Argentina From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Argentina (disambiguation).

This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. The readable pros e size is 84 kilobytes. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles and/ or condensing it. (May 2013) Argentine Republic[A] Repblica Argentina (Spanish) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "En unin y libertad" (Spanish) "In Unity and Freedom" Anthem: Himno Nacional Argentino (Spanish) Argentine National Anthem Mainland Argentina shown in dark green, with territorial claims shown in light g reen Mainland Argentina shown in dark green, with territorial claims shown in light g reen Capital and largest city Buenos Aires 3436'S 5823'W Official languages Spanish Ethnic groups (2008) 97% European 1.5% Amerindian 0.2.% Asian 1.5% Other/Mestizo[2] Demonym Argentine Argentinian Argentinean (uncommon) Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner Vice President Amado Boudou Supreme Court President Ricardo Lorenzetti Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies Independence from Spain May Revolution 25 May 1810 Declared 9 July 1816 Current constitution 1 May 1853 Area Total 2,780,400 km2[B] (8th) 1,073,518 sq mi Water (%) 1.57 Population 2013 estimate 41,660,417[4] 2010 census 40,117,096[3] (32nd) Density 14.4/km2[3] (212th) 37.3/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2012 estimate Total $743.121 billion[5] (21st) Per capita $18,112[5] (52nd) GDP (nominal) 2012 estimate Total $474.954 billion[5] (26th) Per capita $11,576[5] (60th) Gini (2010) positive decrease 44.49[6]

medium HDI (2013) Increase 0.811[7] very high 45th Currency Peso ($) (ARS) Time zone ART (UTC-3) Date format dd.mm.yyyy (CE) Drives on the right[a] Calling code +54 ISO 3166 code AR Internet TLD .ar a. ^ Trains ride on left. Argentina Listeni/??rd??n'ti?n?/, officially the Argentine Republic[A] (Spanish: Repblica Argentina [re'pulika a?xen'tina]) is a federal republic located in south eastern South America. Covering most of the Southern Cone, it is bordered by Bol ivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the Atlanti c Ocean to the east, Chile to the west and the waters of the Drake Passage to th e south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), Argentina is the eighth -largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America and the large st among Spanish-speaking nations. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Ant arctica, the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), South Georgia and the S outh Sandwich Islands. A historical and current middle power[8] and a prominent Latin American[C][D][E] [F][G] and Southern Cone[H][I][J] regional power, Argentina is one of the G-15 a nd G-20 major economies and Latin America's third-largest.[18] It is also a foun ding member of the United Nations, WBG, WTO, OAS, Mercosur, UNASUR, CELAC and OE I. Because of its stability, market size and increasing share of the high-tech s ector,[K] Argentina is classed by investors as a middle emerging economy with a "very high" rating on Human Development Index.[7] The earliest recorded human presence in the area now known as Argentina is dated from the Paleolithic period.[20] The Spanish colonization began in 1512.[21] Ar gentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata,[L][ M][N] a Spanish overseas colony founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for i ndependence (1810-1818) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, which ended with the country's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city. During the last two thirds of the 20th c entury Argentina faced several military coups and political instability, along w ith periodic economic crisis that restrained its full development. Contents [hide] 1 Name and Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colonial era 2.3 Independence and civil wars 2.4 Rise of a Modern Nation 2.5 60s and 70s 2.6 Contemporary era 3 Geography 3.1 Political divisions 3.2 Climate 3.3 Biodiversity 4 Government 4.1 Foreign relations 4.2 Military 5 Economy 5.1 Industry 5.2 Transport 5.3 Science and technology 5.4 Tourism 6 Demographics

6.1 Ethnography 6.2 Language 6.3 Religion 6.4 Urbanization 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Visual arts 7.3 Architecture 7.4 Cinema and theatre 7.5 Music 7.6 Cuisine 7.7 Media 7.8 Sports 8 National symbols 9 Education 10 Health care 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Name and Etymology Main article: Name of Argentina Argentina is derived from the Latin argentum ("silver"). La Plata Basin does not have any sources of silver, but the first Spanish conquerors arrived in the are a following rumors of the existence of silver mountains, hence the name. The first use of the name Argentina can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem b y Martn del Barco Centenera. Although this name for the La Plata Basin was alread y in common usage by the 18th century, the area was formally called Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, and United Provinces of the Ro de la Plata after independen ce.[25] The first formal use of the name was in the 1826 constitution.[26] During the 19 th century the names "Argentine Republic", "Argentine Nation", and "Argentine Co nfederation" were widely used. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as "Argentine Republic".[25] According to the constitution, all names of the count ry since 1810 are legally valid.[1] In the English language, the country was traditionally called "the Argentine", m imicking the typical Spanish usage la Argentina.[27] This fell out of usage in E nglish during the mid to late 20th century, and now the country is simply referr ed to as "Argentina". History Main article: History of Argentina Pre-Columbian era The Cave of the Hands. The area now known as Argentina was relatively sparsely populated until the peri od of European colonization. The earliest traces of human life are dated from th e Paleolithic period, and there are further traces in the Mesolithic and Neolith ic.[20] However, large areas of the interior and piedmont were apparently depopu lated during an extensive dry period between 4000 and 2000 BC.[28] The Uruguayan archaeologist Ral Camp Soler divided the indigenous peoples in Argen tina into three main groups: basic hunters and food gatherers, without developme nt of pottery, advanced hunters and food gatherers, and farmers with pottery.[29 ] The second group could be found in the Pampa and south of Patagonia, and the t hird one included the Charras and Minuane people and the Guaranes. Some of the different groups included the Onas at Tierra del Fuego, the Ymana at the archipelago between the Beagle Channel and Cape Horn, Tehuelches in the Pata

gonia, many peoples at the litoral, Guaycures and Wichis at Chaco. The Guaranes ha d expanded across large areas of South America, but settled at the northeastern provinces of Argentina. The Toba (Komlek) nation and the Diaguita which included the Calchaqui and the Quilmes lived in the North and the Comechingones in what is today the province of Cordoba. The Charrua (which included the Minuane people ), Yaros, Bohanes and Chans (and Chan-Timb) were located in the actual territory of Entre Ros and the Querand in Buenos Aires. Spanish colonial era See also: Colonial Argentina A battle ending with a general surrendering to another William Carr Beresford surrenders to Santiago de Liniers during the British inva sions of the Ro de la Plata. Argentina as a part of the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata. Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The Spanish navigator Juan Daz de Sols visited the territory which is now Argentin a in 1516. In 1536 Pedro de Mendoza established a small settlement at the modern location of Buenos Aires, which was abandoned in 1541.[30] A second one was established 1580 by Juan de Garay, and Crdoba in 1573 by Jernimo Luis de Cabrera. Those regions were part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, whose capit al was Lima, and settlers arrived from that city. Unlike the other regions of So uth America, the colonization of the Ro de la Plata estuary was not influenced by any gold rush, since it lacked any precious metals to mine.[30] The first European explorer, Juan Daz de Sols, arrived on the Ro de la Plata in 151 6. Spain established the Viceroyalty of Peru, encompassing all its holdings in S outh America. Buenos Aires was established in 1536 but was destroyed by natives. The city was established again in 1580. The colonization of modern Argentina ca me from 3 different directions: from Paraguay, establishing the Governorate of t he Ro de la Plata, from Peru and from Chile.[31] Buenos Aires became the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata in 1776, with territories from the Viceroyalty of Peru. Buenos Aires and Montevideo resi sted two ill-fated British invasions in 1806 and 1807. The resistance was headed both times by the French Santiago de Liniers, who would become viceroy through popular support. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the example of the At lantic Revolutions generated criticism to the Absolute monarchy. The overthrow o f the Spanish King Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War created great concern in the Americas, so many cities deposed the monarchic authorities and appointed new ones, working under the new political ideas. This started the Spanish Ameri can wars of independence across the continent. Buenos Aires deposed the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros in 1810, during the May Revolution.[32] Independence and civil wars See also: Argentine War of Independence, Argentine Civil Wars, and Rise of the A rgentine Republic The Libertador, Jos de San Martin. View showing the confrontation occurred on November 20, 1845 of the Argentine fo rces-in-disadvantage against the Anglo-French. The May Revolution of 1810 established the First Junta, a new government in Buen os Aires composed by locals. The Junta fought against Linier's Counter Revolutio n in Crdoba, and other royalists in Upper Peru and Paraguay. It also supported th e rebellions at the Banda Oriental. The military campaigns were defeated, so Bue nos Aires signed an armistice with the loyalist authorities in Montevideo.[33] P araguay stayed neutral during the remainder of the conflict, Upper Peru stood lo yal to the King, and the Banda Oriental would be captured by William Brown durin g renewed hostilities.

