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8.3.1 8.3.1.1
Stormwater Run-off (Non-Contaminated) Sources of Potential Impact Singapore experiences relatively heavy rainfall (>2000 mm) throughout the year; rainfall of this magnitude has the potential to generate large quantities of stormwater run-off.
8.3.1.2
Evaluation of Impacts A segregated drainage system will be provided at the ECC and MEG Plant sites; rainfall run-off from non-contaminated areas will be collected for direct off-site discharge. Stormwater drainage systems will be designed to ensure adequate capacity thereby minimising the risk of on-site water accumulation/ flooding. Run-off will be intermittent in nature and unlikely to contain entrained pollutants. Non-contaminated rainfall run-off poses minimal risk of impact to off-site water resources.
8.3.1.3
Existing/ In-place Controls Good site management practices will be adopted to minimise the potential for pollutants and debris to build up in non-contaminated areas.
8.3.1.4
Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of residual impacts from non-contaminated stormwater discharge has been assessed as negligible as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of non-contaminated stormwater Sea and marine environment Localised to discharge location Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Negligible
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.3.2 8.3.2.1 Treated Effluent Disposal Ethylene Cracker Complex Sources of Potential Impact Contaminated and potentially contaminated effluents generated within the ECC will include:

AOC drainage (drainage from potentially contaminated areas); OC drainage; Drip & drains systems; Steam system blowdown;
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Spent caustic; Demin plant ion exchange resin regeneration; and Dewatering/ liquid knock-out in process systems/ equipment.
Contaminated effluents will be routed to the effluent treatment facilities prior to off-site discharge into the sea. Indicative quantities and the expected quality of the treated effluent stream are provided in Table 8.3a. All emissions are expected to meet Singapore Discharge Limits established in the Environmental Pollution Control (Trade Effluent) Regulations 1999. Parameters expected to exceed the project discharge standards are however highlighted in bold. Table 8.3a Ethylene Cracker Complex Treated Effluent Specification
Parameter Flowrate Temperature Value 76 100 t/hr 38 40C Singapore Discharge Limit (mg/l)* N/A 45 C Shell Design Limit (mg/l) N/A Max. 3 C rise in ambient at edge of mixing zone 15 100 69 15 2000 500 5 1.5 10
Biological oxygen demand <15 mg/l 50 (BOD) Chemical oxygen demand <100 mg/l 100 (COD) pH 69 69 Total suspended solids (TSS) 15 mg/l 50 Total dissolved solids (TDS ) 30 200 mg/l Sulphate (SO4-) 3 600 mg/l Phosphate 5 mg/l 5 Ammonia 1.5 mg/l 40 Oil & grease <10 mg/l 10 * Environmental Pollution Control (Trade Effluent) Regulations 1999
8.3.2.2
Evaluation of Impacts The levels of TDS and sulphate in discharged treated effluent under the current scheme will not meet Shells design limit. The primary source of the elevated TDS/ sulphate content is spent caustic which has been used to remove CO2 and H2S from the process stream in the Ethylene Cracker Plant. The majority of the TDS/ sulphate content is sodium sulphate; the remainder of the TDS is mostly sodium bicarbonate. Seawater has a naturally high TDS (~35,000 mg/l) level due to its high dissolved salts content (~30,200 mg/l sodium chloride) as well as naturally high sulphate (~2,700 mg/l) levels; natural bicarbonate levels are about 140 mg/l levels. The dispersion of treated effluent has been modelled by DHI (DHI, 2003b); as the specification of the effluent treatment facilities have not changed, these predictions remain valid. The modelling was carried out with a conservative
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tracer (with an input concentration 100 mg/l) introduced into the modelled effluent stream to establish potential impact areas and severities. Figures 8.3a-b show the resulting mean and maximum predicted treated effluent tracer concentration fields. Due to the very low discharge rate (0.0228 m3/s), the initial dilution is very large, particularly given the strong current in the Ular-Hantu channel. Maximum concentrations over the various environmental receptors are ~0.025 mg/l indicating a dilution of 99.975%. With this level of dilution, impacts arising from the treated effluent stream are not anticipated. 8.3.2.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Extensive in-place controls will include:

Segregated drainage/ collection systems; Wastewater Steam Stripper for benzene contaminated effluent primary treatment; Condensate recycling; IAF unit for oil contaminated effluent primary treatment; Activated sludge based biotreater system for secondary treatment of contaminated effluents; and Final treated effluent sand filtration package.
8.3.2.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the effluent treatment system is effective in achieving the effluent specifications presented in Table 8.3a, the significance of residual impacts is evaluated to be minor as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of treated effluent (ECC) Local marine environment south of Pulau Ular (Medium Sensitivity) Dilution of >99% at sensitive receptor locations Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.3.3 8.3.3.1 Treated Effluent Disposal MEG Plant Sources of Potential Impact The following contaminated effluents will be generated within the MEG Plant:
Accidentally oil contaminated wastewater (rainfall run-off/ first flush from potentially contaminated areas within battery limits);
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Figure 8.3a Distribution of Mean Effluent Concentration for a 100 mg/l Discharge
Figure 8.3b Distribution of Maximum Effluent Concentration for a 100 mg/l Discharge
Treated Effluent Discharge Modelling (DHI, 2003b)
Oil contaminated wastewater from rainfall run-off, drip and drains from contaminated areas within battery limits; and Process effluent (primarily from the Glycol Recovery Section).
8.3.3.2
Evaluation of Impacts Process effluents (~65 tonnes/hour) and collected contaminated effluents (~8,250 m3/hour) will be routed to the SembCorp Utilities effluent treatment facility for treatment to meet legal discharge limits prior to discharge into the sea off Pulau Sakra (Jurong Island). It is understood that the capacity of the SembCorp Utilities treatment facility is under expansion to cater for the MEG influent. For the purposes of this assessment, it is assumed that SembCorp Utilities will have adequate capacity and in-place treatment systems to treat the effluents to within legal limits.
8.3.3.3
Existing/ In-place Controls In-place controls will include:
Segregated drainage and collection system will be provided to ensure all potentially contaminated effluents are contained and routed to treatment; First flush rainfall run-off will be collected in a holding basin prior to transfer to treatment; and Collected contaminated effluents will be pumped via pipeline to the SembCorp Utilities effluent treatment facility.
8.3.3.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided SembCorp Utilities has adequate capacity and capability for the proper treatment of the MEG Plants effluents, the significance of residual impacts associated with the disposal of treated effluents from the MEG are evaluated to be minor as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of treated effluent (MEG) Local marine environment off Pulau Sakra (Jurong Island) (Low Sensitivity) Increase in treated wastewater discharged to local marine environment Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor
SEPL is advised to ensure that SembCorp Utilities have sufficient incremental capacity to treat effluents from the MEG to meet legal discharge standards.
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8.3.4 8.3.4.1
Additional Refinery Treated Effluent Disposal Sources of Potential Impact Modified units within the Bukom Refinery are expected to generate an additional 452 tonnes/day of process effluents and a negligible quantity of salt in the cooling water from desalination units.
8.3.4.2
Evaluation of Impacts The additional effluent generated represents only a small increase in total refinery site wastewater generation. Additional effluent will be handled by existing water strippers and desalters for subsequent treatment in the existing biotreater before discharge into the sea. Seawater quality measured around Pulau Bukom (see Section 4.5.7) is within Singapore ambient quality criteria for coastal waters; provided treatment capacities are effective in achieving compliance with discharge standards, the additional effluent loading generated by the refinery modifications is not expected to significantly change seawater quality in the vicinity.
8.3.4.3
Existing/ In-place Controls Existing wastewater treatment facilities at the Bukom Refinery will be used to treat the additional effluent loading.
8.3.4.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided treatment capacities are effective in achieving compliance with discharge standards, the significance of residual impacts on the marine environment associated with the additional effluent loading generated by the refinery modifications is evaluated to be minor as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of additional treated effluent (Refinery modification) Local marine environment off Pulau Bukom (Low Medium Sensitivity) Small increase in total site wastewater generation Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor
No additional mitigation is considered to be necessary. 8.3.5 8.3.5.1 Sewage Disposal Sources of Impact Sewage effluents generated by on-site personnel within the Ethylene Cracker Complex and MEG Plant may contain elevated concentrations of organic material and micro-nutrient elements, suspended solids and bacteria. Unless effectively treated, these discharges have the potential to result in adverse
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impacts on water quality as well as secondary effects on marine life. 8.3.5.2 Evaluation of Impacts An additional 125 operational personnel will be employed on the Bukom Cluster; an additional staff of 20-30 personnel will operate the MEG Plant. Sewage generation (assumed at ~0.075 m3/person/day) is therefore in the order of <10 m3/day for the ECC/Refinery modifications and ~2.25 m3/day for the MEG Plant. Sanitary effluent generated at the ECC and MEG will be treated at existing sewage treatment facilities at the Bukom Refinery and on Jurong Island respectively. The additional load generated by the project is negligible and is not expected to significantly burden these existing facilities. 8.3.5.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Sewage generated by the new facilities will be collected for treatment in existing treatment systems. 8.3.5.4 Significance of Residual Impacts Provided existing facilities have sufficient capacity to treat the additional sanitary effluent generated by the ECC and MEG Plants, the significance of residual impacts associated with the generation of sanitary effluents is evaluated to be negligible as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of additional treated sewage effluent Local marine environment (Low Medium Sensitivity) Small incremental increase in existing sewage generation Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Negligible
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.3.6 8.3.6.1 Accidental Spills & Leaks (Loss of Containment) Sources of Potential Impact Accidental spills/ leaks/ releases of bulk liquid products/ raw materials, chemicals and other environmentally hazardous materials have the potential for contamination of surface water resources. Potential sources of impact may include:
Stormwater which may be contaminated by on-site spills and leaks; Discharge of liquid products or raw materials due to accidental on-site spills in process and non-process area;
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Discharge of liquid products due to accidental off-site spills during material loading/ transport operations; and Uncontrolled off-site discharge of potentially contaminated firewater.
8.3.6.2
Evaluation of Impacts The severity of impacts associated with accidental spills and leaks will depend on a number of factors including the nature of released materials, quantities released, location of the release and fate of released materials (eg. contained by on-site systems/ not contained), resources impacts (soil/ groundwater/ surface water, marine environment etc.) and the effectiveness of response/ contingency/ clean-up measures. Impacts may therefore range in severity from slight to major. The potential for accidental spills and releases of hazardous liquids is an inherent risk in petrochemical production operations and extensive measures will be in place to reduce the likelihood of such events occurring as described below.
8.3.6.3
Existing/ In-place Controls A range of procedural, design and operational control measures will be provided to minimise the likelihood of impacts occurring and reduce their severity in the event of an accidental spill or leak of environmentally hazardous materials. Key measures provided will include:
Segregated drainage systems; Concrete catchment systems to provide a physical barrier against permeation of contaminants, and to route surface run-off/ spillages to purpose designed drainage collection and treatment systems; Collection of the first flush run-off from potentially contaminated areas; Bunded storage tank enclosures/ bund draining procedures; Emergency basin to collect potentially contaminated firewater; Routine inspection and preventative maintenance of process and utility systems; Level control and alarms on storage facilities; Hazardous materials handling and storage procedures; Materials loading/ offloading procedures;
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Transport contractors will be required to comply with Shell HSE management procedures; All marine transportation activities will be conducted in accordance with Shells existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures and the requirements of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA); Shipboard and transport contractor emergency response/ contingency plans; and MPA spill contingency plan for Singapore Port.
8.3.6.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the controls described above are effective in minimising the likelihood of spills and leaks occurring, and minimising their severity should they occur, the significance of residual impacts to surface water/ marine resources has been evaluated to be minor as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Reduction in water quality resulting from accidental spills and leaks of hazardous materials Local marine environment (Medium Sensitivity) Localised to area of spill / leak Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Unlikely Minor
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.3.7 8.3.7.1 Cooling System Discharge Ethylene Cracker Complex Source of Potential Impact A cooling water tower (CWT) system will provide cooling duty for the Ethylene Cracker Unit at the ECC. The CWT requires a make-up water demand of ~ 1,500 m3/hr of NEWater (recycled grey water, which would otherwise be discharged to sea as waste) supplied via pipeline from the PUB facilities on either Singapore mainland or Jurong Island. PUB will be responsible for determining the source location of the NEWater and how the NEWater will be conveyed to the ECC. Blowdown (water released to discard solids) of approximately ~300-400 m3/hr will be discharged via the same combined discharge system on the south western tip of Pulau Bukom Kecil. Design details for the system are still preliminary. Preliminary indications are however that the influent will undergo dosing of biocides (~ 2 ppm of hypochlorite); pH control (sulphuric acid); corrosion inhibitor (copper/ phosphate) and scale inhibitors. Discharged blowdown will contain elevated levels of these chemicals; may contain
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hydrocarbons (in the event of a leakage) and will be released at a temperature of ~35 C. The primary environmental hazards associated with the discharge of cooling water from the CWT are thermal stress and toxic effects of chlorine and hydrocarbons on exposed marine organisms. 8.3.7.2 Evaluation of Impacts During the preliminary design phase of this project, a once-through cooling water system was considered for the provision of cooling water duty. Thermal plume dispersion modelling for this system was conducted by DHI (DHI, 2006c). The once-through cooling water system was subsequently designed out and replaced with the CWT. DHIs report indicated that the discharge from a once-through cooling water system would have a thermal impact of minor moderate significance on coral ecosystems in the immediate vicinity of the outfall; the modelling was however conducted for a discharge over 200 times greater than that expected for the CWT. The thermal impacts associated with the CWT are therefore expected to be negligible. This assumes that the discharge point would be the same as that modelled for the once-through cooling water outfall. Provided the design and configuration of the outfall achieve the project standard of no more than 3 C temperature change at the edge of the mixing zone, significant impacts are not expected. At present, treatment of the bleed stream is not being considered due to an incompatible design of the ECC wastewater treatment system. The bleed stream is however likely to contain residues of free chlorine (from hypochlorite), heavy metals and potentially hydrocarbons (in the event of a leak). Metals such as copper (used in inhibitors), are a necessary component in biological productivity however in higher concentrations is lethal. It is also possible that free chlorine interacts with hydrocarbons and other organic compounds potentially forming toxic organohalogens. Discharge concentrations of these pollutants are yet to be determined by design engineers. At this stage, a precautionary approach dictates that further analysis of the potential impacts be completed on receipt of these design parameters. System design will be required to meet Singapore discharge standards and demonstrate compliance with project and Shell HSE standards. In the event that further analysis indicates exceedance of these standards and/or an ecological impact, consideration will need to be given to altering the wastewater treatment system to enable the cooling water tower bleed stream to be routed there prior to discharge.
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8.3.7.3
Existing/ In-place Controls Effluent from the CWT will be required to meet Singapore and Shell/project effluent discharge standards for temperature and pollutant concentrations.
8.3.7.4
Residual Impacts Provided the effluent quality remains within Singapore and project standards, the significance of residual thermal and biochemical impacts from the discharge of cooling water tower blowdown water from the ECC is evaluated to be negligible - minor as follows:
Impact Damage to the marine ecosystem resulting from discharge of cooling water tower blowdown water at ~35 C and containing trace heavy metals, residual chlorine and hydrocarbons (in the event of a leakage) Local marine environment (Medium Sensitivity) 3 Only ~300-400 m /hr will be discharged. Thermal effects expected to diffuse readily. Pollutant levels required to meet Singapore and project emissions standards Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Low Medium Negligible Minor
Receptor Impact Magnitude
Given that the design parameters of the system remain preliminary, and discharge specifications have yet to be determined, the impact associated with the CWT would be reviewed as specifications become available for compliance with legal limits. 8.4 8.4.1 SOIL & GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION Sources of Potential Impact The nature of some of the materials stored, processed, handled and utilised is such that there is a potential for contamination of soil and groundwater resources in the event of materials mismanagement/ releases. Potential sources of impact may include:
Discharge/ release of organic liquids, fuels, oils, chemicals and other hazardous substances due to accidental spills, leaks and releases in process, storage, transport and utility equipment and areas; Inappropriate disposal/ storage of potentially hazardous materials on-site; Stormwater run-off which may be contaminated by small spills on-site due to accidents or poor site management; and Uncontrolled discharge from bunded storage areas/ product pipelines/ underground pipework/ drainage conduits.
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8.4.2
Evaluation of Impacts Groundwater is not abstracted for use in the vicinity of either of the facilities or indeed anywhere in Singapore. No groundwater quality data was available for the MEG site; groundwater quality data for the Bukom refinery indicates concentrations of a number of heavy metals, total petroleum hydrocarbons and soluble hydrocarbons to exceed Dutch Intervention Values (2000), ie. pose a hazard to human and ecological health. Providing the integrity of provided containment systems, hardstanding under process units and systems, in-ground drainage channels and sumps and any underground pipework is maintained, then risks of contamination of soil and groundwater resources should be significantly reduced.
8.4.3
Existing/ In-place Controls A range of hardware and procedural controls will be in place to reduce the risks of soil and groundwater contamination, including the following:
Both primary containment (eg. process pipework, tank shells, etc.) and secondary containment (eg. bunded enclosures, concrete catchments, etc.) systems will be provided (as appropriate) for all operational areas where hazardous materials are processed and stored; Tank farms for material and intermediate product storage will be located within product-resistant bunded enclosures capable of containing 100% of the contents of the largest tank within the enclosure. The floor of the bunded enclosures will be impermeable to prevent contaminant permeation into the ground; Process and utility areas will be provided with concrete catchment systems to provide a physical barrier against permeation of contaminants and to route surface run-off/ spillages to purpose designed drainage collection and treatment systems; The number of discontinuities in concrete floors, due to drains, cabling, etc, will be minimised; All drains and underground piping will be designed in such a way that they can be inspected and maintained; Routine inspection & maintenance programmes to ensure process/ storage system integrity is maintained; Provision of level alarms to warn of possible overfilling; Management of activities such as lube oil change-outs, waste storage and disposal, etc.;
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In-place spill response and clean-up procedures; Waste management plans/ off-site waste disposal; Materials selection guidelines have been applied to the design; Where appropriate, a membrane below the tank bottoms with leak detection to prevent soil contamination; and Hazardous materials handling and storage procedures.
8.4.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the controls described above are fully implemented and are effective, residual impacts on soil and groundwater are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Contamination of soil and groundwater as a result of leaks and spills of environmentally hazardous materials Site soil and ground water resources (Low Sensitivity) Effect magnitude dependent on contamination source/ quantity of hazardous material released Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Low Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 8.5 8.5.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT Sources of Potential Impact Operation of the ECC and MEG Plant will result in the generation of a variety of non-hazardous and hazardous wastes. The storage, handling, transport and disposal of such wastes has the potential to result in visual, water, soil, odour and health impacts unless managed in an appropriate manner. Hazardous wastes can furthermore pose serious environmental and health / safety hazards. The sources of potential impact associated with non-hazardous and hazardous wastes are described and evaluated separately below. 8.5.2 8.5.2.1 Non-hazardous Wastes Evaluation of Impacts Plant operational activities will result in the generation of a variety of nonhazardous wastes including the following:
Ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal items;

