GSMGPRSEDGE Planning Overview PDF

GSM/GPRS/EDGE Planning Overview
Confidential Do not share without prior permission
Course Contents
1.Planning Process Overview 2.Introduction to GSM network 3.Mobile radio link 4.Network & Frequency planning 5.Network Modeling
Slide 2 of 2
1.Planning Process Overview Traffic and Coverage Analysis Nominal Cell Plan Surveys Detailed Design Implementation Tuning System Growth
Slide 3 of 2
2.Introduction to GSM network
Um
BTS
MS
Another MSC
PSTN ISDN
BSC
A-bis interface Um
A interface
MSC
MAP interface
HLR/AUC/LR
MS
OMC
SMC
Um interface
Confidential Do not share without prior permission Slide 4 of 2
Hierarchical Structure of Um Interface
Communication management (CM) Network application layer (L3) Mobility and security management (MM) Radio resources management (RR)
Data link layer (L2)
Integrated management
RACH
BCCH
AGCH/PCH
SDCCH
SACCH
TCH
FACCH
TCH0 TCH1 TCH2 SACCH TCH23 IDL Physical link layer (L1) Multiframe
Slide 5 of 2
GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
890 915 935 960
Channel spacing 200kHz
Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz
GSM 1800 : Channel spacing 200kHz
1710
1785
1805
1880
Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz
Slide 6 of 2
Difference Between GSM900 and GSM1800
GSM900 and GSM1800 are similar GSM 900 GSM 1800
Frequency band 890...960 MHz 1710...1880 MHz Number of channels 124 374 Channel spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz Access technique TDMA TDMA Mobile power 0.8 / 2 / 5 W 0.25 / 1 W
Slide 7 of 2
Logical Channels
GSM900/GSM1800 logic channel architecture
Logical Channels
Common Channels (CCH) Dedicated Channels (DCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Control Channels
Traffic Channels (TCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH (Sys Info)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
SDCCH
FACCH SACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H
Slide 8 of 2
Downlink Channels
FCCH
Common Channels
BCCH
SCH BCCH
CCCH
PCH AGCH
SDCCH
Dedicated Channels
DCCH
SACCH FACCH
TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Slide 9 of 2
Uplink Channels
RACH
CCCH
Common Channels
SDCCH SACCH DCCH
FACCH
TCH/F TCH/H TCH
Dedicated
Channels
Slide 10 of 2
Use of Logical Channels
off state
Search for frequency correction burst Search for synchronization sequence Read system information
Listen paging message Send access burst Wait for signaling channel allocation Call setup Assign traffic channel Conversation Call release
FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH FACCH
idle mode
dedicated mode
idle mode
Slide 11 of 2
Logical Channels Mapping
Logical channels are mapped to physical channels

Signaling : Traffic : sequences of 51 frames sequences of 26 frames
For combined BCCH

CCCH blocks can be either PCH or AGCH Some blocks may be configured as SDCCH
BCCH + CCCH (downlink) F SBBBBCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCC 51 TDMA frames ~ 235,4 msec
BCCH + CCCH (uplink)
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
Slide 12 of 2
Diversity
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Slide 13 of 2
Benefit From Diversity
Diversity gain depends on environment

Antenna diversity
3dB gain More path loss acceptable in link budget Higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A 1.7 A 70% more coverage per cell Needs, less cells in total
The above case can be satisfied only under ideal condition. That is the environment is infinitely large and flat
Interference
Signal quality = sum of all expected signals sum of all unexpected signal
expected signal
carrier (C ) interference (I)
atmospheric noise other signals
Notes: GSM specification : C / I >= 9 dB (Co-Channel)
Slide 15 of 2
Effects of Interference
Affect signal quality Cause bit error