The Argentine Declaration of Independence was issued by the Congress of Tucumn in 1816, and was immediately followed by the war of independence. General Martn Mig uel de Gemes kept royalists at bay on the North, while Jos de San Martn took an arm y across the Andes, thus securing the independence of Chile. With the Chilean na vy at his disposal he then took the fight to the royalist stronghold of Lima. Sa n Martn's military campaigns, together with those of Simn Bolvar in Gran Colombia a re collectively known as the Spanish American wars of independence.[34] The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federal Partie s, resulted in the end of the centralized national authority and in the reign of anarchy. Between 1825 and 1830 there was a War with Brazil, that ended with the independence of Uruguay and Bernardino Rivadavia was appointed the first Presid ent of Argentina. He then resigned, so Centralists and Federalists resumed the c ivil war. The provinces at last settled a loose Argentine Confederation that lac ked a common head of state. They would instead delegate some important powers to Juan Manuel de Rosas, the governor of Buenos Aires Province, such as foreign de bt payment and international relations.[35] Juan Manuel de Rosas ruled from 1829 to 1832, and from 1835 to 1852. After 1835 he received the "Sum of public power", which was later denounced as despotic and condemned in the Constitution. He faced several a French blockade from 1838 to 1840, the War of the Confederation in the north, and a combined Anglo-French blo ckade from 1845 to 1850. Rosas remained undefeated during this series of conflic ts and prevented further loss of national territory. His refusal to enact a nati onal constitution, pursuant to the Federal pact, led to Entre Ros governor Justo Jos de Urquiza to turn against Rosas and defeat him at Caseros. He then sanctione d the Constitution of Argentina of 1853. Rejecting it, the Province of Buenos Ai res seceded from the Confederation and became the State of Buenos Aires. The sub sequent war lasted nearly a decade, and ended with the victory of Buenos Aires a t the battle of Pavn.[36] Buenos Aires rejoined the Confederation, and Bartolom Mitre was elected the first president of the unified country in 1862. During his term, the Paraguayan Presi dent Francisco Solano Lpez invaded two Argentine Provinces and headed for Uruguay . Mitre, with Uruguay and Brazil, waged the War of the Triple Alliance, that lef t over 300,000 dead and devastated Paraguay. After Mitre the Presidents were Dom ingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicols Avellaneda. The latter federalized the City of Buenos Aires, and separated it from the rest of the Province.[37] He also led t he Conquest of the Desert, waged by Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s. With this military operation, Argentina seized control of Patagonia.[38] Rise of a Modern Nation See also: Argentina in World War II and Peronism Juan Domingo Pern (left) and his wife Eva Pern (right). They founded a political m ovement known as Peronism, still strong in the country. The bases of modern Argentina were established by the Generation of '80, a conse rvative and elitist movement that opposed Mitre, sought to industrialize the cou ntry, and promoted a massive wave of European immigration that led to the streng thening of the state, the development of modern agriculture and to a near-reinve ntion of Argentine society and economy. The country emerged as one of the ten ri chest countries in the world, benefiting from an agricultural export-led economy as well as British and French investment. Driven by immigration and decreasing mortality the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold.[39] Ho wever, they were slow to meet its original goals of industrialization, and the c ountry stayed as a pre-industrial society.[40] President Jurez Celman faced a fin ancial crisis led by market speculation and excessive money printing, that gener ated popular discontent and the Revolution of the Park in 1890, led by the Civic Union. Although the revolution failed, Celman resigned from the presidency.[41] In 1912 President Roque Senz Pea enacted universal male suffrage and the secret ba llot. This allowed Hiplito Yrigoyen, of the Civic Union, to win the elections in 1916. He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to family f armers and small businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during World War I.[42] Th

e second administration of Yrigoyen faced a huge economic crisis, influenced by the international Great Depression. The military made a coup d'tat and ousted him from power. The following period is known as the Infamous Decade. General Jos Fli x Uriburu led the military rule for two years. Agustn Pedro Justo was elected wit h fraud, and signed a controversial treaty with the United Kingdom. Presidents R oberto Mara Ortiz and Ramn Castillo stayed neutral during World War II. Britain su pported the Argentine neutrality, but after the attack on Pearl Harbor the Unite d States requested all of South America to join the Allied Nations. Castillo was finally deposed by the Revolution of '43, a new military coup that wanted to en d the electoral fraud of the last decade. Argentina declared war to the Axis Pow ers a month before the end of World War II in Europe. The minister of welfare of the military dictatorship, Juan Pern, became highly popular among workers. He wa s fired and jailed, but a massive demonstration forced his liberation. Pern ran f or the presidency in 1946, and won by 53.1%.[43] Pern created a political movement known as Peronism. He nationalized strategic in dustries and services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full exte rnal debt and achieved nearly full employment. The economy, however, began to de cline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His wife Eva Pern was highly popular a nd played a central political role, mostly through the Eva Pern Foundation, where she developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors of society in Argentina. Women's suffrage was granted in 1947.[44] However, her declining health did not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer the following year. The navy began to plot against Pern in 195 5, and bombed the Plaza de Mayo in an ill-fated attempt to kill him. A few month s later, Pern resigned during an army coup, which established the Liberating Revo lution. Pern left the country, and finally settled in Spain.[45] 60s and 70s See also: Dirty War Arturo Frondizi, President of Argentina from 1958 to 1962 for the UCRI. The Revolution was led by catholic-nationalistic Eduardo Lonardi. He refused to outlaw peronism, so his faction was overthrown twenty days later by Pedro Eugeni o Aramburu, who proscribed Peronism and banned all manifestations of it. Peronis m, however, did not disappear, as Peronists kept being organized in informal ass ociations. Arturo Frondizi from the UCR became popular by opposing the military rule, and won the following elections.[46] The military, however, was reluctant to allow Peronism to influence the new government: they frequently interfered on behalf of conservative interests, with some success.[39] His policies encourage d investment to make the country self-sufficient in energy and industry, helping reverse a chronic trade deficit for Argentina. His efforts to stay on good term s with both Peronists and the military, without fully supporting either one, ear ned him the distrust and rejection of both. Frondizi lifted the Peronist proscri ption, leading to a Peronist victory in several provinces. A new coup ousted him from power, but a swift reaction by Jos Mara Guido (president of the Senate) appl ied the laws related to power vacuums and became president instead of the milita ry. The elections were then repealed and Peronism proscribed again. Arturo Illia was elected in 1963 but, despite prosperity, his attempts to include Peronists in the political process resulted in the armed forces retaking power in a coup i n 1966. The Argentine Revolution, the new military government, sought to rule in Argentina indefinitely.[47] The new military Junta appointed Juan Carlos Ongana as president. He closed the C ongress, banned all political parties and dismantled all student unions and many worker unions. Popular discontent led to two massive protests in 1969, the Cord obazo in Crdoba and the Rosariazo in Rosario. In May 1970, the terrorist organiza tion Montoneros kidnapped and executed the former de facto president, Aramburu. There was a public outcry against this crime. Ongana was replaced by Roberto M. L evingston in June 1970. In March 1971, Levingston was then replaced by Alejandro Agustn Lanusse, who bega n negotiations to return to democracy and end the proscription of Peronism. Init

ially, he sought to allow Peronism but not the return of Juan Pern himself (who w as living in Spain) with an agreement stipulating presidential candidates reside in Argentina as of 25 August. Thus, the Peronist candidate was not Pern but Hctor Jos Cmpora, who won the elections by the 49.59%.[48] The return of Peronism to power saw violent disputes between its internal factio ns: right-wing union leaders and left-wing youth from Montoneros. The return of Pern to the country in June 1973 generated an violent conflict among peronists: t he Ezeiza massacre. Overwhelmed by political violence, Cmpora and his vice-presid ent resigned. In the following elections Pern was elected, with his wife Isabel a s vice-president. Before Peron took office the Montoneros murdered the union lea der Jos Ignacio Rucci, with close ties to Pern. Pern expelled them from the party, and they became once again a clandestine organization. Jos Lpez Rega organized the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA) to fight against them and the ERP. In Ju ly 1974 Pern died and was succeeded by his wife. The Operation Independence stopp ed a guerrilla attempt to capture and secede the territories of Tucumn from Argen tina. A presidential decree ordered the military to "annihilate the subversion". Chaos reigned through the country and the military made a last coup d'tat, on Ma rch 24, 1976.[49] The National Reorganization Process closed the Congress, removed the members of the Supreme Court, and banned political parties, unions, student unions, etc. It also intensified measures against the ERP and Montoneros, who had kidnapped and murdered people almost weekly since 1970.[50] The military resorted to the forc ed disappearance of suspected members of the guerrillas, and began to prevail in the war. The losses of Montoneros by the end of 1976 were near 2000. The Junta tried to increase its popularity with the Beagle conflict and the 1978 FIFA Worl d Cup. As of 1977, the ERP was completely defeated. Montoneros was severely weak ened, but launched a massive counterattack in 1979. It was defeated, ending the guerrilla threat, but the military Junta stayed in government. Leopoldo Galtieri launched the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de Malvinas), attempting to annex t he islands, but within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom. Galtieri left the government because of the military defeat, and Reynaldo Bignon e began to organize the transition to democratic rule, with the free elections i n 1983.[51] Contemporary era See also: Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002) and Kirchnerism Ral Alfonsn, President of Argentina from 1983 to 1989. Nestor Kirchner, President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007. In the 1983 electoral campaign Alfonsn called to national unity, restoration of d emocratic rule and prosecution of those responsible for the dirty war. He establ ished the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) to inves tigate the forced disappearances. The CONADEP generated a report detailing 340 c enters of illegal detentions and 8961 forced disappearances. The 1985 Trial of t he Juntas sentenced all the heads of government of those years. An economic cris is that led to an hyperinflation reduced his popular support. The Peronist Carlo s Menem won the 1989 elections, but riots caused by the economic crisis forced A lfonsn to resign early, handing government to Menem.[52] Carlos Menem led a change in Peronism, which declined its usual politics and emb raced neoliberalism instead. A fixed exchange rate established in 1991, the dism antling of protectionist barriers, business regulations and several privatizatio ns normalized the economy for a time. His victories at the 1991 and 1993 electio ns led to the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution, which allowed him to run for a second term. He was reelected, but the economy began to decline in 19 96, with higher unemployment and recession. He lost the 1997 elections, and the UCR returned to the presidency in the 1999 elections.[53] President Fernando de la Ra sought to change the political style of Menem, but ke pt his economic plan regardless of the growing recession. He appointed Domingo C