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Wooden planks, boards, pallets, etc.; Packaging/ wrapping materials (plastic sheeting, cardboard, paper); Sacks and bags; Containers (metal/ plastic) and cans; Filter elements; Wastewater treatment resin; Desiccants (every ~5 years); and Activated carbon (every ~3 - 4 years).
Shell estimates that the ECC will generate approximately 2 hoppers/month and the MEG Plant 1 hopper/month of general industrial non-hazardous wastes. 8.5.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts The primary waste disposal routes are as follows:
Materials suitable for recycling such as ferrous and non-ferrous metals and paper will be disposed of via local recycling companies; General industrial waste will be disposed of via the government incinerators which have a combined capacity of 8200 tonnes/day; Non-incinerable wastes will be landfilled at the Semakau offshore landfill.
The sites are predicted to generate on average <100 - 200 tonnes/yr of nonhazardous wastes. This represents a contribution of < 0.01% of total nonhazardous waste sent for disposal (2004 basis). 8.5.2.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Wastes will be managed in accordance with Shells waste management procedures which include the following principles:

Minimisation; Re-use/ recycling where possible; and Safe and appropriate disposal.
Project Waste Management Plans will be developed to make provisions for minimising waste, recycling, segregation, proper storage and handling, appropriate disposal routes and facilities and record keeping. 8.5.2.4 Significance of Residual Impacts Provided all wastes are managed in accordance with legal requirements/ sound waste management practices, the significance of residual impacts is evaluated to be negligible as follows:
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Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude
Generation and disposal of non-hazardous waste Project site & its surroundings (Low Sensitivity) Industrial waste recycling / disposal contractors and facilities (Low Sensitivity) Non-hazardous waste generation is estimated to be on average <100 - 200 tonnes/ yr; represents very small (<0.01%) contribution to total Singapore industrial waste disposed (2004 basis) Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Negligible
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 8.5.3 8.5.3.1 Hazardous Waste Evaluation of Impact Hazardous wastes (including wastes regulated as Toxic Industrial Wastes) generated by the new project facilities will include:

Spent catalysts (mainly metal based); Coke; Tar; Wastewater treatment biosludge; Yellow oil; Waste oils (lube oil); Slop oil; Polymer ex solvent; Heavy glycols; Metal or polymeric filter elements; and Drums/ containers contaminated with hazardous materials.
The total quantity of hazardous wastes generated is estimated to be about ~5,900 tonnes per year excluding catalysts; the heavy glycol waste stream from the MEG plant represents about 89% of this total. At 2000 figures, this represents approximately 6% of total hazardous waste generation in Singapore. Catalyst wastes will only be generated during change-out activities which will occur every 3 6 years (generated quantities are presented in Section 3). Hazardous wastes can pose serious environmental and health/ safety hazards (eg. toxic effects, fire hazard, etc.) unless they are handled, stored, transported and disposed of in an appropriate manner. Wastes classified as toxic industrial wastes must be disposed of via licensed Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors. The primary disposal routes for identified project hazardous wastes are as follows:
Catalysts will be returned to suppliers or to specialist recycling companies for metals reclamation/ catalyst regeneration; Coke from decoking operations will be incinerated;
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Pyrolysis tars will be incinerated; Wastewater treatment biosludge is expected to be disposed of via incineration; Yellow oil will also be incinerated; Waste oils (lube oil) where possible will be sold to waste oil recycling contractors; Slop oil will either be incinerated or passed to waste oil recycling contractors; and Heavy glycols are currently identified for incineration although it is recognised that there may be a market for this material. Total quantities of this waste generated are not insignificant (~5900 tonnes/year).
8.5.3.2
Existing/ In-place Controls Control measures for hazardous waste management will include:

Development of waste management plans (WMPs); Waste segregation; Provision of appropriate/ secure storage; Labelling of containers; Disposal via licensed contractors; and Operational control procedures.
8.5.3.3
Significance of Residual Impacts Operational hazardous waste generation represents a moderate impact; this level of impact is primarily as a result of the quantities of heavy glycols expected to be generated by the MEG plant; this waste is currently designated for incineration unless a customer/ alternative use can be found (eg. liquid fuel). The significance of residual impacts from the generation and disposal of operational hazardous wastes has been assessed as moderate as follows:
Impact Receptor Generation and disposal of hazardous waste Project site & its surroundings (Low Sensitivity) Toxic Industrial Waste recycling / disposal contractors and facilities (Low Sensitivity) Hazardous waste generation is estimated to be ~5,900 tonnes/ yr; representing ~6% of total Singapore toxic industrial waste generation (2000 basis). Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Moderate
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Residual impacts could be reduced to minor significance if a customer/ alternate use for the heavy glycol waste stream can be found. SEPL has indicated that if sale of heavy glycols is pursued, a product stewardship review will first be undertaken. 8.6 NOISE & VIBRATION The following sections summarise the results of noise studies conducted by ABB Lummus Global BV (ABB) (ABB, 2006) for the ECC plant and by Foster Wheeler Energy Limited (FW) (FW, 2006) for the MEG Plant. The complete noise studies are available in a separate Operational Noise Modelling Report for Pulau Ular (ABB Lummus, 2006). 8.6.1 8.6.1.1 Operational Noise Ethylene Cracker Complex Sources of Potential Impact Primary noise sources within the ECC will include:

Coolers, Pumps (eg. centrifugal, diaphragm, etc.); Motors; Compressors; Control Valves; Generators; Steam turbine; Heaters, boilers and furnaces; Elevated flare; and Cooling Water Tower.
ABB modelling scenarios take into account existing noise sources and assesses currently existing and future planned equipment to be located on Pulau Ular. 8.6.1.2 Evaluation of Impacts The nearest community areas to the complex are located at least 6 km away on Singapore Island; plant noise is not expected to be audible at this distance. The nearest noise sensitive receptor is Pulau Hantu (~ 500 m to the south east of the site), a recreational area and therefore classed as a noise sensitive receptor under the Environmental Pollution Control (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations 1999. According to the Master Plan 2003 however, the whole Bukom cluster, including Pulau Hantu, is to be reclaimed to become one large island and zoned for petrochemical development. On this basis, SEPL requested a waiver of the noise limits for the boundary fronting the sea channel between Pulau Ular and Pulau Hantu from NEA in February 2006. Provided this waiver is approved, the factory premises noise limits of 75 dBA Leq, 5mins (day time) and 65 dBA Leq,5mins (night time) are determined to apply at this location.
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The recommended equipment noise levels of 85 dBA at 1 m distance were used in the prediction of the boundary noise levels for the ECC project site. Total sound power levels from the ECC alone are calculated to be 127.3 dBA (ABB, 2006)(1). Resulting noise levels at the ECC plant boundary and at Pulau Hantu are presented in Table 8.6a. Table 8.6a Predicted Boundary Noise Levels Resulting from ECC Operation
Location Predicted Noise level (Existing + ECC) (dBA) 76 Daytime noise limit (dBALeq, 5mins) 75 [1] Nighttime noise limit (dBA Leq, 5mins) 65 [1]
South-western boundary, overlooking Pulau Hantu (adjacent to cooling tower) Southern boundary, overlooking Pulau Hantu South eastern boundary, bordering the Bukom Refinery
70 58
75 [1] 75
65 [1] 65
Pulau Hantu Jetty 57 [1] Assumes future development of Pulau Hantu into industrial land Calculations based on ABB, 2006. Predicted noise levels include noise levels predicted for existing plant on Pulau Ular + ECC only. It excludes other future plant on Pulau Ular as evaluated in ABB, 2006.
With the exception of noise levels facing the existing Bukom refinery, noise levels are predicted to exceed night time boundary noise limits (assumed for industrial premises (2) ) along the entire southern boundary. The main noise contributor to the predicted noise levels at the south western boundary is the cooling water tower which ABB calculates to generate 20% of the overall ECC plant sound power level. The assessment of the noise level from the cooling water tower is based on the use of an aluminium cooling fan which is considered an acoustic standard in design. The predicted noise levels at the Pulau Hantu Jetty resulting from ECC operation is estimated to be ~57 dB(A). Based on the baseline noise monitoring carried out for this ESHA in 2003, ambient noise levels at Pulau Hantu were measured to range between 48 - 51 dBA Leq, 5mins (see Section 4.6). Noise levels from future ECC operations are therefore expected to increase noise levels at Pulau Hantu by 7 dBA to 58 dBA (51 dBA + 57 dBA = 58 dBA). For active recreational activities (eg. sports) noise levels of below 55 dBA are generally considered as tolerable.
Note that the 2003 ESHA was based on the assumption that total sound pressure levels of 115 - 120 dBA could be achieved). (2) SEPL requested clarification from NEA in December 2005 that Factory Boundary limits will apply to the ECC given its current industrial land use and future plans to zone the entire area, including Pulau Hantu into industrial usage.
(1)
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8.6.1.3
Existing/ In-place controls In-place engineering and management controls to reduce operational noise impacts from the ECC plant include:

