Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation

for

Instrumentation Engineering
By

www.thegateacademy.com

Contents

A.O.B.

CONTENTS

Chapter #1. U.V, Visible and IR spectrometry

Analytical instrumentation Beer lamberts law Infrared Spectroscopy instrumentation Assigment Questions GATE Questions IN Answer Keys Explanations

Page No. 1-11

1- 3 3-5 6 7-8 8 9 9-11

#2.

Mass Spectrometer
Mass Spectrometer Time of flight mass spectrometer Assignment Questions GATE Questions IN Answer Keys Explanations

12 - 17
12 13 13 14-15 15 16 16-17

#3.

X ray and Nuclear Radiation Measurements

Origin of X rays X-ray diffraction Braggs law Nuclear Detectors Assignment Questions GATE Questions IN Answer Keys Explanations

18 - 26
18 18 20 20 21 -22 22-23 24 24 26

#4.

Optical Sources and Detectors

Optical sources and its classifiaction. Sunlight. Incandescent Sources. Fluorescent Sources. light emitting diode. Laser and its types. Optical detectors and its types. Photo voltaic cell. Photo conductive cell. Photo multiplier tube. Semiconductor photoelectric transuders. Photo diodes. Photo resistor. Assignment Questions. GATE Questions. Answer Keys Explanation

27 -44
27 27 27 27 27 -28 29- 31 31 31-32 32-33 33 33 -34 34 34 -37 38 - 39 39 - 40 41 - 44

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Contents

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#5.

Interferometer, Applications in Metrology

Michelrons Inter ferometer. Application in Metrology Assignment Questions. GATE Questions. Answer Keys. Explanation.

45 - 52
45 45 - 46 47 48 -49 50 50 52

#6.

Basics of Fibre Optics Construction. Light Propogation in Fibes Acceptance Angle. Fractional refractive index change. Numerical Aperture. Fibre Characteristics and Classification. Index Profile Step index. Graded index. V Number. Pulse dispersion. Fibre Losses. Assignment Questions. GATE Questions. Answer Keys. Explanation.

53 - 63 53 53 53 53 53 - 54 54 54 55 55 55 - 56 56 56 57 - 58 58 - 59 59 59 -63

#7.

Ultrasonic Transducers and Ultrasonography 64 - 70

Acoustic Impedeance. Ultrasonic Transducers. Transit time measurement ultrasonic transducer. Doppler shift ultrasound transducer. Assignment Questions. GATE Questions. Answer Keys. Explanation. 64 64 65 65 66-67 67 68 68 70

#8.

ECG EEG EMG

Resting and action potentials. All or noting law. Bioelectric potentials. ECG (Electro Cardio Gram). EEG (Electro encephalogram). EMG (Electromyo gram). Assignment Questions. GATE Questions. Answer Keys. Explanations.

71 -82
71 -72 72 73 73 - 74 75 -76 76 77 - 78 78 - 79 80 80 - 82

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Contents

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#9.

Clinical Measurement and Computer Assisted Tomography

Measurement of Blood Pressure. Measurement of Blood Volume. Measurement of Heart Sound. Test on Blood Cells. Chemical Test. Colorimeter. Principle of computer assisted tomography. Assignment Questions. GATE Questions. Answer Keys. Explanation.

83 - 92
83 83 - 84 84 84 - 85 85 - 86 86 - 87 87 - 88 89 90 91 91 - 92

Module Test
Test Questions Answer Keys Explanations

93 -102
93 - 96 97 97 -102

Reference Book

103

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Syllabus

A.O.B.

Syllabus for Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation

Mass spectrometry. UV, visible and IR spectrometry. X-ray and nuclear radiation measurements. Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, Photo-diode, photo-resistor and their characteristics. Interferometers, applications in metrology. Basics of fiber optics. Biomedical instruments, EEG, ECG and EMG. Clinical measurements. Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography. Principles of Computer Assisted Tomography.