avallo, who had already been minister of economy during the presidency of Menem. The social discontent led to the appearance of piqueteros and huge blank votes in the 2001 legislative elections. A huge capital flight was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts, generating further discontent. Several riots in the country led the president to establish a state of emergency, received with more popular protests. The huge riots in December finally forced De la Ra to resign.[5 4] Eduardo Duhalde was appointed president by the Legislative Assembly, and dero gated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem. The economic crisis began to diminish by the late 2002. The death of two piqueteros caused a political scand al that forced Duhalde to call to elections earlier. Carlos Menem got the majori ty of the votes, followed by Nstor Kirchner, who was largely unknown by the peopl e, but would maintain Lavagna as minister. However, Menem declined to run for th e required ballotage, which made Kirchner the new president.[55] Following the e conomic policies laid by Duhalde and Lavagna, Kirchner ended the economic crisis , getting fiscal and trade surpluses. During his administration, Argentina restr uctured its defaulted debt with a steep discount (about 66%) on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund and nationalized some previously privatized enterprises. He did not run for a reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner.[56][57] The presidency of Cristina Kirchner began with a conflict with the agricultural sector, caused by an attempt to increase the taxes over exports. The conflict wa s taken to the Congress, and vice-president Julio Cobos gave an unexpected tie-b reaking vote against the bill. The government waged several controversies with t he press, limiting the freedom of speech.[58][59][60] Nstor Kirchner died in 2010 , and Cristina Fernndez was reelected in 2011.[61][62] Geography Main article: Geography of Argentina Argentina as seen from space in a satellite photo taken by NASA Argentina is located in southern South America, with the Andes Mountains on the west[63] and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east and south.[64] Argentina has a total surface area (excluding territorial claims) of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 s q mi);[B]. Argentina has six main regions. The Pampas are fertile lowlands locat ed in the center and east. The Mesopotamia is a lowland enclosed by the Paran and Uruguay rivers, and the Gran Chaco is between the mesopotamia and the Andes. Cu yo is at the east side of the Andes, and the Argentine Northwest is at the North of it. The Patagonia is a large plateau to the south.[65] The highest point above sea level is in the Mendoza province at Cerro Aconcagua (6,959 m (22,831 ft)),[66] also the highest point in the Southern and Western He misphere.[67] The lowest point is Laguna del Carbn in Santa Cruz province, -105 m (-344 ft) below sea level.[66] This is also the lowest point in South America.[ 68] The easternmost continental point is northeast of Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misi ones,[25] the westernmost in the Perito Moreno National Park in Santa Cruz provi nce.[25] The northernmost point is at the confluence of the Grande de San Juan a nd Mojinete rivers in Jujuy province,[25] and the southernmost is Cape San Po in Tierra del Fuego.[25] The major rivers are the Paran (the largest), the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Bermejo, C olorado, Negro, Salado and the Uruguay. The Paran and the Uruguay join to form th e Ro de la Plata estuary, before reaching the Atlantic. Regionally important rive rs are the Atuel and Mendoza in the homonymous province, the Chubut in Patagonia , the Ro Grande in Jujuy and the San Francisco River in Salta. The 4,725 km (2,936 mi) long Atlantic coast[25] varies between areas of sand dun es and cliffs. The continental platform, the Patagonian Shelf, is unusually wide ; this shallow area of the Atlantic is called the Argentine Sea. The two major o cean currents affecting the coast are the warm Brazil Current and the cold Falkl and Current. Because of the unevenness of the coastal landmass, the two currents alternate in their influence on climate and do not allow temperatures to fall e venly with higher latitude. The southern coast of Tierra del Fuego forms the nor

th shore of the Beagle Channel.[69] The National Parks of Argentina make up a ne twork of 30 national parks in Argentina. Political divisions Main articles: Provinces of Argentina and List of Argentine provinces by populat ion Provinces of Argentina. About this image Argentina is composed of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The administrative divisions of the Provinces are the departments, and th e municipalities, except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into partid os. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into communes. The provinces are organiz ed as a federation, each one with a local constitution.[70] They hold all the po wer that is not specifically delegated to the national government.[71] During the Argentine War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding c ountrysides became provinces, though the intervention of theircabildos. The anar chy of the year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinc es. Jujuyseceded from Salta in 1834, and the thirteen provinces became fourteen. After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires accepted the Constitution of Argentin a of 1853 in 1860. Buenos Aires was made a federal territory in 1880.[70] A 1862 law determined that the territories under control of Argentina but outsid e the frontiers of the provinces would be called national territories. This allo wed in 1884 to establish the governorates of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqun, Ro Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the national territory of Los Andes, whose territories were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca in 1943.[70 ] La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and Form osa, Neuqun, Ro Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became a province in 1990.[70] Buenos Aires Citya Buenos Aires Province Catamarca Chaco Chubut Crdoba Corrientes Entre Ros Formosa Jujuy La Pampa La Rioja Mendoza Misiones Neuqun Ro Negro Salta San Juan San Luis Santa Cruz Santa Fe Santiago del Estero Tierra del Fuego, Antrtida e Islas del Atlntico Surb Tucumn a Not a province, but an autonomous city and seat of National Government. bTierra del Fuego Province includes territorial claims over Argentine Antarctica , Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. Climate Main article: Climate of Argentina Polar climate in Argentine Patagonia and Tropical climate in Iguaz Falls(Argentin a Mesopotamia).

The generally temperate climate ranges from subtropical in the north to subpolar in the far south. The north is characterized by very hot, humid summers with mi ld drier winters, and is subject to periodic droughts.[72] Central Argentina has a temperate climate, with hot summers with thunderstorms, and cool winters; and higher moisture at the east.[73] The southern regions have warm summers and col d winters with heavy snowfall, especially in mountainous zones.[74] Major wind currents include the cool Pampero Winds blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.[73] The Zonda, a hot dry wind, affects west-central Argentina. Squeezed of all moisture during the 6 ,000 m (19,685 ft) descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with g usts up to 120 km/h (75 mph), fueling wildfires and causing damage; when the Zon da blows (June November), snowstorms and blizzard (viento blanco) conditions usual ly affect higher elevations.[75] The Sudestada usually moderates cold temperatur es but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is most comm on in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Ro de la Plata es tuary.[73] Biodiversity Main article: Environment of Argentina South American Sea Lion pups in a colony in Patagonia In the North, subtropical plants dominate the Gran Chaco. Savannah-like areas ex ist in the drier regions nearer the Andes, as well as many species of cactus. In central Argentina the humid pampas are a true tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The original pampa had virtually no trees; only a tree-like bush called Omb. The pamp a is one of the most agriculturally productive zones on Earth, this caused the d estruction of much of the original ecosystem, to make way for commercial agricul ture.[76] Most of Patagonia lies within the rain shadow of the Andes, so the flora, shrubb y bushes and plants, is suited to dry conditions.Coniferous forests in far weste rn Patagonia and on the island of Tierra del Fuego, include alerce and pehun. Amo ng Patagonian broadleaf trees are several species of Nothofagus such as coihue. In Cuyo semiarid thorny bushes and other xerophile plants abound. The area prese nts optimal conditions for the large scale growth of grape vines. Beech(Argentine Patagonia) Prominent animals from the subtropical north include big cats like jaguars, puma s, howler monkeys, crocodiles, and the Tegu. There are a wide variety of birds, notably hummingbirds, flamingos, toucans, and swallows. The central grasslands a re populated by the giant anteater, armadillo, pampas cat, and the rhea (and), a l arge flightless bird. Hawks, falcons, and tinamous (perdiz, Argentine "false par tridges") inhabit the region. There are also pampas deer and pampas foxes. The w estern mountains are home to different animals like the llama. Also in that regi on live viscachas, Andean Mountain Cats, and the largest flying bird in the Amer icas, the Andean Condor. Southern Argentina is home to the puma, huemul, and pud - the world's smallest deer. The coast of Patagonia is rich in animal life: elep hant seals, fur seals, sea lions and species of penguin. Government Main articles: Government of Argentina and Politics of Argentina Argentina is a federal constitutional republic and representative democracy.[77] The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the C onstitution of Argentina, the country's supreme legal document. The seat of gove rnment is the city of Buenos Aires, as designated by Congress.[78] Suffrage is u niversal, equal, secret and mandatory.[79][O] The federal government is composed of three branches: Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and Deputy chambers, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties and has the power of the purs