The use of a standard low noise plant design; Specification of maximum equipment noise limits and work area noise levels; and Selection of low noise equipment (where required) and noise enclosures, silencers and screening (where necessary).
8.6.1.4
Significance of Residual Impact Provided in-place controls are implemented and are effective, residual impacts on noise levels at the ECC site are evaluated to be moderate as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Noise Pollution (ECC only) Adjacent industrial complexes (Bukom refinery & Tankstore) (Low Sensitivity) Pulau Hantu recreational users (Medium Sensitivity) Total operational plant sound power level of 127 dBA; Boundary noise levels up to ~ 76 dBA. Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Moderate
ABB proposed that low noise cooling fans could be used within the Cooling Water Tower to reduce overall plant noise levels; such fans are expected to reduce Cooling Tower generated noise levels by up to 6 dBA (ABB, 2006). When considered as part of the whole plant however, this change is only likely to reduce total sound power levels by <1 dBA (to 126.6 dBA). No further mitigation is therefore recommended at this stage, provided assumptions on future land use are acceptable to N-Parks and NEA; and NEA grants the requested waiver for boundary noise levels. Noise predictions should however be verified through an on-site survey during plant commissioning. 8.6.2 8.6.2.1 Operational Noise MEG Plant Sources of Potential Impact Primary noise sources within the MEG Plant will include:

Compressors; Fin fan coolers; Electric motors; Pumps; Blower and ventilation fans; Control valves & associated pipe work; and Steam discharges and leaks.
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8.6.2.2
Evaluation of Impacts There are no community areas in the vicinity of the MEG Plant. The maximum permissible boundary noise level is therefore 75 dBA Leq, 5mins (Daytime) and 65 dBA Leq, 5mins (Nighttime)(1) where adjacent land uses are industrial in nature. It is understood that this limit will apply to the boundary of the entire PCS Complex; MEG Plant noise generation will need to be controlled to ensure that noise limits on this boundary do not exceed acceptable levels. Existing noise levels on the PCS Complex boundary are not known at this stage. For the purpose of this assessment, an equipment noise level of 85 dBA at 1 metre distance has been used by FW in the prediction of the boundary noise levels for the MEG Plant (FW, 2006). Total sound power levels generated by Plant operation without any acoustic treatment, were calculated to reach 121 dBA; this would result in exceedance of the 65 dBA stipulated night-time noise limit and exceedance of the 70 dBA day time limit along more than 50% of the northern boundary of the plant. These sound power levels were found to be mainly influenced by a single compressor (K 8301) (FW, 2006). Further sensitivity predictions were made by FW where two different acoustic treatment scenarios were considered; one being the treatment of compressor K 8301 only, and the second, treatment of all compressors. Enclosing the K 8301 compressor and its driver in a brick/ sheeted building to achieve the 85 dBA at 1m design criteria, resulted in a reduction of total plant sound power levels to 118 dBA. Under this scenario, the majority of the 65 dBA contour line was predicted to fall well within the plant boundary. Only small areas of the plant boundary (c. 50% of the northern boundary) were noted to exceed the 65 dBA night-time noise limit (FW, 2006). Furthermore, enclosing all plant compressors in a brick/ sheeted building, was predicted to result in full compliance of the 65 dBA boundary noise limit for the MEG project site. However, it will also result in the noise levels within the compressor building being excessive and above 100 dBA. Reduction of these reverberant noise levels will require further treatment to both the machines and the building walls to achieve a restricted area within the buildings. The FW report therefore concludes that the partial treatment of the K 8301 compressor and its driver is sufficient to achieve satisfactory compliance of the boundary and work area noise limits.
Code of Practice on Pollution Control, 2002

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8.6.2.3
Existing/ In-place controls In-place engineering and management controls to reduce operational noise impacts from the MEG plant includes:

The use of a standard low noise plant design; Specification of maximum equipment noise limits (max. 85 dBA at 1 m) and work area noise levels; Selection of low noise equipment (where required) and noise enclosures, silencers and screening (where necessary); and Inclusion of noise enclosure for compressor K 8301.
8.6.2.4
Significance of Residual Impact Provided in-place controls are implemented and perform as predicted, residual impacts on noise and vibration levels at the MEG Plant are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Noise Pollution (MEG only) Adjacent industrial complexes (Low Sensitivity) Total operational plant sound power level of 118 dBA (assuming enclosure of compressor K 8301); Boundary noise levels up to ~ 70 dBA. Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary. Noise predictions should however be validated on plant commissioning. 8.7 MARINE ECOLOGY Marine ecology impacts associated with the operation of the ECC and MEG Plant may occur as a result of:

Discharge of drainage and process effluents into the sea; and Discharge of CWT blowdown into the sea.
As discussed in Section 8.3, it is not predicted that any significant marine pollution will occur as a result of drainage discharges. Consequently, the scope for significant secondary ecological impacts from such effluents is negligible. Impacts on marine ecology resulting from the discharge of CWT blowdown were also discussed in Section 8.3.7. Due to the relatively small quantity of blowdown discharged from the CWT, impacts were not considered to be significant. This will need to re-examined once the final design has been confirmed.
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8.8 8.8.1
LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACTS Sources of Impact (Landscape & Visual) The reclamation upon which much of the ECC will be located will permanently displace an area of sea between Pulau Ular, Busing and Bukom Kechil. The ECC site will have an area of ~ 22.4 ha on the eastern part of the reclaimed area and will comprise extensive process equipment including distillation columns, a 120 m high flare, furnace blocks with 46 60 m high stacks, boiler block with three 100 m high stacks, and storage tanks. The remainder of the reclaimed area will remain undeveloped in the short-medium term. The MEG plant will be developed within the existing PCS Complex and will represent an additional facility primarily comprising process equipment (reactors, columns and pipe racks, etc.) that will be largely indistinguishable from the surrounding built-up petrochemical plants. Therefore the landscape and visual impact of this facility is not further discussed.
8.8.2 8.8.2.1
Effects on Landscape Character Evaluation of Impacts The ECC will create a ~22.4 ha area of new built-up process plant in an area already extensively built-up with the Bukom Refinery (entirely occupies Pulau Bukom, Pulau Bukom Kechil and a large part of Pulau Ular) and the Tankstore facilities (occupy a large proportion of Pulau Busing). The total area occupied by these existing refinery/ storage facilities is about 350 ha. Although the scale of the ECC development is relatively large, it will be located within a landscape already characterised by similar industrial plants which is considered able to accommodate change.
8.8.2.2
Existing/ In-place Controls The developments are located within areas in existing use for heavy industry.
8.8.2.3
Significance of Residual Impacts The impact of the ECC on the landscape character is evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Change in landscape character due to presence of ECC on Pulau Ular Bukom cluster landscape (Low Sensitivity) Additional ~22.4 ha of built-up process plant - extensive process equipment, tanks, columns, stacks; maximum height of structures 120 m Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor

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8.8.3 8.8.3.1
Visual Impact Evaluation of Impacts The ECC and MEG Plant sites are located on islands already in use for heavy industry and remote from community areas. The main sensitive receptors with potential to be visually impacted by the presence of the ECC and MEG Plant include:
Residents/ users of areas on the coastline from the Jurong Basin to Pulau Sentosa (at a distance of > 5 km over open water) this includes receptors at key public viewpoints such as the National University of Singapore and Mount Faber; and Visitors to Pulau Hantu (approximately 1891 landed on the island in 2005).
The ECC will be screened from receptors along the Singapore coastline by the existing Bukom Refinery. Views of the ECC and MEG sites will also be distant (over 5 km) and not dissimilar in nature from existing views experienced by these receptors. Receptors on Pulau Hantu will experience a change in existing short distance (~500 m) views to the north towards Pulau Busing, Pulau Ular and the Bukom Cluster. The nature of existing views across to the channel between Pulau Busing and Pulau Ular will be changed from open water to reclaimed land and process plant. However, the number of receptors affected will be relatively few. The intrusion to their existing views will be noticeable however it is not dissimilar to the existing character of their views over short distances from the island. 8.8.3.2 Existing/ In-place Controls The new facilities will be designed and painted in accordance with local requirements and Shell Design Engineering Practices (DEP). 8.8.3.3 Significance of Residual Impacts Residual visual impacts are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Visual / aesthetic impact due to presence of ECC and MEG Plant Bukom cluster & Jurong Island landscape (Low Sensitivity) Approx. 6% increase in process plant area small increase in process facilities intrusion to existing views Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor

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8.9 8.9.1
SOCIAL IMPACTS Sources of Potential Impact Compared to project construction, however, negative social and socioeconomic impacts during project operation tend to be less extensive although more long-term and more manageable whilst emphasis on positive benefits is greater. Key potential sources of social, socio-economic and socio-cultural impact during project operation include:

Production of petrochemical feedstocks; Generation of employment income; Stimulated demand for services and utilities; Direct and indirect impacts on recreation; and Increased project-related traffic movements.
The significance of these impacts is discussed and evaluated in the following sub-sections. 8.9.2 8.9.2.1 Production of Chemical Feedstocks Sources of Potential Impact The project will process refinery products enabling their use in other manufacturing activities in Singapore. The project will therefore support the growth and development of other industries in Singapore by providing chemical feedstocks and products. In this regard, it will act as a catalyst supporting further economic development and employment generation. Encouraging the expansion of the chemicals sector in Singapore will, however, indirectly lead to future environmental and corresponding social and socioeconomic impacts as further chemical facilities are developed. 8.9.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts The project is a critical feature in the realisation of Singapores plans to develop its petrochemicals sector. In this regard, the project will not only have immediate positive impacts on generating revenues, employment and growth of existing manufacturing facilities in Singapore, it will also contribute significantly to the longer term economic growth of the sector. Effects will be widespread throughout Singapore and long-term in duration. Indirectly, however, the project may contribute to further ESH impacts through the development of further manufacturing capabilities in Singapore. Given the development plans for Singapore, direct environmental impacts are likely to be concentrated within the project area. Social and socio-economic impacts however (both positive and negative and similar in nature to those described in this report), are likely to be more widespread across Singapore. In the shorterENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA REV P1 SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006
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term (5 8 years) therefore, recreational activities may be further affected by industrial development in the project area. Such impacts will only be felt by a small proportion of the population. In the longer term, however, the economic development benefits resulting from development of the petrochemicals sector is likely to bring widespread economic benefits to all the population of Singapore as a whole. On balance therefore, the indirect impacts associated with further industrial development in Singapore are considered to be positive. 8.9.2.3 Existing/ In-place Controls & Enhancement The project fits in with the Governments strategic plan to expand and grow the petrochemicals sector in Singapore. This project, and future developments catalysed by the project, are all part of wider, well publicised development plans which have taken ESH impacts into account. 8.9.2.4 Significance of Residual Impacts The immediate and long-term impact of the project on the overall economy of Singapore is evaluated to be of moderate major positive significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Provision of chemical feedstocks to further boost the economy of Singapore Singapore economy (Low Sensitivity) Generation of 3.2 million tonnes/year of chemical feedstock Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Moderate Major (Positive)
8.9.3 8.9.3.1
Generation of Employment Sources of Potential Impact The project will contribute to the generation of skilled employment directly (through employment of ~ 155 operational staff), and indirectly (through the provision of associated services/ amenities and through growth of downstream industries and services). Associated with employment, the project will directly lead to the development of skills within the projects workforce and indirectly, will also contribute to the expansion of knowledge and skills in the petrochemicals sector throughout Singapore.
8.9.3.2
Evaluation of Impacts Predicted impacts associated with the generation of employment during project operation are all positive in nature and will extend across the whole workforce of Singapore.
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Given the relatively small workforce (~ 155 workers) who will be permanently employed by the plants, the direct impacts on employment generation and skills development of the workforce itself will be negligible when compared to the whole workforce of Singapore. Indirectly however, a much larger workforce is expected to benefit from this and other similar projects. The generation of employment in service industries that serve the project sites (eg. provision of amenities and services for project staff) is likely to result in a small positive employment impact. 8.9.3.3 Existing/ In-place Controls and Enhancement Measures in place to maximise the benefits of the project on employment in Singapore include:
Favouring the employment of Singapore nationals for project operation; and Supporting the development of skills amongst the workforce.
8.9.3.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Residual impacts associated with the direction and indirect generation of employment by the project are evaluated to be of minor positive significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Creation of jobs and development of skills within the workforce Singapore workforce (Low Sensitivity) Direct creation of ~155 jobs; indirect stimulation of jobs in service industries Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor (Positive)
8.9.4 8.9.4.1
Stimulated Demand for Services and Utilities Sources of Potential Impact The project will require the supply of maintenance, canteen, cleaning, waste disposal services amongst others and will also demand the supply of utilities and services. This can generate both positive benefits to service providers but can also place strains on existing users if demand outstrips supply.
8.9.4.2
Evaluation of Impacts Services required for the day-to-day operation of the ECC and MEG will likely be provided by local service providers and may stimulate a small expansion of the sector. The overall positive impact is expected to be small however. Utilities for the ECC will largely be self generated (electrical power, steam, fuel gas etc.) with the exception of make-up water for the CWT. Similarly, with the
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exception of waste management, the ECC will be self-sufficient in terms of its utility services (eg. wastewater treatment etc.). Some ~1500 m3/hr of make-up water will be required to run the CWT. The current concept involves the piping of this water supply from Singapore Island via an existing sub-sea pipeline. The PUB is responsible for the supply of potable and industrial water (the latter being of slightly lesser quality than the former) in Singapore. The source of the make-up water for the cooling water tower will be NEWater, ie. recycled waste water. The supply has been agreed with PUB. The total volume of industrial water supplied to industries in Singapore in 2004 was 38.2 million m3 (PUB, 2005). The ECCs demand of up to 12.6 million m3/year of NEWater is equivalent to 33%of total industrial water use in Singapore (2004 basis). This represents a significant proportion of total industrial water demand in Singapore. However, the water source is recycled; without the demand created by this or other projects, this water would be surplus and would be discharged to sea. The MEG will be tied in to the utilities and services provided for PCS tenants. Any impacts associated with MEGs utility needs are therefore considered to be negligible. The utility need (ie. make-up water) of the CWT in the MEG Plant and its associated impacts will be evaluated in an upcoming addendum to this ESHA report. 8.9.4.3 Significance of Residual Impacts Residual impacts associated with the demand for services and utilities generated by the project are evaluated to be of minor significance on account of the industrial water demand generated by the ECC as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Demand for industrial water supply for ECCs cooling water system (cooling water tower) PUB and Singapore industries (Low Sensitivity) 3 Demand for ~1500 m /hr of make-up water, representing 33% of total Singaporean industrial water demand; however, supply is recycled NEWater Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor
No further mitigation is considered necessary. 8.9.5 8.9.5.1 Recreation Impacts Sources of Potential Impact The Pulau Hantu area is a popular site for recreational sports activities particularly water sports and diving. Operation of the ECC has the potential to affect recreational users through:
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Elevated noise levels; Diminished quality of coral reefs resulting from project discharges; and Visual intrusion and diminished aesthetic quality.
8.9.5.2
Evaluation of Impacts Visitors to Pulau Hantu who wish to land on the island must first obtain a permit from the Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC). SDC report that visitor numbers to Pulau Hantu have fallen gradually from 3326 in 2002 to 1891 in 2005. Numerous others visit the waters surrounding Pulau Hantu for water sports; they do not usually land on the island itself and are not therefore included in the above figures. The extent, severity and likelihood of ECC operations generating impacts to noise, coral reef ecosystems and aesthetic quality were evaluated in Sections 8.6, 8.3, and 8.8 respectively. The only impacts evaluated to be of moderate or above significance were:

Noise level increase of ~ 7 dBA at Pulau Hantu jetty; and Thermal impacts on coral reef ecosystems of already poor quality in the immediate vicinity of Pulau Bukom Kechil; they would not however extend to the better quality reefs surrounding Pulau Hantu.
The aesthetic quality of the area is not considered to change significantly from the existing industrial landscape; aesthetic impacts are not therefore expected to contribute to any change in visitor numbers. Overall, numbers of visitors to the island, particularly those landing on the island is expected to diminish further. Increased noise levels may also deter water sports enthusiasts from using the area. Given the importance of the Pulau Hantu area to the dive community in Singapore however, a significant reduction in the numbers of divers is not expected as a direct result of this project. 8.9.5.3 Existing/ In-place Controls Controls in place to minimise impacts associated with noise, marine ecology and aesthetics were described in Sections 8.6, 8.3, and 8.8 respectively. 8.9.5.4 Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the controls described in previous sections are implemented and are effective, residual impacts on recreation associated with operation of the ECC are evaluated to be of minor significance as follows:
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Reduced recreational value of the Pulau Hantu area resulting from ECC operation Pulau Hantu recreation users (Medium Sensitivity) Recreation service providers (Medium Sensitivity) Likely reduction in visitors numbers landing on Pulau Hantu and in water sports users Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Minor
It is recommended that SEPL carefully monitors the sentiments of recreation and dive groups that use Pulau Hantu throughout project operation and maintain open and collaborative dialogue channels to enable concerns to be raised by them. 8.9.6 8.9.6.1 Traffic and Transport Sources of Potential Impact Operation of the ECC and MEG plant will generate passenger and freight traffic movements in the project area. As during the construction phase, traffic movements will provide income and revenues for transport providers but may also lead to congestion and interference with existing activities (including for example recreational boat traffic). Health impacts associated with traffic accidents are evaluated in Section 8.10. 8.9.6.2 Impact Evaluation It is unlikely that the project will generate significant volumes of traffic during operation. Additional workforce (from current numbers) at the ECC will be approximately 125 whilst at the MEG Plant, an additional 20 30 staff will be employed. For employees at the ECC, good existing ferry services already serve the Bukom refinery; sufficient capacity will be available to cater for the 125 or so additional employees that will be employed at the ECC. All products from the ECC will be transported by pipeline to the MEG plant. Products from the MEG Plant will be transported by both pipeline to other parts of Jurong Island and exported by ship using existing jetties. Shipping movements are not expected to change significantly as a result of the project; no additional volume of petroleum product is being processed and a larger quantity of finished product will be transported by pipeline. 8.9.6.3 Significance of Residual Impacts The significance of traffic and transport impacts (eg. congestion) as a result of project operation is evaluated to be of negligible significance as follows:
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Increased congestion as a result of project generated marine and road traffic Road and marine transport users (Low Sensitivity) Negligible increase in post-project traffic levels Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical High Negligible
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.10 8.10.1 HEALTH IMPACTS Sources of Potential Impact Key potential sources of health impact during project operation include:
Exposure to air pollutants, elevated levels of noise and/or hazardous substances resulting in respiratory, skin, hearing and carcinogenic conditions effects; Propagation of legionella within the ECCs cooling water tower; and Physical injuries, disability and loss of life as a result of accidents.
Sources of impact, predicted significance and impact mitigation are described below. 8.10.2 8.10.2.1 Exposure to Project Generated Pollutants / Emissions Sources of Potential Impact Diseases such as long term respiratory conditions (eg. asthma), skin disorders, cancers and heart conditions, etc., may be caused or exacerbated as a result of:
Elevated concentrations of air pollutants resulting from routine operation of both plants; Elevated noise levels affecting neighbouring premises; and Exposure to hazardous materials and substances by contractors, neighbouring site staff and to the wider population in the event of an accident.
8.10.2.2
Evaluation of Impact The predicted extent of air pollutant concentrations as a result of project operation were described and evaluated in Section 8.2. This concluded that:
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Predicted levels of NOX, SO2, CO and PM10 were all well within WHO air quality standards (relevant to human health) at all air sensitive receptors; these included the nearest communities to the ECC and MEG Plant; Emissions of hazardous air pollutants (benzene, ethylene oxide and dioxins/ furans) are expected to be minimal and are not expected to be generated in any sufficient quantities to pose a threat to human health.
Noise levels during ECC and MEG Plant operation were discussed in Section 8.6. The evaluation concluded that given the distance of the sites from nearest communities (located at least 6 km distant from either facility), noise levels generated by the plant would not cause any significant impacts to community health. Noise levels at surrounding industrial premises were evaluated to be largely within Singapore boundary noise levels. Hazardous substances will be generated, handled and in some cases transported off site for disposal by contractors. Inappropriate handling and disposal can lead to potentially serious physiological health impacts. Provided the controls described in Section 8.5.3 with respect to the clear segregation, labelling and containment of hazardous materials (and wastes) be fully implemented, the likelihood of health impacts occurring are low. 8.10.2.3 Existing/ In-place Controls The likelihood of non-communicable diseases developing or being exacerbated as a result of the project is reduced by the following controls that are already in place or part of project design:
Air emission controls will ensure that standards set for the project by Shell and the Government of Singapore are met (see Section 8.2). Such controls aim to prevent damage to human health and the environment; Inclusion of noise attenuation measures in order to ensure compliance with site boundary noise requirements (see Section 8.6); Additional project controls such as implementation of a hazardous waste management plan, good hazardous material management procedures, mandatory use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and control of noise within the workplace will further reduce the likelihood of any physiological diseases arising.
8.10.2.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the measures described above are effective any residual impacts are anticipated to be of minor significance as follows:
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Health impacts associated with air and noise emissions and exposure to hazardous materials / substances Community in the vicinity of the MEG and ECC (Medium Sensitivity) Workforce at neighbouring facilities (Medium Sensitivity) No perceptible impact at community areas. Minimal risk of impacts at neighbouring facilities Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Unlikely Minor
No additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.10.3 8.10.3.1 Legionellosis Sources of Potential Impact The proposed ECC cooling water tower presents risks of legionellosis, an infection caused by the Legionella bacteria. Such bacteria are found naturally in the environment, usually in water and the warm, humid conditions in cooling water towers provide an ideal breeding ground for the propagation of the bacteria. Legionellosis has two distinct forms:
Legionnaires disease, the more severe form of infection which includes high fever, chills and pneumonia; and Pontiac fever, the milder illness which includes fever, headaches and muscle aches but no pneumonia.
Legionellosis is contracted through inhalation of mist or vapour that has been contaminated with the bacteria. Legionnaires disease can be very serious and can cause death in up to 5% to 30% of cases (CDC, 2005). 8.10.3.2 Evaluation of Impact Given the route of infection and the location of the project facilities distance from community areas, any risks of infection will likely be restricted to plant employees, contractors, visitors and staff at facilities immediately adjacent to the ECC (Tankstore and the Bukom refinery). Improved design and maintenance of cooling towers to limit the growth and spread of the Legionella bacteria are the foundations of legionellosis prevention. 8.10.3.3 Existing / In-place Controls The propagation of legionella bacteria within cooling water towers is a known problem and one for which extensive controls are in place to minimise all risks. In-place controls will include:
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Chlorination of the Cooling Water Tower system using 2 ppm hypochlorite (plus shock-dosing when necessary); and Cleaning all cells of the Cooling Water Tower every two years.
8.10.3.4
Significance of Residual Impacts Provided the measures described above are effective any residual impacts are anticipated to be of negligible minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Legionellosis outbreak resulting from cooling water tower Visitors, contractors and workforce at ECC and immediately neighbouring facilities (Medium Sensitivity) Very unlikely to impact communities. Minimal risk of impacts at neighbouring facilities Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Very Unlikely Negligible Minor
Occupational health risks associated with legionellosis should be reviewed in a Heath Risk Assessment. For community health aspects, no additional mitigation is considered necessary. 8.10.4 8.10.4.1 Major Accident Hazards Sources of Potential Impact Physical injuries affecting persons in the wider community during operation of the ECC and MEG Plant may arise as a result of accidents. Impacts may include physical injuries through to disability and loss of life. Such impacts could occur as a result of explosion or leakage of hazardous materials/ wastes, catastrophic failures in plant equipment or systems, or as a result of traffic accidents during the transport of employees and products to/ from the plants. 8.10.4.2 Evaluation of Impacts Potentially serious health impacts may arise as a result of explosions, equipment and process failures at the plants. Such events have been known in Singapore and have resulted in permanent disabilities and fatalities. Fatalities have however, been minimised through good accident response services and where they have occurred, have affected people only in areas within or directly surrounding chemical facilities. Nearest communities to the ECC and MEG sites are at a distance of 6 km; they are not therefore expected to be affected directly by any minor or major accident hazard at project facilities. The risk of accidents and failures associated with the operation of the ECC and MEG Plant is currently undergoing review in a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA). The QRA is being undertaken in accordance with Singapore QRA
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guidelines and risks are expected to be managed in accordance with these standards. Despite the strict controls on shipping traffic around Singapore, the sheer volume of traffic in the shipping channels/ waters has resulted in shipping accidents (involving passenger ferries, freighters and oil/ chemical tankers). With good accident response measures in place, physical injuries resulting from passenger ferry accidents have been limited. As discussed in Section 8.9.6, the project is not expected to generate any significant increase in traffic levels. The likelihood of health impacts arising as a result of a traffic accident is not therefore expected to differ from the baseline. 8.10.4.3 Existing/ In-place Controls The risk of major accident hazards resulting in physical injuries, disability and loss of life occurring will be minimised through the following:
Design and construction of project facilities in accordance with Singapore and international design standards; Identification and assessment of potential hazards as part of the QRA and HEMP and inclusion of measures necessary to minimise any identified risks; Access to project sites will be strictly controlled and any visitors provided with a health, safety and emergency response briefing. Visitors shall be supervised at all times when on site; and Reputable transport providers will be contracted where needed to transport employees and products to/ from the plants.
8.10.4.4
Residual Impacts The risk of accidents occurring cannot be completely ruled out, although the likelihood and consequences of such accidents will be reduced through the mitigation measures described above. Provided measures are put in place to minimise all accident risks associated with the project, residual impacts are therefore evaluated as being of negligible minor significance as follows:
Impact Receptor Impact Magnitude Impact Nature Impact Extent Impact Duration Impact Severity Likelihood / Frequency Significance Physical injury, disability and loss of life as a result of major accidents Population in the vicinity of the MEG and ECC (Medium Sensitivity) Workforce at neighbouring facilities (Medium Sensitivity) Likelihood of impacts minimised through design and procedural controls. Negative Positive Local National Global Short-term Long-term Permanent Slight Low Medium High Critical Extremely Unlikely Negligible - Minor
No additional mitigation is considered necessary.
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8.11
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONAL PHASE IMPACTS A summary of the identified potential impacts, their mitigation and the significance of residual impacts during the operation of the ECC and MEG Plant is presented in Table 8.11a.
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Table 8.11a Summary of Evaluated Impact - Operation Phase

