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Name:

Solved*Problem:!Below!is!a!21!bp!sequence!from!the!cytochrome!oxidase!c!(subunit!1)!mtDNA!sequence!found!in! three!primate!species.!!!The!number!of!each!site!is!shown!above!the!base!with!the!number!read!vertically;!so!the!first! site!on!the!left!is!01!!and!the!last!one!on!the!right!is!21.!!The!howler!monkey!is!the!outgroup!to!the!ape!species.!! Draw!a!phylogeny!and!indicate!each!polymorphism!with!the!appropriate!mutational!change!(e.g.!!site!42!AY>C).!

! site

000 000 000 111 111 111 122 123 456 789 012 345 678 901

Solution

! human ATG TTC GCC GAC CGT TGA CTA orangutan ATG TTC GCC GAC CGC TGG CTA howler ATG TTC ACC GAT CGC TGA CTT
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Problem*3:!Below!is!a!table!of!polymorphisms!from!the!18S!ribosomal!RNA!gene,!which!codes!for!the!small!subunit!of! the!ribosome.!!!The!number!of!each!polymorphic!site!is!shown!above!the!base.!!The!tarsier!is!the!outgroup!to!the! other!primate!species.!!Draw!a!phylogeny!and!indicate!each!polymorphism!with!the!appropriate!mutational!change! (e.g.!!site!42!AY>C).! ! ! * ! ! ! ! !

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tarsier capuchin howler macaque baboon gibbon orangutan 1 A A A A A C C 2 C C C T T T T 3 T A A T T T T 4 A A A G G A A 5 T G G G G G G 6 A A A G G G G

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Problem*4:!Below!is!a!phylogeny!of!eleven!species!in!the!order!Primates.!!Answer!the!following!!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o

Name:

The!New!World!Monkeys!include!the!howlers,!capuchin,!and!tamarins.!!Most!New!World! Monkeys!are!characterized!by!their!prehensile!tail.!!Indicate!on!the!phylogeny!where!the! prehensile!tail!evolved!with!prehensile!tail.!(Remember!that!characters!are!indicated!on! branches.)!!The!ancestors!of!one!group!of!New!World!Monkeys,!the!tamarins,!lost!this!trait.!! Indicate!this!change!with!loss!of!prehensile!tail.!! Great!Apes!include!orangutans,!gorillas!(not!shown),!chimpanzees,!and!humans.!!!Circle!one! of!the!outgroup!species!that!is!most!closely!related!to!Great!Apes.!! Indicate!the!node!that!best!represents!the!most!recent!common!ancestor!of!the!primate! lineages!with!the!acronym!MRCA.!(Remember!that!ancestors!are!indicated!on!nodes.)! For!each!of!the!following!pairs!of!taxa,!determine!the!divergence!and!rank!them!in!order!of! divergence.!!When!two!taxa!are!equally!divergent,!put!a!=!between!the!pair.!!! Pair! A! B! C!! D!! ! ! ! ! ! Taxa! Humans!and!Tamarins! Tarsiers!and!Howlers! Humans!and!Baboons! Baboons!and!Howlers!

! o !! o ! o !

! ! ! ______!!!!!*!!!!!______!!!!*!!!!!!______!!!*!!!!______!!!!!!!! most! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!least!! divergent! ! ! !!!!!!!!divergent! ! ! Problem*5:!!Below!is!a!phylogeny!of!some!animal!species.!!Indicate!the!following:! ! 4