e and of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.[ 81] The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population ev ery tenth year.[82] As of 2013, ten provinces have just five deputies, while the Buenos Aires Province, the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, has 72 members with each provi nce having three seats, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.[83] At least one-third of the candid ates presented by the parties must be women. Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto leg islative bills before they become law subject to Congressional override and appoin ts the members of the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce fed eral laws and policies.[84] The president is elected directly by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row.[85] Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.[86] The Judicial is independent of the Execut ive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the Pr esident subject to Senate approval who serve for life. The lower courts' judges ar e proposed by the Council of Magistrates (a secretariat composed of representati ves of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and app ointed by the President on Senate approval.[87] National Congress Palace, seat of the Congress Casa Rosada, workplace of the President National Justice Palace, seat of the Supreme Court Provinces must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitut ion and federal laws. Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their ow n constitutions, freely organize their local governments and own and manage thei r resources.[88] Some provinces have bicameral provincial legislatures, while ot hers have unicameral ones.[P] Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Argentina Argentina is a member of the G-20 major economies. Argentina is one of the G-20 major economies of the world. Argentina is a full m ember of the Mercosur block together with Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Since 20 02 Argentina has emphasized the role of Latin American integration and the bloc, which has some supranational legislative functions, as its first international priority.[90] Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member of the Antarctic Treaty System and the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat is based in Buenos Aires.[91] Argentina is also a full member of the Union of South American Nations. The former president of Argentina Nstor Kirchner was the first Secretar y General of this organization. In 2005, Argentina assumed again the two-year no n-permanent position on the UN Security Council. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are British Overseas T erritories of the United Kingdom, as well as almost 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) in Antarctica, between 25W and 74W and south of 60S. The Antarctic claim overlaps claims by Chile and the United Kingdom, though all claims to Anta rctica fall under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Since 1904, a scientific post has been maintained in Antarctica by mutual agreement.[92] Argentina is currently participating in major peacekeeping operations in Haiti, Cyprus, Western Sahara and the Middle East.[93] Military Main articles: Military of Argentina and Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

Argentine Marines line up in formation during an amphibious assault exercise. The Armed Forces are controlled by the President and a civilian Minister of Defe nse. In addition to the army, navy and air force, there are two forces controlle d by the Interior Ministry: the Argentine National Gendarmerie, a gendarmerie us ed to guard borders and places of strategic importance; and the Naval Prefecture , a coast guard used to protect internal major rivers and maritime territory. The armed forces of Argentina comprise an army, navy and air force, and number a bout 70,000 active duty personnel, one third fewer than levels before the return to democracy in 1983.[94] The age for enlistment in the volunteer military is f rom 16 to 23 years old.[95] Historically, Argentina's military has been one of the best equipped in the regi on (for example, developing its own jet fighters as early as the 1950s);[96] but recently it has faced sharper expenditure cutbacks than most other Latin Americ an armed forces. Real military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and tho ugh there have been recent increases, the defense budget is now around US$3 bill ion.[97] Traditionally, Argentina maintains close defense cooperation and military-supply relationships with the United States, and to a lesser extent, with Israel, Germ any, France, Spain, and Italy. Economy Main articles: Economy of Argentina, Agriculture in Argentina, Argentine foreign trade, and Tourism in Argentina Puerto Madero, Financial District in Buenos Aires. The economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest,[98] with a Very High Human Development Index and a relatively high GDP per capita.[99] It is classifi ed as an upper middle-income economy by the Wold Bank.[100] The country benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector and a diversified industrial base. Histor ically, however, Argentina's economic performance has been very uneven, in which high economic growth alternated with severe recessions, particularly during the late 20th century, and income maldistribution and poverty increased. Early in t he 20th century it was one of the richest countries in the world and the richest in the Southern hemisphere,[101] though it is now an upper-middle income countr y. Argentina is considered an emerging market by the FTSE Global Equity Index, and is one of the G-20 major economies. High inflation has been a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades.[102] Of ficially hovering around 9% since 2006, inflation has been privately estimated a t over 30%,[103] becoming a contentious issue again. The government has manipula ted inflation statistics.[104] The urban income poverty rate has dropped below t he numbers of the 2001 economic crisis[105] Income distribution, having improved since 2002, is still considerably unequal.[106][107] Argentina began a period o f fiscal austerity in 2012.[108][109] Argentina ranks 100th out of 178 countries in the Transparency International's C orruption Perceptions Index for 2011.[110] Reported problems include government corruption, lack of judicial independence, huge taxes and tariffs, and regulator y interference that undermines efficiency and productivity growth.[111] The Kirc hner administration responded to the Global financial crisis of 2008 2009 with a r ecord public-works program, new tax cuts and subsidies,[112] and the transfer of private pensions to the social security system. Private pension plans, which re quired growing subsidies to cover, were nationalized to shed a budgetary drain a s well as to finance high government spending and debt obligations. Industry President Fernndez inaugurating a factory in Ushuaia. Firms like BlackBerry, HP a nd Motorola have set up plants in Tierra del Fuego, drawn by tax breaks.[113]

Manufacturing is the largest single sector in the nation's economy (19% of GDP), and is well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, with half the nation's indus trial exports being agricultural in nature.[114] Based on food processing and te xtiles during its early development in the first half of the 20th century, indus trial production has become highly diversified in Argentina.[115] Leading sector s by production value are: Food processing and beverages; motor vehicles and aut o parts; refinery products, and biodiesel; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel and aluminum; and industrial and farm machinery; electronics and home appliances . These latter include over three million big ticket items, as well as an array of electronics, kitchen appliances and cellular phones, among others.[116] The c ountry's auto industry produced 829,000 motor vehicles in 2011, and exported 507 ,000 (mainly to Brazil, which in turn exported a somewhat larger number to Argen tina).[117] Beverages are another significant sector, and Argentina has long bee n among the top five wine producing countries in the world; beer overtook wine p roduction in 2000, and today leads by nearly two billion liters a year to one.[1 16] Other manufactured goods include: glass and cement; plastics and tires; lumber p roducts; textiles; tobacco products; recording and print media; furniture; appar el and leather.[116] Most manufacturing is organized around 280 industrial parks , with another 190 slated to open during 2012.[118] Nearly half the industries a re based in the Greater Buenos Aires area, although Crdoba, Rosario, and Ushuaia are also significant industrial centers; the latter city became the nation's lea ding center of electronics production during the 1980s.[119] The production of c omputers, laptops, and servers grew by 160% in 2011, to nearly 3.4 million units , and covered two-thirds of local demand.[120] Another important rubric historic will likewise mainly be manufactured do ally dominated by imports farm machinery mestically by 2014.[121] Construction permits nationwide covered nearly 19 million m (205 million ft) in 20 08. The construction sector accounts for over 5% of GDP, and two-thirds of the c onstruction was for residential buildings.[114] Argentine electric output totaled over 122 billion Kwh in 2009.[122] This was ge nerated in large part through well developed natural gas and hydroelectric resou rces. Nuclear energy is also of high importance,[123] and the country is one of the largest producers and exporters, alongside Canada and Russia of cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope widely used in cancer therapy. Transport Main article: Transport in Argentina Vintage line A station entrance of Buenos Aires Metro Transport in Argentina is mainly based on a complex network of routes, crossed b y relatively inexpensive long-distance buses and by cargo trucks. The country al so has a number of national and international airports. The importance of the lo ng-distance train is minor today, though in the past it was widely used. Fluvial transport is mostly used for cargo. Within the urban areas, the main transporta tion system is uy the bus or colectivo; bus lines transport millions of people e very day in the larger cities and their metropolitan areas. Buenos Aires additio nally has an underground, the only one in the country, and Greater Buenos Aires is serviced by a system of suburban trains. A majority of people employ public transport rather than personal cars to move a round in the cities, especially in common business hours, since parking can be b oth difficult and expensive. Cycling is not very common in big cities, as there are few bicycle-paths, making it difficult to move with them other than in recre ational areas. Since Argentina is almost 4,000 kilometres long and more than 1,000 km wide, lon g distance transportation is of great importance. Several toll expressways sprea d out from Buenos Aires, serving nearly half the nation's population. The majori ty of Argentine roads, however, are two-lane national and provincial routes and, though they are spread throughout the country, less than a third of Argentina's 230,000 km (145,000 mi)[124] of roads are currently paved.