Repairable errors : Irreducible errors : channel coding, error correction phase distortions
Interference situation is
Non- reciprocal : Unsymmetrical : uplink <> downlink different situation at MS and BTS
C/I
Co-Channel C/I : 9dB Adjacent Channel C/I : -12dB
Slide 16 of 2
Signal Quality in GSM
RX Quality RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
good usable signal acceptable
unusable signal
RXQUAL class 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mean BER (%) 0.14 0.28 0.57 1.13 2.26 4.53 9.05 18.1
BER range from... to < 0.2% 0.2 ... 0.4 % 0.4 ... 0.8 % 0.8 ... 1.6 % 1.6 ... 3.2 % 3.2 ... 6.4 % 6.4 ... 12.8 % > 12.8 %
Slide 17 of 2
Interference sources
Multi-path (long echoes) Frequency reuse External interference
Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.
Reduce the interference as possible.
Slide 18 of 2
Methods for reducing Interference
Frequency planning Suitable site location Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height
bad location
good location
Slide 19 of 2

Frequency hopping A diversity technique, frequency diversity include:
Less fading loss De-coding gain Interference averaging
Power control based on quality

Evaluate signal level and quality
DTX
Silent transmission in speech pauses
Slide 20 of 2
Adaptive antenna
According to subscriber distribution, concentrate signal energy to certain direction.
Adaptive channel allocation

Always assign the best available channel during call setup.
Slide 21 of 2
Frequency Hopping
Diversity technique
Frequency diversity can reduce fast fading effects Useful for static or slow-moving mobiles
Cyclic base-band hopping

TRX hops cyclic between its allocated frequencies
Synthesizer hopping
Either cyclic or random hopping Needs wideband combiner Can use any frequency included in the MA
Slide 22 of 2
Power Control
Save battery life-time Minimize interference
GSM : 15 steps and 2 dB for each Use power control in both uplink and downlink triggered by level or quality
signal level target level e.g. -85 dm
Power control isnt allowed on BCCH

time
Slide 23 of 2
DTX
DTX (Discontinuous transmission)

Switch transmitter off in speech pauses and silence periods, both sides transmit only silence updates (SID frames) comfort noise generated by transcoder.
VAD: voice activity detection Transcoder is informed the use of DTX/ VAD
Battery saving and interference reducing
Slide 24 of 2
Traffic Analysis-Part of Erlangs B-table