ESHA Site Sec. Ref. Impact Nature Extent Duration Severity Likelihood/ Frequency In Place Design Controls Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase Impact Significance
Environmental Impacts 8.2.2 All Air quality impacts associated with NOX emissions Negative Local Long-term Low High (#) Low NOX burners for furnaces and boilers (#) Heat recovery from Cracking Furnaces for steam raising/ power generation (#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project specifications (#) Review opportunity to reduce HVU5 emissions rates to 3 (#) Shell design NOX emission limits of 125 mg/Nm for gas firing and 350 achieve Project emissions standards (#) Complete cumulative dispersion modelling of emissions mg/Nm3 for liquid firing from the current project, in addition to existing and future (#) Provisions for further NOX reductions (catalytic process) planned emissions (especially for the Bukom Cluster) Minor
8.2.3
All
Air quality impacts associated with SO2 emissions
Negative
Local
Long-term
Low
High
(#) Use of self-generated fuel gas with a very low sulphur content as primary gaseous fuel for Cracking Furnaces, Pygas 2nd Stage Heater and other minor users (flare pilots, VDP etc.) (#) Control of SO2 emissions from Bukom Refinery via Sulphur Bubble (#) Provision of 4 Sulphur Recovery Units for Bukom Refinery and an additional unit as part of Refinery Modifications
Minor
8.2.4
All
Air quality impacts associated with CO emissions
Negative
Local
Long-term
Slight
High
(#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Shell design CO emission limits of 100 - 175 mg/Nm3
Negligible
8.2.5
All
Air quality impacts associated with PM10 emissions
Negative
Local
Long-term
Slight
High
(#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Furnaces fired on self-generated fuel gas (#) Shell design PM10 emission limits of 5 mg/Nm3 for gas firing and 50 mg/Nm3 for liquid firing
Negligible
8.2.7
All
Negative
Global
Permanent
Medium
High
(#) Heat recovery from Cracking Furnaces to raise steam for electrical power generation/ plant steam supply (#) Use of energy efficient equipment & systems (#) High combustion efficiencies for fuel burning equipment (#) Minimise hydrocarbon/ fugitive emissions
(#) Secure sale of waste CO2 stream from MEG Plant (letter of interest already signed with buyer) (#) Ensure achievement of maximum plant energy efficiency
Moderate
Table 8.11a: Summary of Impacts - Operation Phase
1 of 5
ESHA Site Sec. Ref. 8.2.8 All
Impact
Nature
Extent
Duration
Severity
Likelihood/ Frequency Extremely Unlikely
Exposure to Hazardous Negative Air Pollutants
Local
Permanent
High
(#) Incorporation of following control measures into design of new facilities: (#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project - Fugitive emission controls specifications - VDP (providing both recovery and thermal destruction stages) - Thermal oxidation of CO2 stream in MEG Plant - Design of point source emissions containing benzene to comply with 5 mg/Nm3 limit - Design of point source emissions containing ethylene oxide to comply with 5 mg/Nm3 limit (#) Complete destruction of dioxins and furans and their "chemical building blocks" during combustion through: - High combustion temperature to maximise destruction of waste stream - Adequate combustion time to maximise destruction of waste stream - High combustion turbulence to distribute heat evenly and ensure complete destruction of waste stream (#) Preventing conditions that favour formation of dioxins and furans immediately following combustion
8.2.9
ECC
Reduction in air quality as a result of start-up flaring
Negative
Local
Short-term
Slight
Low
(#) HP flare with design combustion efficiency of 98.5% (#) Design of flare to achieve smokeless combustion at up to maximum start-up flaring rate of 131,000 kg/hr
Negligible
8.2.10
ECC
Reduction in air quality Negative as a result of emergency venting & flaring Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of noncontaminated storm water Reduction in water quality (Discharge of treated effluent) Negative
Local
Short-term
Medium
Low
(#) Design of HP flare with high combustion efficiency to safely dispose of (#) Operate plants to minimise requirement for emergency relief/ blow down loads venting & flaring
Minor
8.3.1
All
Local
Long-term
Slight
High
(#) Provision of a segregated drainage system at both the ECC and MEG (#) Adoption of good site management practices to minimise potential for pollutants and debris build-up in non-contaminated areas
Negligible
8.3.2
ECC
Negative
Local
Long-term
Low
High
(#) Extensive controls including: - Segregated drainage/ collection systems - Wastewater Steam Stripper for benzene contaminated effluent primary treatment - Condensate recycling - IAF unit for oil contaminated effluent primary treatment - Activated sludge based biotreater system for secondary treatment of contaminated effluents - Final treated effluent sand filtration package
Minor
8.3.3
MEG
Negative
Local
Long-term
Low
High
(#) Ensure that SembCorp facilities have sufficient incremental (#) Provision of segregated drainage and collection system to ensure all potentially contaminated effluents are contained and routed to treatment capacity to treat effluents from MEG to meet legal discharge (#) Collection of first flush rainfall run-off in a holding basin prior to transfer standards to treatment (#) Routing of collected contaminated effluents via pipeline to SembCorp Utilities effluent treatment facility (#) Use of existing wastewater treatment facilities at Bukom Refinery to treat additional effluent loading No additional measures required
Minor
8.3.4
Refinery Reduction in water quality (discharge of additional treated effluent) All Reduction in water quality (discharge of additional sewage effluent)
Negative
Local
Long-term
Low
High
Minor
8.3.5
Negative
Local
Long-term
Slight
High
Negligible
2 of 5
Impact
Nature
Extent
Duration
Severity
Likelihood/ Frequency Unlikely
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Implement the following procedural and operational control measures - Routine inspection and preventative maintenance of process and utility systems - Hazardous materials handling and storage procedures - Materials loading/ offloading procedures - MPA spill contingency plan for Singapore Port (#) Require transport contractors to comply with Shell HSE management procedures (#) Require marine transportation activities to operate in accordance with Shell's existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures and requirements of Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) (#) Ensure implementation of shipboard and transport contractor emergency response/ contingency plans
Negative Reduction in water quality (Accidental spills and leaks of hazardous materials)
Local
Long-term
Medium
8.3.7.1
ECC
Negative Damage to marine ecosystems (discharge of blow down water from cooling water tower)
Local
Long-term
Slight - Low
Low - Medium
(#) Design requirements necessitate compliance with Singapore discharge (#) Confirm compliance with Singapore legal and project standards design standards for water discharge quality (#) Discharge of blowdown water at ~35C (#) Consider treatment of cooling water tower blowdown prior to its discharge
Negligible Minor
8.4.4
All
Negative Contamination of soil and groundwater (Leaks and spills of environmentally hazardous materials)
Local
Long-term
Medium
Low
(#) Provision of both primary and secondary containment systems for all operational areas where hazardous materials are processed and stored (#) Location of tank farms for material and intermediate product storage within product-resistant bunded enclosures capable of containing 100% of contents of largest tank within the enclosure (#) Impermeable floor of bunded enclosures to prevent permeation of contaminant into the ground (#) Provision of concrete catchment systems to process and utility areas as physical barrier against permeation of contaminants and to route surface run-off/ spillages to purpose designed drainage collection and treatment systems (#) Minimise number of discontinuities in concrete floors, due to drains, cabling, etc. (#) Design of drains and underground piping that will allow inspection and maintenance (#) Provision of level alarms to warn of possible overfilling (#) Application of materials selection guidelines to design (#) Provision of membrane below tank bottoms with leak detection
Minor
8.5.2
All
Generation and disposal Negative of non-hazardous waste
Local
Long-term
Slight
High
(#) Management of wastes in accordance with Shell's waste management procedures including: - Minimisation - Re-use/ recycling where possible - Safe and appropriate disposal
Negligible
3 of 5
Impact
Nature
Extent
Duration
Severity
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Management of hazardous wastes in accordance with established Waste Management Plans (WMPs) and procedures to include: - Waste segregation - Provision of appropriate/ secure storage - Labelling of containers - Disposal via licensed contractors - Operational control procedures (#) Identify customers / alternate use for MEG heavy glycol waste
Impact Significance Moderate
Generation and disposal Negative of hazardous waste
Local
Long-term
Medium
8.6.1
ECC
Noise pollution
Negative
Local
Long-term
Medium
High
(#) Verification of noise prediction through plant and site survey on plant commissioning (#) Verification of predicted noise levels at Pulau Hantu (#) Ensure acceptance of boundary noise criteria by NEA & NParks
Moderate
8.6.2
MEG
Noise pollution
Negative
Local
Long-term
Low
High
(#) Verification of noise prediction through an on-site survey In place engineering and management controls including: during plant commissioning (#) Use of "standard low noise plant" design (#) Specification of maximum equipment noise limits (max. 85 dBA at 1 m) and work area noise levels (#) Selection of low noise equipment and noise enclosures, silencers and screening (#) Inclusion of noise enclosure for compressor K 8301
Minor
8.7
ECC
Ecological impacts (Discharge of drainage effluents)
Negative
Local
Long-term
Slight
High
(#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2
(#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2
Negligible
8.7
ECC
Ecological impacts Negative (Discharge of cooling water tower blow down) Change in landscape character due to presence of ECC on Pulau Ular Negative
Local
Long-term
Medium - High Low
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
Negligible
8.8.2
ECC
Local
Long-term
Low
High
Minor
8.8.3
All
Visual/ aesthetic impact Negative due to presence of ECC and MEG Plant
Local
Long-term
Low
High
Minor
Provision of chemical feedstocks to further boost economy of Singapore
Positive
National Long-term
Medium
High
(#) SEPC project in line with Government's strategic plan to expand and grow the petrochemicals sector in Singapore (#) SEPC project and future developments catalysed by the project are part of wider, well publicised development plans that have taken account of ESH impacts
No further mitigation required
Positive (Moderate Major)
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Impact
Nature
Extent
Duration
Severity
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Favour employment of Singapore nationals for project operation (#) Support development of skills amongst the workforce
Impact Significance Positive (Minor)
Creation of jobs and development of skills within the workforce
Positive
National Long-term
Low
8.9.4
ECC
Negative
National Long-term
High
High
(#) Self-generation of utilities for ECC (eg. Electrical power, steam, fuel gas, etc.) (#) Use of NEWater (recycled grey water) for ECC cooling water supply (#) Tying in of MEG to utilities and services provided for PCS tenants
Minor
8.9.5
ECC
Negative Reduced recreational value of Pulau Hantu area resulting from ECC operation
National Long-term
Low
High
(#) As under 8.6 (Noise), 8.3 (Marine ecology) and 8.8 (Aesthetics) (#) Monitor sentiments of recreation and dive groups that use Pulau Hantu throughout project operation (#) Maintain open and collaborative dialogue channels to enable concerns to be raised by recreation and dive groups that use Pulau Hantu (#) Use existing efficient ferry services serving Bukom Refinery
Minor
8.9.6
All
Increased congestion as Negative a result of project generated marine and road traffic
Local
Long-term
Slight
High
Negligible
Negative
Local
Long-term Permanent
Medium
Unlikely
Controls that are in place or part of project design include: (#) Air emission controls to ensure that standards set for the project by Shell and Government of Singapore are met; controls aim to prevent damage to human health and the environment (#) Inclusion of noise attenuation measure to ensure compliance with site boundary noise requirements (#) Design and construction of project facilities in accordance with Singapore and international design standards
(#) Implementation of operational controls including: - the implementation of hazardous waste management plans, - good hazardous material management procedures, - mandatory use of personal protective equipment, - control of noise within the workplace (#) Chlorination of the Cooling Water Tower system using 2 ppm hypochlorite & shock dosing if required (#) Clean all cells of Cooling Water Tower every two years (#) Legionella management program in accordance with Shell requirements (#) Review potential for occupational health issues in Health Risk Assessment (#) Identification and assessment of potential hazards as part of QRA and HEMP and inclusion of measures necessary to minimise any identified risks (#) Strictly control access to project sites (#) Provide a health, safety and emergency response briefing to any visitors to project sites (#) Supervision of visitors on site at all times (#) Commission only reputable transport providers to transport employees and products to/ from the plants
Minor
8.10.3
ECC
Negative
Local
Long-term Permanent
Medium
Very Unlikely
Negligible Minor
8.10.4
All
Physical injury, disability Negative and loss of life as a result of major accident hazards
Local
Long-term Permanent
Medium - High Extremely Unlikely
(#) Design and construction of project facilities in accordance with Singapore and international design standards
Negligible Minor
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CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
9.1
INTRODUCTION This section provides a broad overview of potential cumulative impacts that may arise as a result of the implementation of this project in combination with existing surrounding industrial development as well as known planned new projects which are expected to be implemented in the same timeframe or as a result of implementing this project.
9.2
EXISTING SOURCES OF IMPACT Both of the planned sites for the new project facilities are within/ next to extensively developed petroleum refining/ petrochemicals facilities. In the case of the ECC, adjacent facilities include:
Bukom Refinery which includes: Long Residue Catalytic Cracking Unit (LRCCU); Platformers; Gas Oil Hydrodesulphuriser (HDS); Crude Distillation Units (CDU); Thermal Gasoil Unit (TGU); Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU); Hydrocracker Units (HCU); High Vacuum Unit (HVU); Seawater Distillers (SWD); Condensate Splitter Unit (CSU); and Hydrocarbon Solvent Plant (HCS). Tankstore petroleum product bulk storage and marine terminal export facilities.
Other facilities within the Singapore Petrochemicals Complex on Jurong Island include:

Chevron Phillips Singapore Corp; MEG Plant operated by EGS; EO Derivatives Plant operated by EGS; N2/O2 Plant operated by EGS; MTBE Plant operated by Tetra Chemicals Singapore; Ethylene Plant operated by PCS; Acetylene Black Plant operated by Denka Singapore; Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Plant operated by Polyolefins Company (Singapore); Linear Low Density Polyethylenes (LLDPE) Plant operated by Polyolefins Company (Singapore);
9-1
Polypropylene (PP) Plant operated by Polyolefins Company (Singapore); Tankfarms, warehouses and utilities; and Product export facilities/ jetties.
Sources of impact associated with the above existing facilities include: Air Emissions Furnaces, boilers, heaters, SRUs and flares; Process vents; Fugitive sources; and Traffic/ vessels. Effluents Contaminated stormwater; Cooling water once through seawater systems (both at Bukom and Pulau Ayer Merbau); Treated process wastewater; and Accidental spills & leaks.
Wastes Non-hazardous waste (general industrial waste); and Hazardous wastes including sludges, waste oils, catalysts, organic liquids etc. Noise Rotating equipment (motors, fans, turbines, pumps, compressors etc.); Process control/ pipework (restriction orifices, control valves), steam leaks and discharges; and Alarm and PA systems.
Hazardous Materials Hydrocarbons and chemicals. 9.3 OTHER PLANNED PROJECTS No specific confirmed development plans for new facilities within the Bukom Cluster have been identified at this stage. The cluster is however earmarked for future reclamation and industrial expansion: SEPL has indicated their interest in developing further downstream facilities in the future. However, at present, only potential concepts are being discussed. It is understood that there are plans to build two downstream facilities on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island, namely:

A Polyethylene Plant; and An MTBE Plant.
9-2
These plants are expected to receive feed from the ECC (e.g. they may consume in the order of 25% of the C2 (ethylene) output from the Ethylene Cracker Complex). Like the MEG, they will tie into the existing common utility facilities provided by the PCS. 9.4 9.4.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS The Biophysical Environment There is a potential for cumulative impacts where there is an aggregation of industries or where the ECC/ MEG Plant projects promote the development of an industry nearby. Both the above conditions apply to this project. A detailed evaluation of potential cumulative impacts attributable to the development of the ECC/ MEG Plant is outside the scope of this current study; a summary of key potential issues is, however, presented below. Air Emissions Existing air emission sources in close proximity to the sites for the new facilities are extensive. Additional air quality impacts from the new project facilities are dominantly contributed by emissions from the ECC due to the number of emission sources compared to that of the MEG Plant and Bukom Refinery modifications. In total, the new project facilities are expected to contribute an additional ~2250 tonnes/yr of NOX to the atmosphere. Long-term ambient air quality monitoring data for Singapore indicates that ambient air quality with respect to NOX, SO2 and PM10 is generally within the USEPA air quality criteria (see SEPC ESHA Air Dispersion Modelling Report). This monitoring data will include contributions from the existing facilities identified above. Dispersion modelling conducted for this ESHA has conservatively predicted that additional NOX emissions from the project facilities will result in exceedances of short-term air quality criteria for human health impact at certain locations over the sea. Since access to the sea surrounding the Bukom cluster is restricted, no sensitive human populations are foreseeable to be impacted. Occupational impacts at the Bukom cluster from incremental project NOX emissions are also not foreseen (see SEPC ESHA Air Dispersion Modelling Report). It is also worthy of note that existing air quality data for Singapore is only available as annual averages for a wide range of sites in Singapore: this masks any potential spikes in local airshed air quality that may be occurring. Given the limitation of the data that is currently available, the potential for cumulative impact as a result of this project and future developments cannot be ruled out.
9-3
Discharges to Sea (Cooling Water and Treated Effluents) Treated effluents are discharged from the existing facilities at Bukom and on Jurong Island; the ECC will add to total loads of pollutants discharged. Only very limited water quality monitoring data was available for use in this study; although this data indicated that water quality was generally good in the study area, the data set is not considered extensive enough to draw any firm conclusions on existing pollutant loads around Jurong Island and the Bukom Cluster. The thermal plume cooling water modelling study conducted for the initial use of a once-through cooling water system for the ECC included contributions from the numerous cooling water discharges associated with existing facilities on the Bukom Cluster (see DHI, 2006c). The evaluation which used significantly higher ECC-cooling water discharges than will now be the case (having selected a Cooling Water Tower option as opposed to a once-through system) represented a cumulative assessment of thermal impact issues in the ECC area. It did not however, consider impacts of future developments in the Bukom Cluster. Waste Generation Singapore has a fairly extensive and well developed waste management infrastructure. Given the land constraints in Singapore, waste minimisation via recycling/ re-use or other management techniques has a relatively high profile and recycling/ reclaim facilities for a number of waste types are established. Existing waste management infrastructure has been assessed as having adequate capacity to handle additional future wastes generated by the new project facilities; however, it is noted that no detailed review or investigation of Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors actual treatment abilities/ standards of operation have been conducted (a verification exercise is recommended in the ESH-MP). Major Accident Hazards. The new facilities represent additional sources of potential major accident hazards. Quantitative Risk Assessments for the new facilities are being completed to gain approval for the facilities on risk and safety grounds. In Singapore, consideration of the cumulative risks associated with neighbouring installations is required. 9.4.2 The Social Environment The most important areas of cumulative impacts on the social environment are anticipated to be largely positive in nature, affecting employment, income, skills and economic development. Negative impacts are, however, anticipated in terms of additional congestion on the roads and shipping fairways around Singapore. The severity of these impacts will, however, depend on the
9-4
scheduling of construction activities. The potential for cumulative impacts is discussed below. Employment, Income and Skills This project, together with the other developments that it is likely to attract and support, will bring positive benefits with regards to opportunities for employment, income generation and skills development. Additional petrochemical facilities, and the companies which provide services and support to these, will each require a skilled workforce providing employment and income to the residents of Singapore. This will furthermore expand the skills available in Singapore for petrochemical manufacturing. Efforts should be made to ensure that sufficient skilled staff is available for employment in the sector in the future. Economic Development As described in Section 8.9.2, the Government of Singapore sees petrochemicals manufacturing as a major growth sector in the economy. Further development of the sector on Jurong Island will stimulate the economy and support the Governments aim to make Singapore the petrochemical centre for Asia. Traffic and Transport As described previously, the impacts associated with traffic and transport primarily occur during the construction phase. This project will have cumulative impacts on the traffic and transport environment (contributing to congestion, lost time revenues and increased accident risks) if construction coincides with other construction activities in the project area. 9.4.3 The Health Environment Cumulative impacts on the health of Singapore residents are likely to be indirect and associated with environmental impacts such as air pollution. The air quality impact assessment indicates that air quality criteria are likely to be met for this project. 9.5 PLANNING Should other petrochemical development projects be constructed on the Pulau Bukom Cluster/ within the PCS Complex they, they will require the prior preparation of a Pollution Control Study and its approval by the NEA. A Pollution Control Study would not normally consider the cumulative impacts of projects although it is assumed that Singapore planning authorities would include a high level consideration of such aspects in the project approval process.
9-5
9.6
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SEPL FACILITIES SEPL has gradually expanded its presence in Singapore since its original establishment there in 1891. This expansion is expected to continue into the future and concept plans are already under preparation for further SEPL facilities on Pulau Ular and the newly reclaimed land in the Bukom Cluster. Such development is fully in line with the Singapore Governments stated aim of further expanding and diversifying the downstream petrochemical sector. Development approval and internal impact assessments are however obtained and completed for piecemeal projects/ facilities. As described in Section 9.4, location specific environmental quality data is not publicly available in Singapore; as a consequence, piecemeal assessments such as this ESHA may justifiably determine that impacts are acceptable. The cumulative/ incremental contribution of SEPL-owned and operated facilities in Singapore now and in the future is expected to be significant, especially in terms of air emissions, aqueous discharges and socio-economic benefits. In line with the Shell Group policy, it is therefore recommended that SEPL examine in greater depth its wider cumulative ESH impacts of its existing facilities, the current project and its future planned developments. The recommendations stemming from this can then be used as a high level tool to aide development siting and design decision making for the future.
9-6
10
ESH MITIGATION AND MONITORING
10.1
INTRODUCTION Effective environmental management and monitoring activities throughout the lifetime of the project will be essential in order to ensure that environmental, social and health objectives of the project are achieved and that construction and operational activities are carried out in an environmentally acceptable manner. This ESHA has illustrated a number of design control measures, management actions and procedures that will be put in place in order to protect environmental, social and health resources and receptors from negative impacts and enhance the benefits associated with implementation of the project. The mechanisms for ensuring that these control, mitigation and management measures are implemented are described within an Environmental, Social and Health Management Plan (ESH-MP) which has been prepared as an output of this ESHA under separated cover. This section provides a summary of the mitigation and management actions that are in place and recommended for the implementation of the project. Monitoring requirements, to provide check and feedback are also described.
10.2
ESH CONTROL AND MITIGATION MEASURES Tables 10.2a and b summarise the key environmental, social and health issues and constraints associated with the construction and operation of the SEPC project respectively. They also describe the mitigation/ management and monitoring actions recommended for each phase.
10.3
MONITORING Some potential environmental, social and health impacts can be predicted with a degree of precision. A number of effects can, however, only be accurately evaluated once the activity commences (through impact monitoring). Monitoring is required in order to demonstrate compliance with legal and project design limits (compliance monitoring). Monitoring will also provide verification of the overall design and effectiveness of the implemented control measures. Monitoring recommendations are summarised in Tables 10.2a and b. They are described in more detail within the ESH-MP.
10-1
10.4
CHECK & FEEDBACK Regular environmental audits and random spot checks will be undertaken by SEPL throughout the project to ensure compliance and to check for any unanticipated impacts. Such reviews will include physical audits of the project sites and in some cases, of contractor facilities (eg. to ensure waste is being managed as agreed with contractors). Stakeholder sentiments regarding the project and any potential impacts identified in its vicinity will also be closely observed and monitored throughout project implementation. Recommended audits and checks are elaborated in the ESH-MP.
10-2
Table 10.2a Mitigation, Management and Monitoring Requirements during Construction

ESHA Sec. Site Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 7.2.1 All Change in Landuse Impact Significance Negligible In Place Design Controls Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase Monitoring
(#) Temporary land requirements reduced to (#) Conduct a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey to characterise subsurface minimum required conditions and assess potential asset and occupational health risks posed by UXO (#) Layout of new facilities optimised to before any construction works begin minimise land requirements whilst recognising safety/ equipment separation criteria (#) Implement good site practices including: - Dampening exposed soil areas and on-site roads with water - Keeping exposed site areas to minimum required for construction - Revegetating or hard surfacing completed areas as soon as practicable - Providing vehicle wheel-wash facilities - Imposing vehicle on-site speed restrictions to reduce dust generation - Providing truck loads with secure load covers - Maintaining good standard of housekeeping (#) Turn off equipment when not in use (#) Comply with legal requirements for van & vehicle exhausts (#) Optimise works scheduling to minimise number of generated vehicle/ materials transport trips (#) Regularly maintain/ inspect equipment/ vehicles (#) Ensure batching plants comply with emissions limits (#) Provision of temporary site drainage and run-off control systems (#) Provision of silt traps where site space availability is sufficient (#) Removal of construction materials that block or obstruct drainage channels (#) Removal of debris/ garbage from accidentally entering drainage channels (#) Provision of refuse traps on drain channel outfalls (#) Control of on-site fuel storage, re-fuelling and vehicle maintenance activities (#) Control of on-site storage of hazardous materials
7.3
All
Minor
7.4.2
All
Minor
Table 10.2a: Mitigation, Management Monitoring during Construction
Page 1
Impact Marine water quality sanitary effluents
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Dedicated sewage treatment system for construction workers camp on Pulau Busing (#) Provision of temporary toilet facilities strategically positioned around construction work sites (#) Disposal of sanitary waste from ECC construction site through labour camp sewage treatment system (#) Disposal of sanitary waste from MEG construction site through local sewage treatment facilities on or near to Jurong Island (#) Collection of canteen wastewater in collection pits; accumulated wastewater pumped into tankers for transport to sewage treatment facilities within Bukom Refinery, ECC workers camp or Jurong Island as appropriate (#) Management of sanitary & sewage wastewater in accordance with Sewage & Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations, 1999 and other applicable legislation
Monitoring -
7.5.2
All
Soil erosion
Negligible
(#) Provision of effective construction site run-off controls (#) Provision of effective fugitive dust controls
7.5.3
All
Negligible Minor
7.6.2
All
Non-hazardous waste generation & disposal
Minor
(#) Minimise generation of wastes (#) Re-use or recycling of wastes where possible (#) Safe and appropriate disposal of remaining wastes by licensed contractors (#) Development and implementation of solid waste management plans to manage the collection, recycling and disposal of all construction wastes in an environmentally responsible manner (#) Storage of general municipal/ industrial waste in containers of sufficient capacity and collected regularly by reputable contractor (#) Reuse of excavated material and inert wastes on site as structural fill or for landscaping wherever practicable (#) Segregation of wastes on-site to facilitate recycling/ disposal (#) Recycling of scrap metals (#) No burning of any construction waste on site
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Impact Hazardous waste generation & disposal
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Development and implementation of waste management plans (#) Waste segregation (#) Provision of appropriate/ secure storage (#) Labelling of containers (#) Disposal via licensed contractors (Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors) (#) Use only well-maintained construction equipment (#) Service and inspect equipment regularly during construction programme (#) Provide silencers or mufflers for construction equipment exhausts and ensure their proper maintenance (#) Shut-down machines and equipment (eg. trucks) that are in intermittent use (or throttle down to minimum) (#) Orientate construction equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction to direct noise away from nearby receivers (#) Schedule on-site activities to reduce potential for simultaneous occurrence/ overlap of especially noisy activities (#) Provide temporary noise screens, enclosures and barriers (#) Give due warning to recreational diving community prior to activities that may give rise to high underwater noise levels (piling) (#) Use only well-maintained construction equipment (#) Service and inspect equipment regularly during construction programme (#) Provide silencers or mufflers for construction equipment exhausts and ensure their proper maintenance (#) Shut-down machines and equipment (eg. trucks) that are in intermittent use (or throttle down to minimum) (#) Orientate construction equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction to direct noise away from nearby receivers (#) Schedule on-site activities to reduce potential for simultaneous occurrence/ overlap of especially noisy activities (#) Provide temporary noise screens, enclosures and barriers (#) Schedule pile driving operations to minimise concurrent operation (#) As above (7.3, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.5.2, 7.6.2 and 7.6.3)
Monitoring -
7.7.2
ECC
Noise disturbance to recreation-users at Pulau Hantu
Moderate
(#) Daytime noise monitoring at affected premises (Tankstore & Bukom Refinery) in accordance with legal requirements (#) Ambient noise levels on Pulau Hantu
7.7.3
MEG
Noise disturbance to facilities directly neighbouring the MEG site
Minor Moderate
(#) Noise monitoring at adjacent premises in accordance with legal requirements
7.8.1
All
Negligible Minor
Page 3
Impact Reputational impacts associated with reclamation of Pulau Ular
Impact Significance Minor Moderate
In Place Design Controls (#) Frequent communications and meetings between SEPL's Communication Team and JTC's External Affairs Department (#) Provision of advice to JTC regarding the engagement of stakeholders, including nongovernmental organisations (#) Regular dialogue with JTC regarding the preparation and public disclosure of the Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for the reclamation works (#) Sponsoring the Singapore Environment Council's "Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage" project
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Close observation of implementation of mitigation and management practices adopted by JTC throughout reclamation works (#) Ensure monitoring results demonstrate effectiveness of mitigation measures implemented (#) Close monitoring of stakeholder sentiment (#) Maintain regular and open dialogue with interested parties
Monitoring (#) Review of media, internet (blogs) and stakeholder interest in the project
7.9
All
Landscape and visual impact
Minor
(#) Facilities design is according to international engineering standards
(#) Minimise areas used for construction lay-down and temporary use (#) Site housekeeping to ensure both construction sites are maintained in clean and tidy condition
Creation of employment and income
Positive (Moderate)
(#) Maximise employment of multi-skilled foreign labourers (#) Encourage cultural exchange, imposing flat and transparent management structures amongst the workforce, encouraging skills exchange (#) When selecting accommodation for construction workers, contractors are required to ensure that: - No complaints have been received from surrounding communities about the dormitory - Management is committed to ensuring strict security, access and behavioural controls - Sufficient and appropriate services, amenities and recreational facilities are available to reduce likelihood of residents seeking services elsewhere - Dormitory management continually maintains a clean and pleasant living environment (#) Utilities use at worker camp will be reduced through resource conservation measures eg. low energy appliances, water saving appliances, recycling
7.10.3
All
7.10.3
All
Exacerbation of existing animosities and racism associated with a foreign (manual) labour force
Negligible
Page 4
Impact Security risks for existing facilities on Pulau Busing
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) All workers required to act responsibly and uphold high standards of behaviour (#) Design, construction and management of worker camp on Bukom Cluster in full compliance with MOM, BCA and Shell standards (#) Liaise with SEPL Refinery and Tankstore management to ensure any security concerns are addressed
Monitoring -
7.10.5
All
Creation of demand for construction-related services Creation of demand for construction materials and supplies Reduced amenity value of Pulau Hantu/ Recreation impacts
Positive (Minor) -
(#) Maximise the sourcing of services from local, Singaporean suppliers
7.10.6
All
Positive (Moderate)
(#) Source materials and equipment from reputable suppliers offering competitive rates and conditions, placing preference on contracting local suppliers
7.10.7
ECC
Minor Moderate
(#) Sponsorship of Singapore Environment Council's project aimed initially at surveying natural marine heritage surrounding Pulau Hantu
(#) As under 7.3, 7.4, 7.7 and 7.9 above (#) Monitor impacts associated with reclamation (see under 7.8.2) (#) Maintain close dialogue with JTC on management of environmental impacts associated with Pulau Ular reclamation works (#) Engage with Sentosa Development Corporation, recreation providers and scientific and recreational dive groups to ensure impacts are maintained to within acceptable levels (#) Actively engage with SEC's Noah Project on results and findings (#) Comply with Shell's road transport HSE requirements and Shell's existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures (#) Transport vehicles required to comply with road traffic regulations, Singapore's vehicle roadworthiness requirements and requirements of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (#) Plan transport routes and schedule traffic movements to minimise interference with existing traffic (#) Ensure high standard of maintenance for all construction vehicles (#) Examine driver/ captains' records for any previous traffic violations or accidents prior to employment / contracting
(#) Review of media, internet (blogs) and stakeholder interest in the project
7.10.8
All
Negligible
Respiratory illness consequent of air pollutant/ dust levels Olfactory and psychological stress caused by elevated noise and vibration levels (MEG only)
Negligible
(#) As described for the control of air emissions (see 7.3 above)
7.11.3
MEG
Negligible Minor
(#) As described for the control of noise (see 7.7 above)
Page 5
Impact Significance Spread of vector-borne Negligible diseases
Impact
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Construction Phase (#) Ensure compliance with relevant legal requirements including those covering provision of sanitation facilities at workplaces and hygiene standards in worker accommodation (Environmental Public Health Act, 2002) and legal requirements covering control of vectors (Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act, 1998) (#) Provide portable toilets on construction sites with contractual agreements for provision of maintenance of high standards of cleanliness and hygiene (#) Provide integral holding tanks for sanitary effluent collection (#) Implement good site management practices to minimise areas of standing water (#) Implement a waste management plan to ensure suitable storage and collection of wastes for disposal (#) Create awareness with workers to ensure standards are followed
Monitoring (#) Maintain records of any incidents or pests/ vectors or any occurrence of parasitic/ bacterial disease maintained and immediate eradication and preventive measure taken
7.11.5
All
Spread of communicable diseases (eg. tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis A and B, common colds, influenza, etc.) Traffic accidents Demands on existing health infrastructure
Negligible Minor
(#) Stringent health screening criteria for all (#) Provide all workers with access to primary medical facilities foreign workers under Immigration Act, (#) Conduct regular health checks on staff during employment 1963 (#) Enforce worker conduct standards (#) Provide health awareness to all workers on employment
(#) Monitor incident (rate) individual cases and follow up
7.11.6 7.11.7
All All
(#) As described for the control of traffic congestion (see 7.10.8 above) (#) Ensure foreign worker dormitories selected for use are serviced by either inhouse or local clinic (#) Health professional hired to support temporary construction camp for ECC construction (#) Ensure medical emergency provisions are sufficient
Page 6
Table 10.2b Mitigation, Management and Monitoring Requirements during Operation