Analysis of GATE Papers (Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation)

Year 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Percentage of marks 2.0 9.0 Overall Percentage

11.0 16.0 16.0 14.66 12.66 25.0 18.0 13.81%

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Chapter-1

A.O.B.

CHAPTER 1 U.V, Visible and IR spectrometry

ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION: Analytical instruments are primarily used to obtained qualitative and quantitative information regarding the composition of a given unknown sample. The basic building blocks are: Chemical information source

Analytical instrument

Signal conditioner

Display system

Chemical information source generates signal containing information of the unknown sample. Analytical instruments, then generate signal based on the composition of the sample. This stage forms an important building block in analytical instruments where the separation, detection and of the composition is done by employing either emission or absorption or scattering of electromagnetic radiation as the key principle of detection. Electromagnetic Radiation: Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is transmitted through space at a speed of 3 m/sec. These radiations do not require a medium of propagation and can also travel through vacuum. Relation between the energy of electromagnetic radiation (normally called as photons) and frequency of its propagation is given by where E: energy h: Plancks constant (or) Joules-s : frequency If is the wavelength (interval between successive maxima and minima of the wave), then C = Where C: velocity of propagation of radiant energy in vacuum. Interaction of radiation with matter: S. No Radiation absorbed 1. Visible, ultraviolet, x ray 2. 3. 4. Infrared Microwave Radio frequency

ergs-s

Energy changes involved Electronic transitions, vibrational or rotational changes Molecular Vibrational changes with superimpose rotational changes Rotational changes They are absorbed by an intense magnetic field.

Spectroscopic methods and corresponding energy states of matter or basis of phenomenon: S. No Method Phenomena employed 1. Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear spin coupling with an applied magnetic field 2. Microwave spectroscopy Rotation of molecules 3. Infrared and Raman Rotation or vibration of molecules, electronic spectroscopy transitions 4. UV visible spectroscopy Electronic energy changes, 5. X-ray spectroscopy Diffraction and reflection of X-ray radiation from atomic layers.

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Chapter-1

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Electromagnetic spectrum: Fig (1.1) shows the various regions of electromagnetic spectrum which are normally used in spectroscopic works.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY 2.5 M 2400

20 100 MHz (~ 300 MHz IN SUPERCONDUCTING INSTRUMENTS)

MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY 2000 MHz 300 GHz

300

10

0.67

30 MICROWAVES

3c

7000

3000

30 3

7000 4000 FREQUENCY RANGE OF HUMAN EYE

MEDIUM VERY LOW LOW FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

HIGH VERY HIGH FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

EXTRA HIGH ULTRA HIGH SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY INFRARED FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

VISIBLE

ULTRAVIOLET

X-RAY

10 kHz

100 kHz

1 MHz

30 MHz

450 MHz

1 GHz

10 GHz

300 GHz 4.3

0 15 kHz; FREQUENCY RANGE OF AVERAGE HUMAN EAR

NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE 2 1000 MHz

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; X-BAND 9.46 GHz

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 1 MM2.5 M 10 4000 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Fig.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum from DC to X-ray In the following sections, we discuss the various methods employed (by the analytical instruments) for detection of the composition of the analyte sample in the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible and ultraviolet: calorimeter and spectrophotometer: In the visible and ultraviolet region of spectrum, the method of analysis employed by the analytical instruments are based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Calorimeters and spectrophotometers are the analytical instruments used in this region. Principle: Whenever a beam of radiant energy strikes the surface of a substance (analyte or sample), the radiation interacts with the atoms or molecules of the substance resulting in absorption (or) transmittance or scattering (reflection) depending on the properties of the sample.

Absorbed Radiation Incident Radiation Sample

Transmitted Radiation

Absorption spectroscopy is based on the principle that the amount of absorption that occurs is dependent on the number of molecules present in the sample. Here the analysis is done by studying the intensity of the radiant power leaving the substance, i.e., the transmitted radiation which is an indication of concentration of the sample.
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