n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 .007 .00705 .12600 .39664 .77729 1.2362 1.7531 2.3149 2.9125 3.5395 4.1911 4.8637 5.5543 6.2607 6.9811 7.7139 8.4579 9.2119 9.9751 10.747 11.526 12.312 13.105 13.904 14.709 15.519 16.334 17.153 17.977 18.805 19.637 20.473 21.312 .008 .00806 .13532 .41757 .81029 1.2810 1.8093 2.3820 2.9902 3.6274 4.2889 4.9709 5.6708 6.3863 7.1154 7.8568 8.6092 9.3714 10.143 10.922 11.709 12.503 13.303 14.110 14.922 15.739 16.561 17.387 18.218 19.053 19.891 20.734 21.580 .009 .00908 .14416 .43711 .84085 1.3223 1.8610 2.4437 3.0615 3.7080 4.3784 5.0691 5.7774 6.5011 7.2382 7.9874 8.7474 9.6171 10.296 11.082 11.876 12.677 13.484 14.297 15.116 15.939 16.768 17.601 18.438 19.279 20.123 20.972 21.823 .01 .01010 .15259 .45549 .86942 1.3608 1.9090 2.5009 3.1276 3.7825 4.4612 5.1599 5.8760 6.6072 7.3517 8.1080 8.8750 9.6516 10.437 11.230 12.031 12.838 13.651 14.470 15.295 16.125 16.959 17.797 18.640 19.487 20.337 21.191 22.048 .02 .02041 .22347 .60221 1.0923 1.6571 2.2759 2.9354 3.6271 4.3447 5.0840 5.8415 6.6147 7.4015 8.2003 9.0096 9.8284 10.656 11.491 12.333 13.182 14.036 14.896 15.761 16.631 17.505 18.383 19.265 20.150 21.039 21.932 22.827 23.725 .03 .03093 .28155 .71513 1.2589 1.8752 2.5431 3.2497 3.9865 4.7479 5.5294 6.3280 7.1410 7.9667 8.8035 9.6500 10.505 11.368 12.238 13.115 13.997 14.885 15.778 16.675 17.577 18.483 19.392 20.305 21.221 22.140 23.062 23.987 24.914 .05 .05263 .38132 .89940 1.5246 2.2185 2.9603 3.7378 4.5430 5.3702 6.2157 7.0764 7.9501 8.8349 9.7295 10.633 11.544 12.461 13.385 14.315 15.249 16.189 17.132 18.080 19.031 19.985 20.943 21.904 22.867 23.833 24.802 25.773 26.746 .1 .11111 .59543 1.2708 2.0454 2.8811 3.7584 4.6662 5.5971 6.5464 7.5106 8.4871 9.4740 10.470 11.473 12.484 13.500 14.522 15.548 16.579 17.613 18.651 19.692 20.737 21.784 22.833 23.885 24.939 25.995 27.053 28.113 29.174 30.237 .2 .25000 1.0000 1.9299 2.9452 4.0104 5.1086 6.2302 7.3692 8.5217 9.6850 10.857 12.036 13.222 14.413 15.608 16.807 18.010 19.216 20.424 21.635 22.848 24.064 25.281 26.499 27.720 28.941 30.164 31.388 32.614 33.840 35.067 36.295 .4 .66667 2.0000 3.4798 5.0210 6.5955 8.1907 9.7998 11.419 13.045 14.677 16.314 17.954 19.598 21.243 22.891 24.541 26.192 27.844 29.498 31.152 32.808 34.464 36.121 37.779 39.437 41.096 42.755 44.414 46.074 47.735 49.395 51.056
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Slide 25 of 2
A call goes through two different devices
(1-GoS1)A
A SDCCH A (1-GoS1)A GoS1(A+A) TCH (1-GoS2)(1-GoS1)A
GoS2(1-GoS1)A
GoS1(A+A)+GoS2(1-GoS1)A
where GoS1 is the grade of service on the SDCCH and GoS2 is the grade of service on the TCH. A is the traffic on the SDCCH for normal call and and A is the traffic that accounts for the rest of the procedures performed on the SDCCH. The optimum configuration is achieved by selectinga configuration with as many TCHs as possible, without letting 9702251 the GoS1 exceed 1/4 of GoS2
Part of Erlangs B-table for 43 channels giving the offered traffic (E) as a function of the GoS (%)
n
43
.007 30.734
.008 31.069
.009 31.374
.01 31.656
.02 33.758
.03 35.253
.05 37.565
.1 42.011
.2 49.851
.4 69.342
n
43
With 43 channels (as in the previous single cell example), the channel utilization is 33.083/ 43 = 77%, that is, each channel is used approximately 77% of the time
Slide 27 of 2
What happens when a certain amount of traffic is distributed over several cells?
Cell A B C D E
Traffic (%) 40 25 15 10 10 100
Traffic (E) 13.20 8.25 4.95 3.30 3.30 33.00
No. of channels 21 15 10 8 8 62
Channel utilization (%) 62 54 49 40 40
However, by splitting this cell into smaller cells, more traffic channels are required, hence, the channel utilization decreases.
Slide 28 of 2
3.Mobile radio link
Why we need a link budget? Which will decide the coverage range? The coverage range is limited by the weaker one. Two-way communication needed
link usually limited by mobile transmitting power
Desired result: downlink = uplink
Link budget should be balanced
Slide 29 of 2
Link Budget
PoutBTS LCBTS Tx Combiner LFBTS Feeder
GABTS Lp
GAMS Lp
PinBTS
withTMA
PinBTS
without TMA
Feeder GABTS PoutMS Tx Rx
LFMS PinMS
Rx
Receiver Divider
Feeder Feeder GDBTS LFBTS
Cabinet
9704630
Signal Level or Path Loss Calculation

