SKELETAL SYSTEM Anatomy & Physiology

The musculoskeletal system consists of the: Muscles Tendons Ligaments Bones Joints Cartilages Bursae Primary function: to produce skeletal movements Functions of the musculoskeletal system: 1. Provides protection for the vital organs including the brain, heart and lungs. 2. Provides a sturdy framework to support body structures. 3. Makes mobility possible. 4. Joints hold the bones together and allow the body to move. 5. Muscles attached to the skeleton contract, moving the bones and producing heat that helps maintain body temperature. 6. Serves as reservoir for immature blood cells and essential minerals, including: Calcium 98% of total body Calcium is present in bone. Phosphorus Magnesium Fluoride

Hematopoiesis A process in which the red bone marrow located within bone cavities produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The formation of blood cellular components.

MUSCLES Characteristic of Muscles: Muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers.

Functions: Provide the force to move bones. Assist in maintaining posture. Assist with heat production. Process of contraction and relaxation: Muscle contraction and relaxation require large amounts of Adenosine Triphosphate. Contraction also requires Calcium, which functions as a catalyst. Acetylcholine released by the motor end plate of the motor neuron initiates an action potential. Acetylcholine then is destroyed by acetylcholinesterase. Calcium is required to contract muscle fibers and acts as catalyst for the enzyme needed for the sliding together action of actin and myosin. Following contraction, Adenosine Triphosphate transports Calcium out to allow actin and myosin to separate and allow the muscle to relax. Three types of muscles exist in the body: 1. Skeletal Muscles voluntary and striated 2. Cardiac Muscles involuntary and striated 3. Smooth / Visceral Muscles involuntary and non-striated

TENDONS Bands of fibrous connective tissue that lie bones to muscles LIGAMENTS Strong, dense and flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting bones to another bone. Ligaments hold bone and joint in the correct position. BONES Variously classified according to shape, location and size. Bones are constructed cancellous (trabecular) or cortical (compact) bone tissue. Characteristics of Bones: Bones support and protect the structures of the body. Bones provide attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments.

Bones contain tissue in the central cavities, which aids in the formation of blood cells. Bones assist in regulating Calcium and Phosphate concentrations. Bone Growth: The length of bone growth results from the ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage at the ends of the bones. Bone growth stops between the ages of 18 and 25 year. The width of the bone growth results from the activity of the osteoblasts (bone forming cell) and occurs throughout life but slows down with aging. As aging occurs, osteoclasts (bone resorption) accelerates, decreasing bone mass and predisposing the client to injury. Functions: Locomotion Protection Support and lever Blood production Mineral deposition / storage Bone is composed of: Cells Protein matrix Mineral deposits Three basic types of bone cell: 1. Osteoblasts Bone forming cell. Function in the bone formation by secreting bone matrix. Matrix consists of: a. Collagen fibers b. Ground substances (glycoprotein & proteoglycans) Minerals deposited in the matrix are Calcium and Phosphorus. 2. Osteocytes Mature bone cell. Involved in bone maintenance. 3. Osteoclasts Bone resorption cell. Involved in dissolving and resorbing bone. Bone formation:

Osteogenesis (bone formation) begins long before birth. Ossification is a process by which the bone matrix (collagen fibers and ground substances) is formed and hard mineral crystals (Calcium and Phosphorus) are bound to the collagen fibers.

The Skeletal System

The adult body has 206 bones. Axial 1. Head - 22 Cranial bone 8 Facial bone - 14 2. Breastbone / sternum - 1 3. Ribs 24 True ribs 7 pairs (14); joined directly to the sternum. False ribs 3 pairs (9); joined to the sternum by cartilage. Floating ribs 2 pairs; not connected to the sternum at all, connected to the diaphragm. 4. Spine / Vertebrae - 33 Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 Sacrum 5 Coccyx 4 Appendicular Upper extremities 1. Collar bone / clavicle 2 2. Shoulder blade / scapula 2 3. Humerus 2 4. Radius, ulna / forearms 4 5. Carpals (8): scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Metacarpals (5) Phalanges (14) each hand Hands 54 Lower extremities 1. Hip bone / Ilium 2

2. 3. 4. 5.

Femur 2 Kneecap / patella - 2 Tibia, fibula / legs 4 Tarsals (7): calcaneus, talus, navicular bone, medial cuneiform bone, intermediate cuneiform bone, lateral cuneiform bone, cuboidal bone Metatarsals (5) Phalanges (14) each foot Feet - 52

Four categories of bones: 1. Long bones Shaped like rods or shafts with rounded ends. Designed for weight bearing and movements. A typical long bone has a shaft (diaphysis) primarily cortical bone, proximal and distal diaphysis. Diaphysis is a hollow cylinder of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. Epiphyses are the ends of long bones, are primarily cancellous bones. piphyseal plate separates the epiphyses from the diaphysis and is the center for longitudinal growth in children. Bone growth stops between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Articular cartilage covers the ends of long bones at the joints. Humerus funny bone; upper arm bone. Radius outer and shorter bone of the forearm; aligned to your thumb. Ulna inner and longer bone of the forearm; aligned to your pinky. Femur thigh bone; strongest, largest and longest bone in the body. Tibia shin bone; inner and larger bone of the leg; connects to the femur to form the knee joint and with the foot bone (talus) to allow the ankle to flex and extend. Fibula outer bone of the leg; serves as an area of muscle attachment. Metatarsals bones of the feet. Metacarpals bones of the palms or hands. Phalanges finger and toes bones. 2. Short bones

Consist of cancellous bone covered by a layer of compact bone. Carpals wrist bones Tarsals ankle bones 3. Flat bones Are important sites of Hematopoiesis and frequently provide vital organ protection. Made of cancellous bone layered between compact bones. Ribs bones that form a protective cage around the organs of the upper body. Sternum / Breastbone (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) bones located in the middle of the chest. Cranium (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid) bones protecting the brain. Scapula shoulder blades Portions of the pelvic girdle / hip girdle 4. Irregular bones have unique shapes related to their function. Vertebrae of ear ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) Facial bones (turbinate, lacrimal, mandible, maxilla, nasal, palatine, vomer, zygomatic) Pelvis JOINTS The part of the skeleton where 2 or more bones are connected. Characteristics of the Joints: Joints allow the movement between bones. Joints are formed when 2 bones join. Joint surfaces are covered with cartilage. Joints are enclosed in a capsule. Joint contains a cavity filled with synovial fluid. Ligaments hold the bone and joint in the correct position. Articulation is the meeting point of 2 or more bones. Synovial fluid

Is found in the joint capsule. Formed by a synovial membrane which lines the joint capsule. Lubricates the cartilage. Provides a cushion against shocks. Different types of joints: 1. Amphiarthrosis Cartilaginous and slightly movable joints. Ex. symphysis pubis 2. Condyloid Freely movable joints. They allow frictionless, painless movements. Ex. wrists 3. Diarthrosis Synovial joints Ball and socket joints Ex. hips, elbows 4. Synarthrosis Fibrous or fixed joints. No movement associated with these joints. CARTILAGES A dense connective tissue that consists of fibers embedded in a strong gel-like substance.

BURSAE A sac connecting fluid that is located around the joints to prevent friction.