Argentina is home to around 9.2 million registered cars, trucks and buses;[125] on a per capita basis, it has long had Latin America's widest accessibility to m otor vehicles.[126] Left-lane drivers until 1945, Argentine motorists have since been driving on the right-hand side. The Vehicle registration plates of Argenti na are based on a three letters-three numbers per car (with the exception of som e trucks) system. Expressways have been recently doubled in length[127] and now link most importan t cities. The most important of these is the Panamerican National Route 9 Buenos Aires Rosario Crdoba freeway. Argentine long distance buses are fast, affordable and comfortable; they have become the primary means of long-distance travel since r ailway privatizations in the early 1990s greatly downsized Argentina's formerly ubiquitous passenger rail service. Competing providers differ little on their ti me-honoured formula, offering three different services regarding the number of s tops and type of seats: the Regular, Semi-cama (semi-bed), and Cama (bed), with Cama being similar to an airline's business class. Some services have also on-bo ard dining, while others stop at restaurants by the road. Long and middle-distan ce buses cover almost all paved-accessible cities, towns and villages. Science and technology Main article: Science and technology in Argentina Argentine satellite SAC-D Argentines have three Nobel Prize laureates in the Sciences. Bernardo Houssay, t he first Latin American among them, discovered the role of pituitary hormones in regulating glucose in animals. Csar Milstein did extensive research in antibodie s. Luis Leloir discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into gly cogen and the compounds which are fundamental in metabolizing carbohydrates. Arg entine research has led to the treatment of heart diseases and several forms of cancer. Domingo Liotta designed and developed the first artificial heart success fully implanted in a human being in 1969. Ren Favaloro developed the techniques a nd performed the world's first ever coronary bypass surgery. Argentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a research reactor with h omegrown technology, the RA-1 Enrico Fermi. This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies, instead of simply buying them abroad, was a co nstant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian National Atomi c Energy Commission (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have be en built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted ha ving the capability of producing weapon-grade uranium, a major step needed to as semble nuclear weapons; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclea r power only for peaceful purposes.[128] As a member of the Board of Governors o f the International Atomic Energy Agency, Argentina has been a strong voice in s upport of nuclear non-proliferation efforts[129] and is highly committed to glob al nuclear security.[130] In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to p ut in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, Atucha I. Although the argentinean built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it u ses are since entirely built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employ ed a higher percentage of argentinean built components; Embalse, finished in 198 3, a 30% and the 2011 Atucha II reactor a 40%.[131] Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in A rgentina have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Dr. Luis Agote devised the first safe and effective means of blood transfusion as well as Ren Favaloro, who was a pioneer in the improvement of the coronary art ery bypass surgery. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as nanotechnology, physics, computer sciences, molecular biology, oncology , ecology, and cardiology. Juan Maldacena, an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in string theory. Argentine built satellites include LUSAT-1 (19 90), Vctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),[132] and those developed by CONAE, the A rgentine space agency, of the SAC series.[133] The Pierre Auger Observatory near Malarge, Mendoza, is the world's foremost cosmic ray observatory.[134]

Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentina has i ts own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and p ublic nuclear energy company INVAP, which provides several countries with nuclea r reactors.[135] Established in 1991, the CONAE has since launched two satellite s successfully and,[136] in June 2009, secured an agreement with the European Sp ace Agency on for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research project s. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations i n the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ES A to ensure mission coverage around the clock.[137] Tourism Main article: Tourism in Argentina The largest ski center in Latin America, Bariloche (Argentine Patagonia) Tourism in Argentina is characterized by its cultural offerings and its ample an d varied natural assets. The country had 5.28 million visitors in 2010, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the top destination in South A merica, and second in Latin America after Mexico. Revenues from international to urists reached US$4.93 billion in 2010, up from US$3,96 billion in 2009.[138] Th e country's capital city, Buenos Aires, is the most visited city in South Americ a.[139] Tourist destinatios: Buenos Aires, the capital of the Nation. Iguaz National Park, waterfalls and jungle. Bariloche, the largest ski centre in Latin America, and La Angostura. Los Alerces National Park in central Patagonia. Los Glaciares National Park, everlasting glaciers. Inca and colonial sites in Humahuaca, the Calchaqu Valleys, Iruya, Tilcara, and o ther cities of the North. Demographics Main article: Demographics of Argentina See also: Argentine people Balvanera, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements. In the 2001 census [INDEC], Argentina had a population of 36,260,130, and prelim inary results from the 2010 census were of 40,091,359 inhabitants.[140][141] Arg entina ranks third in South America in total population and 33rd globally. Popul ation density is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area, well below the world average of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimate d 1.03% annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants an d a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The net migration rate h as ranged from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants.[142] The proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, somewhat below the world average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high at 10.8%. In L atin America this is second only to Uruguay and well above the world average, wh ich is currently 7%. Argentina has one of Latin America's lowest population grow th rates, recently about 1% a year, as well as a comparatively low infant mortal ity rate. Its birth rate of 2.3 children per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy, compared here as they have similar religious practic es and proportions.[143][144] The median age is approximately 30 years and life expectancy at birth is 77.14 years.[142] Argentina became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in th e Americas to allow same-sex marriage nationwide.[145] It was the tenth country to allow same-sex marriage.[146] Ethnography Main articles: Ethnography of Argentina and Immigration to Argentina

A crowd in Rosario reflects the importance of European immigration to Argentine ethnography and culture. As with other areas of new settlement such as the United States, Canada, Austral ia, New Zealand, Brazil and Uruguay, it is considered that Argentina is a countr y of immigrants.[147][148][149] Argentines usually refer to the country as a cri sol de razas (crucible of races, or melting pot). During the 18th and 19th centuries especially, Argentina was the country with th e second biggest immigration wave in the world, with 6.6 million, second only to the USA in the numbers of immigrants received (27 millions) and ahead of such o ther areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.[150][151] Strikingly, at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. T his belief is endured in the popular saying "los argentinos descienden de los ba rcos" (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descen ded from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the great immigration wave to Argentina (1850-1955),[152][153] with a great majority of these immigrants comin g from diverse European countries. The majority of these European immigrants cam e from Italy and Spain.[154] Argentina is home to a significant population of Ar ab and partial Arab background, mostly of Syrian and Lebanese origin (in Argenti na they are considered among the White people, just like in the USA Census). The Asian population in the country numbers at around 180,000 individuals, most of whom are of Chinese[155] and Korean descent, although an older Japanese communit y that traces back to the early 20th century also exists. Recent Illegal immigration has mostly been coming from Bolivia, Paraguay and Per u, with smaller numbers from Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Romania.[156] The A rgentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents a nd has launched a program[157] to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.[158] Language Main article: Languages of Argentina "Voseo" in a Buenos Aires billboard The de facto official language of Argentina is Spanish, also called castellano ( Castilian) in the Hispanophone countries. Argentina is the largest Spanish-speak ing society that universally employs voseo (the use of the pronoun vos instead o f t (you), which occasions the use of alternate verb forms as well). The most pre valent dialect is Rioplatense, whose speakers are primarily located in the Ro de la Plata basin. Italian and other European immigrants influenced Lunfardo, the s lang spoken in the region, permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other regions as well. A phonetic study conducted by the Laboratory for Sensory Investigation s of CONICET and the University of Toronto showed that the accent of the inhabit ants of Buenos Aires (known as porteos) is closer to the Neapolitan language, spo ken in Southern Italy, than any other spoken language.[159] After Spanish, the most spoken language is English, which is taught since the el ementary school, 42.3% of Argentines claim to speak some English (though only 15 .4% of those claimed to have a high level of English comprehension). Portuguese is also highly popular (the Brazilian dialect is taught). According to Ethnologue there are around 1.5 million Italian speakers (many elde r people of an Italian background also speak a macaronic language of Italian and Spanish called cocoliche, which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century). Also, there are 1 million speakers of the North Levantine d ialect of Arabic (spoken in Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus).[160] Standard German is spoken by 400,000 500,000 Argentines of German ancestry,[160] making it the fourth most spoken language, and also giving origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called Belgranodeutsch. Welsh-speaking communities with around 25,000 using it as their second-language are found in areas of Welsh settlement, and in the Pata gonia the Patagonian Welsh dialect is found as well.[160] Yiddish is spoken amon