Downlink
Uplink
System Balance
Balancing the system for GSM 900 class 4 mobile stations, that is, PoutMS=2 W or 33 dBm, using GdBTS=3.5 dB, and using cell planning values for the sensitivities as MSsens=-104 dBm and BTSsens=-110 dBm, an output power of the BTS of 42.5 dBm is obtained
Slide 31 of 2
Signal Level or Path Loss Calculation

EIRP
Pathloss: Based on propagation model Cell Coverage: PinMS >Designed Signal Strength SS( Design) = MS Sensitivity + Fading Margin (Rayleigh & Log Normal ) + Interference Margin + BL + BPL
Coverage Area
Slide 32 of 2
Log Normal Fading
75% LNFmarg(o) for Dense urban environment LNFmarg(o) for Urban environment LNFmarg(o) for Suburban & rural environment -3.7 dB -3.4 dB -3.1 dB
85% 0.7 dB
90% 3.2 dB
95% 6.8 dB
98% 10.7 dB
-0.2 dB
1.8 dB
4.9 dB
8.1 dB
-1.2 dB
0.5 dB
3.0 dB
5.5 dB
Slide 33 of 2
Rayleigh fading and Interference Margin
Rayleigh fading margin (RFmarg): Rayleigh fading is due to multi path propagation and occurs especially in urban environments where there is high probability of blocked line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver.
Typical RF Margin = 3dB
Interference margin (IFmarg): The plain receiver sensitivity depends on the required carrier to noise ratio (C/N). When frequencies are reused, the received carrier power must be large enough to combat both noise and interference, that means C/(N+I) must exceed the receiver threshold. In order to get an accurate coverage prediction in a busy system, an interference margin (IFmarg) is defined. Typical Interference Margin = 2dB Body Loss: 5dB(900)/3dB(1800)
Propagation Model
Okumura- Hata
Empirical model Measure and estimate additional attenuations Applied for larger distance estimation (range: 5 .. 20km) Not suitable for small distance ( < 1km)
Slide 35 of 2
Hata Model
Model used for 900 MHz
L A B log f 1382 . log hb a(hm ) (44.9 6.55 log hb ) log d Lmorpho

with f h a(h) d frequency in MHz additional attenuation due BS antenna height [m] to land usage classes function of MS antenna height distance between BS and MS [km] and
A= 69.55, B = 26.16 (for 150 .. 1000 MHz) A= 46.3 , B = 33.9 (for 1000 ..2000MHz)
Slide 36 of 2
Land Usage Types
Urban Forest
small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with season (foliage loss) Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous ! Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes Glaciers very strong reflection; extreme delay , strong interferences over long distance Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not use as antenna or site location
Slide 37 of 2
Indoor Coverage -Building Penetration Loss
Signal level in building is estimated by using a building penetration loss margin Big differences between rooms with window and without window(10~15 dB)
signal level increases with floor number :~1.5 dB/floor (for 1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB

rear side : -18 ...-30 dB -15 ...-25 dB
no coverage
Slide 38 of 2
Building Penetration Loss
Signal loss for penetration varies between different building materials, e.g.:
mean value reinforced concrete wall, windows concrete wall, no windows concrete wall within building 17 dB 30 dB 10 dB
brick wall
armed glass wood or plaster wall window glass
9 dB
8 dB 6 dB 2 dB
Total building loss = median values + superimpose standard deviations + (lognormal) margin for higher probabilities
Slide 39 of 2
4.Network & Frequency planning
Slide 40 of 2
4.Network Topology
Umbrella cell Macro cell Micro cell Pico cell
Slide 41 of 2
Macro Cell Network
Cost performance solution Suitable for covering large area

