A list of questions and answers in International Relations 1. Legal rights. Property and individual rights.

Human beings have Legal Rights that extend de juris to the Magna Carta in modern history. They are generally free to live and pay taxes in countries in which they have va lid citizenship. Prior to modern history, the Roman Empire provides a set of examples of legal, p roperty, and individual rights. Property rights and ownership have to do with legally binding contracts between an individual and the rest of the world, where a particular government grants an individual unrestricted access to and control over an asset, to the detriment of all others . Postmodern history has afforded rights under the Geneva Convention, enforced by international bodies such as the United Nations as well as individual states party to the agre ement; however, the provisions of the Geneva Convention are specific to wartime settings. The pr otocols introduced in the 70's broadened the scope of the convention; however, as typical for inter national accords, enforcement is a major issue. 2. The definition of the marketplace.

The classical definition of the marketplace is the method of price discovery whe reby the parties to a transaction determine their opportunity costs relative to that transaction. If the transaction is deemed favorable by both parties, it will proceed. Absent external influence, it will reflect the buyer's willingness to become less liquid, or trade capital for investments, goods, and services. 3. Macro-economic equilibrium as understood by Keynes and the classical und erstanding. Macro-economic equilibrium describes the functioning of the nation-states of the world in terms of transactions. When exports balance imports on the net, including capital flows a nd adjusting for foreign exchange rates, the system is said to be in equilibrium. 4. International trade benefits from exchange, balance of payments.

Traditional understanding of international trade includes benefits in the form o f specialization and economies of scale, whereby the most efficient exporters of a given object o f trade produce them for the world in a way that maximizes productivity and global GDP (comparat ive advantage). In order to effect a smooth operation of imports and exports, countries keep aggregate ledgers of payment fl ows that later may be adjusted with transfers of gold, currency, or other forms of payment to b ring the net transfer to zero.

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Demographic politics.

The effect of population change on politics. Examples: Surges of young people in the developing world, significantly increasing aging in the developed world, an d the impact of increasing urbanization. 6. The origin and evolution of national institutions.

Origins with family monarchies exerting control over territories, spontaneous er uption of states along ethnic, linguistic, and historical lines 7. The functions of the state.

Protect lives, transactions, and property rights. 8. Contemporary models of government the presidential system, the parliamen tarian-cabinet system, a chancellorship, the presidential-parliamentarian system as well as the parliamentarian-committee system. Presidential - separately elected president and legislature Parliamentarian-cabinet - parliament elected, forms cabinets Chancellorship - Angela Merkel Presidential-parliamentarian - parliament elects president Parliamentarian-committee - parliament elected, committee self-appointed (EU) 9. s. Characteristics of the colonial system in the 19th-century. Pros and con

Institutionalization of mercantilism and colonial expansion of previous centurie s. Raw material import from undeveloped territories, expansion of hegemonic power, industrial re volution driven by proceeds. Unfair to lower end. 10. The formation of the bipolar power structure after World War II.

Russia-U.S. domination of global discourse. Nuclear-enabled superpowers using in termediary countries as proxies for resolving disputes and continuing unresolved ideological conflict . 11. Geopolitics.

Tracks the influence of geography on politics. Rivers, mountains, etc. can affec t military strategy, while deposits such as oil can affect country status and relevance to the world (think Kuwait). 12. Migration causes, consequences.

Genocide, economic pressure. Causes incidence of refugees, further justification of ethnic cleansing, resentment in migrating populations and in host nations. 13. The institutional context of economic politics.

WTO, IMF, WB

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International culture relations as an element of international relations

Understanding Edward T. Hall's cultural criteria and country-specific traditions can greatly aid mutual understanding and respect. 15. The basic international conflicts during the bipolar period.

Vietnam War, Soviet war in Afghanistan, Korean War, Cuban Missle Crisis 16. The formation of a new arrangement of power in international relations omination or global leadership of the USA? Yes. 17. Contemporary global threats characteristics. d

Distributed, insurgent, unconventional warfare 18. Classical and neoclassical theories of international trade.

neoclassical: states act to maximize their aggregate economic utility 19. An explanation of the following concepts: balance of payments, the excha nge rate, the foreign exchange market. Kantorek, cinkciarz.pl 20. The sources and subjects of international law.

Treaty of Versailles, Warsaw Pact, Geneva Convention, Hague Convention, Kyoto Pr otocol, signatories 21. The UN Security Council and the legal use of power in international rela tions. UN pEacekeeping forces deployed to Security Council-sanctioned locations... over whelming influence of U.S. (17%) 22. A Model Constitution.

Right to freedom of movement Freedom to work and live within borders Freedom from bodily harm & threats Guarantee of property rights 23. A model of the structure of international organizations.

Board of Governors > Advisors > Executive Board > Managing Director > Staff g-7 g-20 g-24 IMFCommittee Country Authorities 24. EU. The background to common international politics and security within the

Started with European Coal & Steel Community, up through EEC, Merger Treaty July 1 1967 creates European COmmunities, Commission Englargement 1985 Schengen Treaty

Single European Act February 1986 Maastricht Treaty february 7 1992 creates EU During the 90s, the conflicts in the Balkans gave impetus to developing the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The European Council agreed that the constitution proposal would be abandoned, b ut most of its changes would be retained in an amending treaty. On 13 December 2 007 the treaty was signed, containing opt-outs for the more eurosceptic members and no state-like elements. The Lisbon treaty finally came into force on 1 Decem ber 2009. It created the post of President of the European Council and significa ntly expanded the post of High Representative. 25. The reorientation of Polish international politics after 1989.

Balcerowicz Shock Therapy, switch from East to West... currency shocks, culture importation