g the Jewish Argentines, the biggest Jewish population in Latin America and 7th in the world. French (including the rare Occitan language) is also spoken in cer tain areas, like the former colonias rurales where the French immigrants settled . Recent Asian immigrants have brought Chinese and Korean. Some indigenous communities have retained their original languages. Guaran is spo ken by some in the north east, especially in Corrientes (where it enjoys officia l status), Formosa, Chaco and Misiones. Quechua is spoken by some in the north w est, like in Jujuy, Salta, Tucumn and Santiago del Estero where it has a local va riant. Aymara is spoken in Salta, Jujuy, and by members of the Bolivian immigran t community. Wich is spoken in all northern provinces, both western and eastern. In Patagonia there are Mapudungun speakers, reflecting the long enduring influen ce of the Mapuche culture, or Araucanization, among the Argentine Natives from t he southern areas. Religion Main article: Religion in Argentina The 17th-century Cathedral of Crdoba The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion but also requires the government to support Roman Catholicism financially.[161] Catholic policy remains influent ial in government though, and still helps shape a variety of legislation.[162] I n a study assessing world-wide levels of religious regulation and persecution, w ith scores ranging from 0 10 where 0 represented low levels of regulation or perse cution, Argentina received a score of 1.4 on Government Regulation of Religion, 6.0 on Social Regulation of Religion, 6.9 on Government Favoritism of Religion a nd 6 on Religious Persecution.[163] According to the World Christian Database Argentines are: 92.1% Christian, 3.1% agnostic, 1.9% Muslim, 1.3% Jewish, 0.9% atheist, and 0.9% Buddhist and others.[ 164] Argentine Christians are mostly Roman Catholic with estimates for the numbe r of Catholics varying from 70%[165] to 90% of the population[166] (though perha ps only 20% attend services regularly).[142] On March 13, 2013, Argentine Cardin al Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as Pope of the Catholic Church, becoming th e first pope from the New World. He took the name Pope Francis. Argentina has the largest Jewish population of any country in Latin America.[167 ] A recent study found that approximately 11% of Argentines are non-religious (w hich includes those who believe in God but do not follow a religion), 4% are agn ostics and 5% are atheist. Overall 24% attended religious services regularly. Pr otestants were the only group with a majority of followers who regularly attende d services.[168] Urbanization See also: List of cities in Argentina by population Argentina is highly urbanized.[169] The ten largest metropolitan areas account f or half of the population, and fewer than one in ten live in rural areas. About 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropol itan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.[170] The metropolitan areas of Crdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each[170] and Mendoza, Tucumn, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe[170][1 71] have at least half a million people each. The population is unequally distributed amongst the provinces: about 60% live in the Pampa region (21% of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires Province; Crdoba Province Santa Fe Province and the Autonomous City of Bue nos Aires have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million peopl e each: Mendoza, Tucumn, Entre Ros, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. Tucumn i s the most densely populated with 60 inhabitants/km, the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average, while the southern province of Sa nta Cruz has around 1 inhabitant/km. v t e Largest cities or towns of Argentina (2007 INDEC estimate)[n 1]

Rank City name Province Pop. Rank City name Province Pop. Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Crdoba Crdoba 1 Buenos Aires (Autonomous city) 3,050,728 11 Resistencia Chaco 377,000 Rosario Rosario Mendoza Mendoza 2 Crdoba Crdoba 1,372,000 12 Corrientes Corrientes 345,000 3 Rosario Santa Fe 1,242,000 13 Baha Blanca Buenos A ires 304,000 4 Mendoza Mendoza 885,434 14 San Salvador de Jujuy Jujuy 298,000 5 Tucumn Tucumn 789,000 15 Posadas Misiones 287,000 6 La Plata Buenos Aires 732,503 16 Paran Entre Ros 268,000 7 Mar del Plata Buenos Aires 604,563 17 Neuqun Neuqun 255,000 8 Salta Salta 516,000 18 Santiago del Estero Santiago del Est ero 244,733 9 Santa Fe Santa Fe 493,000 19 Merlo Buenos Aires 244,168 10 San Juan San Juan 453,229 20 Quilmes Buenos Aires 230,810 ^ "3218.0 - Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos, Argentina, 2006-07". IND EC. 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-06-06. Culture Main articles: Culture of Argentina and List of Argentines Argentine culture has significant European influences. Buenos Aires, its cultura l capital, is largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of European styles in architecture.[172] Th e other big influence is the gauchos and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance. Finally, indigenous American traditions (like yerba mate infusion s) have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu. Literature Main articles: Argentine literature and Historiography of Argentina Jorge Luis Borges, considered one of the lead authors of the 20th-century litera ture. Argentina has a rich literary history, as well as one of the region's most activ e publishing industries. Its literature began around 1550 with the work of Matas Rojas de Oquendo and Pedro Gonzlez de Prado (from Santiago del Estero, the first important urban settlement in Argentina), who wrote prose and poetry. A symbiosi s emerged between the aboriginal and Spanish traditions. During colonial times t he University of Crdoba was the most important cultural hub. Two names stand out from this period: Gaspar Jurez Baviano, and Antonia de la Paz y Figueroa, also kn own as "Beata Antula". The literature of the 19th century was influenced by the ideological divide betw een the popular, federalist epic of Martn Fierro (by Jos Hernndez) and the etilist and cultured discourse of Sarmiento's masterpiece, Facundo. Argentine literature of that period was fiercely nationalist. It was followed by the modernist movem ent, which emerged in France in the late 19th century, and this period in turn w as followed by vanguardism, with Ricardo Giraldes as an important reference. Jorg e Luis Borges, its most acclaimed writer, found new ways of looking at the moder n world in metaphor and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to w riters all over the globe. Borges is most famous for his works in short stories such as Ficciones and The Aleph.

The Argentine literature is the body of literary work produced in Argentina. Som e of the nation's notable writers, poets and intellectuals include: Juan Bautist a Alberdi, Roberto Arlt, Enrique Banchs, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Jorge Luis Borges, Silvina Bullrich, Eugenio Cambaceres, Julio Cortzar, Esteban Echeverra, Leopoldo Lugones, Hugo Wast, Eduardo Mallea, Ezequiel Martnez Estrada, Toms Eloy Martnez, Vi ctoria Ocampo, Manuel Puig, Ernesto Sabato, Osvaldo Soriano, Alfonsina Storni an d Mara Elena Walsh. Visual arts See also: Argentine painting The Nereids Fountain by Lola Mora. One of the most influential Argentine figures in fine arts was Xul Solar, whose surrealist work used watercolors as readily as unorthodox painting media; he als o "invented" two imaginary languages. The works of Cndido Lpez and Florencio Molin a Campos (in Nave art style), Ernesto de la Crcova and Eduardo Svori (realism), Fer nando Fader (impressionism), Po Collivadino and Cesreo Bernaldo de Quirs (post-impr essionist), Emilio Pettoruti (cubist), Antonio Berni (neo-figurative), Gyula Ko ic e (constructivism), Eduardo Mac Entyre (Generative art), Guillermo Kuitca (abstr act), and Roberto Aizenberg (Surrealism) are a few of the best-known Argentine p ainters. Others include Benito Quinquela Martn, a quintessential 'port' painter for whom t he working class and immigrant-bound La Boca neighborhood, in particular, was ex cellently suited. A similar environment inspired Adolfo Bellocq, whose lithograp hs have been influential since the 1920s. Evocative monuments ny Realist sculpto rs Erminio Blotta, Lola Mora and Rogelio Yrurtia became the part of the national landscape and today, Lucio Fontana and Len Ferrari are acclaimed sculptors and c onceptual artists. Ciruelo is a world-famous fantasy artist and sculptor, and Ma rta Minujn is an innovative Conceptual artist. Argentina's "modern painters" are a difficult group to define. They have developed a constructivist rather than fi gurative style, though it is not quite abstract. Artists of this group include J ulio Barragn, Luis Seoane, Carlos Torrallardona, Luis Aquino, Atilio Malinverno, and Alfredo Gramajo Gutirrez. Juan Del Prete (later the creator of Futucubismo, a mixture of Cubism and Futuri sm) came from the abstract art movement in Argentina, which developed in the 194 0s from, of course, concrete art. Toms Maldonado is one of the most well known ab stract artists. The Mad Movement, began in Argentina in 1946. One source claims Mad was founded in protest to the government control of the arts under Juan Pern.[173] while a diff erent source says that Mad is not necessarily a response to that oppression.[174] The movement spread to Europe and later the United States. It is considered the only artistic movement founded in Buenos Aires to have a significant impact int ernationally.[citation needed] It was founded by Gyula Kosice and Carmelo Arden Quin, and included artists such as Rhod Rothfuss, Martn Blaszko, Waldo Longo, and Diyi Laa. Architecture See also: Architecture of Argentina Argentine Bon March, inside of Galeras Pacfico. Numerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscapes and, in recent decades, those around the world. Juan Antonio Buschiazzo helped popula rize Beaux-Arts architecture and Francisco Gianotti combined Art Nouveau with It alianate styles, each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th cen tury. Francisco Salamone and Viktor Sulcic left an Art Deco legacy, and Alejandr o Bustillo created a prolific body of Rationalist architecture. Clorindo Testa i ntroduced Brutalist architecture locally and Csar Pelli's and Patricio Pouchulu's Futurist creations have graced cities, worldwide. Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to t he Art Deco glory of the 1920s, in particular, made him one of the world's most prestigious architects.