Large cell range High antenna position
Cell ranges 2 ..20km Used with low traffic volume

Typically rural area Road coverage
Normally Use omnidirectional antenna

Exception: Use beamed antenna for road coverage
Slide 42 of 2
Micro Cell Network
Capacity oriented network Suitable for high traffic area Mostly used with beamed cell
Cost performance solution Usage of available sites equipment
0,5 .. 2km
Typical application
Medium town Suburb
Typical coverage range: 0.5 .. 2km
Slide 43 of 2
Layered Network
High layer station
Middle layer station
Middle layer station
Low layer station
Low layer station Low layer station Low layer station

Indoor station
Indoors station
Indoors station Indoors station
Slide 44 of 2
Bad Site Location
Avoid hill-top location for site

Uncontrollable interference Cross coverage Bad handover behavior
wanted cell boundary
uncontrolled, strong interferences
cross coverage areas:
Slide 45 of 2
Good Site Location
Prefer site off the hill-top

Use hill to separate cell Contiguous coverage area Need only low antenna height if site are slightly elevated above valley bottom
wanted cell boundary
Slide 46 of 2
Frequency Planning
Why we reuse the frequency? 8 MHz = 40 channels * 8 timeslots = 320 users ==> max. 320 simultaneous calls!!! Limited bandwidth Interference are unavoidable
Minimize total interference in network
Use calculated propagation prediction for frequency allocation
Slide 47 of 2
Frequency Planning
Target
Find solution to minimize interferences in the network

Traditional method
Hexagonal cell patterns Regular grid Cluster sizes Frequency reuse distance: D = R *sqrt(3*cluster-size)
Slide 48 of 2
Frequency Planning
Frequency planning always consider the following case

Actual situation is different. Power control, actual traffic and distribution of subscribers.
Average frequency reuse rate is a criteria for good allocation scheme:
physical practical limit limit 10
20 safe, but uneconomical
Slide 49 of 2
Frequency Reuse
Reuse frequency as often as possible

Increase network capacity But maybe cause some interference
Consideration for frequency reuse

Interference matrix calculation Propagation model tuning Minimize total interference in network
f7 f2 f3 f5 f2 f3 f5 f4 f6 f3 f5 f7 f4 f6 R f5 f2 f4 f6 f3 f4 f4 f3 D f7
f6
f3 f5 f2 f4 f6 f3 f5 f2 f4 f7 f2
f5
Slide 50 of 2
Multiple Reuse Rate
Frequency reuse rate

measurement criteria for effectiveness of frequency plan Co-relationship : effectiveness interferences Interaction with coverage planning Multiple reuse rate increase effectiveness of freq. plan
12
15
18
21
same frequency in every cell (spread spectrum)
tight reuse planning (tight layer)
normal planning (TCH macro layer)
safe planning (BCCH layer)
Slide 51 of 2
Multiple reuse rate

Capacity increase with multiple reuse rate
e.g. network with 300 cells bandwidth : 8 MHz (40 radio channels)
cap. N
BWi re use i
Single reuse (4X3)

Network capacity = 40/12 * 300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse:
BCCH layer: reuse =14, (14 freq.) normal TCH: reuse =10, (20 freq.) tight TCH layer: reuse = 6, (6 freq.) ==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200 TRX
Slide 52 of 2
Underlaid/Overlaid Frequency Allocation
Overlaid-cell Underlaid-cell
The inner circle covers a smaller area, and the frequency can be reused more tightly.
Slide 53 of 2
Overlaid/Underlaid Frequency Configuration
Super fn Super fn Regular fm Super fn Regular fm Regular fm
BCCH 15f
Regular 24f
Super 12f
BCCH S TCH
Reuse density: 15 TRX reuse density: 6
R TCH TRX reuse density: 12
Slide 54 of 2
1*3 and 1*1 Reuse Patterns
BCCH14+TCH36
1BCCH+3TCH 1BCCH+12TCH
1BCCH+3TCH
1BCCH+3TCH
1BCCH+12TCH
1BCCH+12TCH
1*3 Fractional Load:

1*1
Slide 55 of 2
Illustration of 1*3 TCH Frequency Allocation
TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7 TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7
TRX8 TRX9... TRX14 TRX8 TRX9... TRX14 TRX15 TRX16...TRX21
TRX15 TRX16...TRX21
The red items are BCCH RCs
Slide 56 of 2
Example of 1*3 Frequency Reuse
Suppose 900 band: 96124 BTS configuration: S3/3/3 BCCH layer: 96109 reuse pattern: 4*3 TCH layer: 110124 reuse pattern: 1*3
Slide 57 of 2
TCH Consecutive Allocation Scheme
Group 1 (MA1): 110 111 112 Group 2 (MA2): 115 116 117 Group 3 (MA3): 120 121 122
113 118 123
114 119 124
Cell1 Cell2 Cell3
Slide 58 of 2
TCH Interval Allocation Scheme
Group 1 (MA1): 110 Group 2 (MA2): 111 Group 3 (MA3): 112
113 114 115
116 117 118
119 120 121
122 123 124
Cell1 Cell2 Cell3
Slide 59 of 2
Relative gain for different capacity options for a 7,5 MHz operator scenario.
Relative Capacity Gain

1 Reference Network
- 12 reuse, 700m site-to-site
2 Tight Macro Cells

- 12 reuse, 500m site-to-site
3 Tighter Frequency Reuse 7

- MRP: 12 BCCH reuse, 6 TCH reuse 6 - FLP : 14 BCCH reuse, 20% HW load
4 Dual Band, (10 MHz 1800) 5

- 12 reuse and co-siting 900/1800 - 25% and 100% DB MS penetration - Micro - 200m site-to-site - 2 and 4 TRX / micro cell
4 3 2 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 Macro - Micro cell 6 Half Rate

- 25% and 100% MS penetration - 1/1 reuse with 60% HW load - 20% and 100% of sites use AMBA
7 Adaptive MultiBeam Antennas
Slide 60 of 2
Spectrum Re-Farming
A spectrum re-farming is common nowadays to prepare a GSM network to support an implementation of a new WCDMA network, this is possible to be implemented in most common GSM frequency bands
Slide 61 of 2
IMSI or TMSI based Paging

A paging block can fit two IMSI pages or four TMSI pages or a combination of one IMSI and two TMSI
IMSI IMSI
T T T T
T = TMSI
IMSI T T
Confidential Do not share without prior permission Figure 3 - 62
No of cell in LA and Paging Command
Figure 3 - 63
Codec Modes- Circuit Quality
Support FR, HR, EFR, and AMR codec modes. A codec configuration contains codec mode adaptation thresholds and quality graphs for circuit quality indicators FER or Frame Erasure Rate: The number of frames in error divided by the total number of frames BER or Bit Error Rate: BER is a measurement of the raw bit error rate in reception before the decoding process . MOS or Mean Opinion Score: Voice quality can be quantified using mean opinion score (MOS). MOS values can only be measured in a test laboratory environment. MOS values range from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent).
Different voice codecs have slightly different FER to MOS correlation since the smaller the voice codec bit rate is, the more sensitive it becomes to frame erasures.
Adaptive Multi Rate
The multi-rate speech coder is a single integrated speech codec with eight source rates from 4.75 Kbps to 12.2 Kbps, and a low rate background noise encoding mode. The speech coder is capable of switching its bit-rate every 20 ms speech frame upon command. Unlike previous GSM speech codec (FR, EFR, and HR) which operate at a fixed rate and constant error protection level, the AMR speech codec offers the possibility to adapt the error protection level to the local radio channel and traffic conditions
Channel
Source codec bit-rate 12.2 kbps (GSM EFR) 10.2 kbps 7.95 kbps
AMR-FR
7.40 kbps 6.70 kbps 5.90 kbps 5.15 kbps 4.75 kbps 7.40 kbps (IS136 EFR TDMA)
AMR-HR
6.70 kbps 5.90 kbps 5.15 kbps 4.75 kbps 12.65 kbps
AMR-WB
8.85 kbps 6.60 kbps
Slide 65 of 2
GPRS/EDGE
Packet service based on Multiple TS shared between users

