Theories of Participation Discussion Guide, SPCM 106 E I. Functional Theory A. Who are the proponents of the theory?

Randy Hirokawa and Dennis Gouran B. What is the general assumption of the theory? In group communication, particularly in decision-making process, the group follows a system or a pattern in formulating an effective choice. C. What are the four functions of effective decision making? 1. Analysis of the Problem 2. Goal Setting 3. Identification of Alternatives 4. Evaluation of Positive and Negative Characteristics D. What are the three types of communication in group participation? 1. Promotive 2. Disruptive 3. Counteractive II. Personality Type Theory A. What are personality types? Personality types are psychological classification of different types of individuals. B. What is the difference between type and trait? Types are qualitative, general classification of traits while traits are quantitative, specific classification of traits. C. What are the other theories similar to personality types? 1. Four Temperaments System a. What are the four temperaments? i. Sanguine - energetic, sociable, talkative people ii. Phlegmatic - relaxed, quiet, friendly people, loyal and faithful, people who have fear of change iii. Choleric - task-oriented, aggressive, competitive, moody and easily depressed people iv. Melancholic - people who avoid attention, do not mingle, sensitive, highly creative, independent, and have personal excellence 2. Type A and Type B Personality Theory a. What are the characteristics of a person with Type A personality? They are organized, time-conscious, work for others, workaholic, and easily stressed b. What are the characteristics of a person with Type B personality? They are relaxed and calm, creative, have go-with-the-flow attitude and low stress level. 3. Psychological Theory a. Who wrote the Psychological Types? Carl Jung b. What are the four mental functions? i. Thinking ii. Feeling

iii. Sensation iv. Intuition c. What are the two general attitude types? Introversion and Extraversion d. What are the uses / importance of Type Theory? i. Improved self-knowledge would help allow people to better choose a job they would enjoy,creating a climate suitable for a more peaceful world. ii. It is used by counselors,consultants, educators, and managers all around the world. iii. It encourages that we spend less time expecting others to be like us. iv. It encourages that we spend less time trying to be like others. v. It encourages that we spend more time doing what we do best. vi. It encourages that we can flex more often and grow more easily. 4. MBTI a. What is MBTI? Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure a psychological preference for understanding and interpreting personality. It is derived from Carl Jung's Psychological Types, ideas, and to a lesser extent, the Four Temperaments. b. How can it be useful in understanding and developing yourself and others? Working in teams? III. Guidelines for Participation A. What are the reasons roles should be clarified before participation? 1. To avoid missed tasks 2. To get the job done earlier 3. To encourage everyone to participate B. What must one know in group participation? 1. The purpose or goal of the group 2. When should the goal be pursued 3. Division of roles C. How can a group achieve full participation among its members? 1. Encourage participation. Affirm good works, improve/correct what needs tto be. Delegate and commit to the tasks. 2. Establish trust. Be open about shortcomings. 3. Focus on the goal.