The simplicity of the Rioplatense baroque style can be clearly appreciated in Bu enos Aires, in the works of Italian architects such as Andr Blanqui and Antonio M asella, in the churches of San Ignacio, Nuestra Seora del Pilar, the Cathedral an d the Cabildo. Italian and French influences increased after the wars for independence at the b eginning of the 19th century, though the academic style persisted until the firs t decades of the 20th century. Attempts at renovation took place during the seco nd half of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th, when the European tendenc ies penetrated into the country, reflected in numerous important buildings of Bu enos Aires, such as the Santa Felicitam Church by Ernesto Bunge; the Central Pos t Office and Palace of Justice, by Norbert Maillart; and the National Congress a nd the Coln Opera House, by Vittorio Meano. The architecture of the second half of the 20th century continued adapting Frenc h neoclassical architecture, such as the headquarters of the National Bank of Ar gentina and the NH Gran Hotel Provincial, built by Alejandro Bustillo, and the M useo de Arte Hispano Fernndez Blanco, by Martn Noel. However, after the early 1930s, the influence of Rationalist architecture and of Le Corbusier became dominant among local architects, among whom Alberto Prebisc h and Amancio Williams stand out in this new vein. The construction of skyscrape rs proliferated in Buenos Aires after 1950, though a new generation started reje cting their "brutality," and tried to find an architectonic identity. This search for identity is reflected in the Banco de Londres building finished in 1967 by Clorindo Testa with Diego Peralta Ramos, Alfredo Agostini, and Santia go Snchez Ela. In the following decades, the new generations of architects incorpo rate, as always, European vanguardist styles, and new techniques. Since the latter part of the 20th century, Argentine architects have become more prominent in the design of prime real estate projects in the country, such as t he Le Parc tower and Torre Aqualina, by Mario Roberto lvarez, and the Torre Forta bat by Snchez Ela, as well as around the world, most notably the Norwest Center an d the Petronas Towers, both by Csar Pelli. Cinema and theatre Main article: Cinema of Argentina Teatro Coln considered to be amongst the five best concert venues in the world The Argentine film industry creates around 80 full-length motion pictures annual ly.[172][175] The per capita number of screens is one of the highest in Latin Am erica, and viewing per capita is the highest in the region.[176] The world's fir st animated feature films were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist Qui rino Cristiani, in 1917 and 1918.[177] Since the 1980s, Argentine films have ach ieved worldwide recognition, such as The Official Story (Best foreign film oscar in 1986), Man Facing Southeast, A Place in the World, Nine Queens, Son of the B ride, The Motorcycle Diaries, Blessed by Fire, and The Secret in Their Eyes, win ner of the 2009 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. A new generation o f Argentine directors has caught the attention of critics worldwide.[178] Argent ine composers Luis Enrique Bacalov and Gustavo Santaolalla have been honored wit h Academy Award for Best Original Score nods. Lalo Schifrin has received numerou s Grammys and is best known for the Theme from Mission: Impossible. Buenos Aires is one of the great capitals of theater.[176] The Teatro Coln is a n ational landmark for opera and classical performances; its acoustics are conside red the best in the world.[172] With its theatre scene of national and internati onal caliber, Corrientes Avenue is synonymous with the art. It is thought of as 'the street that never sleeps' and sometimes referred to as the Broadway of Buen os Aires.[179] The Teatro General San Martn is one of the most prestigious along Corrientes Avenue and the Teatro Nacional Cervantes functions as the national st age theater of Argentina. The Teatro Argentino de La Plata, El Crculo in Rosario, Independencia in Mendoza and Libertador in Crdoba are also prominent. Griselda G ambaro, Copi, Roberto Cossa, Marco Denevi, Carlos Gorostiza, and Alberto Vaccare zza are a few of the more prominent Argentine playwrights. Julio Bocca, Jorge Do nn, Jos Neglia and Norma Fontenla are some of the great ballet dancers of the mod

ern era. Music Main article: Music of Argentina Carlos Gardel, argentine singer, is perhaps the most prominent figure in the his tory of tango. Tango, the music and lyrics (often sung in a slang called lunfardo), is Buenos A ires's musical symbol. It has influences from the European and African culture.[ 180] The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of jazz and swing in the United States, featuring large orchestral groups too, like the bands of Osvaldo Pugliese, Anbal Troilo, Francisco Canaro, Julio de Caro and Juan d'Arienz o. Incorporating acoustic music and later, synthesizers into the genre after 195 5, bandonen virtuoso stor Piazzolla popularized "new tango" creating a more subtle , intellectual and listener-oriented trend. Today tango enjoys worldwide popular ity; ever-evolving, neo-tango is a global phenomenon with renown groups like Tan ghetto, Bajofondo and the Gotan Project. Argentine rock developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buen os Aires and Rosario became cradles of several garage groups and aspiring musici ans. Today it is widely considered the most prolific and successful form of Rock en Espaol, and third in the world because of its international success, only aft er the American and British forms of rock.[citation needed] Bands such as Soda S tereo or Sumo, and composers like Charly Garca, Luis Alberto Spinetta, and Fito Pe z are referents of national culture. Ser Girn bridged the gap into the 1980s, when Argentine bands became popular across Latin America and elsewhere. Beyond dozens of regional dances, a national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s. Pern's Argentina would give rise to nueva cancin, as artists began express ing in their music objections to political themes. The style went on to influenc e the entirety of Latin American music.[181] Today, Chango Spasiuk and Soledad P astorutti have brought folk back to younger generations. Len Gieco's folk-rock br idged the gap between Argentine folklore and Argentine rock, introducing both st yles to millions overseas in successive tours. The best-known Argentine jazz musician internationally is probably Leandro Gato Barbieri. The tenor saxophonist worked with renowned big band orchestra conducto r Lalo Schifrin in the early 1960s, shortly before Schifrin became international ly known for his composition of the theme to Mission: Impossible. Hired by jazz trumpeter Don Cherry, the two recorded Complete Communion in 1965, an album that secured their reputation in the jazz world. Barbieri went on to record his infl uential Caliente! (1976), an album combining Latin jazz and experimental work su ch as his own and jazz fusion great Carlos Santana's, as well as Qu pasa (1997), which draws more deeply from Argentine folklore roots. Cuisine Main article: Argentine cuisine Argentine beef. Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Euro pe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and Criollo creations, which i nclude empanadas (a stuffed pastry), locro (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, baco n, onion, and gourd), humitas and yerba mate, all originally indigenous Amerindi an staples, the latter considered Argentina's national beverage. Other popular i tems include chorizo (a spicy sausage), facturas (Viennese-style pastry) and Dul ce de leche, a sort of milk caramel jam. The Argentine barbecue, asado as well a s a parrillada, includes various types of meats, among them chorizo, sweetbread, chitterlings, and morcilla (blood sausage). Thin sandwiches, sandwiches de miga , are also popular. Argentines have the highest consumption of red meat in the w orld.[182] The Argentine wine industry, long among the largest outside Europe, has benefite d from growing investment since 1992; in 2007, 60% of foreign investment worldwi de in viticulture was destined to Argentina.[183] The country is the fifth most

important wine producer in the world,[184] with the annual per capita consumptio n of wine among the highest. Malbec grape, a discardable varietal in France (cou ntry of origin), has found in the Province of Mendoza an ideal environment to su ccessfully develop and turn itself into the world's best Malbec.[183] Mendoza ac counts for 70% of the country's total wine production. "Wine tourism" is importa nt in Mendoza province, with the impressive landscape of the Cordillera de Los A ndes and the highest peak in the Americas, Mount Aconcagua, 6,952 m (22,808 ft) high, providing a very desirable destination for international tourism. Media Main article: Communications in Argentina The print media industry is highly developed, with more than two hundred newspap ers. The major national newspapers are from Buenos Aires, including the centrist Clarn, the best-selling daily in Latin America and the second most widely circul ated in the Spanish-speaking world.[185] Other nationally circulated papers are La Nacin (center-right, published since 1870), Pgina/12 (left-wing), mbito Financie ro (business conservative), Ol (sports) and Crnica (populist). The most circulated newsmagazine is Noticias.[186] Radio broadcasting in Argentina is predated only by radio in the United States, and began on 27 August 1920, when Richard Wagner's Parsifal was broadcast by a t eam of medical students led Enrique Susini in Buenos Aires' Teatro Coliseo.[187] There are currently 260 AM broadcasting and 1150 FM broadcasting radio stations in Argentina.[188] The Argentine television industry is large and diverse, widely viewed in Latin A merica, and its productions seen around the world. Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America, similar to perc entages in North America.[189] Argentine comic artists have contributed prominently to national culture, includ ing Hctor Germn Oesterheld, Alberto Breccia, Dante Quinterno, Francisco Solano Lpez , Horacio Altuna, Roberto Fontanarrosa, whose grotesque characters captured life 's absurdities with quick-witted commentary, and Quino, known for the soup-hatin g Mafalda and her comic strip gang of childhood friends. Sports Main article: Sports in Argentina Diego Maradona celebrating after having won the 1986 FIFA World Cup against Germ any. The official national sport of Argentina is pato,[190] played with a six-handle ball on horseback, but the most popular sport is association football.[191] The national football team has won 25 major international titles[192] including two FIFA World Cups, two Olympic gold medals and fourteen Copa Amricas.[193] Over one thousand Argentine players play abroad, the majority of them in European footba ll leagues.[194] There are 331,811 registered football players,[195] with increa sing numbers of girls and women, who have organized their own national champions hips since 1991 and were South American champions in 2006. The Argentine Football Association (AFA) was formed in 1893 and is the eighth ol dest national football association in the world. The AFA today counts 3,377 foot ball clubs,[195] including 20 in the Premier Division. Since the AFA went profes sional in 1931, fifteen teams have won national tournament titles, including Riv er Plate with 33 and Boca Juniors with 24.[196] Over the last twenty years, futs al and beach soccer have become increasingly popular. The Argentine beach footba ll team was one of four competitors in the first international championship for the sport in 1993.[197] Basketball is the second most popular sport; a number of basketball players play in the U.S. National Basketball Association and European leagues including Manu Ginbili, Andrs Nocioni, Carlos Delfino, Luis Scola and Fabricio Oberto. The men's national basketball team won Olympic gold in the 2004 Olympics and the bronze m edal in 2008. Argentina is currently ranked first by the International Basketbal l Federation. Argentina has an important rugby union football team, "Los Pumas", with many of its players playing in Europe. Argentina beat host nation France t