ESHA Sec. Site Impact Ref. Environmental Impacts 8.2.2 All Air quality impacts associated with NO X emissions Impact Significance Minor In Place Design Controls Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project specifications (#) Review opportunity to reduce HVU5 emissions rates to achieve Project emissions standards (#) Complete cumulative dispersion modelling of emissions from the current project, in addition to existing and future planned emissions (especially for the Bukom Cluster) Monitoring
(#) Low NOX burners for furnaces and boilers (#) Heat recovery from Cracking Furnaces for steam raising/ power generation (#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Shell design NO X emission limits of 125 mg/Nm 3 for gas firing and 350 mg/Nm 3 for liquid firing (#) Provisions for further NO X reductions (catalytic process)
8.2.3
All
Air quality impacts associated with SO 2 emissions
Minor
(#) Use of self-generated fuel gas with a very low sulphur content as primary gaseous fuel for Cracking Furnaces, Pygas 2nd Stage Heater and other minor users (flare pilots, VDP etc.) (#) Control of SO 2 emissions from Bukom Refinery via Sulphur Bubble (#) Provision of 4 Sulphur Recovery Units for Bukom Refinery and an additional unit as part of Refinery Modifications
8.2.4
All
Air quality impacts associated with CO emissions Air quality impacts associated with PM 10 emissions
Negligible
(#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Shell design CO emission limits of 100 - 175 mg/Nm
8.2.5
All
Negligible
(#) High efficiency furnace/ boiler design (#) Furnaces fired on self-generated fuel gas (#) Shell design PM10 emission limits of 5 mg/Nm 3 for gas firing and 50 mg/Nm 3 for liquid firing (#) Heat recovery from Cracking Furnaces to raise steam for electrical power generation/ plant steam supply (#) Use of energy efficient equipment & systems (#) High combustion efficiencies for fuel burning equipment (#) Minimise hydrocarbon/ fugitive emissions
8.2.7
All
Moderate
(#) Secure sale of waste CO 2 stream from MEG Plant (letter of interest already signed with buyer) (#) Ensure achievement of maximum plant energy efficiency
Table 10.2b: Mitigation, Management and Monitoring during Operation
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Impact Significance Exposure to Hazardous Minor Air Pollutants
Impact
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Incorporation of following control measures into design of new facilities: (#) Provide for operational monitoring (sampling ports) (#) Demonstrate that emissions comply with legal / project - Fugitive emission controls specifications - VDP (providing both recovery and thermal destruction stages) - Thermal oxidation of CO 2 stream in MEG Plant - Design of point source emissions containing benzene to comply with 5 mg/Nm 3 limit - Design of point source emissions containing ethylene oxide to comply with 5 mg/Nm 3 limit (#) Complete destruction of dioxins and furans and their "chemical building blocks" during combustion through: - High combustion temperature to maximise destruction of waste stream - Adequate combustion time to maximise destruction of waste stream - High combustion turbulence to distribute heat evenly and ensure complete destruction of waste stream (#) Preventing conditions that favour formation of dioxins and furans immediately following combustion
Monitoring (#) Stack monitoring of thermal oxidiser & VDP
8.2.9
ECC
Reduction in air quality as a result of start-up flaring Reduction in air quality as a result of emergency venting & flaring Reduction in water quality resulting from discharge of noncontaminated storm water Reduction in water quality (Discharge of treated effluent)
Negligible
(#) HP flare with design combustion efficiency of 98.5% (#) Design of flare to achieve smokeless combustion at up to maximum start-up flaring rate of 131,000 kg/hr (#) Design of HP flare with high combustion efficiency to safely dispose of relief/ blow down loads
8.2.10
ECC
Minor
(#) Operate plants to minimise requirement for emergency venting & flaring
8.3.1
All
Negligible
(#) Provision of a segregated drainage system at both the ECC and MEG
(#) Adoption of good site management practices to minimise potential for pollutants and debris build-up in noncontaminated areas
(#) HSE site audits
8.3.2
ECC
Minor
(#) Extensive controls including: - Segregated drainage/ collection systems - Wastewater Steam Stripper for benzene contaminated effluent primary treatment - Condensate recycling - IAF unit for oil contaminated effluent primary treatment - Activated sludge based biotreater system for secondary treatment of contaminated effluents - Final treated effluent sand filtration package
(#) Discharge quality monitoring
8.3.3
MEG
Minor
(#) Ensure that SembCorp facilities have sufficient incremental (#) Measure quantities of (#) Provision of segregated drainage and collection system to ensure all effluent routed offsite for capacity to treat effluents from MEG to meet legal discharge potentially contaminated effluents are contained and routed to treatment treatment (#) Collection of first flush rainfall run-off in a holding basin prior to transfer standards to treatment (#) Routing of collected contaminated effluents via pipeline to SembCorp Utilities effluent treatment facility
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ESHA Sec. Site Ref. 8.3.4 Refinery
Impact Reduction in water quality (discharge of additional treated effluent) Reduction in water quality (discharge of additional sewage effluent) Reduction in water quality (Accidental spills and leaks of hazardous materials)
In Place Design Controls (#) Use of existing wastewater treatment facilities at Bukom Refinery to treat additional effluent loading
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase No additional measures required
Monitoring (#) Measure quantities of effluent routed offsite for treatment -
8.3.5
All
Negligible
8.3.6
All
Minor
(#) Implement the following procedural and operational control measures - Routine inspection and preventative maintenance of process and utility systems - Hazardous materials handling and storage procedures - Materials loading/ offloading procedures - MPA spill contingency plan for Singapore Port (#) Require transport contractors to comply with Shell HSE management procedures (#) Require marine transportation activities to operate in accordance with Shell's existing Bukom Refinery marine transport procedures and requirements of Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) (#) Ensure implementation of shipboard and transport contractor emergency response/ contingency plans (#) Discharge quality monitoring
8.3.7.1
ECC
Damage to marine ecosystems (discharge of blow down water from cooling water tower)
Negligible Minor
(#) Design requirements necessitate compliance with Singapore discharge (#) Confirm compliance with Singapore legal and project design standards for water discharge quality standards (#) Consider treatment of cooling water tower blowdown prior (#) Discharge of blowdown water at ~35 C to its discharge
8.4.4
All
Contamination of soil and groundwater (Leaks and spills of environmentally hazardous materials)
Minor
(#) Provision of both primary and secondary containment systems for all operational areas where hazardous materials are processed and stored (#) Location of tank farms for material and intermediate product storage within product-resistant bunded enclosures capable of containing 100% of contents of largest tank within the enclosure (#) Impermeable floor of bunded enclosures to prevent permeation of contaminant into the ground (#) Provision of concrete catchment systems to process and utility areas as physical barrier against permeation of contaminants and to route surface run-off/ spillages to purpose designed drainage collection and treatment systems (#) Minimise number of discontinuities in concrete floors, due to drains, cabling, etc. (#) Design of drains and underground piping that will allow inspection and maintenance (#) Provision of level alarms to warn of possible overfilling (#) Application of materials selection guidelines to design (#) Provision of membrane below tank bottoms with leak detection
(#) Groundwater monitoring
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Impact Significance Generation and disposal Negligible of non-hazardous waste
Impact
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase (#) Management of wastes in accordance with Shell's waste management procedures including: - Minimisation - Re-use/ recycling where possible - Safe and appropriate disposal (#) Management of hazardous wastes in accordance with established Waste Management Plans (WMPs) and procedures to include: - Waste segregation - Provision of appropriate/ secure storage - Labelling of containers - Disposal via licensed contractors - Operational control procedures (#) Identify customers / alternate use for MEG heavy glycol waste
Monitoring (#) Inventorise wastes generated and sent for offsite reuse / recycling & disposal
8.5.3
All
Generation and disposal of hazardous waste
Moderate
(#) Inventorise wastes generated and sent for offsite reuse / recycling & disposal (#) Periodic audit of Toxic Industrial Waste contractors, including ultimate disposal
8.6.1
ECC
Noise pollution
Moderate
(#) Boundary noise monitoring (#) Verification of noise prediction through plant and site survey on plant commissioning (#) Verification of predicted noise levels at Pulau Hantu (#) Ensure acceptance of boundary noise criteria by NEA & NParks
8.6.2
MEG
Noise pollution
Minor
(#) Verification of noise prediction through an on-site survey In place engineering and management controls including: during plant commissioning (#) Use of "standard low noise plant" design (#) Specification of maximum equipment noise limits (max. 85 dBA at 1 m) and work area noise levels (#) Selection of low noise equipment and noise enclosures, silencers and screening (#) Inclusion of noise enclosure for compressor K 8301 (#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2 (#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2
(#) Boundary noise monitoring
8.7
ECC
Ecological impacts (Discharge of drainage effluents) Ecological impacts (Discharge of cooling tower blow down) Change in landscape character due to presence of ECC on Pulau Ular Visual/ aesthetic impact due to presence of ECC and MEG Plant
Negligible
(#) See under 8.3.1 & 8.3.2
8.7
ECC
Negligible
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
(#) See under 8.3.7.1
8.8.2
ECC
Minor
8.8.3
All
Minor
Social Impacts
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Impact Provision of chemical feedstocks to further boost economy of Singapore Creation of jobs and development of skills within the workforce
Impact Significance Positive (Moderate Major)
In Place Design Controls (#) SEPC project in line with Government's strategic plan to expand and grow the petrochemicals sector in Singapore (#) SEPC project and future developments catalysed by the project are part of wider, well publicised development plans that have taken account of ESH impacts
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Phase No further mitigation required
Monitoring -
8.9.3
All
Positive (Minor) -
(#) Favour employment of Singapore nationals for project operation (#) Support development of skills amongst the workforce
8.9.4
ECC
Minor
(#) Self-generation of utilities for ECC (eg. Electrical power, steam, fuel gas, etc.) (#) Use of NEWater (recycled grey water) for ECC cooling water supply (#) Tying in of MEG to utilities and services provided for PCS tenants
8.9.5
ECC
Reduced recreational value of Pulau Hantu area resulting from ECC operation
Minor
(#) As under 8.6 (Noise), 8.3 (Marine ecology) and 8.8 (Aesthetics) (#) Monitor sentiments of recreation and dive groups that use Pulau Hantu throughout project operation (#) Maintain open and collaborative dialogue channels to enable concerns to be raised by recreation and dive groups that use Pulau Hantu
(#) Review of media, internet (blogs) and stakeholder interest in the project
8.9.6
All
Increased congestion as a result of project generated marine and road traffic
Negligible
(#) Use existing efficient ferry services serving Bukom Refinery -
Minor
Controls that are in place or part of project design include: (#) Air emission controls to ensure that standards set for the project by Shell and Government of Singapore are met; controls aim to prevent damage to human health and the environment (#) Inclusion of noise attenuation measure to ensure compliance with site boundary noise requirements (#) Design and construction of project facilities in accordance with Singapore and international design standards
(#) HSE site audits (#) Implementation of operational controls including: - the implementation of hazardous waste management plans, - good hazardous material management procedures, - mandatory use of personal protective equipment, - control of noise within the workplace (#) Chlorination of the Cooling Water Tower system using 2 ppm hypochlorite & shock dosing if required (#) Clean all cells of Cooling Water Tower every two years (#) Legionella management program in accordance with Shell requirements (#) Review potential for occupational health issues in Health Risk Assessment (#) Check for existence of legionella bacteria
8.10.3
ECC
Negligible Minor
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Impact Significance Negligible Physical injury, disability Minor and loss of life as a result of major accident hazards
Impact
In Place Design Controls (#) Design and construction of project facilities in accordance with Singapore and international design standards
Mitigation and Management Requirements for Operation Monitoring Phase (#) Identification and assessment of potential hazards as part of QRA and HEMP and inclusion of measures necessary to minimise any identified risks (#) Strictly control access to project sites (#) Provide a health, safety and emergency response briefing to any visitors to project sites (#) Supervision of visitors on site at all times (#) Commission only reputable transport providers to transport employees and products to/ from the plants
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11
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
11.1
SUMMARY This ESHA has been conducted to evaluate the environmental effects, social and health effects associated with the development of SEPLs proposed ECC on Pulau Ular; its MEG Plant on Pulau Ayer Merbau, Jurong Island and associated modifications to the existing SEPL Bukom Refinery.
11.1.1
Study Scope The assessment has been based on a review of potential interactions between the project and the environmental, social and health components of the area. The scope of project activities examined in this assessment includes:
Project activities associated with the construction and operation of the ECC, MEG Plant and required refinery modifications; it does not consider impacts associated with existing facilities; Facilities and activities that are the direct responsibility of SEPL and form an integral part of the project. The assessment does not therefore cover reclamation of land between Pulau Ular and Pulau Busing on which the ECC will be located, nor does it assess in detail impacts associated with the common services provided by the PCS which will be utilized by the MEG Plant (eg. wastewater treatment facilities etc.). Reclamation works have been the subject of a separate impact assessment by JTC (DHI, 2005b & c). It is assumed that impacts associated with the PCS facilities will undergo separate review by PCS; and High level review of potential cumulative impacts associated with this project and other future developments that are encouraged as a result.
Activities associated with the supply of NEWater to the ECCs cooling water tower, sourced from either the Singapore mainland or from Jurong Island, are outside the scope of the project and this ESHA. The eventual source of NEWater and how the NEWater will be conveyed to the ECC will be the responsibility of the Public Utilities Board (PUB). 11.1.2 Study Approach The assessment has been undertaken in line with Shell Group policies and guidelines with respect to impact assessment. It also reflects and determines compliance with Singapore regulatory requirements and with project-specific design criteria.
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11.2
SUMMARY OF ESH EVALUATED IMPACTS The key potential impacts associated with the project have been identified, assessed and evaluated. A summary of impacts and their recommended mitigation and monitoring requirements were provided in Tables 10.2a b. Implementation of these measures is facilitated through an ESH-MP which has been prepared as an output of the ESHA under separate cover. On the basis of the assessment of impacts, it is concluded that provided all impacts associated with the project are managed appropriately and in accordance with the recommendations made in this study, then the majority of residual environmental, social and health risks will be of negligible or minor significance. The only residual negative impacts that have been evaluated to be of greater significance are:
During Construction:
Noise emissions at the ECC and MEG (minor moderate significance): these are largely associated with site preparation activities (piling) where impacts are predicted to affect recreation users (at Pulua Hantu) and industrial facilities neighbouring the MEG respectively. Impacts will, however, be temporary and short in duration; with works scheduling and notification of potentially affected stakeholders, impacts can be controlled to ALARP levels; Reduction in the amenity value of Pulau Hantu resulting from ECC construction (minor - moderate significance): construction generated noise, emissions and general activities are expected to deter visitors to the island. Impacts are, however, anticipated to be temporary and may be limited to the site preparation phase (when most noise and dust impacts are likely); and Reputational impacts resulting from the reclamation of Pulau Ular (minor moderate significance): these were associated with the reclamation of Pulau Ular and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems. While SEPL is not responsible for reclamation works, it may be implicated given its future use of the land; reclamation activities therefore require careful monitoring, close engagement with JTC must continue and wider stakeholder sentiment should also be carefully monitored.
During Operation:
Generation of greenhouse gases (moderate significance): the project is predicted to generate ~2.6 million tonnes CO2-eq/yr, largely from the ECC and modified Bukom refinery. This is equivalent to 2.6% of
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national CO2 emissions (2002 basis); from one project, this is considered significant. Singapore is not obligated to set GHG emission control targets under the UNFCCC, however Shell Group companies are mindful of the concerns over GHG emissions globally. Efforts to sell a substantial portion of MEGs waste CO2 stream to downstream users are therefore strongly supported. While in overall project terms the MEGs contribution to GHG emissions is small, sale of waste CO2 streams from the other project facilities is not expected to be economically feasible.
Generation of hazardous wastes for disposal (moderate significance): the project will generate ~5,800 tonnes/yr of hazardous waste, representing a contribution of 5% to total Singapore toxic industrial waste generation (2000 basis). The majority (87%) of this waste stream is comprised of heavy glycols generated by the MEG. The significance of the evaluated impact could be reduced to minor if a customer/ alternate use for this waste stream were identified. Noise impacts generated by the ECC (moderate significance): operation of the ECC, and in particular its proposed cooling water tower, is predicted to generate boundary noise levels of up to 76 dBA and increase noise levels experienced at nearby Pulau Hantu by 7 dBA. Boundary noise predictions exceed Singapore noise standards; noise levels predicted for Pulau Hantu are also considered somewhat excessive for its current active recreational use. Feasible noise attenuation options (eg. use of low noise cooling fans in the cooling water tower) are likely to achieve a reduction of only < 1 dBA in total plant sound levels. It should furthermore be noted that the evaluation of noise impacts has assumed boundary noise criteria for industrial premises apply for the southern ECC boundary, based on the future planned development of Pulau Hantu into industrial land; this assumption has been raised by SEPL to NEA, however still requires formal acceptance by the NEA and N-Parks.
No impacts were evaluated to be of major or critical significance. 11.2.1 Mitigation, Management and Monitoring Mitigation, management and monitoring recommendations associated with identified impacts have been determined and are summarised in Tables 10.2a and b. They have been elaborated in an ESH-MP which is reported under separate cover. 11.2.2 Cumulative Impacts In addition to the impacts determined for the project in isolation, the scope of this ESHA included a high level consideration of potential cumulative impacts associated with the implementation of this project in combination with existing industrial developments and known planned projects. Impacts to air, the
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marine environment, waste disposal, major accident hazards, employment, economic development and traffic congestion have been considered: existing planning and pollution control requirements in Singapore are expected to be able to manage potential cumulative impacts. Nevertheless, SEPL as an organisation is increasing its own impact on the environment of Singapore through the current project and its concept plans to further develop on the Bukom Cluster. In line with Shell Group policy, it is therefore recommended that SEPL examines in greater depth its own wider cumulative ESH impacts associated with its existing facilities, this project and its future planned developments. 11.3 OVERALL CONCLUSION Provided the proposed and recommended mitigation and control measures described in this ESHA are incorporated into project design and are effective, and ESH management of the sites and facilities is addressed in the ways described in this report, it is concluded that the ESH impacts associated with the development of the SEPC project will be maintained to within acceptable levels.
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12
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(SEPL, 2002) SEPC ESHA Feasibility Stage Stakeholder Identification & Engagement Programme, 2002. (SEPL, 2005) Shells HSE Standards for the SEPC Project, dated 18 November, 2005. (SEPL, 2006) Internal Communications Memo announcing SEPLs support to Project Noah (Nurturing Our Aquatic Heritage) Phase 1, dated 29 March, 2006. (Shell Best Practice Guide) Shell Confidential Document: Appendix 3 of the Best Practice Guide 11, HSE Management of Construction. (Shell, 1995) HSE Manual EP 95-0377 Quantifying Atmospheric Emissions, Shell Exploration & Production, Revision 0 22 September 1995. (Shell, 1997a) Statement of General Business Principles, Royal Dutch/ Shell Group of Companies, 1997. (Shell, 1997b) Group HSE Commitment and Policy, Royal Dutch/ Shell Group of Companies, March 1997. (Shell, 1997c) Group Procedure for a Health, Safety and Environment Management System, Royal Dutch/ Shell Group of Companies, 1997. (Shell, 1999) HSE Manual EP Stakeholder Consultation Guidelines (EP 950374), March 1999. (Shell, 2000) Technical Guidance for Environmental Assessment, Shell HSE Panel, January 2000. (Shell, 2002) Group HSE Management System, Shell HSE Panel, February 2002. (Shell, 2002a) HSE Manual EP Social Impact Assessment (EP 95-0371) and update 1 May 2002. (Shell, 2002b) HSE Manual EP Health Impact Assessment (EP 95-0372), October 2002. (Singapore Department of Statistics, 2002) Yearbook of Statistics Singapore: 2001, Singapore Department of Statistics, 2002. (Singapore Economic Development Board, 2001) Census of Manufacturing Activities 2000. Singapore Economic Development Board, December 2001. (Singapore Statistics, 2006) Singapore Statistics, 2006, http://www.singstat.gov.sg/ (Statement by Dr Ng Eng Hen, 2002) Statement by Dr Ng Eng Hen, Minister of State for Manpower, at the Official Opening of SCAL Dormitory at Soon Lee Road, on Tuesday 18 June 02 at 10 am, http://www.gov.sg/mom/newsrm/speech/Speech2002/ms020618.htm
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(STS, 2006) Factory Boundary Noise Assessment Report for Shell Eastern Petroleum Limited, No. PROJ/Noise/003/06, Shama Technologies (S) Pte Ltd , 27th February 2006). (Straits Times Singapore 2005) Pulau Hantu Coral Dying Out Fast, 4 February 2005. (Survey Department Federation of Malaya, 1953) Singapore, Provisional Issue, Sheet 10, Survey Department Federation of Malaya No. 16 1953. (TA Luft, 1986) Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum BundesImmissionsschutzgesetz (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft - TA Luft) / First General Administrative Federal Regulations Air Quality Protection Law (Technical Guidance for Clean Air - TA-Luft) 27 February 1986. (TA Luft, 2002) Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum BundesImmissionsschutzgesetz (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft - TA Luft) / First General Administrative Federal Regulations Air Quality Protection Law (Technical Guidance for Clean Air - TA-Luft), July 2002. (T P Ng, et al, 1999) Health Effects of PM2.5 and its Impact Singapore Experience, T P Ng et al, in Ambient Air Monitoring and Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matter - PM2.5, Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Particulate Matter (PM)2.5, Singapore, 28 - 30 April 1999, Edited by K T Goh, 2000. (The Straits Times, 21 June 2002) Southern exposure, The Straits Times, 21st June 2002. (The Straits Times, 28 January 2003) Foreign Workers can help buffer volatile industries. The Straits Times, 28th January 2003. (The Straits Times, 12 February 2003) Push to bring in skilled workers for construction, The Straits Times, 12th February 2003. (The Straits Times, 28 February 2003) Jobless rate could top 5.5% if economy fails to pick up, The Straits Times, 28th February 2003. (Turner, I.M., & Yong, J.W.H, 1999) State of the Natural Environment in Singapore: The Coastal Vegetation of Singapore, I.M. Turner and J.W.H. Yong, Nature Society of Singapore, 1999. (United Nations, 2001) United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2001: Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, 2001. (United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund, 2005) Information by Country 2005, accessed via http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ (United States Census Bureau, 2005) International Database 2005. (United States Central Intelligence Agency, 2005) World Factbook January 2005.
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Sepc Esha Report June 2006

