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UNIT 4
GRAPHING
RELATIONS and FUNCTIONS
GRAPHING
RELATIONS and FUNCTIONS
Lesson 1 The Coordinate Plane
Lesson 2 Transformations on the Coordinate Plane
Lesson 3 Relations
Lesson 4 Equations as Relations
Lesson 5 Graphing Linear Equations
Lesson 6 Functions
Lesson 7 Arithmetic Sequences
Lesson 8 Writing Equations from Patterns
COORDINATE PLANE
Example 1 Name an Ordered Pair
Example 2 Identify Quadrants
Example 3 Graph Points
Example 4 Use a Coordinate System
Write the ordered pair for point B.
Follow along a horizontal line
to find the x-coordinate on the
x-axis. The
x-coordinate is 3.
Follow along a vertical line
through the point to find the y-
coordinate on the y-axis. The y-
coordinate is –2.
Answer: (–4, 1)
Write ordered pairs for points A, B, C, and D.
Name the quadrant in which each point is located.
C 4 –2 (4, –2) IV
D –5 –4 (–5, –4) III
Answer:
Geography Use the map in Example 4 on page 194 of your
textbook to name the city at about (33°, 80°).
d.
c.
Answer:
Graph each vertex of the
trapezoid WXYZ. X′ W W′ X
Connect the points.
Graph each vertex of the
reflected image W′ X′ Y′ Z′. Y′ Z Z′ Y
Connect the points.
A parallelogram has vertices A(–4, 7), B(2, 7), C(0, 4)
and D(–2, 4).
a. Parallelogram ABCD is reflected over the x-axis.
Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image.
Answer:
Triangle ABC has vertices A(–2, 1), B(2, 4), and C(1, 1).
Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image if it is
translated 3 units to the right and 5 units down.
To translate the triangle 3 units to the right, add 3 to the x-
coordinate of each vertex. To translate the triangle 5 units
down, add –5 to the y-coordinate of each vertex.
A
The translated image C
is B′
A′
C′
Triangle JKL has vertices J(2, –3), K(4, 0), and L(6, –3).
a. Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image if it is
translated 5 units to the left and 2 units up.
Answer: J′(–3, –1), K′(–1, 2), L′(1, –1)
Answer:
A trapezoid has vertices E(–1, 2), F(2, 1), G(2, –1),
and H(–1, –2).
Find the coordinates of the dilated trapezoid
E′ F′ G′ H′ if the scale factor is 2.
To dilate the figure, multiply the coordinates of each vertex
by 2.
Answer: The coordinates of the vertices of the image
are E′(–2, 4), F′(4, 2), G′(4, –2), and
H′(–2, –4).
Graph the preimage and its image.
Answer:
E′
The preimage is
trapezoid EFGH. E F′
F
The image is trapezoid
E′ F′ G′ H′ .
G
Notice that the image has G′
H
sides that are twice the
length of the sides of the H′
original figure.
A trapezoid has vertices E(–4, 7), F(2, 7), G(0, 4),
and H(–2, 4).
a. Find the coordinates of the dilated trapezoid E′ F′ G′ H′
if the scale factor is
Answer:
b. Graph the preimage and its image.
Answer:
Triangle ABC has vertices A(1, –3), B(3, 1),
and C(5, –2).
Find the coordinates of the image of ∆ABC after it is rotated
180° about the origin.
To find the coordinates of the image of ∆ABC after a 180°
rotation, multiply both coordinates of each point by –1.
Answer:
RELATIONS
Example 1 Represent a Relation
Example 2 Use a Relation
Example 3 Inverse Relation
Express the relation {(4, 3), (–2, –1), (–3, 2), (2, –4),
(0, –4)} as a table, a graph and a mapping.
Table List the set of x-coordinates in the first column and the
corresponding y-coordinates in the second column.
x y
4 3
–2 –1
–3 2
2 –4
0 –4
Graph Graph each ordered pair on a coordinate plane.
Mapping List the x values in set X and the y values in
set Y. Draw an arrow from each x value in X to the corresponding
y value in Y.
Determine the domain and range.
Answer:
c. What conclusions might you make from the graph of
the data?
–3 –2 true
2 13 true
4 19 true
The ordered pairs (–3, –2), (2, 13) and (4, 19) result in
true statements.
Answer: The solution set is {(–3, –2), (2, 13), (4, 19)}.
Find the solution set for given the
replacement set {(3, 1), (6, 8), (1, 5), (–1, 1)}.
Simplify.
Substitute each value of x from the domain to determine the
corresponding values of y in the range.
x 5 – 3x y (x, y)
0 5 – 3(0) 5 (0, 5)
1 5 – 3(1) 2 (1, 2)
2 5 – 3(2) –1 (2, –1)
3 5 – 3(3) –4 (3, –4)
Hotel 90 EUR
Food 50 EUR
Transportation 30 EUR
Gifts 20 EUR
Explore In the equation , D represents U.S.
dollars and E represents the euro. However, we are given
values in euros and want to find values in dollars. Solve the
equation for D since the values for D depend on
the given values of E.
Original equation
E 0.90E D (E, D)
90 0.90(90) $81 (90, 81)
50 0.90(50) $45 (50, 45)
30 0.90(30) $27 (30, 27)
20 0.90(20) $18 (20, 18)
Graph the ordered pairs.
Answer:
Notice that the values for the independent variable E are
graphed along the horizontal axis, and the values for the
dependent variable D are graphed along the
vertical axis.
The equivalent amounts in U.S. dollars for the given amounts in
euros is shown in the table.
Expense Euros Dollars
Hotel 90 81
Food 50 45
Transportation 30 27
Gifts 20 18
Original equation
Simplify.