wice in the 2007 Rugby World Cup, placing them third in the competition. The Pum as are currently eighth in the official world rankings.[198] On July 4, 2013, Buenos Aires was selected as host city for the 2018 Summer Yout h Olympics. [199] National symbols Main article: National symbols of Argentina Some of Argentina national symbols are defined by law, while others are traditio ns lacking formal designation.[200] The Flag of Argentina consists of three hori zontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and light blue, with the Sun of May in the centre of the middle white stripe.[201] The flag was desi gned by Manuel Belgrano in 1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.[202] The Coat of Arms, which represents the union of the provinces, came i nto use in 1813 as the seal for official documents.[203] The Argentine National Anthem was written by Vicente Lpez y Planes with music by Blas Parera, and was ad opted in 1813.[203] The National Cockade was first used during the May Revolutio n of 1810 and was made official two years later.[204] The Virgin of Lujan is Arg entina's patron saint.[205] The ceibo is the national floral emblem and national tree,[200][206] while the q uebracho colorado is the national forest tree.[207] The national sport is pato, a horseback game.[208] Argentine wine is the national liquor.[209] The hornero, living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the nat ional bird in 1928 after a lower school survey.[210] Asado[211] and locro[212] a re considered the national dishes. Education Main article: Education in Argentina The ubiquitous white uniform of Argentine school children is a national symbol o f learning Argentina built a national public education system in comparison to other nation s, placing the country high in the global rankings of literacy. Today Argentina has a literacy rate of 97.4%,[213] and 16.2% over age 15 have completed secondar y school studies or higher.[214] School attendance is compulsory between the age s of 5 and 17. The Argentine school system consists of an elementary or lower sc hool level lasting six or seven years, and a secondary or high school level last ing between five to six years, depending on the jurisdiction.[215] There are forty-seven national public universities across the country, as well a s forty-six private ones.[216] The universities of Buenos Aires, Crdoba, La Plata , Rosario, and the National Technological University are among the most importan t. Public universities faced cutbacks in spending during the 1980s and 1990s, wh ich led to a decline in overall quality. Four out of five Argentine adults have completed grade school, over a third have completed their secondary education and one in nine Argentine adults have colle ge degrees. Likewise, Argentina has the highest rate of university students in L atin America: official sources recently reported roughly 1,500,000 college stude nts within the Argentine University System.[217] Health care Main article: Health care in Argentina The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the cou ntry's 3,000 medical graduates, annually.[218] Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union-sponso red plans (Obras Sociales), government insurance plans, public hospitals and cli nics and through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over 300 (of which 200 are related to labor unions) and provide health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known as PAMI) covers nearl

y all of the five million senior citizens.[219] There are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentist s (ratios comparable to developed nations).[220][221] The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends simi lar to developed nations': from 1953 to 2005, deaths from cardiovascular disease increased from 20% to 23% of the total, those from tumors from 14% to 20%, resp iratory problems from 7% to 14%, digestive maladies (non-infectious) from 7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and infectious diseases, 4%. Causes rela ted to senility led to many of the rest. Infant deaths have fallen from 19% of a ll deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.[220][222] The availability of health care has also reduced infant mortality from 70 per 10 00 live births in 1948[223] to 12.1 in 2009[220] and raised life expectancy at b irth from 60 years to 76.[223] Though these figures compare favorably with globa l averages, they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006, Argentin a ranked fourth in Latin America.[221] See also Portal icon Argentina portal Portal icon Latin America portal Outline of Argentina International rankings of Argentina Index of Argentina-related articles Notes ^ a b Article 35 of the Argentine Constitution gives equal recognition to the na mes "United Provinces of the River Plate", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine C onfederation" and authorizes the use of "Argentine Nation" in the making and ena ctment of laws.[1] ^ a b Area does not include territorial claims in Antarctica (965,597 km2, inclu ding the South Orkney Islands), the Falkland Islands (11,410 km2), the South Geo rgia (3,560 km2) and the South Sandwich Islands (307 km2).[3] ^ "At the same time, U.S. President Clinton initiated a redirection of that effo rt to include countries well beyond the Pacific rim. When the U.S. Treasury orga nized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentin a and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa ."[9] ^ "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar t o that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Ar gentina."[10] ^ "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view[11] include Great Britain, Ukr aine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."[12] ^ "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Ar gentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional re lations."[13] ^ "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil s main regional partne r, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a perma nent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil s image as a re gional leader."[14] ^ "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Co ne in the Twentieth Century."[15] ^ "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two r egional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."[16] ^ "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil an d Argentina."[17] ^ The country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of t otal manufactured goods [...] Argentina s economy appears stable, but confidence i n financial institutions remains low."[19]

^ "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolutio n of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of so vereignty and, in addition, organising the democratic republic."[22] ^ "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, a nd remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."[23] ^ The Argentine nationality is a unique national entity, successor to the Vicero yalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganisation, ado pted a decentralised form in 1853 1860 under the constitution.[24] ^ Since 2012 suffrage is optative for ages 16 and 17.[80] ^ The City of Buenos Aires is a federal district in staid of a province, but its local organization has similarities with the provinces: it has a local constitu tion, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.[89 ] References

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rity Governance". In Fawn, Rick. Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Glo bal. Review of International Studies 35. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University P ress. ISBN 978-0521759885. Boughton, James M. (2012). Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1 990-1999. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Calvo, Carlos (1864). Anales histricos de la revolucion de la Amrica latina, acomp aados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el ao 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de l a independencia de ese extenso continente (in Spanish) 2. Paris: A. Durand. Crow, John A. (1992). The Epic of Latin America (4th ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Uni versity of California Press. ISBN 978-0520077232. Ferro, Carlos A. (1991). Historia de la Bandera Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos A ires: Ediciones Depalma. Huntington, Samuel P. (2000). "Culture, Power, and Democracy". In Plattner, Marc ; Smolar, Aleksander. Globalization, Power, and Democracy. Baltimore, Md.: The J ohns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801865688. Lake, David (2009). "Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Ord er". In Fawn, Rick. Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global. Review o f International Studies 35. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 97 8-0521759885. Levene, Ricardo (1948). Volume 4 (Desde la Revolucin de Mayo a la Asamblea de 181 3 15). Historia del Derecho Argentino (in Spanish) 4. Buenos Aires: Editorial G. K raf. Malamud, Andrs (2011). "A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Betwee n the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy". Latin Americ an Politics and Society 53 (3). Lisbon: Institute of Social Sciences of the Univ ersity of Lisbon. Morris, Michael (1988). last=Mangone, Gerard, ed. The Strait of Magellan. Intern ational Straits of the World 11. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Pu blishes. ISBN 079-2301811. Nierop, Tom (2001). "The Clash of Civilisations". In Dijkink, Gertjan; Knippenbe rg, Hans. The Territorial Factor. Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA - Amsterdam Univers ity Press. Papadopoulos, Anestis (2010). The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ruiz-Dana, Alejandra; Goldschag, Peter; Claro, Edmundo; Blanco, Hernn (2009). "Re gional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America". In Khan, Shaheen Rafi . Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415476737. Snchez Viamonte, Carlos (1948). Historia Institucional Argentina (in Spanish) (2n d ed.). Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Econmica. Vanossi, Jorge R. (1964). Situacin actual del federalismo: aspectos institucional es y econmicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina. Cuadernos de ciencia p oltica de la Asociacin Argentina de Ciencia Poltica (in Spanish) 2. Buenos Aires: E diciones Depalma. Ral Rey Balmaceda (1995). Mi pas, la Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Arte Grf ico Editorial Argentino. ISBN 84-599-3442-X. Rosendo Fraga (2010). Fin de ciklo: ascenso, apogeo y declinacin del poder kirchn erista (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones B. ISBN 978 987 627 167 7. Norberto Galasso (2011). Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II (in Spanish). Bueno s Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978 950 563 478 1. Adela Menutti and Mara Menutti (1980). Geografa Argentina y Universal (in Spanish) . Buenos Aires: Edil. Enrique Szewach (2011). La trampa populista (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Edicione s B Argentina. ISBN 978 987 627 255 1. External links Find more about Argentina at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions and translations from Wiktionary Media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity

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