GPRS ( Based on CS- Coding Scheme ) EDGE ( Based on MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme ) EDGE2 EDGE Evolution ( Based on DBS-DAS )
Link Adaptation is used to change user throughput according to radio conditions Different GPRS/EDGE configurations may be defined for transmitter and terminals. ( Packet Call supported on Common Configuration)
Slide 66 of 2
Coding Schemes
kbps 60
- Coding Schemes 59.2 54.4
50 40
44.8
30 20
14.4 12.0 20.0 14.8 11.2 8.8 22.4 17.6
29.6
10 0
8.0
MCS1
MCS2
MCS3
MCS4
MCS5
MCS6
MCS7
MCS8
GPRS
GMSK modulation
EGPRS
8PSK modulation
Slide 67 of 2 Confidential Do not share without prior permission
MCS9
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4
Common Resource Pool
- PDCH carrying PCCCH

BCCH
- PDCH not carrying PCCCH
Carrier Frequencies
01 2 34 5 67
-
BTS
BSC
CCCH, TCH or free time slot
TS
Common Resource Pool

PDCH TCH
TS - Time Slot, BTS - Base Transceiver Station, BSC - Base Station Controller BCCH - Broadcast channel, CCCH - Common control channel, PDCH - Packed data channel, PCCCH - Packet common control channel
Figure 12 - 68
Channel Reservation
Channel Reservation Strategy

TBF PSET1 TBF limit
MS5 MS4 MS3 MS3 MS2 MS1 MS5 MS3 MS1 MS6 MS6 MS6
TBF PSET2
MS2 MS2 MS1 MS1
PDCHs
PDCHs to GPRS idle list
D 109 0015
Fill up fixed channels first When no channels left under TBF-limit choose next PSET Unused channels goes to GPRS Idle list where they stay for 5 minutes before they are given back to CS
Confidential Do not share without prior permission Figure 12 - 69
Codec Selection & Link Adaptation
Codec Selection is according to CQI ( Channel Quality Indicator ) CQI Can be calculated based on C/I by Receiver and sent to system as feedback.
Slide 70 of 2

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GSM/GPRS/EDGE Planning Overview

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2.Introduction to GSM network

Hierarchical Structure of Um Interface

Data link layer (L2)

Channel spacing 200kHz

Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz

GSM 1800 : Channel spacing 200kHz

Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Difference Between GSM900 and GSM1800

GSM900 and GSM1800 are similar GSM 900 GSM 1800

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

GSM900/GSM1800 logic channel architecture

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Traffic Channels (TCH)

BCCH (Sys Info)

TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H

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SDCCH SACCH DCCH

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Use of Logical Channels

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Logical Channels Mapping

Logical channels are mapped to physical channels

For combined BCCH

BCCH + CCCH (uplink)

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Benefit From Diversity

Diversity gain depends on environment

carrier (C ) interference (I)

atmospheric noise other signals

Notes: GSM specification : C / I >= 9 dB (Co-Channel)

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Affect signal quality Cause bit error

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Signal Quality in GSM

RX Quality RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7

good usable signal acceptable

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Multi-path (long echoes) Frequency reuse External interference

Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.

Reduce the interference as possible.

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Methods for reducing Interference

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Methods for reducing Interference

Power control based on quality

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Methods for reducing Interference

Adaptive channel allocation

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Cyclic base-band hopping

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Save battery life-time Minimize interference

Power control isnt allowed on BCCH

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DTX (Discontinuous transmission)