To write the equation with integer coefficients, multiply each
term by 4.
Original equation
Simplify.
Answer: The equation is now in standard form
where
Determine whether is a linear equation.
If so, write the equation in standard form.
Original equation
b.
Answer: not a linear equation
c.
Answer: linear equation;
d.
Answer: linear equation;
Graph
Original equation
Simplify.
Multiply each side by 2.
Simplify.
Select five values for the domain and make a table.
Then graph the ordered pairs.
x y (x, y)
–3 –4 (–3, –4)
–1 0 (–1, 0)
0 2 (0, 2)
2 6 (2, 6)
3 8 (3, 8)
Answer:
When you graph the ordered
pairs, a pattern begins to form.
The domain of
is the set of all real numbers, so
there are an infinite number of
solutions of the equation. Draw a
line through the points. This line
represents all the solutions of
.
.
Answer:
Shiangtai walks his dog 2.5 miles around the lake every
day. Graph where m represents the
number of miles walked and d represents the number of
days walking.
Select five values for d and make a table. Graph the ordered
pairs and connect them to draw a line.
d 2.5d t (d, t)
0 2.5(0) 0 (0, 0)
4 2.5(4) 10 (4, 10)
8 2.5(8) 20 (8, 20)
12 2.5(12) 30 (12, 30)
16 2.5(16) 40 (16, 40)
Suppose Shiangtai wanted to walk 50 miles, how many days
would it take him?
Since any point on the line is a solution of the equation, use the
graph to estimate the value of the x-coordinate in the ordered
pair that contains 50 as the y-coordinate.
x y
–7 –12
–4 –9
2 –3
5 0
Answer: The graph does not pass the vertical line test.
Thus, the line does not represent a function.
Determine whether is a function.
Answer: yes
If find .
Replace x with 4.
Multiply.
Subtract.
Answer:
If find .
Multiply.
Subtract.
Answer:
If find .
Replace x with 2 – x.
Distributive Property
Simplify.
Answer:
If find each value.
a.
Answer: 11
b.
Answer: –11
c.
Answer:
If , find .
Multiply.
Simplify.
Answer:
If , find .
Simplify.
Answer:
If , find .
Simplify.
Answer:
If find each value.
a.
Answer: 8
b.
Answer:
c.
Answer:
Multiple-Choice Test Item
If
A 69x . B 70x. C 79x. D 81x.
Read the Test Item
The symbol is just a different notation for f(x).
Solve the Test Item
Replace x with –5.
Think: .
Replace x with –5.
Simplify.
Answer: A
Multiple-Choice Test Item
If
A 35x. B 30x. C 20x. D 19x.
Answer: C
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES
Example 1 Identify Arithmetic Sequences
Example 2 Extend a Sequence
Example 3 Find a Specific Term
Example 4 Write an Equation for a Sequence
Determine whether –15, –13, –11, –9, ... is arithmetic.
Justify your answer.
–15 –13 –11 –9
+2 +2 +2
b.
7 11 15 19
+4 +4 +4 The common difference is 4.
Use the formula for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence.
Formula for the nth term
Simplify.
Distributive Property
Simplify.
Answer: An equation for the nth term in this sequence
is .
Check .
.
and so on.
Find the 12th term of the sequence.
Replace n with 12 in the equation written in part a.
Equation for the nth term
Answer:
Notice the points fall on a line. The graph
of an arithmetic sequence is linear.
Consider the arithmetic sequence –3, 0, 3, 6, ...
a. Write an equation for the nth term of the sequence.
Answer:
b. Find the 18th term
in the sequence.
Answer: 48
c. Graph the first five
terms in the sequence.
Answer:
WRITING EQUATIONS
FROM PATTERNS
Example 1 Extend a Pattern
Example 2 Patterns in a Sequence
Example 3 Write an Equation from Data
Example 4 Write an Equation with a Constant
Study the pattern below. Draw the next three figures in the
pattern.
Answer:
Study the pattern below. Draw the 17th triangle in
the pattern.
Answer:
Study the pattern below.
Answer:
C. Draw the 19th square in the pattern.
Answer:
Find the next three terms in the sequence
–3, –1, 3, 9, .... Study the pattern in the sequence.
–3 –1 3 9
+2 +4 +6
Answer: The next three terms are 17, 27, and 39.
Find the next three terms in the sequence.
1, 4, 10, 19, ...
Answer:
The graph shows a linear
relationship between the number
of hours driving and the number
of miles driven.
Write an equation to describe this relationship.
Look at the relationship between the domain and the range to
find a pattern that can be described as
an equation.
+1 +1 +1
Hours 1 2 3 4
Miles 50 100 150 200
Answer:
Since this relation is also a function, we can write the
equation as where f(h) represents the number
of miles driven.
The table below shows the number of miles walked for each
hour of walking.
Hours 1 2 3 4 5
Miles 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5
a. Graph the data. What conclusion can you make about the
relationship between the number of miles and the time spent
walking?
Answer: The graph shows
a linear
relationship
between the
number of miles
walked m and
the time spent
walking h.
b. Write an equation to describe the relationship.
Answer:
Write an equation in function notation for the relation
graphed below.
Make a table of ordered pairs for
several points on the graph.
+1 +1 +1 +1
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 4 7 10 13
+3 +3 +3 +3
The difference in the x values is 1, and the difference in the y
values is 3. The difference in y values is three times the
difference of the x values. This suggests that
Check this equation.
x 1 2 3 4 5
3x 3 6 9 12 15
y 1 4 7 10 13
y is always 2 less than 3x.
This pattern suggests that 2 should be subtracted from one side
of the equation in order to correctly describe the relation.
Check