Bladder cancer - is where a growth of abnormal tissue, known as a tumor, develops in the

lining For of the bladder. In some cases, the tumor spreads into the surrounding muscles.
Types of Bladder Cancer: superficial or non-muscle invasive bladder cancer - If the cancerous cells are contained inside the lining of the bladder. This is the most common type of bladder cancer, accounting for 7 out of 10 cases. Most people do not die as a result this type of bladder cancer. muscle invasive bladder cancer - When the cancerous cells spread beyond the lining into the surrounding muscles of the bladder. This is less common but has a higher chance of spreading to other parts of the body and can be fatal. MEDICAL Treatment: Chemotherapy uses destroy cancer cells. medicines to Nursing Intervention Diagnostic tools: Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) - x-ray testing in which the patient is given x-ray dye and allows visualization of the urinary tract to detect abnormalities. Computed tomography (CT) - x-ray of the body showing cross sections. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Detects enlarged lymph nodes near tumors helping to determine if the cancer has metastasized. Cytoscopy - A scope-type tool that is placed inside the bladder and allows a urologist to see the condition of the bladder and any abnormalities. Cytoscopy also allows for a biopsy or sample of tissue to be taken and further examined.

1. Encourage the patient to express feelings and concerns

about the extent of the cancer.

2. To relieve discomfort administer ordered analgesics for 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

pain as necessary. Implement comfort measures and provide distractions that will enable the patient to relax. As appropriate, implement measures to prevent or alleviate complications of treatment. Monitor the patients intake and output. Question him regularly about changes in his urine elimination pattern to detect changes in his condition. Observe the patients urine for signs of hematuria (reddish tint to gross bloodiness). Monitor the patients laboratory tests, such as changes in white blood cell differential, indicating possible bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy. If the patient is being given intravesical chemotherapy, watch closely for myelosuppression, chemical cystitis, and skin rash.

Gemcitabine and cisplatin. MVAC, a combination of methotrexate,vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. Mitomycin. This medicine may be used to help keep cancer from coming back. Immunotherapy , also called biological therapy, uses medicines that cause your body's immune system to attack cancer cells in your bladder. It is most often used for early-stage bladder cancer. It may also be used after a transurethral resection (TUR) to help keep cancer from coming back.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Etiology Precipitating Factors: Diet, Lifestyle Genetic Mutation of the cellular DNA 1.Activating of growth promoting oncogenes, 2.Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes 3.Alteration in the genes that control apoptosis

Signs and Symptoms: 1. Blood in the urine (slightly rusty to bright red in color). 2. Frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to do so. 3. Pain during urination. 4. Lower back pain.

Unregulated proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells in the bladder

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Interferon.

Predisposing Factors: age,gender,genetics

Growth of malignant tumor

Signs and symptoms occur