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Project Shell Eastern Petrochemicals Complex: Ethylene Cracker Complex & Mono Ethylene Glycol Plant, Singapore

Environmental, Social and Health Assessment

Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world

Environmental Resources Management Pte. Ltd.

Shell Eastern Petroleum (Pte) Limited

David Turberfield Managing Partner

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Internal Public Confidential

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

Overall Project Concept

Bukom Refinery Refinery Modifications

Condensate Splitter Unit

Petrochemicals Complex 1 & 2

EGS EO/EG Plant

Ethylene Oxide & Glycols

Ethylene Cracker Complex

Ethylene Propylene Hydro-treated C4s Benzene Butadiene

Styrene Monomer/ Propylene Oxide SM/PO Plant

Styrene Propylene Oxide

Existing Facilities Project Facilities Future Facilities

Other Future Plants

Polyethylene Other products

Project Location/ Setting

SINGAPORE Ethylene Cracker Complex

The scope of project activities examined in this assessment includes:

The ESHA does not include:

Establishment of an environmental baseline, highlighting receptors sensitive to potential impacts;

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

Significance Positive Impact Negligible Impact

Detectable but not significant

Significant; amenable to mitigation; should be mitigated where practicable

Significant; amenable to mitigation; must be mitigated

Intolerable; not amenable to mitigation; alternatives must be identified; "project stopper"

S-3 S-3.1 S-3.1.1

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

Indicative Project Schedule

Feasibility & Definition

Feasibility & Definition

Construction Workforce Peak anticipated workforce sizes are as follows:

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 0061053 SEPC ESHA SUMMARY REV P1

SHELL EASTERN PETROLEUM (PTE) LIMITED JUNE 2006

Summary of Evaluated Impacts & their Mitigation / Management Construction Phase